In-vitro antioxidant, a-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activities of crude ethanol extract and fractions of endemic Hyacinthella acutiloba K. perss. & wendelbo bulbus

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(1)© by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FEB - FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTAL BULLETIN Founded jointly by F. Korte and F. Coulston Production by PSP - Vimy Str. 1e, 85354 Freising, Germany in cooperation with PRT-Parlar Research & Technology Vimy Str 1e, 85354 Freising Copyright© by PSP and PRT, Vimy Str. 1e, 85354 Freising, Germany All rights are reserved, especially the right to translate into foreign language or other processes - or convert to a machine language, especially for data processing equipment - without written permission of the publisher. The rights of reproduction by lecture, radio and television transmission, magnetic sound recording or similar means are also reserved. Printed in Germany-ISSN 1018-4619. 1.

(2) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FEB-EDITORIAL BOARD CHIEF EDITOR: Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Parlar Parlar Research & Technology-PRT Vimy Str.1e 85354 Freising, Germany CO-EDITORS: Environmental Spectroscopy Prof. Dr. A. Piccolo 8QLYHUVLWDGL1DSROL³)UHGHULFR,,´ Dipto. Di Scienze Chemica Agrarie Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, Italy Environmental Biology Prof. Dr. G. Schuurmann UFZ-Umweltzentrum Sektion Chemische Ökotoxikologie Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Permoserstr.15, 04318 04318 Leipzig, Germany Prof. Dr. I. Holoubek Recetox-Tocoen Kamenice126/3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic Prof. Dr. M. Hakki Alma Igdir Universitesi 76000, Igdir, Turkey Environmental Analytical Chemistry Prof. Dr. M. Bahadir Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik TU Braunschweig Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Dr. D. Kotzias Via Germania29 21027 Barza(Va), Italy Advisory Board K. Bester, K. Fischer, R. Kallenborn DCG. Muir, R. Niessner,W.Vetter, A. Reichlmayr-Lais, D. Steinberg, J. P. Lay, J. Burhenne, L. O. Ruzo. MANAGING EDITOR: Dr. P. Parlar Parlar Research & Technology PRT, Vimy Str.1e 85354 Freising, Germany Environmental Management Dr. K. I. Nikolaou Env.Protection of Thessaloniki OMPEPT-54636 Thessaloniki Greece Environmental Toxicology Prof. Dr. H. Greim Senatkommision ± DFG / TUM 85350 Freising, Germany Environmental Proteomic Dr. A. Fanous Halal Control GmbH Kobaltstr. 2-4 D-65428 Rüsselsheim, Germany Environmental Education Prof. Dr. C. Bayat Esenyurt Üniversitesi 34510 Esenyurt, Istanbul, Turkey Environmental Medicine Prof. Dr. I. Tumen Bandirma 17 Eylül Üniversitesi 10200 Bandirma, Turkey. Marketing Manager Cansu Ekici, B. of B.A. PRT-Research and Technology Vimy Str 1e 85354 Freising, Germany E-Mail: parlar@wzw.tum.de parlar@prt-parlar.de Phone: +49/8161887988. 516.

(3) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin is abstracted/indexed in: Biology & Environmental Sciences, BIOSIS, CAB International, Cambridge Scientific abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Awareness, Current Contents/Agriculture, CSA Civil Engineering Abstracts, CSA Mechanical & Transportation Engineering, IBIDS database, Information Ventures, NISC, Research Alert, Science Citation Index (SCI), Scisearch, Selected Water Resources Abstracts. 517.

(4) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. Editorial By Prof. Dimosthenis Sarigiannis, MEASEP President The 19th International MESAEP Symposium on Environmental Pollution and its Impact on Life in the Mediterranean Region has experienced a considerable growth in the number of papers presented at the Symposium. This time the Symposium was held at the National Research Council (CNR) headquarters in Rome from October 4 to October 6, 2017. It built upon the series that began in Athens in 1981 and followed by others eighteen biannual Symposia organized in various countries of the Mediterranean Region to provide a forum for scientists, engineers and decision and policy makers to meet and discuss the latest developments in the research field related to control and preserve natural resources, protect the environment and human health and combat pollution and climate change. An important benefit of these conferences has been to encourage interactional collaboration between researchers in order to advance the frontiers of these fields. The overall aim of the MESAEP Symposia are: x to bring together its members and other interested persons from all scientific disciplines, of politics and economics to examine the current problems of environmental protection in the Mediterranean region. They investigate solutions to these problems on regional, national and international basis. For this purpose MESAEP makes critical appraisals of the problems concerning the protection of man, animals and plants in the Mediterranean region from harmful effects of chemicals and physical agents, both natural and manmade. x to give suggestions and recommendations concerning environmental quality and safety so as to enable the regulatory bodies of the various Mediterranean Countries to make proper decisions regarding the evaluation of safety of chemicals and physical agents. x to provide a forum for interested individuals from the field of the environmental sciences carrying out research related to chemical contamination and the other sources of pollution in the Mediterranean environment, and also those in economics and politics. For this purpose, the association considers all the problems concerning the protection of life in the region from harmful effects of chemical and physical agents, both natural and man-made. Regulatory bodies in the Mediterranean regions are supported and advised by MESAEP to make proper decisions for improvements in environmental quality and safety. Each MESAEP symposium brings together around 300 scientists from Mediterranean countries representing GLIIHUHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHGLIIHUHQWIDFHWVRI³(QYLURQPHQWDO3ROOXWLRQDQGLWV,PSDFWRQ/LIHLQWKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ5HJLRQ´ The focus of the 19th 6\PSRVLXPZDVRQ³(QYLURQPHQWDODQGKHDOWKLQHTXLW\VFLHQFHLQWKHVHUYLFHRIVRFLHW\´ This Special Issue presents a collection of the papers presented at the 19th MESAEP Symposium. The main themes covered in this book include: x Climate change mitigation and pollution abatement x Ecotoxicity and biodiversity x Energy, environment and sustainability x Environmental and health inequities x Environmental economics, policy and education x Environmental health and well being x Indoor and outdoor air pollution x Natural and man-made environmental disasters x New and emerging technologies x Sustainable natural resource and waste management x Water and soil pollution and control 516.

