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Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey
Volatile ammonia, which emanate from chick-en fresh manure significantly contributes to the atmospheric nitrogen pollution, adversely poultry performance and decreasing of manure’s fertilizer value. Nowadays, the proliferation of organic wastes is attributed to the scaling up of poultry farms, and these organic wastes generate a plethora of ammonia losses, which in turn jeopardize atmos-pheric quality. These organic residues with regard to their use as nutrient source and soil conditioners in agricultural areas is considered one of their recy-cling ways and their fertility value is contingent on the extent of plant nutrients which lies in organic fertilizers obtained from these organic wastes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of zeolite, sulfuric acid and gypsum applications on nitrogen losses as ammonia gas (NH3) from chicken fresh manure. The experiment was carried out in a closed system under laboratory condition whereby two different concentrations (1 and 2%) of zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid were separately applied to 250g of chicken fresh manure based on oven dry weight. The prepared samples were left to the incubation for 6 days and then daily and total nitrogen losses as NH3 were measured by vacuuming at certain intervals. The experimental results showed that the addition of zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid at the rate of 1% substantially decreased the nitrogen losses in gas form by 32%, 53.31% and 52.29% respectively, while the applica-tion of zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid at the rate of 2% significantly reduced losses by 54.23%, 58.87% and 62.09% respectively.
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Ammonia volatilization, chicken manure, gypsum, sulfu-ric acid, zeolite
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Currently, intensive production of poultry and livestock has raised a serious environmental cern with the public. Specifically, ammonia is
con-sidered the most harmful gas in the broiler houses and can not only induce environmental problems, but also be detrimental to the health and perfor-mance of birds [1]. The applications of chicken manure to agricultural land are the significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmos-phere, which in turn has a deleterious effect on the environment. Additionally, this emission also in-duces the loss of available N for crop uptake [2]. The volatilization of ammonia during manure han-dling and storage noticeably decreases the agro-nomic value of the product and occasions a signifi-cant contribution to the environmental pollution [3].
The poultry industry progress in Turkey is ex-pected to continue in the incoming years and also the poultry sector is rapidly developing at large. Chickens are often grown in the production houses at densities of 13.5–21.2 bird m−2. There are 323 million poultry in Turkey according to the last agricultural census [4]. The amount of wet waste of these animals is about 5,923,571 t y-1 and these wastes could be largely a problem for businesses if it is not properly used [5]. The poultry produce daily feces of 3 to 4% by body weight. On the aver-age, the rate of one bird excretion into the poultry house is estimated as 22 kg/year. Despite of the increasing significance of poultry in recent years, there is an insufficient effort for properly removal of chicken wastes. The produced wastes are collect-ed into the open storage pits which are around the plant and then transported to another area from the plant. It was revealed that approximately 7 million tons of poultry feces lead to the environmental problems in Turkey [6]. Additionally, in the poultry houses, ammonia (NH3) volatilization from poultry litter impairs bird health, decreases the fertilizer value of litter, and adversely impacts the environ-mental quality [7]. The reduction of ammonia volat-ilization through combining of poultry manure and chemical amendment has been found to increase agricultural productivity.
The objective of this research was to study the effects of the additives zeolite, sulfuric acid and gypsum on NH3 volatilization from chicken fresh manure within the short period of time.
The experiment was carried out under labora-tory conditions during the incubation of 6 days by employing of chicken fresh manure, which was supplied from a poultry farm. The natural Turkish zeolite (Gördes town of Manisa) used as adsorbent in this study was a commercial sample supplied from Rota A.Ş Mining Company, İstanbul, Turkey. The natural zeolite samples were crushed in a mor-tar and sieved through 250 µm sieve. The crushed samples were dried in an oven at 105 ºC for 24h before being used in the experiment. The experi-ment was carried out using a randomized complete plot design with four replications. The treatments per kg of chicken manure were: 250g of chicken manure based on oven dry weight, two different concentrations of zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid (1-2%) that were applied to each unit.
