View of Categories for Non-Compliance of Movement Control Order in Malaysia: A Review through Online News Report

(1)

Categories for Non-Compliance of Movement Control Order in Malaysia: A Review

through Online News Report

Muhammad Ridhwan Sarifin*1_{, Mohd Nor Shahizan Ali}2_{, Neesa Ameera Mohamed Salim}3_,

Norazlan Hadi Yaacob4_{, Intan Suria Hamzah}5

1,4,5_{Department of Social Studies & Citizenship, Faculty of Human Sciences, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris} (UPSI), 35900, Tanjong Malim Perak, Malaysia

2_{Centre for Communication and Digital Society (MENTION), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti} Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

3_{Department of Graphic and Digital Media, Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Kedah} Branch, Sungai Petani Campus, 08400 Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia

ridhwan.sarifin@fsk.upsi.edu.my*1

Article History: Received: 10 November 2020; Revised: 12 January 2021; Accepted: 27 January 2021; Published online: 05 April 2021

Abstract: The Movement Control Order (MCO) has been enforced on 18th_{March 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic in} Malaysia. This MCO is hoped that it is able to lower the number of infection cases in Malaysia. However, some groups of societal members were found as non-compliant with the MCO as reported by the online news. The objective of this research was to identify the display category on the news of non-compliant citizens in MCO period. Data analysis had been performed on online news starting from 18th_{March 2020 until 28}th_{April 2020 which is based on MCO Phase 1 up to Phase 3. More than 100 online} news headlines about MCO violation had been analysed using content analysis method based on Social Interaction Theory. The research outcome has found that social interaction plays a vital role in non-compliance issue within the enforcement period of MCO as reported by online news. The categories for non-compliance of MCO are as follows i) Movement without a valid reason, ii) Sports and recreational activities, iii) Religious activities, iv) Visiting and having feast, v) Chatting at restricted area, vi) Drugs-related violation, vii) Crime involvement and police record, viii) Gambling and Entertainment, ix) Intake of drinks leading to intoxication and imagination and x) Violation by foreigners. The use of social interaction theory in this research has clearly illustrated that non-compliance of MCO shows self-control of the perpetrator as a result of social control is very weak. Generally, the violation of MCO has a relationship with the environment of social interaction. Social interaction has a conflict that leads to deviant act which causes the breach of rules and norms.

Keywords: Online news, non-compliance of MCO, social interaction, social control, Malaysia

1. Introduction

The Movement Control Order (MCO) has been implemented when COVID-19 pandemic infected most countries. This pandemic was detected to start in Wuhan, Hubei Province, Republic of China at the end of November 2019 (Giovanetti et al.2020). The MCO action is taken through a lockdown order after the World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th_{of March 2020 soon as they realized nearly 118000 coronavirus} cases have impacted more than 110 countries worldwide and the potential risk of continuous infection globally (TIME, March 11, 2020). MCO is implemented to reduce the infection transmission among the society. The society always interacts between each other to carry out daily activities as individuals cooperate among them to compete for better sources (Tomasello, 2020).

According to BBC News Research, more than 100 countries over the world have implemented total closure or half closure at the end of March 2020 which has influenced the way of life for millions of people. In fact, there are many countries that promote limited movement for some or all of their citizens. Meanwhile, African government took a quick and stricter action to prevent coronavirus pandemic following the healthcare system crisis in that province (BBC News Research, 2020).

This lockdown order has influenced the entire human actities. It is due to the overwhelmed fear among the society as there was even a fight over items at shopping malls. There were also enforcement bodies that punished their citizens physically for violating the lockdown order. The overly strict enforcement was seen as being performed on the elderly people who stayed outside the house and not wearing mask while going outside to get food supply. There were also countries in Europe that conducted entertainment activities at their residential area to reduce boredom following the lockdown order. While, a few people in several countries went to their hometown when the

(2)

lockdown order was announced and causing the pandemic to spread and kill the villagers especially their own parents.

BBC News Report on April 2020 had displayed a number of categories which are the localised lockdown and national lockdown. The lockdown action was also performed through localised recommendation and national recommendation. In total, there is a number of 31 lockdowns in Asian, Australian and New Zealand continents. Meanwhile, the European continent constitutes 42 countries, 37 countries in American constinent and 34 countries in African Sahara (BBC News, April 7, 2020).

In Saudi Arabia, Saber Yezlia & Anas Khana (2020) explained that the main step to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 is through social distancing in which the purpose is to reduce the possible contact between infected people and other healthy people. Nevertheless, the implementation of social distancing steps has caused a problem, especially as such actions have significant effects on social norms, economic and the psychological well-being of residents. For example, Saber Yezlia & Anas Khana (2020) explained that several factors make the implementation of strict social distancing measures particularly challenging in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) including its level or urbanization, social and religious norms, the hosting of annual religious mass gatherings as well as its ongoing social and economic transformation.

The experience of overcoming a pandemic through the methods of removal, quarantine and social distancing needs to be exercised when there is a spread of infectious disease among the society. Wilder & Freedman (2020) explained that when there is no vaccine to overcome such pandemic such as SARS like previously, quick actions need to be taken to break the disease chain. Society cooperation and enhanced healthcare system must be prioritised to deal with the pandemic. The enforcement of such methods is proven to be successful in handling pandemic in previous case. The support through healthcare system can reduce the pressure and increase the responsibilities of patients and the society to keep cooperating in order to reduce the disease pandemic during and after the pandemic. Wilder & Freedman (2020) further explained that public health practice was used widely in fourteenth century Italy, when ships arriving at the Venice port from plague-infected ports had to anchor and wait for 40 days (in Italian: quaranta for 40) before disembarking their surviving passengers.

Barkut & Kamath (2020) through the research entitled “Sentiment Analysis of Nationwide Lockdown due to COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence from India” have found several positive and negative aspects through the lockdown order. Despite negative sentiments such as fear, disgust and sorrow over lockdown, positive sentiments are more apparent for them to flatten the curve and committed in breaking the infection chain. The analysis found a few tweets that expressed shock over the decision but overall, the citizens were hoping for lockdown. Further analysis also found that lockdown will lead to emotions towards the rules. The research stated that there is sorrow because people are worried of daily salary workers on how to sustain during the lockdown period. Besides, there were also issues on the absence of alcohol and the concern over alcohol addiction which led to non-compliance of the lockdown order.