(5) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. The conclusions of the overview of the 19th Symposium sessions was that the state of the environment in the Mediterranean region is under pressure. Positive steps have been taken in terms of addressing the most important issues linked to clean water scarcity, climate change and air and soil pollution. However, current policies and technical and non-technical measures fail to capture and appropriately reduce the totality of exposures affecting human life quality. Thus, additional work and resources are needed in the area of human exposome, i.e. the totality RI H[SRVXUHV RYHU RQH¶V OLIHWLPH linking organically diet, environmental conditions, and consumer good consumption, especially when considering the projected effects of climate change in the region. Clearly, socioeconomic and institutional aspects play an important role in integrated environmental management for improved public health and well-being. On that note, and in addition to the regular scientific sessions, a round table and panel discussion on migration and the consequent pressure on environmental and health inequity was organized, outlining many of the salient socio-economic, climatic, natural resource and environmental hygiene aspects of the migratory fluxes across the Mediterranean. Symposium participants and migration experts from Greece and Italy discussed the needs for improved welcome structures in the EU Member States and highlighted the enhanced pressure on the health care and environmental management systems linked to these migratory fluxes. It was made clear at the ensuing discussion that societal and equity aspects of environmental pollution have to be integrated into modern day environmental and health policies, especially in view of properly managing the effects of rapid societal change across the countries of the region. The Symposium was organized in collaboration with the Institute of Advanced Study in Pavia, Italy; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Politecnico di Torino, Italy; Akdeniz University and Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Public Health England United Kingdom; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy; Università di Roma la Sapienza, Italy and the ICARUS H2020 Project consortium. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Conference Organising Committee, the International Scientific and Advisory Committee and the Editorial Panel for their invaluable advice. The smooth implementation of the paper review process was only possible because of the timely responses from a large number of external reviewers. Most of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the researchers who have contributed to the success of this conference and the scientific work of whom made this special issue feasible. Many thanks are due also to the all the members of the Executive Committee of MESEAP for their outstanding work and close collaboration during the preparation of this volume.. 517.

(6) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH INEQUITIES

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(8) . 524. Dursun Zafer Seker, Nuket Sivri, Mehmet Demir, Abdulkadir Baytimur, Enes Gunduz, M Faruk Eroglu . . 529. Asli Kahraman, A Ozgur Dogru, D Zafer Seker, N Necla Ulugtekin, Fatih Terzi, Handan Turkoglu, Cigdem Goksel . 535. Simona Rinaldi, Laura Casorri, Eva Masciarelli, Barbara Ficociello, Ugo Visconti, Patrizia Papetti, Ulderico Neri, Claudio Beni " . 541. Bahadir Celik, Sinasi Kaya, Ugur Alganci, Dursun Zafer Seker

(9) . 548. A Ozgur Dogru, Tulay Arslan, N Necla Ulugtekin, D Zafer Seker

(10)

(11) . 554. A Ozgur Dogru, N Necla Ulugtekin, Cigdem Goksel, Filiz Bektas-Balcik, Seval Alkoy, Seval Sozen . 561. Akhtar Jamil, Bulent Bayram, Dursun Zafer Seker . SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ..3

(12) . 569. Guler Turkoglu-Demirkol . 574. Paraskevi Mentzelou, Konstantinos Athanasiadis, Nikolaos Leopardi . 579. Gulgun Dede, Pamir Rasekh . 585. Bahadir Sezer, Orhan Akova, Suna Mugan Ertugral

(13) . 593. Gaye Onursal-Denli, Hayri Hakan Denli . 600. Mustafa Cosar . . 608. Ipek Yilmaz, Mustafa Yildirim, Bulent Topkaya . . . 614. Omer Hulusi Dede, Hasan Ozer . Hande Mahide Yesilmaden, Ahmet Ozgur Dogru . 518. 619.

(14) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. . 626. Isik Kabdasli, Tugba Olmez-Hanci, Gulsen Akgun, Olcay Tunay . INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION . 634. Dimitrios Kotzias . 639. Raffaella Testoni, Riccardo Levizzari, Mario De Salve . 645. Arzu Funda Bagcigil, Baris Halac, Ayse Ilgin Kekec, Dilek Olgun Erdikmen, Didar Aydin Kaya, Ozlem Guzel, Seyyal Ak, Nuket Sivri . 651. Giorgos Panaras, Vasiliki Chatzitypi, Evangelos I Tolis, Aristeidis Afentoulidis, Manolis Souliotis, John G Bartzis " . 658. Evangelos I Tolis, Giorgos Panaras, Epameinondas Douklias, Nikos Ouranos, John G Bartzis . 666. 0DULD5DJRVWD0DULDJUD]LD'¶(PLOLR*LXVHSSLQDA Giorgio, Ornella Salimbene, Patrizia Riccio .,-0".,-1

(15) $ %. 672. Leonardo Nicoli, Giuseppe Massimiani, Stefano Segantin, Massimo Zucchetti .

(16) . 681. Javier Gonzalez-Enrique, Ignacio J Turias, Juan Jesus Ruiz-Aguilar, Jose Antonio MoscosoLopez, Jose Jerez-Aragones, Leonardo Franco . CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION . 688. Wasim Shoman, Merve Korkutan, Ugur Alganci, Aysegul Tanik, Hande Demirel " . 694. Wasim Shoman, Ugur Alganci, Hande Demirel # . . 700. Wasim Shoman, Hande Demirel . . . 705. Muhammed Yasin Codur, Nur Huseyin Kaplan

(17) . 710. Suleyman Toy, Neslihan Demircan

(18) ʹ ʹ . 718. Neslihan Demircan, Suleyman Toy . ECOTOXICITY AND BIODIVERSITY $ %

(19) . 727. Nuket Sivri, Arzu Funda Bagcigil, Baran Celik, Direnc Azaz, Yildirim Gungor Samira Yezli-Touiker, Leila Kirane-Amrani, Rania Meskache, Noureddine Soltani. 519. 733.

(20) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2 # . . 739. Ugur Alganci . 745. Daniela Hlavkova, Barbora Havelkova, Pavel Kopel, Miroslava Beklova Ed/Ky/Ed͕Ȱ#'>hK^/^EȰ#

(21) !!) . 750. Nuraniye Eruygur, Emrah Dural, Mehmet Tekin, Hulya Ozpinar . 756. Nuraniye Eruygur, Mehmet Atas, Esra Ucar, Yasar Ozyigit, Kenan Turgut #

(22) # #. 762. Mauro Onida, Marta Faravelli, Alberto Gotti, Denis Sarigiannis

(23) $%. 769. Serhat Albayrak, Senem Caglar, Aysegul Mulayim, Guley Kurt-Sahin, Husamettin Balkis, Nur Findik Cinar, Hakan Atabay, Bilge Tutak, Humeyra Bahceci # . 777. Ariola Bacu, Parashqevi Qirjaqi

(24) . 781. Barbora Havelkova, Daniela Hlavkova, Veronika Kovacova, Miroslava Beklova . WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION

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(26) . 788. Neslihan Balkis-Ozdelice, Merve Anda Peynirci . 799. Katerina Jarova, Zuzana Kralova, Miroslava Beklova, Milada Vavrova, Michaela Charvatova . 806. Abdullah Harun Incekara, Ahmet Delen, Dursun Zafer Seker, Fusun Balik Sanli, Tekin Susam

(27) # . 813. Sevgi Kocaoba, Munevver Arisoy . . 818. Nurtac Oz, Yasin Erol, Meral Yurtsever $ ( %. 824. Albina Colella, Elisabetta Fortunato . 831. Tereza Svestkova, Tomas Macsek, Pavlina Landova, Michal Utersky, Milada Vavrova, Petr Hlavinek . . 837. Mehmet Sukru Ozcoban, Sevgi Gunes Durak, Turkan Ormanci-Acar, Guler TurkogluDemirkol, Suleyman Ovez, Nese Tufekci

(28) . 846. Sefika Albayrak Gumus, Turkan Ormanci Acar, Guler Turkoglu Demirkol, Sevgi Gunes Durak, Nese Tufekci . Isik Kabdasli, Burak Sertac, Olcay Tunay . 520. 852.