Ammonia volatilization from soil was meas-ured by a closed airflow system with modifications [8]. The system consisted of an exchange chamber (2.5 L glass bottle), a trap (500 ml glass bottle) and stopper fitted with both an inlet and outlet. The inlet of the chamber was connected to an air pump and the outlet was connected by polyethylene pipe to trap containing boric acid solution (%1.5). Chicken manure (250 g) was placed in the glass bottle. The treatments were mixed homogeneously, before being applied to the chicken fresh manure. The prepared samples were left to incubation for 6 days at 22 ± 3 °C, after being arranged, water was added to bring moisture content to 50% and then daily and total nitrogen losses as NH3 were measured by vacuuming with certain intervals. Air passed through 2.30 L min-1 and released NH3 was cap-tured in the trapping solution containing 100 ml boric acid with bromocresol green and methyl red indicator. The incubation glass bottle was main-tained at room temperature. Boric acid- indicator was replaced every day and back titrated with 0.002 N H2SO4, to estimate released NH3.
6&6-56-'&/&1&/95-52*(&6&The collected
da-ta from the experiment were analyzed using analy-sis of variance tests based on randomized plot de-sign (using F-LSD at P < 0.05) according to the procedures outlined by [9]. All statistical results were calculated using the one-way Analysis of Variance procedure on MINITAB statistic software package [10].
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Some characteristics of the chicken fresh ma-nure prior to the start of the experiment are present-ed in Table 1. Fresh manure from chickens if the feces are collected and stored on a regular basis significantly losses occurs. It was evidenced that the reduction of fertilizer value of the feces is the main reason of causing nitrogen loss in ammonia (NH3) form [11]. As it is presented in table 1, the pH of the chicken fresh manure used during the experiment is higher. Research indicated that am-monia volatilization increased pH, moisture con-tent, wind speed, NH3 concentration and tempera-ture [12]. Additionally, it is believed that pH in-creases with increasing of the NH3 to NH4+ ratio, thereby resulting in increased volatilization rates [13]. Moore et al. [14] revealed that NH3 volatiliza-tion from poultry litter dramatically increased once the pH rose above 7.0.
20)3423)46-)52*6,)',-'.)1*4)5,0&174) 75)(-16,)567(9 423)46-)5 pH in water (1:5) 8,62 EC in water (1:5)(dS cm-1) 9,54 Organic matter (%) 73,17 CaCO3 (%) 4,36 C (%) 39,46 N (%) 3.60 C/N 10,96 ! ,))**)'652*:)2/-6)211-642+)1/255)5-16,)*2402*&0021-&+&5*420',-'.)1*4)5,0&174)
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Ammonia volatilization from the chicken fresh manure was initially high but decreased with time. As it is shown in Figure 1, experimental re-sults showed that the average cumulative ammonia volatilization from the untreated chicken fresh manure (control) during the incubation period of 144 hours was 32.95 mg N. The effects of zeolite on nitrogen losses in the form of ammonia gas (NH3) from chicken manure were given in Figure 1. The results of the study revealed that the average cumulative ammonia volatilization of 1 and 2% of zeolite application during the incubation period of 144 hours were 22.32 and 15.08 mg N respectively. From the observation of Figure 1, application of 1 and 2 % of zeolite application to chicken manure compared to the control resulted in reducing of NH3 volatilization by 32 and 54.23 % respectively. It was evidenced that Zeolites are naturally occurring alumino silicate minerals with a high cation ex-change capacities [15]. Zeolite is characterized by a rigid three- dimensional lattice with tunnels that are 10-9 m in size containing internal exchange sites that have an affinity for NH4+. The small sizes of the tunnels physically protect NH4+ from nitrifica-tion by microbes and may reduce ammonia volati-lization [16, 17]. Kithome et al. [18] stated that the
zeolite and chemical amendments are proposed to be the most suitable for reducing NH3 losses during composting of poultry manure. Gümüş and Şeker [19] reported that zeolite applications decreased the nitrogen losses in gas form during two years of trials under field condition.
