T. C. 6(/d8.h1ø9(56ø7(6ø 626<$/%ø/ø0/(5(167ø7h6h 8/86/$5$5$6,ø/øù.ø/(5$1$%ø/ø0'$/, 8/86/$5$5$6,ø/øù.ø/(5%ø/ø0'$/,
*/2%$/ø=0ø1 8/86/$5$5$6,ø/øù.ø/(5((7.ø6ø
<h.6(./ø6$167(=ø
'$1,ù0$1 '2d'5ù$%$1d$/,ù HAZIRLAYAN .h5ù$7.$1KONYA 2006
ÖZET
6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ SRSOHUOHúHQ YH EX G|QHPOH |]GHúOHúWLULOHQ JOREDOOHúPH VL\DVDO NOWUHO HNRQRPLN Weknolojik, fLQDQVDO FR÷UDIL sosyal YHDVNHULER\XWODUÕ\ODGQ\D\ÕHWNLOHPLúYHELUoRNGLVLSOLQGHGHEXER\XWODU DoÕVÕQGDQ WDUWÕúPD EDúODWPÕúWÕU *OREDOOHúPH 8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHUL GH HWNLOHPLúWHUPLQRORMLVLQLYHLoHUL÷LQLJHQLúOHWPLúWLU%XVUHoWH8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHU WHRULOHULQGH \HQL \DNODúÕPODU JHOLúWLULOPLú HVNL ED]Õ \DNODúÕPODUGD |QHPLQL\LWLUPLúWLU)DNDWEXG|QHPLNDUúÕOD\DQELUNDYUDP]HULQGHKHQ] X]ODúPD\D YDUÕODPDPÕú \LQH EX G|QHPL DoÕNOD\ÕFÕ NDSVD\ÕFÕOÕNWD ELU SDUDGLJPD ROXúWXUXODPDPÕúWÕU %XQODUD UD÷PHQ *OREDOOHúPH KHP EX G|QHPLNDSVD\DQELUNDYUDPXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPRODUDNKHPGHEXG|QHPL DoÕNOD\DFDNELU8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHUSDUDGLJPDVÕRODUDNJ|UOHELOLU
%XoDOÕúPDGD JOREDOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ\XNDUGD EDKVHGLOHQ ER\XWODUÕ\OD HOHDOÕQPÕúYH8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHUGLVLSOLQLQHHWNLYHNDWNÕODUÕLQFHOHQPLúWLU
$QDKWDU .HOLPHOHU *OREDOOHúPH *OREDOL]P 8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHU 7HRULVL8OXVODUDUDVÕ6LVWHP6R÷XN6DYDú6RQUDVÕ.
ABSTRACT
Beginning after the cold war, globalization has become popular and the period after cold war has been marked by it. Globalization has influenced the world in many dimensions such as politics, culture, economy, technology, finance, geography, social life, and security. Furthermore, globalization has emerged discussions in many disciplines in terms of dimensions mentioned above. It has also affected the theories of IR and broadened its terminology and scope. During this process, new approaches have been developed and the old ones have lost their importance. However, a consensus has not been reached regarding a new concept referring to these new developments. A new and comprehensive paradigm has also not been developed yet. Despite these problems, globalization can be considered as a concept referring to this new era and as a paradigm explaining it.
In this study, the concept of globalization, its effects and its contributions to the IR discipline were discussed.
Keywords: Globalization, Globalism, International Relations Theory, International System, Post-Cold War.
ødø1'(.ø/(5 *LULú... 1 %ø5ø1&ø%g/h0 */2%$/ø=0 *OREDOOHúPH.DYUDPÕQÕQ7DQÕPODQPDVÕQGDNL6RUXQODU ... 4 *OREDOL]P.DYUDPÕYH2UWD\DdÕNÕúÕ... 7 8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU%D÷ODPÕQGD*OREDOL]PLQ%R\XWODUÕ... 15 ø.ø1&ø%g/h0 */2%$/ø=09(8/86/$5$5$6,ø/øù.ø/ER 8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU7HRULOHUL... 25 *OREDOL]P8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU(WNLOHúLPOHUL... 28 *OREDOL]PYH8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU7HRULVL ... 33
2.4. Yeni Düzenin Yeni Aktörleri... 40
*OREDOOHúPHQLQ'HYOHW9DWDQGDúøOLúNLOHULQH(WNLOHUL... 45 2.6. GlobDOL]PLOH³'HPRNUDWLNOHúPH´... 49 *OREDOOHúPHQLQ*HWLUHFH÷L7HKGLWOHU ... 57 6LODKODUÕQ<D\ÕOPDVÕ ... 57 8OXVODUDUDVÕ7HU|UL]P ... 59 2.7.3. Örgütlü Suçlar ... 60 6DOJÕQ+DVWDOÕN7HKGLGL ... 62 (WQLNYH'LQVHO7HPHOOLdDWÕúPDODU ... 63 2.7.6. Çevresel Tehditler ... 64 *OREDOL]P*OREDOL]P.DUúÕWÕ+DUHNHWOHUYH8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU... 65
2.9. Globalizm ve Ulus-'HYOHW¶LQ6RQODQPDVÕ7DUWÕúPDODUÕ... 68
Sonuç ... 72
*LULú
*OREDOL]P JQP]GH EWQ NRQXODUÕ NDSVD\DQ YH LoLQGH JHoPHGL÷L konulara eksikOLN KLVVL YHUHQ ELU NDYUDP KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU 'Q\DQÕQ JHOLúLP HYUHVLQLQ VRQ DúDPDVÕ RODQ JOREDOL]P KHP ELU VUHFL LúDUHW HWPHNWH KHP GH (QGVWUL 'HYULPLQGHQ EXJQH GH÷LQ VUHQ ELU VUHFLQ VRQ KDONDVÕQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
(NRQRPLGHQ VL\DVHW ELOLPLQH VDOJÕQ KDVWDOÕNODUGDQ oHYUH VRUXQODUÕQD VDYDúYHoDWÕúPDODUGDQE\NX]ODúÕODUDWHNQRORMLNJHOLúPHOHUGHQJHULNDOPÕúOÕ÷D EX GHQOL \R÷XQ úHNLOGH NXOODQÕODQ NDYUDP oD÷ÕPÕ]D GDPJDVÕQÕ YXUPXú RODQ YH JHOHFHNWHGHPXKWHPHOHQYXUDFDNRODQROD\ODUÕDoÕNODPDNWDHQoRNUD÷EHWJ|UHQ ELUUHIHUDQVKDOLQHJHOPLúEXOXQPDNWDGÕU
.DYUDPÕQ VR\ NW÷ YH LIDGH HWWL÷L GH÷HUOHULQ EX GHQOL PX÷ODN YH ELUELUL\OH ]ÕW ROPDVÕQÕQ VHEHSOHULQGHQ EHNOLGH HQ EDúWD JHOHQL GQ\DQÕQ IDUNOÕ E|OJHOHULQGH \DúD\DQ LQVDQODU LoLQ JHWLUGLNOHULQLQ GH QH LIDGH HWWL÷LQLQ GH IDUNOÕ ROPDVÕGÕU %X NDUPDúDGD NDYUDPODUÕQ \HUOL \HULQH NRQPDGDQ \DSÕODFDN oDOÕúPD PXWODNDEDúWDQ|]UOKDOHJHOHFHNWLU
7DEL EXQODU \DSÕOÕUNHQ GH |]HOOLNOH RUWD\D oÕNÕú SRSOHU ROPD YH \HUOL \HULQH RWXUPD DúDPDODUÕ D\UÕ D\UÕ LUGHOHQPHOL YH VUHFLQ JHOLúLPL GR÷UX WHVSLW HGLOPHOLGLU%XVD\HGHNDYUDPÕQoÕNÕúQRNWDVÕYHEXJQEXOXQGX÷XQRNWDGR÷UX tespit edilebilir.