(29) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.

(30) . 857. Marsela Alikaj, Ferdi Brahushi, Lirika Kupe . 863. Sezgi Gedik, Suna Mugan-Ertugral . 867. I Ethem Karadirek, Kemal Aktas, Bulent Topkaya

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(32) . 873. Selin Karadirek, Orhan Ozcelik, Mehmet Altunsoy . 879. Danijela Joksimovic, Ana Castelli, Branka Pestoric, Ana Perosevic . . 885. Mehmet Sukru Ozcoban . 891. Tolga Mert, Ugur Bugra Celebi, Levent Bilgili, Serkan Ekinci

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(35) . 895. Serap Kosal-Sahin, Nuket Sivri, Ulku Alver-Sahin, V Zulal Sonmez, Dursun Zafer Seker . 902. Esin Bozkurt-Kopuz, Sedat Kabdasli $ %

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(37) . 908. Fatima Amamra, Karima Sifi, Nouha Kaouachi, Noureddine Soltani

(38) . 916. Serap Kosal-Sahin, Dursun Zafer Seker, Ulku Alver-Sahin, Nuket Sivri . NEW AND EMERGENCY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH APPLICATION

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(41) &-- '&'. 924. Diana Bello, Javier Nogueira, Josefa Salgado, Otilia Reyes, Carmen Trasar-Cepeda . ENVIROMENTAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND EDUCATION . 931. F Ilter Turkdogan, Tolga Sonisik, Gamze Dalgic $ %

(42) . 937. Busra Kartal, Hayri Hakan Denli . 941. Hakan Ertugral, Volkan Gunay . NATURAL AND MEN MADE DISASTERS # . 949. Orkan Ozcan # . Orkan Ozcan, Okan Ozcan . 521. 956.

(43) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 516-522. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. .

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(45) . 963. Samet Feyyaz Hamamci, Emre Ozdemir, Hande Demirel $%/ . 968. Veli Ilci, Ibrahim Murat Ozulu, Serdar Bilgi, Reha Metin Alkan . 975. Ismail Ercument Ayazli, Omer Bilen

(46) . 980. Nusret Demir, Bulent Bayram, Dursun Zafer Seker, Selen Oy, Salih Bozkurt, Abdulkadir Ince .

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(48) . 986. Taha Gorji, Ugur Alganci, Elif Sertel, Aysegul Tanik yW>KZd/KEK&&^dWd,tzdKEh>Z&h^/KE͗&/Z^dd,ZDKD,E/>KE^/Zd/KE^&KZd,Z ZdKZ. 993. Massimo Zucchetti, Zach Hartwig, Stefano Segantin, Raffaella Testoni, Dennis Whyte 2 ) . 999. Filiz Bektas Balcik, Raziye Hale Topaloglu, Cigdem Goksel

(49) . 1005. Adalet Dervisoglu, B Baha Bilgilioglu, Nur Yagmur, Nebiye Musaoglu, Aysegul Tanik $% . 1011. B Baha Bilgilioglu, Ozan Ozturk, Batuhan Sariturk, Dursun Zafer Seker .

(50) #. 1018. Emanuele Brunesi, Marta Faravelli, Barbara Borzi, Marcello Cademartori, Chiara Morassi, Rossella Siano

(51) . 1025. Marcello Cademartori, Chiara Morassi, Rossella Siano, Marta Faravelli, Emanuele Brunesi . . 522.

(52) SESSION I ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH INEQUITIES. 522. .

(53) Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 524-528. © by PSP. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. GIS BASED INVENTORY AND DOCUMENTATION OF MONUMENTAL TREES IN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY Dursun Zafer Seker1,*, Nuket Sivri2, Mehmet Demir2, Abdulkadir Baytimur1, Enes Gunduz1, M Faruk Eroglu1 2. 1 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey. have specific values, in relation to their aesthetic, cultural, historical, scientific, architectural, landscape and irrespective of the species [3-4]. Older trees are relatively rare and are therefore very valuable for the urban environment. Evaluation criteria should be set up before the study of the monumental trees. The most important criteria are the iconic character, the memorial status and/or the cultural historical value. Monumental trees have much larger size than the common size of their species in terms of age, diameter and height. They definitely have a special place in the history and culture [5-6]. They are naturally old enough to provide communication between past to present and also present to future. Currently, many of the monumental trees have been discovered and conserved in all around the world. While some of the previously recorded monumental trees are destroyed; some new ones have also been discovered. Thus, documentation of these trees is becoming extremely important [7-8]. Trees, which are the main source of ecosystem, have a great contribution to improve quality of life for many communities. Due to monumental trees are the main part of the cultural life, they should be documented [9]. A series of new policies are required to prevent the loss of monumental trees in forests worldwide. Most of time monumental trees are the part of disappearing cultural landscapes. Thus, to preserve these kind of landscapes, where there is still a high density of monumental trees new policies and regulations should be applied by the local or central governments and priorities should be define for them in order to conserve their unique biodiversity [10]. In Turkey, the studies related to monumental tree inventory has been started in 1999 by the Ministry of Forestry but up to date a complete study for whole Turkey has not been realized. Monumental trees, according to Article 6 of the Law No. 2863 on the Preservation of Cultural and Natural Assets are GHILQHG DV ³« WUHH DQG WUHH FRPPXQLWLHV WKDW IHD tured indicative; immovable natural assets are exDPSOHV´$FFRUGLQJWRWKHQGparagraph of Article 11 of the Regulation on the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Detection, Registration and Approval of Protected Areas, monumental tress are. ABSTRACT Main objective of this study is documentation of the monumental trees has been a part of human life for a long time for many different aspects such as contributing to ongoing nature conservation in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Additionally, it is aimed to contribute creating awareness for the protection of monumental trees and provide a guide line for future studies related to GIS based documentation of the monumental trees. All types of monumental trees have different features and they are basically classified into four main groups in terms of their historical, mystic, folkloric and dimensionally characteristics. In this study, initially a GIS data base was created using in-situ collected data related to monumental trees such as the crown diameters of trees, diameter of body, heights and estimated ages of 334 monumental trees lied in the study region. Among these monumental trees, Platanus orientalis is recorded as the most common genera with the amount of 157. Basics statistical evaluations and analysis according to their attributes were also realized and visualized. Spatial distribution and geostatistical analysis were carried out using GIS database which can be considered as an important tool in the inventory and documentation process of the monumental trees.. KEYWORDS: Monumental trees, Platanus orientalis, Documentation, GIS, Black Sea Region.. INTRODUCTION The huge and old monumental trees have attracted the attention of societies throughout the history of mankind. Moral and cultural values, Folkloric aspects, Mystical aspects, Historical aspects, Mythological aspects and Contribution to the culture and art are the most important contribution of these trees to social and economic life of them [1-2]. Contribution to the environment and scientific researches should also be considered. Trees. 524.