In Malaysia, the contagion of COVID-19 pandemic was detected on social group activities when the group members were infected through social activity. From the newspaper report by the Ministry of Health Malaysia, it was explained that the infection had been identified from the tabligh cluster. The International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point (FP) Brunei informed the IHR FP Malaysia about the positive case of COVID-19 detected in that country. Such case was reported to be linked to previous visit to tabligh gathering at Seri Petaling Mosque, Selangor on 27th_{February 2020 until 1}st_{March 2020 (Ministry of Health, March 11, 2020). Following the tabligh cluster,} Malaysia has also received infection from other social gatherings through executive cluster in Kuala Lumpur, church assembly cluster in Sarawak and also wedding ceremony in Selangor as stated by National Crisis Preparedness and Response Center (CPRC), (Ministry of Health Malaysia, April 14,2020).

From the situation above, Malaysia has taken the action to close several economic sectors and stop all social activities for the sake of breaking the infection chain through the implementation of Movement Control Order (MCO). The implementation of MCO on 18th_{March 2020 was according to the advice of the Ministry of Health} Malaysia when the disease is seen as contagious through social interaction in society involving visiting practice, religious activities and occupation. The MCO step is perceived as a new norm for Malaysian citizens to abide to due to the multicultural nation that becomes a challenge for both parties, that is between the citizens and the government.

(3)

Therefore, the purpose of this article is to emphasize on the categories for non-compliance of MCO among the society in Malaysia. This category should be understood in-depth as a preparation for law in disaster management. This is because, the violation of MCO is concerning as the society is difficult to be controlled without strict enforcement. It can disrupt the integration of society throughout the collaboration in management of disaster. Social interaction is viewed as contributing to the reason of MCO violation in which the perpetrator is lack of self-control and does not fulfil the social control. During the MCO, economic constraint has been assisted by the government through the initiatives made in reducing the household economic problem for citizens in Malaysia.

2. Library Research

i. Social Interaction Theory

In social science, social interaction theory was introduced by Turner in 1988 which discusses the social interaction process that happens in society. Enriching the theory of Talcot Parson regarding The Structure of Social Action, Turner has come up with one more argument on the sociology analysis that is “social interaction”. Turner argued that the theory presented in 1978 regarding multiple intellectual traditions by Parson particularly the idealism, utilitarianism, and positivism are models of human behaviours or attitudes and not interaction. In social interaction, Turner has divided three constituent properties which are motivational, interactional and structuring. Turner explained that motivational is a process that gives effort and moves the executor to interact. The interaction process is observing how the executor uses the sign motions to give signals and analyse. While, structuring process is the behaviour between motivated individuals which enables them to repeat and arrange the interaction the whole time and space. By using the composite model, Turner suggested the action to emphasise the “law”, or abstract principle on dynamic motivation, interaction and structure.

An interaction happens with the elements of social contact and communication. If these two elements are absent, social interaction is almost non-exist or does not appear (Anwar & Adang, 2013). Social interaction can be deduced as a method of understanding how social organisation and human emotions react with their environment. Diekmann (2016) explained that social interaction is a basic element in giving explanation on how society functions. Humans usually copy habit, fashion, culture, norms and learn from others’ behaviours. Opinions spread throughout the society through “false law” which encourages the spread of social innovation like norms and behaviour. Social interaction is also closely related to relationship regarding social structure and function as stated by Martin & Lee (2015). It happens as humans cannot live in separation with their groups. Each group has their own function and humans act in their group so that the “norm” structure can carry on. Social life within their group is usually made up of direct interaction, always performed and re-performed. Such interaction arrangement occurs because they are labelled from a limited form. This is because, the main component in social structure comprises the culture, social class, social status, roles, group and social institution. Social structure guides human’s behaviour and leads to perception, behaviour and attitude according to positions in social structure. All components of social structure work to produce the outcomes in sustaining the social order that is based on sequencing, guidance and human behaviour management. Direct or indirect social interaction can influence human’s safety and health. This is because, interaction is heavily discussed in psychology discipline in which the individual is seen from self-development through interaction in his environment. Humans who are perceived as individuals from the perspective of biology, psychology and social are valued through humans’ responses towards danger, occupation and relationship, how occupational-related injuries and diseases happen, and how to prevent or reduce the outcome. The important elements in social relationship is measured through how humans view others, forming the effect and behaviour and how we build our self-concept through the comparison with other people (Sandstrom & Dunnm, 2014).

In the discussion on social interaction, the scholars also argued on the type of social control over social interaction. Social control has an important role in human’s life so that the social interaction of human’s group does not go against the norms and behaviour. It exists in the law so that order and rules are followed to avoid “social disruption”. With social control, humans can live a better life because everyone has their own roles in developing self-control as a result of social structure transformation upon responsibilities (Madeo & Mocenni, 2020).

(4)

ii. Social Interaction and Deviance

There are three types of devicance that are caused by social interaction as explained by Salakhova et al., (2016) which are i) intention to adapt with the norms and values of standard group in which the imagined world is different from the view of people who possess status or power with prestige; ii) behaviour that defies impulsively due to the loss of self-control while especially under the influence of strong excitement, iii) third is compulsive such as the misuse of drugs, involvement in subordinates and excessive misuse of alcohol. Deviance is always discussed on social control as a method to control the society. Humans are easily entangled with deviant behaviour when conflict happens in social interaction in which the social structure in the society is not strong except for when having chances.

Deviant act also determines how humans interact in terms of differences, interest and rejection (Henry, 2013). A perfect social interaction is an effort to ensure the suitability with the norms because the society does not arrange themselves on their own and the effort to ensure the compliance towards the norms are hard to be implemented in total. The strive to perform social control goes through formal and informal behaviour, related to past and current rules and through force and cooperation. In deviance context, social control is enforced through the implementation of crime law, crime justice institution including police, judiciary and prison (Deflem, 2015).

In contemporary society, Salakhova et al., (2016) explained personal, family and society interaction happen in the context of high quality society relationship transformation which causes positive and negative changes in a variety of social fields. There are many hurdles in adaptation path of representatives for each social group. The changes of economic market also lead to the changes in forms of communication. Varying forms of social pathology changes have caused massive increase in crime cases in social environment, standard weakness and morale rules in society relationship. The essence of deviant behaviour is made up of the absence of values in one’s life because of rejection in social interaction. The essence of behaviour that goes against the norms is due to the loss of inclination of individual to show interest towards the norms and in fact, the rules which are meant to be followed.

Socialization towards rules is developed by social institutions with the existence of law. When there is socialization, the society can avoid such behaviour that goes against the norms from being labelled. The label as a convict restricts the society from deviant behaviour (Lee et al., 2014). If individual is given a label, the stigma that comes along is difficult to be removed. The understanding towards norms will increase self-control, morale rules and the sense of self. Weak socialization outcome can be seen through the inability to follow other’s perception towards the concept of self-control which is felt by the whole society to avoid such deviant act (Bernburg, 2019).