'DKD oRN 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ G|QHPOH |]GHúOHúWLULOHQ JOREDOOHúPH 8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHUH GH E\N ELU KDUHNHWOLOLN JHWLUPLú YH GLVLSOLQLQ LoHUL÷LQL JHQLúOHWPLúWLU1%XoDOÕúPDGDGDJOREDOOHúPHQLQ8ø¶\H\DSWÕ÷ÕHWNLYHNDWNÕHOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU
øON E|OPGH NDYUDPÕQ GR÷XúX YH JHoLUGL÷L VUHo HOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU 7DEL NDYUDPÕQWDQÕPODQPDVÕVUHFLQGHNL\|QWHPVHONXUDPVDOYHER\XWVDOproblemler
1%XoDOÕúPDGD+ROOLVYH6PLWK¶LQ \|QWHPLNXOODQÕODUDNJHQHORODUDN GHYOHWOHUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHUGHQ
V|] HGLOLUNHQ NoN KDUIOH XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHU GLVLSOLQ DQODPÕ NDVWHGLOLUNHQ E\N KDUIOH 8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHU \D]ÕODFDNWÕU %N] 0DUWLQ Hollis ve Steve Smith, Explaining and
GHHOHDOÕQDFDNWÕU.DYUDPÕQ%DWÕGLOOHULQGHNLDQODPODUÕQDGH÷LQLOHFHNDNDGHPLN oHYUHOHUGH QH úHNLOGH WDQÕPODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ YH ER\XWODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ GD \LQH RUWD\D NRQXODFDNWÕU
'DKD VRQUD JOREDOL]P NDYUDPÕQÕQ 8ø GLVLSOLQL DoÕVÕQGDQ |QHPOL G|UW boyutu olan ekonomik, siyasal, kültürel ve askeri ER\XWODUÕ HOH DOÕQDFDN YH EXQODUÕQWHRULGHPH\GDQDJHWLUGL÷LGH÷LúLNOLNOHUH]HULQGHNLWDUWÕúPDODUODELUOLNWH \HU YHULOHFHNWLU %X ER\XWODUGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLNOLNOHUGH \LQH EX E|OPGH YXUJXODQDFDNWÕU
øNLQFL E|OPGH 8ø WHRULOHULQLQ GR÷XúXQGDQ YH WDULKVHO DUND SODQÕQGDQ EDKVHGLOHFHNWLU %XQXQ GHYDPÕQGD JOREDOL]P LOH 8ø¶QLQ LON HWNLOHúLPOHUL HOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU*OREDOL]PYH8ø7HRULVLE|OPQGHLVHWHRULNRODUDNEXLNLNDYUDPÕQ QH úHNLOGH GH÷LúWLNOHUL YH JHOLúWLNOHUL DQODWÕODFDNWÕU %X E|OPGH |]HOOLNOH 8ø GLVLSOLQLQGHNLEXNRQX\DLOLúNLQPDNDOHOHUYHNLWDSODUÕQELUWDUDPDVÕVXQXODFDNYH VRQXo RODUDN 8ø GLVLSOLQLQLQ EXJQ \DúDGÕ÷Õ VÕNÕQWÕODUGD JOREDOL]PLQ SD\ÕQGDQ bahsedilecektir.