(54) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 524-528. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FIGURE 1 The study area MATERIALS AND METHODS. determined as to the "TS 13137 Monumental Trees Inventory Selection Rules and Marking Standard" prepared by the Turkish Standards Institute. The monumental trees are identified together with the protection areas, and the registration process is completed with the approval of the Minister of Environment and Urbanism. Monumental trees are important for sustaining various communities regarding their structural and functional characteristics. Most of the time, disappearance of these trees because of any reason, may cause the loss of organisms and disappearance of rare and endangered species. Even though the listing of monumental trees in Turkey is done for a long time, there is not reliable database which cover all related information for whole monumental trees of Turkey [3, 11]. Monumental trees perform very important ecological role. All existing monumental trees need to be properly documented and protected. Due to the replacement of these trees is very difficult when they are lost, implementation of a functional management in countrywide is urgent to prevent the decline of monumental tree population [12]. This is an educational study based on a graduate project carried out Geomatics Engineering Department of ITU and Environmental Engineering Department of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa [13], Turkey aiming documentation of monumental trees located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for updating and disseminating the information related these cultural and natural assets by means of a geodatabase using a Geographical Information System (GIS). This preliminary study is going to be a pioneer for further inventory studies carried out in the other regions of Turkey. This list is included complete records of 334 monumental trees. The most abundant species were Platanus orientalus, Pinus nigra, Pistacia terebinthus, Tilia tomentosa and Magnolia grandiflora. Location, estimated age, height, diameter of crown and diameter of body were measured for each monumental tree.. Data. In the study, Black Sea Region of Turkey which covers 18 provinces has been selected as study area. This region is the greenest region among the seven geographical region of Turkey. The study area is presented in Figure 1. In this figure recorded monumental trees is also represented with different tones of green color. Number of monumental trees is approximately ten thousand across Turkey although forested areas cover 27.6% of the country. Black Sea Region is the region the most extensive forests of Turkey, but the number of monumental trees is relatively limited. In the study, 334 separate monumental trees were documented by means of in-situ measurements. Genera, age, height, diameter of crown and diameter of body were measured and recorded. Size measurement of monumental trees were realized with Blume-Leiss size meter, peak diameter measurement were found that divided into two to these measurements were summed to carry out the peak diameter measurement from four direction. The body diameters were determined the average that measured from two directions with the aid of a caliper. Since the use of incremental bruising would damage trees of this age, the age determination was estimated by taking advantage of the information gathered from the people living in the area, taking into consideration the age determinations of some trees [13]. Registered monumental trees is only addressed but registered communities trees have not been examined on this article. Monumental trees are generally affected more than the other types of trees as they exist as single trees rather than appearing in clusters. Methodology. Coordinates of the monumental trees were taken from the reports of the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets, "Determining the Current Situations of the Trees in Monumental Trees and Registered Tree Communities". Additionally, geographic coordinates of these trees were observed and this information is stored in. 525.

(55) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 524-528. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FIGURE 2 Distribution and location of monumental trees 117 of monumental trees are classified as other species which cover Camellia japonica, Carpinus betilus, Fagus orientalis, Fraxinus excelcior, Castanea sativa, Taxus baccata etc. Genera distribution of the monumental trees is displayed in Figure 3. Age distribution of the monumental trees are presented in Figure 4. The oldest tree is around 1640 years old while the youngest one is around 100 years old. Ground elevation of monumental trees were not measured during the data collection step. To find the elevations of these trees SRTM DEM data was used and elevation of each tree was extracted from this data. When the obtained results were evaluated it was clearly seen that more than %50 of them are under the 450 m elevation. The mean elevation value of all monumental trees is 431 meters. Highest elevation point of a monumental tree is 1741 meters while the lowest elevation point is almost at sea level. Height of the trees are presented in Figure 5. As clearly indicated in this figure, height distribution of monumental trees are normally distributed [13]. Province based species distribution were prepared and obtained results was presented in Figure 6.. GIS geodatabase to be used further analysis. Geodatabase is a collection of geographic datasets of various types held in common file system folder. From a user perspective, the file geodatabase is essentially a database structure but contains geospatial information as well as rows and columns; besides, it is one of the fundamental elements of software. Google Earth view has been used as a base map in order to overlay monumental trees on it. Reference ellipsoid WGS84 has been chosen as a datum for the study. After that, using geographic coordinate of all trees were added on base map. Data that contains coordinate of the monumental trees was prepared as an Excel file, each data was added separately with selecting X and Y values from the list. Same file also cover data about monumental trees such as province, district, street, Turkish and English genera, age (years), height (m), peak diameter (m) and body diameter (cm). After adding all points this layer exported and saved as a shapefile. Obtained shapefile was opened in with Google Earth to observe points and checking if there were any errors in their locations. Due to unmeasured elevation values of the monumental trees, this data was extracted from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data.. RESULTS Distribution of monumental trees is given in Figure 2. Among these cities while Tokat Province has 47 monumental trees inside the administrative boundary, there is no recorded monumental tree in the Bayburt Province. Average monumental tree distribution of these provinces of the Black sea Region of Turkey is calculated as 35 trees for each province. It shows that Platanus orientalis is the most common type of monumental tree in Turkey with number of 157. Other dominant species which are widely found in the study area are; Pinus nigra, Pistachia terebinthus, Tillia tomentosa and Magnolia gransiflora.. FIGURE 3 Species distribution of monumental trees. 526.

(56) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 524-528. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FIGURE 4 Age distribution of the monumental trees. FIGURE 5 Height distribution of monumental trees. FIGURE 6 Province based genera distribution of monumental trees. In order to preserve the richness and diversity of the cultural landscapes, new policies and regulations should be the priority issue of the central government of Turkey. Categorizing the monumental trees located in varied regions of Turkey has a critical role in their documentation. This effort will contribute to the protection of monumental trees. Not only monumental trees but also other types of trees in need of protection are a complementary part of green nature. Damage caused by human beings is the main factor affecting their lives negatively. Also, treasure hunters may demolish the monumental trees since it is considered that precious treasures are buried in their bodies or in their surroundings. The natural genera of monumental trees in the Black sea Region of Turkey were represented and visualized in the study. This study is considered as a pioneer study in this field in Turkey and it might be used a guideline for the future works. It is proposed that a national survey of monumental trees should be realized and necessary policies and necessary instruments should be urgently defined to protect these trees. Documentation process should regularly continue with the help of technological tools such as GIS.. Although inventory and documentation of monumental trees in Turkey, have been considered in several studies, there is no more study using GIS for documentation and inventory of them. Monumental trees in Akcakoca District located in Black Sea Region of Turkey were determined and evaluated within the framework of ecotourism [14]. In [3], a new inventory technique for monumental trees documentation was proposed. In [15], the authors discussed the GIS usage for inventory of the monumental trees in the Bogazici University Kandilli campus.. CONCLUSIONS The number of specialists required for the determination of monumental trees is in short supply. Therefore, the determination and registration procedures can't progress fast enough. TS 13137 standard does not include some of the local trees in the region. Therefore, the standard which includes some of the local trees in the region needs to be updated. For example, the Buxus sempervirens in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Tilia argentea, Morus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum are not exist in the TS 13137 standard.. 527.

