: 14 : Dizgi- ADAMOR e- ISBN: 46320 2020 Kent -
Kalitesi
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Adaptation Strategies For Different Coastal
Area Typologies Against The Risk Of Sea Level
es
Izmir Kavram Vocational Schoolcagla.mim@gmail.com
Abstract
Sea level rise due to global warming and climate change is among the most significant environmental problems in the 21st century. The coastal areas, where physical, eco-nomic, social and cultural focal points are mostly concentrated, would be affected by this change and have a risk of being submersed underwater. It is significant to evalu-ate risks, develop flexible and adaptive strevalu-ategies that can increase the resilience of urban coastal areas to coastal hazards associated with sea level rise. Coastal area fea-tures will vary both physically, spatially and also functionally so it is requiring typo-logical and also architectural analysis to understand which strategies are applicable where. It is thought that typological and architectural analysis of coastal areas in ge-neral scope, can help to develop new design approaches and steer urban design policy decisions in coastal cities. The intention of this study is to present information on a wide range of potential strategies, but also to help narrow the list of strategies to con-sider for a specific coastal typologies, and to lay out a general framework to determine which strategies can be applicable for suitable areas. In this study, different coastal area typologies and their futures such as building densities and land uses are presen-ted to understand the nature and extent of risk from coastal hazards and what sort of strategies would be most effective in the long term.
Data and Methodology: Most of the studies on sea level rise are generally conduc-ted in the disciplines of regional planning and engineering. This study focuses more on the problems of urban design and architecture and proposes a conceptual fra-mework for different types of coastal areas. The research is elaborated as a systematic evaluation under two aspects, namely physical and spatial.
Physical and spatial data of different types of coastal morphologies are generated via 3D modelization. 3D modelization is used for the analysis of coastal areas physi-cally and spatially. Based on these analysis, adaptation strategies are determined for
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each coastal typology. Coastal geomorphology and land use conditions vary from re-gion to rere-gion in coastal cities. As the coastal area typologies differ, vulnerability and risk factors also vary in these areas. Accordingly, solutions and strategies should be different for each coastal area typologies. In this study, 5 different coastal area typolo-gies are selected for the analysis. These are;
natural shorelines
open public spaces and lower density residential areas industrial areas
medium density residential areas
mix of use and high density commercial areas
This selection does not include all types of coastal areas, but is intended to be a reference point for analyzing coastal areas according to land use differences.
Results and Conclusion: Firstly, natural shorelines are buffer spaces to protect the suburban areas from erosion. In natural areas without settlements, the effect of a pos-sible sea level rise will be less, so these areas can be defined as a less risky than other types of coastal typologies. Physical strategies are such as creating artificial floating islands or constructing reefs or groins to reduce the intensity of waves. Besides, the integration of the greenery is the privileged spatial strategy for natural dune areas and waterfront parks. Next, open public spaces and lower density residential areas include low density building areas, open public spaces and infrastructures. Building types are structured generally as 1-2 storey detached homes, 1-2 storey semi-detached homes and there are some community facilities such as schools, shops and small-scaled hospitals. Strategic retreat is one of the measures for these low density residential areas. Also, constructing hard structures like seawalls or dikes provide to protect sett-lements along the coast. Existing buildings with 1 or 2 storey or new buildings can be retrofitted and transformed to elevating structures for living with water. Also, gro-und floors can be redesigned as parking areas or storages. Thirdly, industrial areas include the building types such as low-rise industrial buildings, low-rise retail buil-dings, 2-4 storey residential attached, 3-5 storey mixed-use buildings and community facilities. Creating artificial reefs, groins or floating islands and constructing barriers can be defined among the physical strategies for dense industrial areas. Also, buildings can be designed as amphibious or floating structures. Another one, medium density residential areas contain multiple dwellings and community uses, small-scale public services, facilities and infrastructures. These areas have the building types such as
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5 storey mixed-use buildings, high-rise residential buildings, high-rise mixed use bu-ildings and community facilities. Density of building environment and multifuncti-onal systems are caused to increase the risk factor of sea level rise. Artificial reefs, groins or constructing breakwaters and revetments become prominent as physical strategies in medium density areas. When spatial-building strategies are considered, it is thought that is important to evacuate and change the function of the ground floors, especially in high-rise buildings. In this way, losses will be minimized during floods. Also, rainwater retention basins can be designed as multifunctional recreation areas in urban centers. Lastly, mix of use and high density commercial areas are ge-nerally the centers of economy and trade in megacities. Common building types are 3-5 storey use buildings, high-rise residential buildings and high-rise mixed-use buildings. Levees design which are arranged as steps, large planted land, topog-raphic sloping areas prevent the running of water during flood events and allow to rearrange of urban areas as a multifunctional public space with different functions such as residential areas, green and park areas and roads. Also, dry and wet proofing are another options that can be applied to strengthen buildings in these areas, besides evacuation and refunctioning of ground floors. Consequently, coastal areas are the most preferred areas where housing and commercial functions are located in the past and the present. Therefore, developing spatial and architectural alternative livings in coastal areas also contribute to long term urban resilience and provide co-habitation with water.
Keywords: climate change, sea level rise, adaptation, coastal typology, coastal ci-ties.