3. Methodology

This paper used qualitative methodology with content analysis approach. It was used as a method to elaborate the objectives towards communication messages that have been printed, published or described. The information in the message part could be heard, obtained and seen by referring to the text content on the words, definition, pictures, symbols, ideas, themes or any messages as communicated (Kamarul Azmi, 2012). Meanwhile, Kimberly (2002) stated how essential is the steps to document the use of content analysis method to see the variety of cross-influence. She further explained, content analysis is defined as a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages that relies on the scientific method (including attention to objectivity/intersubjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity, generalizability, replicability, and hypothesis testing). It is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured, nor to the context in which the messages are created or presented.

This research was conducted to identify the forms of display and to determine the agenda used upon the news of non-compliance of Movement Control Order. Only the news on MCO violation from Phase 1 to Phase 3 were selected as the research sample. This research involved news portals reporting non-compliance of MCO cases starting from 18th_{March 2020 until 28}th_{April 2020. The search was made through online news. Information using} the theme of non-compliance of MCO, violation of MCO, COVID-19, MCO punishment, and MCO in a variety of combinations. More than 100 news reports were discovered to have used this method. From the themes of the outcome, there were many categories found as excuses of disobeying the MCO all over Malaysia. The excuses of non-compliance which were reported on the online news portals were grouped into themes of category. The content analysis had found 10 categories of MCO violation which are i) Movement without a valid reason, ii) Sports and recreational activities, iii) Religious activities, iv) Visiting and having feast, v) Chatting at restricted area, vi)

(5)

Drugs-related violation, vii) Crime involvement and police record, viii) Gambling and Entertainment, ix) Intake of drinks leading to intoxication and imagination and x) Violation by foreigners.

4. Research Outcomes And Discussion

i. Chronology of Movement Control Order Implementation

Before the themes for non-compliance of MCO are explained, it is better to understand the chronology of MCO implementation across the states in Malaysia. Sinar Harian news portal on 10th_{April 2020 entitled MCO Chronology} until 10th_{April 2020 had reported the Prime Minister’s Special Announcement which was held on 16}th_{March 2020.} The Prime Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin had announced MCO Phase 1 effective starting from 18th_{March to} 31st_{March 2020 all over the country to stop the spread of COVID-19 following the Law Enforcement based on the} Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 and Police Act 1967. This MCO includes total prohibition on movement and mass gathering across the country including the activities relating to religion, sports, social and culture. The Prime Minister’s Office through a media statement published on 17th_{March 2020 reported that MCO} includes the closure of all public and private higher educational institutions (IPT), skills training institutes, nurseries, schools; public, private, daily, boarding, international, tahfiz centres, and other institutions including primary and secondary education, and pre-university. The closure of all government and private premises is also under MCO implementation except for essential services of the country, for instance, water, electricity, energy, telecommunication, courier, transportation, irrigation, oil, gas, fossil fuels, publication, finance, banking, healthcare, pharmacy, fire fighter, prison, harbour, airport, safety, defence, cleaning, retails and food supply. Apart from that, total restriction for Malaysian citizens to travel abroad and restriction on travellers’ and foreigners’ entry (Prime Minister’s Office, March 17, 2020).

On 18th_{March 2020, MCO had been in effective and announced. Senior Minister (Security Cluster), Datuk Seri} Ismail Sabri Yaakob had announced on 22th_{March 2020 that nearly 50,000 enforcement members comprising the} army, police, RELA and local agencies had been ordered to supervise the public’s compliance towards MCO. It was also announced on that day, a number of 7,500 members of Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) across the country had been ordered to assist the Royal Malaysian Police (RMF) in implementing MCO. Meanwhile, on 23th_{March 2020,} the same Sinar Harian portal also reported a mechanic in Perak was the first individual to be charged for preventing civil servants from performing their official duties during the MCO period. MCO Phase 2 was implemented through Prime Minister’s Special Announcement from 1st_{April to 14}th_{April 2020 (Sinar Harian, April 10, 2020).}

On 26th_{March 2020, the process of cleaning and disinfection began at public premises particularly at locations} identified as the red zones. On the same day of 26th_{, the government implemented the Enhanced Movement Control} Order (EMCO) at Kampung Dato’ Ibrahim Majid and Bandar Baharu Dato’ Ibrahim Majid at Simpang Renggam, Kluang, Johor until 9th_{April 2020. On 29}th_{March 2020, the EMCO was effective at the area of Batu 21 until Batu} 24, Lui River, Hulu Langat, Selangor up to 13th_{April 2020 as there was an increasing number of positive cases of} COVID-19. Meanwhile, on 30th_{March 2020, the government implemented EMCO at Menara City One, Jalan} Munshi Abdullah at Kuala Lumpur until 13th_{April 2020. During the second phase that started on 1}st_{April until 14}th April, the government had announced that only business premises involving daily needs which include shopping malls and petrol stations are allowed to operate from 8.00 am to 8.00 pm. Apart from that, at this second phase, the travel limit for each individual who intends to go outside the house within the MCO period by permission, is fixed within the radius of not exceeding 10 kilometres (km) from the house (Sinar Harian, April 10, 2020).

Through the Special Announcement by the Senior Minister (Security Cluster) on 3rd_{April 2020, it was also} informed that all Ramadan markets are not allowed to operate during this MCO period. On 7th_{April 2020, the} government had decided to implement the fourth EMCO at the building of Selangor Mansion and Malayan Mansion, located at Jalan Masjid India, Kuala Lumpur. After the cases of MCO violation increased, on 8th_{April 2020, the} police have started to apply a RM1,000 compound for non-compliant individuals. On 9th_{April 2020, the EMCO} which had been implemented at two areas near Simpang Renggam, Kluang, Johor, was extended to 14th_{April 2020.} Due to the increasing positive COVID-19 cases of more than 100 people a day at the early phases of MCO, thus on 10th_{April 2020 following the order of Ministry of Health Malaysia, the Prime Minister had announced the extension} of MCO for another two weeks or MCO Phase 3 that was from 15th_{April to 28}th_{April 2020 with the school sessions}

(6)

postponed until the situation has recovered (Sinar Harian, April 10,2020). The basic chronology of MCO phases in Malaysia is as according to Table 1 as follows:

Table 1. MCO Phases in Malaysia

MCO Phases Stage Period

First Stage (MCO Phase 1) 18th_{March 2020 to 31}st_{March 2020} Second Stage (MCO Phase 2) 1st_{April 2020 to 14}th_{April 2020} Third Stage (MCO Phase 3) 15th_{April 2020 to 28}th_{April 2020}

ii. Total of Arrestment

Sinar Harian Report on 10th_{April 2020 stated that on 4}th_{April 2020, a number of 5,126 people were under arrest} for violating the MCO within the MCO period as from the statement by the Director of Crime Investigation Bukit Aman, Datuk Huzir Mohamed. Datuk Huzir Mohamed, said that approximately 15,000 individuals were arrested for non-compliance of MCO in phase 1 and phase 2. A total of 14,922 individuals were captured during the Movement Control Order (MCO) phase 1 and 2, effective starting from 18th_{March to 14}th_{April. From the total, 3,627} individuals were arrested in phase 1 and 11,295 individuals in the second phase. Besides, the police also detected six individuals who were found to defy the MCO repeatedly (Berita Harian, April 15, 2020). The infographic on 23rd April 2020 by Harian Metro entitled: “Movement Control Order Phase 3 has shown that 1,014 people have been accused in courts all over the country. The RTM news entitled “Cumulative number of non-compliant individuals of MCO has recorded 21,749 cases” reported the cumulative cases of non-compliance for the last day of phase 3 which ended on 28th_{April 2020 was recorded as 21,749 individuals (Berita RTM, April 29, 2020). Table 2 shows a brief} cumulative total as stated by the Senior Minister (Security Cluster) through the press conference.