(57) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 524-528. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. [13] Demir, M. (2019) Assessment of the Impacts of Environmental Changes on the Registered Monumental Trees by Using GIS in the Black Sea Region. MSc Thesis. Istanbul University. [14] Dogru-Koca, A. (2014) Monumental trees in Akçakoca (Düzce, Turkey): Utilities of Natural Resources for Ecotourism. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry. 42(3), 421-427. [15] Sabuncu, A., Dogru, A., Ozener, H., Turgut, B. and Halicioglu, K. (2013) Monumental Trees Inventory Using Geographic Information Systems, UCTEA GIS Congress 2013, 11-13 November, Ankara.. REFERENCES [1] Gulgun, B., Yazici, K. and Dursun, S. (2015) Tokat and Amasya Cities Monumental Trees as Natural Heritage. Ecology, Economics, Education and Legislation. Vol II. Book Series: International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference-SGEM, 725-731. [2] Belkayali, N. (2015) Identifying and Assessing Visitor Impacts and Attitudes: A Case Study in the Kure Mountains National Park. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 24, 3044-3056. [3] Genc, M. and Guner, S.T. (2001) A new method to select monumental tree among the forest tree species of Turkey: An application. Proceeding Conference: Forest Research: A Challenge for an Integrated European Approach, At Thessaloniki, Greece, Volume: I. [4] Lindenmayer, D.B., Laurance, W.F. and Franklin, J.F. (2012) Global decline in large old trees. Science. 338, 1305-1306. [5] Bortolotti, L. (1989) The protection of monumental trees. In: The monumental trees of Italy. The South and the Islands. Edizioni Abete, Roma, 287-290. [6] Hall, S.J.G. and Bunce, R.G.H. (2011) Mature trees as keystone structures in Holarctic ecosystems - a quantitative species comparison in a northern English park. Plant Ecology and Diversity. 4, 243-250. [7] Butler, J., Rose, F. and Green, T. (2001) Ancient trees, icons of our most important wooded landscapes in Europe. In: Tools for preserving woodland biodiversity. Read, H., Forfang, A., Marciau. R., Paltto, H., Andersson, L., Tardy, B. (Eds.) NACONEX, Töreboda, 20-26. [8] Orlowski, G. and Nowak, L. (2007) The importance of marginal habitats for the conservation of old trees in agricultural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 79, 77-83. [9] Tomao, A., Secondi, L., Corona, P., Giuliarelli, D., Quatrini, V. and Agrimi, M. (2015) Can composite indices, explain multidimensionality of tree risk assessment? A case study in an historical monumental complex. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 14(3), 456-465. [10] Gutierrez, A.G. (2016) Monumental trees: A natural patrimony not yet recognized in Chile. BOSQUE. 37(3), 445-449. [11] Efe, R., Soykan, A., Sonmez, S. and Curebal, I. (2008). Quantifying the effect of Land use change on olive tree cultivation in the vicinity of Edremit between 1979 and 2006 using GIS and RS techniques. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 17, 696-704. [12] Lindenmayer, D.B. and Laurance, W.F. (2016) The unique challenges of conserving large old trees. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 31, 416±418. Reviews, 24, 544±5a.. Received: Accepted:. 10.09.2018 15.11.2018. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Dursun Zafer Seker ITU, Istanbul Technical University, Geomatics Engineering Department, 34469, Maslak Istanbul ± Turkey e-mail: seker@itu.edu.tr. 528.

(58) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. EXAMINATION OF THE GREEN SPACES BASED ON SPATIAL SUFFICIENCY AND ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH GIS Asli Kahraman1, A Ozgur Dogru2,*, D Zafer Seker2, N Necla Ulugtekin2, Fatih Terzi3, Handan Turkoglu3, Cigdem Goksel2 1. Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Informatics, Geographic Information Technologies Program, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 3 Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 34437, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey. ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION. Ecologically and socio-economically beneficial to cities, and covering a large fragment of land use pattern in developed countries, the green areas are under risk of zoning for building due to rapid and unplanned urbanization, policies aiming at rent and non-applicable zoning ordinances. Sufficiency of active green areas is validated with the standards of 10 m2 minimum green area per person in the Spatial Plans Regulation. While analyzing the green areas for recreational needs in the city, in addition to the spatial extent, some other criteria as the population served, location, walking distance, walking time, variety, functionality and aesthetics should also be taken into the account. Thus demands for improving the life quality in any terms in cities can be met and citizens are satisfied by a systematical planning of the green areas in accordance with these criteria. In this study, existing active green spaces LQ $YFÕlar district, which is located at western part of Istanbul, were evaluated in terms of their spatial extent, area per capita and accessibility regarding their service domains. The relationship between population density, active green areas and their service domains were examined using spatial analyses methods provided by the use of geographic information technologies. The results of the study outlined that the active green area per capita LQ $YFÕlar is 1.8 m2, significantly lower value than the accepted standards. Additionally, spatial extent of the active green areas is insufficient and their locations are messy with limited functionalities. The results clearly introduced that a comprehensive planning of green areas is urJHQWO\UHTXLUHGLQ$YFÕlar for improving the prosperity of the local population.. The two basic elements of the cities are the constructions and the gaps between them. The relationships of these elements are formed as structured-unstructured or empty-filled by considering the parameters such as depth, width and height of the constructions [1]. Open space is any open piece of land that is unbuilt (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public [2-3]. Open space can include; green spaces, schoolyards, playgrounds, public plazas and etc. Green spaces are formed by the land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation. These spaces provide recreational areas for residents and help to improve the visual and environmental quality of neighborhoods. As one of the most important elements of urban texture, open-green spaces are social interaction points where people with different socioeconomic characteristics [4]. So that, more green space exposure supports the formation of a stronger community development. [5]. When the urban settlement plans are examined, open-green areas located in the city can sometimes form spontaneously and unplanned as distributed green areas or within certain plans as green belts [6]. In any existence opengreen spaces structure the city with its green texture, topography, morphology, and climate based on the urban political decisions and development strategies [5]. Green spaces have various functionalities contributing to improve the quality of the city life by changing air quality, promoting physical activities and social contacts, reducing stress, mitigating noise and regulating heat and humidity [7-9]. Along with all the outdoor areas participating in the physical structure of the city, green areas serve as buffer between different land use areas; distinguish them in the most positive way. As each building occupies air in the city based on its volume, a balanced and planned green space distribution can regulate the number and density of buildings. Additionally, green spaces play a significant role in city life with its benefits on public health [9]. James et al. provided pathways for explaining relation between functions of the green. KEYWORDS: Urban planning, green areas, spatial sufficiency, accessibility, GIS.. 529.