Yeni Düzenin Yeni Aktörleri bölümünGH JOREDOOHúPH\OH ELUOLNWH 8ø¶GH \HQL RUWD\D oÕNDQ DNW|UOHUGHQ EDKVHGLOHFHNWLU (Q HVNL DNW|U RODQ devletin EDúDW NRQXPXQX QDVÕO YH QHGHQ \LWLUGL÷L DQODWÕOÕUNHQ HVNLGHQ GH YDURODQ YH JOREDOOHúPH\OH JFQ DUWÕUDQ DNW|UOHULQGH JFQQ QHGHQ DUWWÕ÷Õ DQODWÕOmaya oDOÕúÕODFDNWÕU$UWDQEXDNW|UOHUGHQLQVDQOÕ÷D]DUDUYHUHQOHULQGHDOWÕoL]LOHFHNYH JoOHULQLQHUHGHQDOGÕNODUÕEHWLPOHQHFHNWLU
'HYOHW 9DWDQGDú øOLúNLOHULQH (WNLOHUL E|OPQGH 'Q\D 6DYDúÕQGDQ VRQUD JHOLúPLúONHOHULOH hoQF 'Q\D ONHOHULQLQYDWDQGDú-GHYOHW LOLúNLOHULQH GH÷LQLOPHNWH YH JOREDOOHúPH LOH EX LOLúNLOHUGHNL IDUNOÕODúPD RUWD\D NRQPD\D oDOÕúÕOPDNWDGÕU g]HOOLNOH hoQF 'Q\D DoÕVÕQGDQ RUWD\D oÕNDQ ROXPVX] JHOLúPHOHULQDOWÕoL]LOPHNWHGLU
*OREDOL]PLOH³'HPRNUDWLNOHúPH´E|OPLVHELU|nceki bölümün mikro G]H\GH GHYDPÕGÕU %X E|OPGH QHR-OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUÕQ WP GQ\DGD \D\JÕQODúPDVÕLOHHNRQRPLNDQODPGD³VRV\DOGHYOHW´YDVIÕQÕQRUWDGDQNDONPDNWD ROGX÷X EHOLUWLOHUHN YDWDQGDúOÕN KDNODUÕQGD ELU JHULOHPH\H YXUJX \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU
$\UÕFD\LQHLNL\]\ÕOOÕNELUVUHoWHND]DQÕOPÕúRODQKDNODUYHEXKDNODUDNDUúÕ VRUXPOXOX÷XRODQXOXV-GHYOHWLQ]D\ÕIODPDVÕLOHYDWDQGDúODUÕQPXKDWDSVÕ]NDOPDVÕ GXUXPX RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %X QRNWDGD RUWD\D oÕNDQ $ø+0 JLEL NXUXPODUÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕLOHEXWHNELUEWQHJLGHQGQ\DGDELUWDNÕPKDNDUDPDPHNDQL]PDODUÕ RUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU$QFDNEXUDGDQoÕNDFDNNDUDUGD\LQHVRQPXKDWDSXOXV-devlet ROPDNWDGÕU%XNDUPDúÕNYHoHOLúLNGXUXPDEXE|OPGH\HUYHULOHFHND\UÕFD³VLYLO WRSOXP|UJWOHULQLQ´EXVUHoWHNLNDWNÕVÕ\LQHEXE|OPGHGH÷HUOHQGLULOHFHNWLU
*OREDOOHúPHQLQ *HWLUHFH÷L 7HKGLWOHU E|OPQGH VLODKODUÕQ \D\ÕOPDVÕ XOXVODUDUDVÕWHU|UL]P örgütlü suçlar, VDOJÕQKDVWDOÕNWHKGLGL etnik ve dinsel temelli oDWÕúPDODUYH HYUHVHOWHKGLWOHUDOWEDúOÕNODUÕKDOLQGHJOREDOOHúPH\Oe birlikte ortaya oÕNDQ\DGDHWNLQOL÷LQLDUWÕUDQWHKOLNHOHUYXUJXODQPD\DoDOÕúÕODFDNWÕU
*OREDOL]P *OREDOL]P .DUúÕWÕ +DUHNHWOHU YH 8OXVODUDUDVÕ øOLúNLOHU E|OPQGH GH JOREDOOHúPH NDUúÕWÕ KDUHNHWOHUH YH EXQODUÕQ QHGHQOHULQH GH÷LQLOHFHNWLU%XKDUHNHWOHULQde biçim olarak global bir çehreye bürünmesi ve bu WHSNLQLQGH÷LúLNúHNLOOHUGHDGODQGÕUÕOPDODUÕEXE|OPQNRQXVXRODFDNWÕU
%ø5ø1&ø%g/h0 */2%$/ø=0
*OREDOOHúPH.DYUDPÕQÕQ7DQÕPODQPDVÕQGDNL6RUXQODU
*OREDOL]PL WDQÕPODPDGDQ |QFH NDUúÕODúÕODQ WDQÕPODPD YH VÕQÕIODQGÕUPD VRUXQODUÕQD GH÷LQPHNWH ID\GD YDU dQN *OREDOOHúPH VUHFLQH LOLúNLQ RODUDN “Tarihin Sonu”ndan2 ³0HGHQL\HWOHU dDWÕúPDVÕ´QD3
NDGDU JHQLú ELU \HOSD]HGH WDQÕPODPDoDEDODUÕROPDVÕQDNDUúÕQ]HULQGHX]ODúÕOPÕúELUWDQÕP\RNWXU'DKDVÕ úXDQDNDGDUNLWDQÕPODPDoDEDODUÕQGDQ\RODoÕNDUDNWDWPLQHGLFLELUWDQÕP\DSPDN GD]RUGXU%X]RUOXNJOREDOL]PNDYUDPÕQÕQE\N|OoGHoRNER\XWOXELUQLWHOLN J|VWHUPHVLQGHQ YH JOREDOL]P GL\H DGODQGÕUÕODQ GQ\DQÕQ úX DQGD JHoLUPHNWH ROGX÷X VUHFLQ NDUPDúÕN \DSÕVÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU 'DKDVÕ JOREDOL]P NDYUDPÕQÕQ oRN ER\XWOX \DSÕVÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ WDQÕPODPD VRUXQX \|QWHP ELUOL÷LQLQ DNDGHPLN oHYUHOHUFH ROXúWXUXODPDPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ GDKD GD NDUPDúÕN KDOH JHOPHNWHGLU dDOÕúPDQÕQ EX E|OPQGH \XNDUGD EDKVHGLOHQ WDQÕPODPD VRUXQXQDQHGHQRODQEDúOÕFDVHEHSOHUHGH÷LQLOHFHNWLU