Table 2. Cumulative Total of Arrestment for violation of MCO Phase 1 to 3

Stages of MCO Phase Cumulative Total of

Arrestment (People)

Sources of Portals & Display Dates

Stage 1 (MCO Phase 1) 3,627 Sinar Harian, April 10, 2020

Stage 2 (MCO Phase 2) 11,295 Sinar Harian, April 10, 2020

Stage 3 (MCO Phase 3) 21,749 Berita RTM, April 29, 2020

iii. Categories for Non-compliance of MCO a) Movement without a valid reason

Individuals who were arrested by the enforcement body in this MCO received the punishment as written by the law under Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 and Police Act 1967. Individuals who were charged also have to be presented under the law of Penal Code Section 186, that is preventing civil servants from performing their official duties and Rule 7 (1) Infectious Rules (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020. Those individuals will be punished, penalised and imprisoned if they failed to pay the penalty. The penalty for non-compliance of MCO does not exceed RM 1000.00 and imprisonment of not more than six months. Table 3 shows arrested individuals with their reasons of movement as reported by online news portals.

Table 3. Movement without a valid reason as reported by news portals No News Portals and

Display dates

News Headlines Violation areas Methods of Arrestment 1 Sinar Harian,

March 23, 2020.

Covid-19: Two men jailed for using violence on police.

Pantai Dalam, Kuala Lumpur.

Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

2 Berita Harian, March 26, 2020.

Non-compliance of MCO, three teenagers among four charged.

Kluang, Johor Roadblock (Ops

COVID-19)

(7)

March 27, 2020. violating MCO. COVID-19) 4 Sinar Harian,

March 27, 2020.

Peanut cookies caused two men of under arrest of MCO violation

Kampung Kolam, Padang Besar, Perlis

At the premise/ prohibited area

Violation of MCO, a man who escaped from roadblock had been arrested.

Tawau, Sabah Roadblock (Ops

COVID-19) 6 Berita Harian,

March 30, 2020.

Bad luck from MCO violation, eight men jailed.

Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area 7 Berita Harian, March 30, 2020.

Fined RM 1,000 for disobeying MCO.

Salak Tinggi, Sepang Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

Going to friend’s house to share recipe.

Putrajaya Roadblock (Ops

COVID-19) 9 Berita Harian,

March 31, 2020.

COVID-19: 23 pleaded guilty for not complying to MCO.

Kota Tinggi, Johor Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

10 Berita Harian, April 1, 2020.

3 people fined RM1,000 for violating Movement Control Order.

Pasar Binjai Rendah, Bukit Payong, Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area 11 Berita Harian, April 2, 2020.

155 have been charged as non-compliant of MCO in several states.

Jalan Titi Besar. Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan At the premise/ prohibited area 12 Harian Metro, April 2, 2020.

Not knowing the order is not an excuse.

Petaling Jaya, Selangor Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

3 Sinar Harian, April 5, 2020.

24 arrested for nasi lemak packs! Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang

Two MCO non-compliant labourers chose to be jailed.

Chendering, Kuala Terengganu

Two siblings became the first MCO non-compliance case in Kuala Pilah.

Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan

Fisherman cried following the penalty, jail.

Ayer Keroh, Melaka Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

17 Bah News, April 11, 2020.

Two Teenagers and Widow ‘Snorting Drugs’ Arrested for MCO Violation.

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah At the premise/ prohibited area

18 News Strait Times, 12 April 2020.

MCO: Family of six goes to supermarket, fined RM6,000. Sabak Bernam, Selangor At the premise/ prohibited area 19 Borneo Today, April 13, 2020.

Members of Airport Rescue Fined RM 1,000 and Jailed for Violating MCO.

Tawau, Sabah. Roadblock (Ops

COVID-19) 20 Sarawak Voice,

April 14, 2020.

17 arrested for not complying to MCO in Saratok.

Saratok, Sarawak At the premise/ prohibited area

Teenager driving a lorry arrested for non-compliance of MCO.

Alor Star, Kedah Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

22 Berita RTM, April 15, 2020.

A contractor has pleaded guilty for three allegations of MCO offences.

Kangar, Perlis Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

23 BERNAMA, April 15, 2020.

Sending cat to girlfriend is among excuses of non-compliance of MCO Phase 3.

Serdang, Selangor Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

24 Berita Harian, 15 April 2020.

15 arrested for violation of MCO. Felda Lubuk Merbau, Padang Terap, Kedah

25 Borneo Today, April 16, 2020.

MCO Violation, Two Offenders Punished to Clean Public Toilet.

Likas and Sepanggar, Sabah

(8)

16, 2020. Non-Compliance of MCO, said harsh words.

Lumpur COVID-19)

Husband and wife arrested for MCO violation. Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area 28 Berita Harian, April 17, 2020.

COVID-19: Food delivery worker arrested, suspected as hitting policeman on duty. Ampang, Kuala Lumpur At the premise/ prohibited area 29 Utusan Borneo, April 17, 2020.

Intention to install ‘tinted’ does not turn reality, five men arrested for MCO non-compliance.

Kuching, Sarawak At the premise/ prohibited area

Wife craving for burger, among excuses for MCO violation.

Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu

Violating MCO for sulking with wife. Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Roadblock (Ops COVID-19) 32 BERNAMA, April 20, 2020.

MCO Violation: A doctor was fined RM800 for leaving the house to reduce panic attack.

Jalan Horley, Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur Roadblock (Ops COVID-19) 33 Utusan Borneo, April 24, 2020.

Husband and wife went out together to buy groceries, punished for non-compliance of MCO.

Kuching, Sarawak Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

Police investigates son, daughter in-law of UMNO President, suspected to violate MCO.