(59) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 1 Minimum areal standards by countries [7] Function USA Amsterdam Stockholm Rome Warsaw &KLOGUHQ¶VSOD\JURXQG * * 3.2 56 District/Neighborhood park 3.9 5.5 15 City/Town garden 13-20 9 23.8 11.6 5.3 Green zone near the city 60 30 48.1 18 17.5 * 6.5 10 7.5 7.5 Playfield Total 77-84 45.5 87.5 48.8 45.3 * Included in to park areas **Values based on regulation dated 1985 and modified and published in the Official Gazette. UK * 20 40 8 10 78. France 3.5 4.2 10 10 8 35.7. Turkey** 1.5 2 3.5 3 10. use to urban and regional planning have been confirmed by many research studies; i.e. for the determination of the sensitive areas [13], examination of the highly urbanized cities in terms of urbanization, disaster management and etc. [14-16]. This study aims to draw attention to the necessity of planning systematic green spaces for the local governments preparing the development plans that shape the cities, so that high quality and healthy cities can be formed. In this context, the spatial sufficiency and accessibility of the active green spaces in AvcÕlar District, Istanbul were evaluated using GIS technology. The following section of the paper includes the general overview of the methodology together with the definition of the study area and the data used. The results of the study were presented in the third part of the paper and it is concluded in the final part with comments and recommendations.. spaces and potential health benefits of green exposure. Greenness exposure reduces overweight and obesity because it increases physical activities. It reduces psychiatric morbidity including depression and anxiety as a result of the benefits of the green space use on stress reduction, cognitive restoration, increased physical activity, increased social interaction and noise mitigation. The more greenness exposure reduces cardiovascular diseases since green spaces contributes on increasing physical activities, mitigating the noise, regulating the heat and humidity and filtering the air pollution. By considering wide benefits of the existence of the green spaces in a city, several cities in various countries were determined minimum standards for green spaces by their types. Green space standards are being established in the United States and Europe; a holistic planning approach was followed to set minimum areal standards for green spaces with different functions. National standards of minimum green spaces in Turkey were set with a series of law and regulation. The first law LQFOXGLQJVXFKD VWDQGDUG ZDV³7KH 6WUXFWXUHVDQG 5RDGV /DZ 1XPEHU ´ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV ODZ minimum green area per person was determined as 4 m2 during the period from 1933 to 1956. And then in ³&RQVWUXFWLRQ=RQLQJ/DZQR´ZDVHQ acted the minimum areal standard for green area per person was considered as 7 m2. With the renewed ³&RQVWUXFWLRQ =RQLQJ /DZ QR´ WKLV VWDQGDUG was set as 10 m2 per person. Additionally, in the ³6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJ5HJXODWLRQ´HQDFWHGLQDVD SDUWRI³/DZQR´PZDONLQJGLVWDQFHZDV also considered as the standard for the accessibility of open greeQVSDFHVDVFKLOGUHQ¶VJURXQGDQGSOD\ ground. A comparison of the stated minimum areal standards with the national standards in Turkey were compared as presented in Table 1 [10] Many developed countries tend to differentiate in terms of quality and quantity, both to enrich city aesthetics and doctrine, and to meet the psychological and physical needs of urban people, the opengreen areas that are regarded as a sign of civilization and quality of life [11]. In order to improve the stated quality and quantity, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is currently used as a spatial technology facilitating the decision-making processes by the efficient use of spatial analysis and modelling methodologies for urban and regional planning purposes [12]. The contributions of the GIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS $YFÕlar district which is located by the Küçükçekmece Lake and Marmara Sea at south ZHVWHUQ SDUW RI øVWDQEXO ZDV VHOHFWHG DV WKH VWXG\ area as presented in Figure 1. Total area of AvcÕlar is approximately 4,202 hectares and its population is 430,770 based on the 2016 dated census statistics provided by Turkish Statistical Institute. The district is surrounded by Küçükçekmece District at the east, Beylikdüzü DQG(VHQ\XUWDWWKHZHVWDQG%DúDNúHKLU districts at the north. AvcÕlar included 10 neighborKRRGV DV hQLYHUVLWH $PEDUOÕ &LKDQJLU 'HQ L]N|úNOHU)LUX]N|\<HúLONHQW*PúSDOD0HUNH] 0XVWDID.HPDO3DúDDQG7DKWDNDOHDVSUHVHQWHGLQ the Figure 1. A variety of functional areas as archeological sites, industrial and commercial areas, natural sites, universities and filling facilities are included in the district as well as settlement areas. In order to make an assessment of the efficiency and the accessibility of the open-green spaces in the district, geometric data in vector and raster format and tabular data were used as the input of the performed GIS analyses. Vector data of the study included locations of the parks, road centrelines, building stock database and administrative boundaries. Except for the locations of the parks which was proYLGHG E\ WKH $YFÕODU 0XQLFLSDOLW\ DOO YHFWRU GDWD were provided by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipal-. 530.

(60) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. tionally, in order to perform network analysis, a network topology was built using road geometries. Produced road network data were used to identify the service domains of green spaces by determining areas with 500 m accessibility to parks and green areas through network analysis. The maximum walking distance for the accessibility of the services set in the ³6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJ5HJXODWLRQ´ZHUHXVHGDVWKUHVK old value in service domain determination.. ity for the use of the study. Metropolitan municipality also provided 2015 dated satellite imagery of the study area as raster format to be used for producing the polygons of the green spaces based on their locations by digitization. The attribute data used in the study included census data for the year 2016, names and the addresses of the parks in the study area. These data provided by Turkish Statistical Institute DQG$YFÕODU0XQLFLSDOLW\UHVSHFWLYHO\. FIGURE 2 Workflow of the first methodology step As the final step of the methodology, total population and the buildings served by each green space were determined by clipping service domains and building polygons through GIS. Interpretation of the analyses results were performed in order to make decisions on feasibility and accessibility of the active green spaces in AvcÕOar District in Istanbul.. FIGURE 1 Study area The main methodology of the study encompasses two basic steps. The first step is the data preprocessing and enrichment. As presented in Figure 2, the data obtained from the different data sources in different formats were organized in order to be integrated in to GIS implementation established within the study. In this step, road network was produced using road centerlines, green spaces polygons were obtained by digitizing the satellite imagery, building geometries were corrected as closed polygons for obtaining their areas accurately during performed GIS analysis. Additionally, population and density information were assigned to each building. All these pre-processing works and the second step of the study were succeeded in GIS environment using ArcGIS 10.X software released by ESRI. The second step of the methodology is presented in Figure 3. This step basically implemented by the efficient use of spatial analyses tools of GIS. For this purpose, overlay, clip and network analyses were implemented in practice. As the main output of the step, green spaces per capita were determined as m2 using overlay analysis of vector data of green spaces produced in the first step of the study with neighborhood polygons obtained by integrating census data. Addi-. RESULTS The examination of the existing green spaces in AvcÕOar District resulted with 65 active green spaces ranging from 126 m2 to 311,072 m2 in size. The highest amount of these green spaces (30 of them 46%) vary in between 1,000 m2 and 4,000 m2 in size. This amount is followed by 14 (22%), 13 (20%), 5 (8%) and 3 (5%) and related areal rages are below 1,000 m2, 4,000 m2 ± 12,000 m2, 12,000 m2 ± 80,000 m2 and larger than 80,000 m2 respectively. Figure 4 presents the spatial distribution of the active green spaces in the study area. The evaluation of the functional characteristics of the active green spaces resulted that almost all of the green spaces in the district is children's playground and include sports equipment. Children's play areas are mostly suitable for children older than 7 years old. Therefore, green spaces for the use of children under the age of 7 is not sufficient in the district. There are 17 basketball, 10 football, 2 volleyball fields and 6 tennis courts actively in use in the study area.. 531.