6R÷XN 6DYDú¶ÕQ ELWLPL\OH ELU VLVWHP (iki kutuplu sistem) VRQD HUPLúWLU IDNDW EXJQ KDOD JHoLOHQ ³\HQL ELU VLVWHP´ \RNWXU RUWDGD =LUD 6R÷XN 6DYDú döneminin sona ermesi, yeni bir XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHPLQ GR÷PDVÕQD QHGHQ ROPDPÕúWÕUdQNXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPOHUELUGHQELUHVRQDHUPH\HFHNOHULJLELoRN NÕVD ELU VUH LoHULVLQGH EWQ\OH G|QúPOHUL YH \HQL ELU XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHPLQ ROXúPDVÕGDV|]NRQXVXRODPD]'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODELUDQGDELUXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPGHQ GL÷HULQH JHoLOGL÷LQLQ LIDGH HGLOPHVL ELOLPVHO GH÷LOGLU )DNDW EHOLUOL oHYUHOHUFH HPSR]H HGLOHQ SRSOHU JOREDOOHúPH V|\OHPL JOREDOOHúPH GL\H QLWHOHQGLULOHQ ELU WDNÕP ROD\ODUÕQLQVDQR÷OXQXQ NRQWURO YH LVWHPL GÕúÕQGDNHQGLOL÷LQGHQmeydana JHOGL÷LILNUL]HULQHLQúDHGLOPHNWHGLU$NDGHPLNoHYUHOHULVHNXUDPYH\|QWHP
2 Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?”, The National Interest, Cilt 3, 1989, s. 270–294. 3 Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”,Foreign Affairs, Cilt 72, No:3, 1993,
DúDPDVÕQGD \DSÕODQ ED]Õ WHPHO \DNODúÕP HNVLNOLNOHUL VRQXFXQGD EX SRSOHU JOREDOL]PV|\OHPLQHELOLPVHOGHVWHNYHLQDQÕUOÕNVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU4
%XJQNXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPHEDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDELUELUOHUL\OHoHOLúHQROXúXPODU birbirlerini besleyerek dünyadaki sistemi biçimlendirmektedir. Bu sistem, ekonomik anlamda global, EX HNRQRPLQLQ \D\JÕQODúDQ GH÷HUOHUL DoÕVÕQGDQ evrensel YH IDDOL\HWOHUL DoÕVÕQGDQ GD XOXVODUDúÕUÕGÕU Bu çerçevede dünya, bir \DQGDQJOREDOOHúPHVUHFLQL\DúDPDNWDEXJOREDOOHúPH\HX\JXQGúHQGH÷HUOHUL \DúDP WDU]ODUÕ QRUPODU JLEL HYUHQVHOOHúWLUPHNWH YH EXQX GD XOXVODUDúÕUÕ LOLúNLOHUOH VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU )DNDW D\QÕ GQ\D GL÷HU \DQGDQ GD JLGHUHN IDUNOÕODúPDNWDGÕU $\UÕúPD G]H\LQH HULúHQ IDUNOÕODúPDODU LVH NXUXODQ E|OJHVHO |UJWOHU XOXVDO NLPOLNOHULQ SHNLúWLULOPHVLQH KL]PHW HGHQ SROLWLNDODU YH HWQLN XOXVoXOXN KDUHNHWOHUL LOH LIDGH EXOPDNWDGÕU %X GXUXPGD VLVWHP ³NDUúÕOÕNOÕ ED÷ÕPOÕOÕNED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕN´³JOREDOOHúPHbloNODúPD´³HYUHQVHOOHúPHSDUWLNODUL]P´ ]ÕWOÕ÷ÕQÕQEWQO÷RODUDNRUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU5
6KDZ¶D J|UH GQ\DGD \DúDQDQ EX GH÷LúLPL YH ]ÕWOÕNODUOD GROX \DSÕ\Õ NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPDoDEDODUÕoWHPHO\DNODúÕPLoHUPHNWHGLU'H÷LúLPLSRVW-modern teorisyenler G|Qúm (transformation), 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ WHRULV\HQOHUL JHoLú WUDQVLWLRQ JOREDOOHúPH WHRULV\HQOHUL LVH süreç (process) olarak WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕUODU6
$NDGHPLN \DNODúÕP VRUXQODUÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ WDQÕPODPD NDUPDúDVÕQD JHOGL÷LPL]GH \XNDUÕGD EDKVHGLOHQ NDUPDúÕN VLVWHPLQ WDQÕPODPD oDEDODUÕQÕQ VRQXFXQGDJOREDOL]PNDYUDPÕQÕQGDKDGDSDUoDODQGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|UPHNWH\L]%DúNDELU GH\LúOHDNDGHPLNoHYUHOHUJOREDOL]PRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕODQROJXQXQneden ve QDVÕO ROXúWX÷X JLEL WHPHO VRUXODUÕ FHYDSODQGÕUPD\D oDOÕúDQ WXWDUOÕ NXUDPOar üretmek \HULQH WÕSNÕ SRSOHU JOREDOL]P V|\OHPL JLEL NDYUDPÕ VDOW VRQXoODUÕHWNLOHUL oHUoHYHVLQGHHOHDOPDNWDGÕUODU%XVHEHSOHGHJOREDOL]PLµGQ\DQÕQELUXFXQGDNL JHOLúPHOHULQGQ\DQÕQ|WHNLXFXQGDNLWRSOXPODUÕHWNLOH\HFHNWUGHQELUWRSOXPODU
4 P. Bourdieu, Acts of Resistence: Against the New Myths of Our Time, Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1998, ss.29–44.
5 %HULO 'HGHR÷OX ³8OXVODUDUDVÕ 6LVWHPGH %WQOHúPH YH $\UÕúPD´ 1XUL %LOJLQ GHU
Cumhuriyet, Demokrasi ve Kimlik, øVWDQEXO%D÷ODP<D\ÕQODQV–89.