Kuala Lumpur. At the premise/ prohibited area

b) Sports and Recreational Activities

Sports and recreational activities that are conducted outside the house or residential area are also prohibited by the government. It is in the law provision under Rule 7 (1) Rules of Infectious (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020. Arrested individuals were also investigated according to Penal Code, Section 269 as they are believed to have possibly spreaded any infections of fatal disease in clumsiness. However, the news portal had reported that there were activities relating to sports and recreation that were openly conducted by Malaysian citizens. It then led to more people at one time. All news portal reports have found that the violation was done in prohibited areas. Table 4 shows the MCO violation made by Malaysian citizens through sports and recreational activities.

Table 4. MCO violation through sports and recreational activities No News Portals and

Display Dates

News Headlines Violation areas

1 Selangor Kini, March 27, 2020.

MCO: More arrested for non-compliance. George Town, Pulau Pinang.

2 News Strait Times, March 27, 2020.

Two 'sports enthusiasts' arrested in Pekan for violating MCO.

Kuantan, Pahang. 3 Malay Mail, March

31, 2020.

Climbing Gunung Lambak, two senior citizens arrested for MCO violation.

Kluang, Johor

4 Sinar Harian, March 31, 2020.

Playing takraw and picnicking near waterfalls, violating MCO.

Ipoh, Perak 5 Berita Harian, April

1, 2020.

88 individuals charged to court for MCO non-compliance.

Taman Bukit Indah, Ampang

155 charged for MCO violation in a few states. Kolej Seminari Tinggi Katolik

MCO: Bathing at the sea because of the hot weather; an excuse to violate MCO.

Pantai Tok Bali, Kelantan

(9)

MCO: Golf club manager, teacher carried away in golf game, arrested.

Batu Gajah, Perak 10 Utusan Borneo, April

20, 2020.

Violated MCO for Zumba, seven arrested in Sibu. Sibu, Sarawak

c) Religious activities

Religious activities are listed in MCO implementation to stop the spread of pandemic. This is because, religious activities involve grouping that may infect the public due to the long period within one activity. Those arrested will be convicted with Penal Code Section 186, Section 22(b) of the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988. All reports stated that the arrestment was made on individuals who were at the premise or prohibited areas as announced. Table 5 shows the arrestment made by the enforcement agencies related to religious activities.

Table 5. MCO violation related to religious activities

No News Portals and Display Dates News headlines Violation areas 1 News Strait Times, March 19,

2020

Man arrested for violating MCO. Sungai Petani, Kedah 2 Berita Harian, April 10, 2020. Quantity surveyer fined RM 1,000 for

being in a mosque area during MCO.

Gombak. Selangor 3 ISMA Web, April 17, 2020. MCO violation: 10 under arrest while

waiting for Isya’ prayer at mosque

Kuala Kangsar, Perak 4 Harian Metro, April 17, 2020. 26 arrested for attending funeral

ceremony.

Klang, Selangor 5 Malaysia Today, April 28, 2020. Two Leaders of PN government finally

Penalised for MCO violation.

Lenggong, Gerik, Perak

d) Violation related to visiting and having feast

The 23rd_{day of Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented in this country to stop the spread of COVID-19} pandemic has sparked concern as the statistics on the violation of MCO has shown increasing pattern. The concern was voiced by the Director General of Health, Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah during the press conference on 8th April 2020 in which he stated that there were still non-permitted movement activities such as visiting relative’s house within the MCO period (Harian Metro, April 9, 2020). The cultural diversity in Malaysia has led to varying forms of social activities particularly those relating to food. This causes the daily routine of Malaysian society to include visiting for group socialization while having feast together. Besides, group gathering culture like wedding ceremony also leads to difficulty in stopping the habit. This is why there were arrestment reports by enforcement agencies on non-compliance of MCO for the purpose of attending a function and having feast outside the residential area. Those arrested were convicted with Rule 3(1) Rules on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020 which is effective during MCO. Table 6 shows the arrestment cases by the enforcement agencies related to feast activities.

Table 6. Violation due to visiting and having feast No News Portals and

Display Dates

News Headlines Violation Areas Methods of Arrestment 1 News Strait Times,

March 20, 2020.

Man in 'kenduri kepala kambing' video arrested for defying MCO.

Alor Setar, Kedah

2 Malaysia Kini, March 30, 2020.

Eating ‘mango dip’ among the excuses of MCO violators in Machang.

Machang, Kelantan

3 Sarawak Voice, April 14, 2020.

17 arrested for violating MCO in Saratok.

Saratok, Sarawak

4 BERNAMA, April 27, 2020.

MCO: Six individuals fined RM800, wanting to attend wedding ceremony during

Tawau, Sabah Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

(10)

Ramadan. e) Chatting at Prohibited Area

Detention and arrestment of police upon individuals who violated MCO were reported by online news regarding chatting activities at prohibited areas which can increase the risk of infection of COVID-19. Most of the arrested individuals were chatting or loitering outside the house to spend their time. Social interaction is a norm as humans communicate with each other. However, interaction during the MCO period is unsuitable as it can increase the number of infections to the society. They whom were detained were convicted with Rule 3(1) Rules on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020. Table 12 shows several violations by Malaysian citizens due to chatting at locations announced as prohibited areas.

Table 7. MCO Violation for chatting at prohibited areas No News Portals and Display

Dates

News Headlines Violation Areas

1 Sinar Harian, March 29, 2020. Ignored police warning for three times, two men arrested.

Kuala Selangor, Selangor. 2 Berita Harian, April 1, 2020. 88 individuals to face court charges

for non-compliance of MCO.

Kajang & Selayang, Selangor 3 Berita Sabah. Com, April 14,

2020.

Eight MCO violators under arrest Sandakan, Sabah 4 Harian Metro, April 16, 2020. Four stubborn teenagers arrested for

violating MCO.

Padawan, Sarawak

f) MCO violation related to drugs

MCO implementation has also shown that there are individuals who were arrested due to violation involving drugs. Drug misuse was conducted in group which shows that social interaction among addicts is concerning. With this MCO, the drug misuse activities have been detected as this group is not easily calmed inside the house. Those who were arrested were charged following the law of Rule 7 (1) Rules of Infectious Diseases (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020 and Section 12(2)(3) Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. Table 8 shows the violation of MCO related to drugs.

Table 8. Violation of MCO related to drugs No News Portals and

Display Dates

News Headlines Violation Areas Methods of Arrestment 1 Sinar Harian,

March 26, 2020.

Two from three men who violated MCO are apparently drug dealers.

Kuala Muda, Kedah At the premise/ prohibited area

2 Sinar Harian, March 27, 2020.

Unfortunate for violating MCO, a man caught bringing drugs. Jalan Penang, Geogtown, Pulau Pinang. Roadblock (Ops COVID-19) 3 Sinar Harian, March 29, 2020.

Casually loitering and making noise at house compound.

Kemaman, Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area

155 charged as violating MCO in several states.