(61) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FIGURE 3 Workflow of the second methodology step in order to provide 10 m2/person standard. In the year of 2000, total population of the district was 236,885 people, the active green areas in the district were 351,140m2, and the amount of active green area per capita was 1.5 m2 [7]. When the obtained values are compared, it is introduced that the size of the active green area increased from 351,140 m2 to 771,892 m2 with 20% increase in active green space per capita while the population growth in the study area is 82% for the same period. In addition to district base evaluation, neighborhood evaluation of the active green spaces were also performed within the study. According to these UHVXOWV 'HQL]N|úNOHU LV WKH QHLJKERUKRRG ZLWK WKH highest amount of active green space per capita (7.2 m2 / person). The amount of active green space per capita LQ $PEDUOÕ 6 m2/SHUVRQ

(62) DQG *PúSDOD Quarter (3.3 m2/person) is more than other neighborhoods. The reason of the high ratio iQ'HQL]N|úNOHU DQG $PEDUOÕ 4XDUWHUV EDVHG RQ ³&RDVWDO /DZ´ which defines first 50 meters of the coastal area and the shoreline as a green area. The amount of green space per capita in Firuzköy and Tahtakale Quarters is 1.1 m2 per capita, well below the standard. Although there is a regular and planned construction at the Ispartakule region of Tahtakale Quarter, the amount of active green space per capita is calculated low due to the fact that the green areas in the housing estate are not included in to account during calculation process since they are not public green spaces. In Cihangir (0.2 m2/person), Üniversite (0.4 m2/person), Merkez (0.4 m2/person), MustafakemalpaúD (0.1 m2/SHUVRQ

(63) DQG <HúLONHQW .7 m2/person), the amount of active green area per capita is less than 1 m2. The main reason of these low amounts of active green space per capita LQ &LKDQJLU DQG <HúLONHQW quarters is the high population density of these neighborhoods. The reason for the low amount of active green space per capita in the Üniversite (426 person/ha), Merkez (450 person/ha) and MustafakemalSDúD SHUVRQKa) is the fact that there is a dense. FIGURE 4 Active green spaces in the study area According to the results obtained by the general evaluation of the district the following results are obWDLQHG ,Q $YFÕODU 'Lstrict, active green areas (771,792 m2) constitute 5.8% of the residential area (13,199,773 m2). The amount of active green area per capita in the study area was calculated as 1.8 m2 by dividing the total amount of green space calculated for the district by the total population. Resulted value of green area per capita is considerably lower than the standard of 10 m2SHUVRQLQWKH³5HJXODWLRQ RQ6SDWLDO3ODQV´%DVHGRQWKLVUHVXOWWKHVWXG\ area requires to be provided 3,535 808 m2 of green space. 532.

(64) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. and high density building texture in these neighborhoods and the population density is high. Although WKHGHQVLW\LVYHU\KLJKLQ*PúSDODQuarter (502 person/ha), the existence of 3DúDHOL DQGø÷GHOLN3DUNs with large areas in this neighborhood increases active green area per capita. The neighborhood based comparison of the active green spaces per capita and population density by neighborhood presented in the Figure 5. In the Figure 5 the inner circle symbols with lighter color indicate the amount of the green space per capita in the study area and the outer circle with darker color represent the green space standard in Turkey as 10 m2/person. Examination of the service domains of the green spaces resulted that, 16,406 (68.5%) of total UHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJV

(65) ORFDWHGLQWKH$YFÕODU District are within the 500-meter service area of active green areas and the number of buildings without service is 7,539 (31.5%). Based on this result, it is concluded that 336,488 (78.2%) people living in the $YFÕODU 'LVWULFW FDQ UHFHLYH VHUYLFHV IURP DFWLYH green areas while 94,282 people (21.8%) do not receive services comfortably. The map depicted in Figure 6 presented results of accessibility analysis. FIGURE 6 Service area of active green spaces in AvcÕlar. CONCLUSION When active green spaces (park, children's garden, playground, recreation area) in AvcÕlar District are examined, it is concluded that the amount of active green area per capita is 1.8 m2. The green spaces in AvcÕlar District are scattered and in small pieces and do not show integrity. Policies promoting unearned income in construction works always damage the zoning activities in cities. Green spaces are mostly affected by these policies and they are mostly occupied for other purposes. One of the main reasons of the insufficient amount of green spaces in AvcÕlar is that the areas assigned as green spaces in zoning plan are mostly occupied by increasing population for housing. These occupied areas were then included into zoning plans with the new releases of ³]RQLQJODZV´LQGLIIHUHQWSHULRGV Recovery of the green spaces in the zoning plan is one of the main solution to existing situation in Merkez, Cihangir, <HúLONHQW7DKWDNDOH8QLYHUVLW\ and MustafakemalSDúDTXDUWHUV5HFRYHU\FDQEHSURYLGHGE\H[SUR priation of the occupied green areas in the zoning plan. Additionally such policies should be abandoned in order to provide sustainable green spaces in cities. In order to provide a planned conversion in the study area, graduation of green spaces should be provided to form a green space system that is increasingly complex in size and function from the green areas at the housing level, which is the smallest unit,. FIGURE 5 Active green spaces per person and population density by neighborhood. 533.