6 Martin Shaw, Theory of the Global State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Pres, 2000, ss.7–
DUDVÕ ED÷ODQWÕQÕQ NXUXOPD VUHFL¶7 RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUHQ DQDOL]OHUOH VÕN VÕN NDUúÕODúÕOPDNWDGÕU
%DúND ELU SUREOHP LVH *OREDOOHúPHQLQ oRN KDFLPOL YH oRN ER\XWOX ELU NDYUDP ROPDVÕ QHGHQL\OH NDYUDP ]HULQH JHOLúWLULOHQ WDQÕPODUÕQ JHQHOOLNOH N|UOHULQILOWDQÕPODUÕJLELROPDVÕGÕU+HUGLVLSOLQLQLQanalitik olarak bölünebilen DQFDN ELUELULQGHQ ED÷ÕPVÕ] ROPD\DQ SDUoDODUGDQ ROXúDQ ELU EWQQ tek bir SDUoDVÕ]HULQHRGDNODQPDVÕ\]QGHQJOREDOL]PKDNNÕQGDEWQVHOFLELUDQDOL]H XODúPDN PPNQ ROPDPDNWDGÕU 6|] NRQXVX analizler, Taylor ve Flint’in JHOLúWLUGL÷LJOREDOL]PLQVHNL]IDUNOÕER\XWODUÕQGDQVDGHFHELULQHRGDNODQPDNWD\D GD WP ER\XWODUÕQ ELU ELUOHUL\OH RODQ HWNLOHúLPOHULQL GH÷HUOHQGLUPHPHNWHGLU %X \|QWHP JOREDOOHúPH\L LVWHU LVWHPH] SDUoDODPDNWD D\UÕ D\UÕ IHnomenlere indirgemekte ve sanki bütün bu fenomenlerin kendilerine özgü (ve birbirlerinden ED÷ÕPVÕ] ELU YDUOÕN VHEHEL ve JHoPLúL ROGX÷X GúQFHVLQL LPD HWPHNWHGLU8
. 'DKDVÕ|\OH\DGDE|\OHJOREDOOHúPH³GDKDL\LELUNDYUDPEXOXQDPDGÕ÷Õ´9
için ve “iyi ya da kötü fakat mevcut tarihsel dönemi en tatminkar biçimde tasvir eden”10ELUNDYUDPRODUDN8øWHUPLQRORMLVLQGHNL\HULQLDOPDNWDGÕU
3DUoDODQPÕú JOREDOL]P DQDOL]OHULQL DúPDN LVWH\HQ \DNODúÕPODU GD \RN GH÷LOGLU *OREDOL]PL µzaman-PHNDQ VÕNÕúPDVÕ¶11
sonucunda ‘GQ\DQÕQ küçülmesi’12 olarak nitelendiren ve disiplinler üstü bir görüntü çizen bu DQDOL]OHULQWHPHOUHIHUDQVÕteknolojik yeniliklerdir. Kapitalist sistemin özünde var RODQ YHULPOLOLN UHNDEHW DUDoVDO DNÕOFÕOÕN JLEL WHPHO PRWLYDV\RQODUÕQ GR÷DO ELU sonucu oODUDN JHOLúHQ WHNQRORMLN \HQLOLNOHUH HQGHNVOL EX DQDOL]OHU JOREDOL]PLQ |]Q\DQVÕWDPDPDNWDGÕU7HOHIRQUDG\RKDYDWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕWHOHYL]\RQøQWHUQHW X\GX KDEHUOHúPH VLVWHPOHUL YE JLEL WHNQRORMLN \HQLOLNOHULQ KHSVL -kendi
7 Tipik bir örnek için bkz. J. Baylis ve S. Smith (der.), The Globalization of World Politics,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, s. 7.
8 %X WUGHQ oDOÕúPDODU |UQHN RODUDN ILQDQV DODQÕQGD EN] - 'XQQLQJ 7KH *OREDOÕ]DWLRQ RI
Business/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHXOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHUDODQÕQGDEN]06KDZGlobal Society
and International Relations /RQGRQ 6DJH 3XEOLFDWLRQV VRV\RORML DODQÕQGD EN] 0 Featherstone, (der.), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, London: Sage Publications. 1990.
9 Richard Falk, <ÕUWÕFÕ.UHVHOOHúPH, oHY$OLdDNVXøVWDQEXO.UH<D\ÕQODUÕV[L[ 10 Ibid., s. 1.
11 A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990, s. 38.
.UHVHOOHúPH\HLOLúNLQJ|UúOHULoLQ|]HOOLNOHEN]VV–54 ve 63–78.
dönemlerinde- sadece ‘zaman-mHNDQ VÕNÕúWÕUPDVÕ¶ yapan, µGQ\D\Õ NoOWHQ¶ \HQLOLNOHU RODUDN DOJÕODQPÕúODUGÕU g]HOOLNOH øQWHUQHW YH J|UVHO PHG\DQÕQ µELOJL DNÕúÕQÕ¶oRNJHQLúNLWOHOHUHYHoRNKÕ]OÕELUúHNLOGHXODúWÕUGÕNODUÕGR÷UXGXUDQFDN EXEDNÕúDoÕVÕJOREDOL]PLWDPDPHQWDQÕPOD\DPDPDNWDGÕU
%X E|OPGHJOREDOL]PLWDQÕPODPD oDEDODUÕQÕQ GúW÷oHOLúNLOHUHGLNNDW oHNWLN%LUVRQUDNLE|OPGHLVHJOREDOL]PLQEDúOÕFDWDQÕPODUÕQD\HUYHULOHFHNWLU
*OREDOL]P.DYUDPÕYH2UWD\DdÕNÕúÕ
*OREDOL]P oRN SRSOHU ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ PX÷ODN13 bir kDYUDPGÕU EX \]GHQ EX E|OPGH JOREDOL]PLQ EX JQH NDGDU \DSÕOPÕú RODQ YH DNDGHPLN oDOÕúPDODUGDUHIHUDQVRODUDNJ|VWHULOHQEDúOÕFDWDQÕPODUÕQD\HUYHULOHFHNWLU$\UÕFD NDYUDPÕQJHoLUGL÷LHYULPYHLQWHU-GLVLSOLQHUKDOHJHOPHVLQHGH÷LQLOHFHNWLU
Global sözc÷QQ ³GRODúÕPGD EXOXQDQ D÷Õ]´GDNL DQODPÕ ]HULQGH odaklanan Oxford Dictionary of New Words’de global yeni bir sözcük olarak WDQÕPODQÕU 6|]ON ³JOREDO ELOLQFL´GH ELU NOWUQ GL÷HU NOWUOHUL JHQHOGH ³GQ\DQÕQWRSOXPVDO-HNRQRPLNYHHNRORMLNVRUXQODUÕQÕQGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQLQELU SDUoDVÕRODUDNDQODPDVÕ´RODUDNWDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU6|]ONEXNXOODQÕPÕQ0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ¶ÕQ ³([SORUDWLRQV LQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ´ NLWDEÕQGD RUWD\D DWWÕ÷Õ ³JOREDO N|\´GúQFHVLQGHQHWNLOHQGL÷LQLLOHULVUHU
Meydan Larousse’un tarifine g|UH LVH JOREDO ³WP\OH HOH DOÕQPÕú RODQ´ DQODPÕQGDGÕU%DWÕGLOOHULQGHGHµJOREDO¶NHOLPHVLQH\NOHQHQDQODPEXGXU%XQXQ |WHVLQGHEXNDYUDP)UDQVÕ]FDGDµKRPRMHQOLN¶DQODPÕQÕGDLoHUPHNWHGLU<DQLEX terim için hem “bütünsellik” hem de “homojenlik” olgulDUÕ \NOHQPLúWLU.