Yan, Kedah At the premise/

prohibited area 5 Sinar Harian, April

4, 2020

Three men of MCO violators tested positive for drugs.

Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan

6 Harian Metro, April 7, 2020.

Came back from wedding ceremony?

Alor Setar, Kedah Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

7 Sabah News Today, April 9, 2020

MCO violation: Stubborn, high with Syabu.

Laya-Laya, Tuaran, Sabah

At the premise/ prohibited area 8 Sinar Harian, April Selling drugs on a small Tumpat, Kelantan. Roadblock (Ops

(11)

13, 2020 scale during MCO. COVID-19) 9 Sinar Harian, April

13, 2020.

Drug addict arrested for not complying to MCO.

Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan

Teenager driving a lorry, arrested for not complying to MCO.

Pantai Johor - Gunung Keriang, Kedah

11 Malay Mail, April 15, 2020.

Joined a wild party, 15 year-old teenager among 11 arrested individuals.

Johor Bahru, Johor At the premise/ prohibited area

Do not know PKP, said the MCO violator.

Alor Setar, Kedah At the premise/ prohibited area

13 Astro Awani, April 17, 2020

MCO violation: Five friends arrested for loitering in house parking

Dungun, Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area

14 Sabah News Today, April 17, 2020.

Two women wandering, arrested for non-compliance of MCO.

Sipitang, Sabah Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

OKU arrested for violating MCO, carrying drugs inside the helmet.

Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu

Police captured drug addict, dealer.

Ranau, Sabah. At the premise/ prohibited area

17 Harian Metro, April 22, 2020

Man arrested for drug possession during Ops Covid.

Johor Bahru, Johor Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

RM700,000 inside an old BMW.

Johor Bahru, Johor At the premise/ prohibited area g) Crime involvement and police record

The arrestment made by the enforcement agencies related to Movement Control Order has identified the violation made by individuals who have police record. Individuals who were involved in crime and have police record when detained by the enforcement agencies shows that they are people who always look for freedom opportunities. Those individuals having police record were convicted with Rule 3)1) Rules of Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020. Meanwhile, individuals involved in crime were convicted as in Section 15(1) Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 and Penal Code Section 457 (Crime of Agression). Table 9 shows the reported cases by news portals regarding individuals who are involved in crime and have police record.

Table 9. Arrestment Involving Crime and Police Record No News Portals and

Display Dates

News Headlines Violation Areas Methods of

Arrestment 1 Berita Harian, March

25, 2020.

Police, fisherman penalised for MCO violation.

Sitiawan, Perak Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

Do not know the order is not an excuse.

Petaling Jaya, Selangor

MCO violation, Teenager Carried Girlfriend Corpse to 15km and left in front of the house.

Rompin, Pahang At the premise/ prohibited area 4 Astro Awani, April 2,

2020.

MCO Violation: Hang out and fight, 14 individuals penalised, jailed.

Baling, Kedah At the premise/ prohibited area 5 Berita Harian, April 8,

2020.

COVID-19: 'Pardon me sir, I am frightened of being jailed again’.

6 Berita Harian, April 19, 2020

Husband arrested, wife came asking for blessing to give birth.

(12)

Jailed for breaking into a shop during MCO.

Bahau, Negeri Sembilan

At the premise/ prohibited area 8 Sinar Harian, April 28,

2020.

Man violated MCO for possession of illicit cigarette.

Rembau, Negeri Sembilan.

h) Gambling and Entertainment

Social activity conducted by part of the society makes it difficult to control such behaviour, therefore the government has determined for all forms of social activities to stop. However, online news report have found that social activities such as gambling and entertainment are still ongoing. Such attitudes will impact the health of society as the members of society who involve themselves in gambling and entertainment activities are at risk to exposure to respiration vapour and being inside a closed space for a long period of time. All offenders were captured as they were at prohibited area. Individuals arrested were convicted and charged with Betting Act 1953. Table 10 shows the arrestment cases relating to gambling and entertainment activities.

Table 10. MCO violation related to gambling and entertainment

No News Portals and Display Dates News Headlines Violation Areas 1 Sinar Harian, April 3, 2020. Two men pleaded unguilty for buying

illegal lottery during MCO.

Ipoh, Perak 2 Berita Harian, April 4, 2020. Violating MCO, 19 detained for

having fun at a condominium

Kajang, Selangor 3 Free Malaysia Today, April 7,

2020.

4 men craving to sing arrested for violating MCO.

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 4 Buletin Sabah, April 7, 2020. Pleaded guilty of violating MCO,

organized a wild party in Tawau.

Tawau, Sabah 5 Berita Harian, April 8, 2020. 15 pleaded guilty for joining a party

during MCO.

Ipoh, Perak 6 BERNAMA, April 10, 2020. Violating MCO, 40 people charged in

KL, Negeri Sembilan.

Mantin, Negeri Sembilan 7 Harian Metro, April 16, 2020. 21 men jailed, penalised for violating

MCO.

Georgtown, Pulau Pinang 8 Sinar Harian, April 18, 2020. Four men singing karaoke arrested at

house compound.

Johor Bahru, Johor 9 Sinar Harian, April 28, 2020. Eight caught gambling at a barber

shop.

Georgtown, Pulau Pinang

i) Intake of drinks leading to intoxication and imagination

Excessive intake of alcohol, ketum drink and toddy led to the arrestment of some groups of citizens by the enforcement agencies through roadblock and mass gathering at prohibited areas. This is due to multicultural groups of citizens in Malaysia. Those who have been detained for such drinks intake were convicted with Section 45A(1) Road Transport Act 1987 and Penal Code Section 279 for driving recklessly. They were also investigated following Section 22(b) of the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 for violating the Movement Control Order (MCO) and Section 21 Minor Offences Act 1995. For the intake of ketum drink and toddy, they were convicted with Poisons Act 1952. Table 11 shows the cases of MCO violation regarding the intake of drinks that lead to intoxication and imagination.

Table 11. Arrestment related to intake of intoxicated drinks No News Portals and

Display Dates

News Headlines Violation Areas Methods of Arrestment 1 Sinar Harian,

April 4, 2020

Drunk with ketum in a cow barn.

Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

11 men arrested for alcohol intake in public.

Gombak, Selangor At the premise/ prohibited area

(13)

COVID-19: Drunk, then hit the roadblock!

Petaling Jaya, Selangor Roadblock (Ops COVID-19)

Food delivery man arrested for bringing ketum drink.

Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.

Two men waiting for ketum customer arrested.

Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

Bad luck for drinking alcohol in group.

Bahau, Negeri Sembilan At the premise/ prohibited area

7 Sinar Harian, April 15, 2020

Admitted to possess ketum drink while under arrest for MCO violation.

Kampung Gelugor, Kuala Terengganu At the premise/ prohibited area 8 Sabah News Today, April 18, 2020.