(66) © by PSP. Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 529-534. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. [10] Aksoy, Y. (2001) The determination of green area situation in Istanbul. Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science, Engineering and TechnologyøVWDQEXO (in Turkish). [11] Gül, A. and Küçük, V. (2001) The research of Isparta and the open-green areas in urban. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 2, 27-48, (in Turkish). [12] Tezer, A., Onur, A.C., Albayrak, ø.ùHQ, Ö.L., 'R÷UX, A.Ö. 8OX÷WHNLQ, N.N. (2012) Significance of ecosystem services mapping for the integration of spatial planning and climate adaptation. AESOP 26th Annual Congress. 11-15 July 2012 METU, Ankara. [13] Goksel, C., Mercan, D.E., Kabdasli, S., Bektas, F., Seker, D.Z. (2004) Definition of sensitive areas in a lakeshore by using remote sensing and GIS. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 13, 860-864. [14] Kaya, S., Seker, D.Z., Tanik, A. (2012) Analysis of urbanized areas using V-I-S component model. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 21, 3243-3248. [15] Chen, P., Meng, X., Huang, Y. (2014) The new application of GIS in urban planning: based on urban space and fire disaster. International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS). 2(3), 75-77, ISSN 2320±4044 (Online). [16] Subasinghe, S., Estoque, R.C., Murayama, Y. (2016) Spatiotemporal analysis of urban growth using GIS and remote sensing: a case study of the Colombo metropolitan area, Sri Lanka. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 5, 197.. and green bands that link those systems to each other and to the coastal areas. Based on the results of the study the diversity of the children's playgrounds were not provided in the study area. Therefore, in addition to the improvements on the quantity of the play areas for children, quality of the existing ones should also be increased to meet the needs of children indifferent age groups and increase their creativity. In primary school domains, sports and play grounds should be planned attached with the primary school. Similar facilities should be maintained for older children together with the secondary schools and high schools. Finally, when green areas are planned, random site selection decisions should not be made; property status, service domain, minimum size, security, design elements, socio-cultural texture, etc. criteria must be taken into consideration for providing an efficient green space plan.. REFERENCES [1] 2FDNoÕ, M. (2016) Urban texture. in: Kentsel Planlama Ansiklopedik Sözlük, M. Ersoy, Eds., Ninova Publishing øVWDQEXO pp.189 (in Turkish). [2] Öztan, Y. (1968) Study and determination of green field system in Ankara in terms of landscape architecture principles. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Publication Num.:344/217, Ankara, 198 (in Turkish). [3] Özbilen, A. (1991) Urban open spaces and their distribution, historical artifacts and new development.. K.T.Ü. Faculty of Forestry Publications, Publication Num.:155, F.Y.N:17, Trabzon (in Turkish). [4] Thompson, C.W. (2002) Urban open spaces in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning. 68, 59-72 (in Turkish). [5] <ÕOGÕ]FÕ, A.C. (1982) Open space, urban texture and green texture concepts - urban landscape planning, Istanbul Technical University, FacXOW\RI$UFKLWHFWXUHøVWDQEXO (in Turkish). [6] <ÕOGÕ]FÕ, A.C. (1987) Urban green areas. Graduate school textbook, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture øVWDQEXO (in Turkish). [7] Zhang, L., Tan, P.Y., Diehl, J.A. (2017) A conceptual framework for studying urban green spaces effects on health. Journal of Urban Ecology. 3(1), jux015. [8] Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., Vries, S., Frumkin, H. (2014) Nature and health. In: Annual Review of Public Health. 35, 207±28. [9] James, P., Banay, R.F., Hart, J.E., Laden, F. (2015) A review of the health benefits of greenness. Current Epidemiology Reports. 2, 131±42.. Received: Accepted:. 10.09.2018 15.11.2018. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Ahmet Ozgur Dogru Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul ± Turkey e-mail: ozgur.dogru@itu.edu.tr. 534.

(67) Volume 28 ± No. 2/2019 pages 535-540. © by PSP. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 35263(&762)86,1**$5/,&(;75$&76)253(67 &21752/,16867$,1$%/($*5,&8/785( Simona Rinaldi1, Laura Casorri2,*, Eva Masciarelli2, Barbara Ficociello2, Ugo Visconti3, Patrizia Papetti4, Ulderico Neri5, Claudio Beni6 1. Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - CREA - Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura - Via Salaria, 31 - 00016 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy. 2 Department of Technological Innovations and safety of plants, products and anthropic settlements (DIT) - National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work - Via R. Ferruzzi, 38/40 - 00143 Rome, Italy. 3 Grant Office & Technology Transfer, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. 4 University of Cassino and Southern Lazio - Department of Law and Economics - LAMeT (Territorial and products analysis Laboratory) 9LD6DQW¶$QJHOR/RFDOLWj)ROFDUD- 03043 Cassino, Frosinone, Italy. 5 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - CREA - Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente - Via della Navicella, 2 - 00184 Rome, Italy. 6 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - CREA - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari ± Via della Pascolare, 16 ± 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy. $%675$&7. The introduction of plant extracts to replace conventional chemicals, could provide significant benefits on the environment and human health.. In accordance with the Directive 2009/128/EC, the spreading of biological methods based on the sustainable use of pesticides is one of the main objective aimed at limiting the risks caused by the use of pesticides on environment and health. Plant extracts offer significant advantages in terms of sustainable agriculture and represent a feasible alternative against infestant weeds and pests for disease control of crops. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is known for its stimulating properties on plant growth and also protects plants due to its bactericidal and fungicidal activity. In this study, the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of garlic were evaluated by DPPH method, for the ability to provide stress resistance in plants. Moreovere, the bio-stimulant and repellent effect of 1 % (w/v) aqueous extract was evaluated on plants of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) in an open field test, under the spontaneous attack of parasites and pathogens. The vegetative conditions of plants were assessed by measuring the chlorophyll content in vivo using the fluorimeter SPAD 5200. To evaluate the antioxidant properties of fruits, generallly stimulated by abiotic environmental stress, we determined the antioxidant activity on zucchini harvested, using the same DPPH method. The results showed a higher fruit yield in treated plants due to higher vegetative vigour, higher chlorophyll content in their leaves and better flower induction compared to control plants. The zucchini plants seemed to have taken advantage from the repellent effect against insect vectors and the preventive effect of garlic extract used. Moreover we found that zucchini fruits had lower antioxidant activity in treated plants than in control plants, due to their better physiologic conditions.. KEYWORDS: Allium sativum, zucchini crop, protection, antioxidant activity.. ,1752'8&7,21 Plant extracts seem to be particularly effective in the control of pests and diseases of agricultural plants, while not showing any toxic effect [1, 2]. These extracts are a combination of compounds, and display a higher activity compared to the single active substance, which lead to a more effective response. This phenomenon called synergism, has been recently observed for the constituents of essential oils [3, 4] which proved to give better and longer lasting results when used as mixtures compared to the additive effect of the individual components [5]. Garlic is known for its stimulating properties on plant growth and also protects plants due to its bactericidal and fungicidal activity (depending on Allicin and Alliin), as confirmed by several scientific studies [6, 7, 8]. Garlic promotes their self-defense against attacks by fungi and bacteria [9] [10]. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic garlic extracts have been shown to be effective in agriculture. Moreover, garlic extract has good antioxidant properties [11, 12, 13]. Antioxidant activity is important against stress in the plants, showing a positive correlation between increased antioxidative components and different stress tolerance [14]. Plant extracts used as biostimulators benefit plant productivity by interacting with plant-signaling cascades thereby reducing negative plant reactions to stress [15, 16].. 535.