Globalizm kelimesinin kökü olan “Globe” NHOLPHVL ELU úHNOL EHOLUOHPHVLQLQ |WHVLQGH NHQGL LoLQGHNL ELU EWQVHOOL÷L GH \DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU %X EWQVHOOLN ELU
13 ùDEDQ dDOÕú ³ho 7DU]Õ 6L\DVHWWHQ *OREDOL]PH´ (G0 $ dXNXUoD\ÕU Küresel Sistemde
VUHo RODUDN GD DOJÕODQDELOLU <DQL IDUNOÕ ER\XWODUÕ EXOXQDQ YH EX ER\XWODUÕ DUDVÕQGDNDUúÕOÕNOÕHWNLOHúLPLQYDUROGX÷XG]HQOLELULúOH\Lú14
%XJQN DQODPÕ LOH JOREDOL]PWHULPL DQODPÕQÕQ oRN X]D÷ÕQGD NXOODQÕOVD ELOH WHULPLQ NHQGLVL ³JOREDO ELOLQFLQ ELU SDUoDVÕ´ ³JOREDO´ WHULPL oHUoHYHVLQGH WRSODQDQ WHULPOHULQ GLNNDWH GH÷HU ELU J|UQümü haline geldi. Global kelimesi, X]XQELUVUHGLUNXOODQÕPGDROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQDVOÕQGDJOREDOOHúPH\HJQP]GH J|VWHULOHQLOJLQLQX]DQWÕVÕROXSoÕNPÕúWÕU
+HP GQ\DQÕQ NoOPHVLQH KHP GH ELU EWQ RODUDN GQ\D ELOLQFLQLQ güçlenmesine gönderme yapan globaOL]P NDYUDPÕQÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕú YH NXOODQÕP VUHFL\OH LOJLOL RODUDN ³*OREDOL]P´ V|]F÷QQ NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ oRN \DNÕQODUGD \D\JÕQODúWÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OH\HELOLUL] 'DKD |QFHNL GD÷ÕQÕN YH VUHNOL ROPD\DQ NXOODQÕPÕQD NDUúÕQ JOREDOL]P WHULPL ¶ODUD NDGDU oRN ID]OD UD÷EHt görmedi. )DNDWEXWHULPLQNXOODQÕPÕ¶ODUGDQVRQUD|\OHELUDUWÕúJ|VWHUPLúWLUNLWHULPLQ GQ\DQÕQ IDUNOÕ \HUOHULQGHNL oRN VD\ÕGDNL oD÷GDú \DúDP DODQÕQD JLULúLQLQ L]LQL VUPHNQHUHGH\VHLPNDQVÕ]KDOHJHOPLúWLU
*OREDOOHúPH NDYUDPÕQÕQ EXJQ NXOODQGÕ÷ÕPÕ] DQODPGD LON RODUDN LIDGH HGLOPHVLQGH GH÷LúLN J|UúOHU YDUGÕU %XQD J|UHJOREDO V|]F÷QQ N|NHQL \ÕO |QFHVLQH JLWVH ELOH LON RODUDN EXJQN DQODPÕQGD \ÕOÕQGD .DQDGDOÕ VRV\RORML 3URIHV|U 0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ WDUDIÕQGDQ ³JOREDO N|\´ WDPODPDVÕQGa NXOODQÕOGÕ15 0F/XKDQ¶D J|UH GQ\DQÕQ EHOOL ELU E|OP JOREDO N|\ KDOLQH G|QúPHNWH\GL%D]ÕLGGLDODUDJ|UHLVH³JOREDOL]P´NDYUDPÕLONNH]¶OHUGH +DUYDUG6WDQIRUGYH&ROXPELDJLELSUHVWLMOL$PHULNDQRNXOODUÕQGDNXOODQÕOPD\D EDúODQPÕú YH \LQH EX oHYUHOHUFH SRSOHU KDOH JHWLULOPLúWLU %XQD UD÷PHQ JOREDOL]P¶OHULQVRQODUÕJLELoRN\DNÕQELU]DPDQGDELOHoRNHQGHURODUDN DNDGHPLN\D\ÕQODUYH\DJQGHOLNGLOGHNXOODQÕODQELUWHULPGL
14 Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization?, (Çev Patrick Camiler) Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999 ss.
13-15.