Violated MCO and drunk, disguised as Custom Right Officer.

Jalan Tuaran Bypass, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

j) Violation by foreigners

Increased arrestment in Malaysia due to MCO is also contributed by the group of foreigners. These foreigners’ backgrounds comprising the students, workers, travellers have been reported to conduct MCO offences. Foreigners arrested were convicted with the charge of preventing civil servants from performing their official duties and Rules of Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Measures within the Infected Local Areas) 2020. The arrestment of these foreigners is also under the Immigration Act 1959/63 for violating the immigration law in Malaysia. Table 12 shows violation of MCO by foreigners.

Table 12. Violation by foreigners No News Portal and

Display Date

News Headlines Violation Areas Method of arrestment 1 Sinar Harian,

March 30, 2020.

Two foreigners violating MCO tried to escape.

Temerloh, Pahang

2 News Strait Times, March 31, 2020.

183 MCO violators charged in Penang.

Geogtown, Pulau Pinang

More case of playing football, RM1,000 gone for violating MCO.

Taman Seri Krubong, Melaka,

17 men including foreigners violated MCO

Ayer Keroh, Melaka.

Stubborn citizen, spent time swimming!

Langkawi, Kedah.

155 charged for violating MCO in several states

Ipoh, Perak. At the premise/ prohibited area

7 Malay Mail, April 12, 2020.

Policeman injured, beaten by Indonesian during MCO roadblock.

Presint 14, Putrajaya.

Giving excuse to look for jobs!

Pasir Penambang, Klang, Selangor

Unfortunate, drinking alcohol in group

Bahau, Negeri Sembilan.

Five foreigners violated MCO for taking bus to KL

Plaza Tol Jelapang, Lebuh Raya Utara – Selatan, Perak

(14)

11 The Malaysian Insight, April 15, 2020.

15 Pakistan citizens charged as violating MCO for eating and praying in group

Kuala Lumpur At the premise/ prohibited area

All violations of MCO are seen as purposely conducted as they are used of the daily habitual actions. This is proven with the categories of non-compliance which have been explained such as i) Movement without a valid reason, ii) Sports and recreational activities, iii) Religious activities, iv) Visiting and having feast, and v) Chatting at restricted area. Most of these violations are perceived as having a very close relationship with social interaction. Daily social interaction is considered as a cultural habit constituting culture and attitude. This problem does not happen only in Malaysia, in fact in other countries too. As stated by Saber Yezlia & Anas Khana (2020), social lives in Saudi Arabia near the house and family, along with social meeting, visit and family events are typical for Arab people. Apart from that, the role of Saudi Arabia as the centre of religion is also a huge challenge as it involves mass religious gathering for the purpose of performing pilgrimage. Religious demand has been debated widely and carefully to ensure the safety of the public.

One important thing to note is concerning the education to ensure all rules are followed by every level of society. Social interaction that causes non-compliance of MCO as explained by the categories above shows that there are groups of people who have roles in spreading compliance but were also involved in MCO violation. This is known when there are people from professional group violating the MCO such as the government administrative officer, doctor, quantity surveyer and mayor. Besides, online reports have also explained that there were frontliners such as the police, nurse, and electricity staff who also failed to comply with MCO by getting involved in social activities within the permitted period during the implementation of MCO. Lack of self-control by such group who is educated affects the society as online news report displayed their occupational status which reflects that social control is not understood well. This also happened in India through a research by Nazir & Rashid (2020) which found that education level reflects the behaviour towards the leader’s advice. People coming from education background are also people who are prone to go against the lockdown order besides the uneducated people who are already contributing to the violation of lockdown order.

Social interaction which happens in daily lives is hard to control when it comes to deviated actions or behaviours that go against the norms or rules. Imperfect socialization will cause deviance to happen in social interaction as individuals think they can manipulate the situation. This can be seen through MCO violation such as i) Drugs-related violation, ii) Crime involvement and police record, iii) Intake of drinks leading to intoxication and imagination and iv) Violation by foreigners, v) gambling and entertainment. Social control is crucial as it helps with self-control for the perpetrator of violation related to deviance as the environment contributes to wrong behaviour. According to Seddig (2020), deviance can happen anywhere and anytime as the behaviour of deviant perpetrator does not know the norms boundary.

5. Conclusion

MCO implementation in Malaysia has its own challenges. It is seen through multiculture in Malaysia. This multiculture constitutes the way of life such as religion, culture and norms which form social interaction within the society. From the social interaction, the level of compliance of citizens towards rules must be enhanced. Social control is an important aspect in facing all rules as it involves the willingness of social control by the society. With social control, a country can control the situation or disaster, especially Malaysia who is always affected by world crisis. The relationship between Malaysia and other countries does not only involve economy but also social and political elements which can contribute to making Malaysia a country with social interactions. This is more apparent with COVID-19 infection through religious gathering, tourism, and business as reported by the media. With current situation in Malaysia, enforcement needs to be properly done so that it will not affect the society emotionally as there are still daily businesses that are open despite the MCO.

Therefore, the compliance of citizens has been refined as much as possible. Although the level of compliance among citizens is high, tens of thousands have been arrested by the enforcement agencies upon non-compliance of MCO. Nevertheless, the violation of MCO has been found to correlate with social interaction of society which involves two-way communication. This shows that social interaction among society in Malaysia is variety as there are reports that citizens do not know about the implementation of MCO despite the third phase to socialize. Most

(15)

MCO violations have been identified as in the form of social and only a small number is related to economy. This is evident in all the categories mentioned. Therefore, the aspect of education crisis related to rules must be emphasised on to control social interaction between the societies so that the compliance in all forms of law can be enhanced.

Acknowledgement

This article was supported by Research Management and Innovation Centre (RMIC), Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI).

References

1. Anwar & Adang. (2013). Sosiologi untuk Universitas. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.

2. Astro Awani. (2020, April 2nd_{. Ingkar PKP: Lepak dan bergaduh, 14 individu didenda, dipenjara.} http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/ingkar-pkp-lepak-dan-berga duh-14-individu-didenda-dipenjara-236413 [Access: 2020, April 2nd_.

3. Astro Awani. (2020, April 17). Ingkar PKP: Lima sekawan ditahan lepak di beranda rumah. Retrieved from http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/ingkar-pkp-lima-sekawan-ditahan-lepak-di-beranda-rumah-238765 [Access: 2020, April 17].

4. Barkur G, Vibha, Kamath GB, Sentiment Analysis of Nationwide Lockdown due to COVID 19 Outbreak: Evidence from India, Asian Journal of Psychiatry (2020), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102089. 5. BBC News (2020, April 7) Coronavirus: The world in lockdown in maps and charts Retrieved from

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747 [24 April 2020]

6. BERNAMA. (2020, April 15). Hantar kucing kepada teman wanita antara alasan langgar PKP fasa ketiga. Retrieved from https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1832280 [Access: 2020, April 16].