As it is shown in Figure 2, the experimental results indicated that the average cumulative am-monia volatilization by applying of 1 and 2% of gypsum during the incubation period of 144hours were 15.38 and 13.55 mg N respectively. The ap-plication of 1 and 2 % gypsum to chicken fresh manure compared to the control, decreased NH3 volatilization by 53.31 and 58.87 % respectively. Furthermore, the addition of sulphate salts fertiliz-ers and manures reduced NH3 volatilization. Simi-lar study done by Zia et al. [20] found that gypsum application reduced NH3 volatilization from a range of ammonium-based fertilizers. Additionally, min-eral amendments such as gypsum, rock phosphate, superphosphate, CaCl2 and bentonite were used to reduce NH3 volatilization from cattle and chicken manure. It was evidenced that the reduction of NH3 volatilization is apparently attributed to the de-crease of pH of the manure due to amendments [21]. The evidenced study indicated that gypsum
application was an effective amendment encoun-tered in reducing ammonia volatilization in poultry manure [19]. The aforementioned results were also validated by Zia et al. [20] whereby hydrated calci-um sulfate (gypscalci-um) application reduced NH3 vo-latilization from a range of ammonium-based ferti-lizers.
From the observation of Figure 3, the results of the study revealed that the average cumulative ammonia volatilization through 1 and 2% of sulfu-ric acid application during the incubation period of 144 hours was 15.72 and 12.49 mg N respectively and the application of 1 and 2 % sulfuric acid to chicken fresh manure compared to the control sig-nificantly decreased NH3 volatilization by 52.29 and 62.09 % respectively. Moreover, the addition of chemical amendments reduced NH3 losses and various acids are used to reduce nitrogen which is lost as ammonia gas from fertilizers. It is perceived that the chemical amendments namely phosphoric acid or aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.14H2O) de-creased NH3 volatilization. It was evidenced that poultry litter treated with H3PO4 decreased NH3 volatilization by 44%, while the poultry manure treated with aluminum sulphate scaled down NH3 volatilization by 62% [3]. Additionally, Sulfuric acid and aluminum sulphate applications signifi-cantly reduced NH3 emissions, and the greatest decrease relative to raw slurry were obtained with H2SO4 (75% in pig and 81% in dairy slurry) and aluminum sulphate (69% in pig and 87% in dairy slurry) [22].
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Reducing NH3 volatilization during in-house composting at high level, caged layer facilities cost, effectiveness at reducing atmospheric NH3 concen-trations below critical levels for poultry and human health, and impacts on the composting process and end product quality has to be considered. Results from this study indicate that zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid are the most efficacious in reducing ammonia volatilization from chicken fresh manure of the tested compounds. Experimental result re-vealed that zeolite, gypsum and sulfuric acid (2%) applications significantly reduced the losses of ammonia volatilization. Additionally, gypsum and sulfuric acid are used to increase the acidity of manure while reducing losses of ammonia volati-lization. The selectivity of the natural zeolites for a particular ion, such as NH4+, is very much contin-gent on its origin as well as the type of ions already present in the structure. Since the high NH3 levels in chicken houses induce the major economic losses to producers, the use of zeolite, gypsum and sulfu-ric acid as a chemical amendment play a significant role in increasing poultry productivity, while de-creasing the negative environmental impact.
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The author would like to thanks Prof. Dr. Cevdet Şeker and Phd student Noel Manirakiza for his helpful comments and Hamza Negiş for his helpful laboratory analysis, which were conducted under the auspices of the Department of Soil Sci-ence and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk.
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[21]Termeer, W.C. and Warman, P.R. (1993) Use of Mineral Amendments to Reduce Ammonia Losses from Dairy- Cattle and Chicken Manure Slurries. Bioresource Technology. 44, 217-222. [22]Regueiro, I., Coutinho, J. and Fangueiro, D.
(2016) Alternatives to Sulfuric Acid for Slurry Acidification: Impact on Slurry Composition and Ammonia Emissions during Storage. J. Clean Prod. 131, 296-307. )')-8)( '')36)( ! /.1747075 Selçuk University Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 42100 Konya – Turkey