15 Bkz. Marshall McLuhan, Quentin Fiore, War and Peace in the Global Village, New York:
:DOW]¶ÕQ ¶ODUÕQ ³JHoLFL ELU KHYHV´L16 RODUDN WDQÕPODGÕ÷Õ globaOOHúPHQLQ VRQ \ÕOODUÕQ PRGD NDYUDPÕ ROPDVÕQÕQ QHGHQL +ROWRQ¶D J|UH ³oD÷GDú \DúDPÕ WDQÕPOD\DQ EDúOÕFD ILNLUOHUGHQ ELUL´17
KDOLQH JHOPLú ROPDVÕGÕU +HUKDQJL ELU GXUXPXQ ROJXQXQ GúQFHQLQ \D GD QHVQHQLQ global olarak DGODQGÕUÕOPDVÕQÕQ RQD ELU VWDW VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ YH RQX GDKD LWLEDUOÕ NÕOGÕ÷Õ GúQOPHNWHGLU)DNDWoR÷X]DPDQJOREDOOHúPH\HDEDUWÕOÕDQODPODU\NOHQLOPHVL \DGDVDQDWWDQVSRUDKHPHQKHUúH\LQJOREDOOHúPHED÷ODPÕQGDGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL V|] NRQXVX ROPDNWDGÕU %XJQ KHU VRUXQXQ DQDKWDUÕ RODUDN JOREDOizm J|UOPHNWHGLU %DXPDQ¶ÕQ LIDGH HWWL÷L JLEL JOREDOOHúPH ³ED]ÕODUÕQD J|UH RQVX] PXWOXRODPD\DFD÷ÕPÕ]úH\GLUED]ÕODUÕQDJ|UHLVHPXWVX]OX÷XPX]XQQHGHQLGLU18 *OREDOL]P NDYUDPÕ EDúODQJÕoWD HNRQRPLN JHOLúPH YH VUHoOHUH LOLúNLQ NXOODQÕOÕ\RUGX ¶OÕ \ÕOODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ LVH VRV\RORML NOWU YH PHG\D oDOÕúPDODUÕ 8ø VL\DVHW ELOLPL JLEL VRV\DO ELOLPOHUH DLW ELUoRN GLVLSOLQ GH EX NDYUDPÕNXOODQDQODUNHUYDQÕQDNDWÕOPÕúODUGÕU19
6|]NRQXVXGLVLSOLQOHULQNDYUDPÕ kendi perspektifleri çerçevesinde ele almalarÕ VRQXFXQGD ELUELULQGHQ oRN IDUNOÕ JOREDOL]PDQDOL]OHULRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU
7D\ORU YH )OLQW VHNL] IDUNOÕ ER\XW KDOLQGH EX DQDOL]OHUL WDVQLI HWPLúWLU20 : Ekonomik globalizm ileoRNXOXVOXILUPDODUÕQGQ\DQÕQKHU\HULQGHQVHUPD\HYH emek kullanan yeni “global üretim sistemleri”ne geçmesi; Siyasal globalizm ile serbest pazar ekonomisi NDPX KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ NÕVÕOPDVÕ |]HOOHúWLUPH JLEL neo-liberalSROLWLNDODUÕQWPGQ\D\D\D\ÕOPDVÕVosyal globalizm ile dünya toplumu ILNLUOHULQLQ\D\JÕQODúPDVÕXOXVODUDúÕUÕVLYLOWRSOXPKDUHNHWOHULQLQ\D\JÕQODúPDVÕ teknolojik globalizm ile EDúWD øQWHUQHW ROPDN ]HUH ELOLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULnin \D\JÕQODúPDVÕIinansal globalizm ile GQ\DVHUPD\HSL\DVDODUÕQÕQDUWDQNDUúÕOÕNOÕ ED÷ÕPOÕOÕNODUÕ YH RUWDNOÕNODU NXUPDODUÕ FR÷UDIL JOREDOL]P ile DUWDQ LOHWLúLP YH
16 Kenneth N. Waltz, “Globalization and American Power”, The National Interest, Spring,2000,
s. 47.
17 Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State, Londra, MacMillan Press, 1998, s. 1. 18 Zygmunt Bauman, .UHVHOOHúPH 7RSOXPVDO 6RQXoODUÕ dHY $EGXOODK <ÕOPD] $\UÕQWÕ
<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV
19 6RV\DO ELOLPOHUGH JOREDOL]P NDYUDPÕQÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ YH JHOLúLPL LoLQ EN] - 0DF/HDQ
“Philosophical Roots of Globalisation and Philosophical Routes to Globalisation” M. Shaw, (der.),
Politics and Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1999.
20 P. J. Taylor ve C. Flint, Political Geography: World-economy, Nation-state and Locality,
XODúÕPLPNDQODUÕ\ODROXúDQVÕQÕUVÕ]GQ\DGúQFHVLNültürel globalizm ileEDúWD $PHULNDQ ROPDN ]HUH %DWÕOÕ NOWUHO GH÷HUOHULQ HJHPHQOL÷LQGH WHN ER\XWOX ELU dünya kültürüQQROXúPDVÕYHglobal ürünlerin tüketilmesi; ve son olarak ekolojik globalizm ile VÕQÕU WDQÕPD\DQ global ekolojik sorunlarÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ YH RUWDN H\OHPSODQÕJHUHNWLUPHOHUL.