7. BERNAMA. (2020, April 2nd_{). Ingkar PKP, 40 orang didakwa di KL, Negeri Sembilan. Retrieved from} https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1830619 [Access: 2020, April 10].

8. BERNAMA. (2020, April 16). Juruaudit didenda RM1,100 ingkar PKP, keluar perkataan kesat. Retrieved from https://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news_covid-19.php?id =1832733 [Access: 2020, April 17].

9. BERNAMA (2020, April 20). Ingkar PKP: Doktor didenda RM800 keluar rumah untuk hilangkan serangan panik. Retrieved from https://www.bernama.com /bm/am/news.php?id=1836818 [Access: 2020, April 20]. 10. BERNAMA, (2020, April 27). PKP: Enam individu didenda RM800 mahu pergi kenduri sempena

Ramadan. Retrieved from https://www.bernama. com/bm/wilayah/news .php?id=1836128 [Access: 2020, April 28].

11. Bernburg Jón Gunnar. (2019). Labeling Theory. In: Marvin D. Krohn, Nicole Hendrix, Gina Penly Hall, and Alan J. Lizotte (eds.), Handbook of Crime and Deviance (pp1-22), Second Edition. Switzerland: Springer Nature

12. Berita Harian. (2020, March 25). Polis, nelayan didenda ingkar PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/669010/polis-nelayan-didenda-ingka r-pkp [Access: 2020, March 25].

13. Berita Harian. (2020, March 26). Ingkar PKP, tiga remaja antara empat didakwa. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/669461/ingkar-pkp-tiga-remaja -antara-empat-didakwa [Access: 2020, March 26].

14. Berita Harian. (2020, March 27). Lelaki dipenjara empat bulan ingkar PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/669835/lelaki-dipenjara-empat-bulan -ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, March 29].

15. Berita Harian. (2020, March 29). Langgar PKP, lelaki lolos sekatan jalan raya ditangkap. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/03/670531/langgar-pkp-lelaki-lolos-sekatan-jalan-raya-ditangkap [Access: 2020, March 30].

16. Berita Harian (2020, March 30). Padah ingkar PKP, lapan lelaki dipenjara. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/03/671046/padah-ingkar-pkp-lapan- lelaki-dipenjara [Access: 2020, April1st_].

17. Berita Harian. (2020, March 30). Didenda RM1, 000 ingkari PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/670985/didenda-rm1000-ingkari-pkp [Access: 2020, March 30].

(16)

18. Berita Harian. (2020, March 30). Nak pergi rumah kawan bagi resepi. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/670869/nak-pergi-rumah-kawan-ba gi-resepi?fbclid=IwAR1wO-OCPWI1BlBBBjOsW4G-zK94VrxrOTV7RiTyuEdaDY j3pZAmoVEMcpU [Access: 2020, April1st_].

19. Berita Harian. (2020, March 31). COVID-19: 23 mengaku bersalah langgar PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/03/671317/covid-19-23-mengaku-bersalah-langgar-pkp [Access: 2020, April1st_].

20. Berita Harian. (2020, April1st_{). 3 didenda RM1, 000 ingkar Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/671715/3-didenda-rm1000-ingkar-pe rintah-kawalan-pergerakan [Access: 2020, April1st_].

21. Berita Harian. (2020, April1st_{). 88 individu dihadapkan di mahkamah ingkar PKP. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/671869/88-individu-dihadap kan-di-mahkamah-ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, April1st_].

22. Berita Harian. (2020, April1st_{). 88 individu dihadapkan di mahkamah ingkar PKP. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/671869/88-individu-dihadap kan-di-mahkamah-ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, April1st_].

23. Berita Harian. (2020, April 2nd_{). 155 didakwa ingkar PKP di beberapa negeri. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/672312/155-didakwa-ingkar-pkp-di-beberapa-negeri [Access: 2020, April 2nd_].

24. Berita Harian (2020, April 2nd_{). 17 lelaki termasuk warga asing ingkar PKP. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/672275/17-lelaki-termasuk-warga-asing-ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, April 2nd_].

25. Berita Harian. (2020, April 2nd_{). 155 didakwa ingkar PKP di beberapa negeri. Retrieved from} https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/672312/155-didakwa-ingkar-pkp-di-beberapa-negeri [Access: 2020, April 2nd_].

26. Berita Harian. (2020, April 4). Langgar PKP, 19 berhibur di kondominium ditahan. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/673020/langgar-pkp-19-ber hibur-di-kondominium-ditahan [Access: 2020, April 4].

27. Berita Harian (2020, April 8). 15 sertai parti hiburan mengaku salah ingkar PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/674577/15-sertai-parti-hiburan-mengaku-salah-ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, April 8].

28. Berita Harian. (2020, April 8). COVID-19: 'Ampun tuan, saya dah serik masuk lokap'. Retrieved from https://www.bhplus.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/04/674408/covid-19-ampun-tuan-saya-dah-serik-masuk-lokap [Access: 2020, April 8].

29. Berita Harian. (2020, April 8). Dua buruh ingkar PKP pilih dipenjara. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/674602/dua-buruh-ingkar-pkp-pilih-dipenjara [Access: 2020, April 8].

30. Berita Harian. (2020, April 9). COVID-19: Sudahlah mabuk, langgar sekatan jalan pula. . Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/04/674996/covid-19-sudahlah-mabuk-langgar-sekatan-jalan-pula [Access: 2020, April 8].

31. Berita Harian, (2020, April 10). Juruukur didenda RM1,000 ingkar PKP berada dalam kawasan masjid. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/ 2020/04/675440/juruukur-didenda-rm1000-ingkar-pkp-berada-dalam-kawasan-masjid [Access: 2020, April 10].

32. Berita Harian. (2020, April 10). Nelayan menangis selepas dijatuhi hukuman denda, penjara. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/675524/nelayan-menangis-selepas-dijatuhi-hukuman-denda-penjara [Access: 2020, April 10].

33. Berita Harian. (2020, April 13). Hukuman ingkar PKP jadi rekod buruk peribadi. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/676672/hukuman-ingkar-pkp-jadi-rekod-buruk-peribadi [Access: 2020, April 13].

34. Berita Harian. (2020, April 14). Remaja pandu lori ditahan ingkar PKP. Retrieved from https://www.bhplus.com.my/berita/kes/2020/04/676842/remaja-pandu-lori-ditahan-ingkar-pkp [Access: 2020, April 14].

35. Berita Harian. (2020, April 15). Hampir 15,000 individu ditahan ingkar PKP fasa satu, dua. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/04/677463/hampir-15000-individu-ditahan-ingkar-pkp-fasa-satu-dua [Access: 2020, April 15].