*|UOG÷]HUHVRV\DOELOLPOHUNDSVDPÕQGDNLKHPHQKHPHQKHUGLVLSOLQ NHQGLX]PDQOÕNDODQÕ LoHULVLQGHJOREDOL]PLQIDUNOÕ ELU ER\XWXQX HOHDOPDNWDGÕU %X\DNODúÕPODU\]QGHQNDYUDPÕQÕQNXOODQÕPVUHFLQHEDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDoRNSDUoDOÕ \DSÕ YH DQDOL]OHU NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWD YH EX DQDOL]OHUGH EWQVHOFL ELU DQDOL]H XODúPDNWDNXUDPVDOYH\|QWHPVHOVRUXQODUÕEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU
Yukarda bahsedilen \|QWHPVHO VRUXQODU YH oRN SDUoDOÕ \DSÕ DúD÷ÕGD EDKVHGHFH÷LPL]JOREDOL]PDODQÕQGDoDOÕúDQDNDGHPLV\HQOHULQJOREDOL]PNDYUDPÕ WDQÕPODUÕQGDGDDoÕNoDJ|UOHFHNWLU
6KDZ¶D J|UH JOREDOOHúPH\L DQODPODQGÕUPDN LoLQ gQFHOLNWH JOREDO NDYUDPÕQÕDoÕNlamak zorunluduUYHJOREDONDYUDPÕoWHPHODQODPLoHUmektedir. øONLQ ³XOXVDO G]H\LQ |WHVLQGH WRSOXPVDO \DúDP DODQODUÕ´QÕ YH EX DQODPGD GD ³JOREDO GQ\D´\Õ LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU =LUD EXJQ ³XOXVODUDUDVÕ WRSOXP´XQ |WHVLQH JHoHQELU³JOREDOWRSOXP´GR÷PDNWDGÕUøNLQFLRODUDN³LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQGR÷DOoHYUHVL\OH øOLúNLVL´QL YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU %X ED÷ODPGD ³\HUNUH´QLQ VRUXQODUÕ ³JOREDO sorunlar” olarak insanOÕ÷ÕQ NDUúÕVÕQD oÕNPDNWDGÕU 6RQ RODUDN GD ³WRSOXPVDO LOLúNLOHULQGQ\DoDSÕQGDND]DQGÕ÷Õ\R÷XQOXN´JOREDOELUQLWHOLNJ|VWHUPektedir.21
%WQEXQODUODELUOLNWHNDEXOHWPHNJHUHNLUNLJOREDOOHúPHWHNEDúÕQDELU ³JHUoHN´ ELU ³LQVDQ GDYUDQÕúÕ DODQÕ´ \D GD ELU ³]LKQL\HW´ GH÷LOGLU %XQODUÕQ |WHVLQGH JOREDOOHúPH EX WU ELU GDYUDQÕúÕQ \D GD HWNLQOL÷LQ DOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L “nitelik”, “durum” ya da “biçim”dir.22
%HFN¶H J|UH LVH JOREDOOHúPH HVDVHQ %DWÕ GÕúÕ WRSOXPODUÕ HWNLOH\HQ ELU VUHFHDWÕIWDEXOXQPDNWDGÕU%XVUHFLQWHNER\XWOXYH\|QOROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕLVH\LQH
21 Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1994, ss.
9–10.
22 Ian Clark, Globalization and International Relations Theory, New York, Oxford University
8OULFK %HFN¶L L]OH\HUHN JOREDOOHúPH WHULPLQLQ D\UÕQWÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕQD EDNDUDN DQODPDPÕ] PPNQGU %HFN *OREDOL]P *OREDOLWH YH *OREDOOHúPH JLEL o kavram ortaya koyar.23 Globalizm, neo-OLEHUDOL]PLQ \|Q YHUGL÷L LGHRORMLN ELU NDYUDPODúWÕUPD\Õ LIDGH HGHU %X NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPD\D J|UH JOREDOOHúPH HNRQRPL\H LQGLUJHQPLú WHN ER\XWOX YH G] oL]JLVHO ELU GXUXP RODUDN DQODúÕOÕU *OREDOOHúPHQLQ HNRORML NOWU SROLWLND VLYLO WRSOXP JLEL ROXúXPODU JOREDOL]P NDYUDPÕ\ODGQ\DVHUEHVWSD]DUHNRQRPLVLQLQKDNLPL\HWLDOWÕQD\HUOHúWLULOLU24
*OREDOLWH ELU GQ\D WRSOXPX DQOD\ÕúÕ GR÷UXOWXVXQGD ONHOHUin birbirine oRN ER\XWOX LOLúNLOHU D÷Õ LoLQGH ED÷OÕ KDOH JHOPHOHULQL DQODWÕU25 %X ED÷ODPGD GQ\DWRSOXPXQGDQNDVWHGLOHQXOXVDOGHYOHWOHULQSROLWLNKD\DWÕQFDEHOLUOHQHPH\HQ YH\DEWQOHúWLULOPH\HQVRV\DOLOLúNLOHULQEWQGU6|]NRQXVXVRV\DOLOLúNLOHU dQ\DWRSOXPXQXELUOLNVL]ELUoRNOXNRODUDNLQúDHGHUKD\DWWDU]ODUÕQGDQJOREDO NUL]OHUHYHVDYDúODUDNDGDUELUoRNROJXEXVUHoLoLQGH|QHoÕNDU*OREDOOHúPHLVH bir süreçtir. Bu süreç ekoloji, kültür, ekonomi, politika ve sivil toplum DODQODUÕQGDNLROXúXPODU\DQ\DQDIDNDWELUELUOHULQHLQGLUJHQPH\HQYDUROXúXLoHULU YH DUWÕN HJHPHQ XOXVDO GHYOHWOHULQ GH÷LO XOXVODUDUDVÕ DNW|UOHULQ EX YDUROXúX \|QOHQGLUPH\HEDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕLIDGHHGHU%LUEDúNDGH\LúOHJOREDOOHúPHoRNER\XWOX ELUXOXVODUDUDVÕVUHFLQDGÕGÕU*OREDOL]PELUWUHQGGH÷LOXOXVODUDUDVÕELUVLVWHPGLU 6R÷XN VDYDúWDQ VRQUD RUWD\D oÕNDQ ELU VLVWHPGLU 6R÷XN VDYDúÕQ VHPEROOHUL E|OQPHYH%HUOLQ'XYDUÕJOREDOL]PLQVHPEROOHULLVHHQWHJUDV\RQYHLQWHUQHWWLU26
%X WDVQLILQ GDKD GHUOL WRSOX YH DoÕN ELU ELoLPL LoLQVH dDOÕú¶D EDNPDN JHUHNL\RU dDOÕú¶GD %HFN JLEL o NDYUDP RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGÕU *OREDOL]DV\RQ JOREDOL]P YH JOREDOLWH *OREDOL]DV\RQ NDYUDPÕQÕ ELU süreç RODUDN WDQÕPOD\DQ dDOÕú *OREDOL]PL LVH \DNODúÕP RODUDN WDQÕPODU27
Globalite ise kavram olarak, \HU\]|OoH÷LQGH]DPDQDPHNDQDYHKD\DWDLOLúNLQ-D\QHQPRGHUQLWHGHROGX÷X gibi- \HQL ELU GXUXPXQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ \DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU28 Daha önce modernitenin
23 Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization?, (Çev Patrick Camiler) Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999 ss.
11-15
24,ELGVVYHGHYDPÕ 25 Ibid, ss. 12.
26 Ibid, ss. 13–15.
27 ùDEDQ dDOÕú ³ho 7DU]Õ 6L\DVHWWHQ *OREDOL]PH´ (G0 $ dXNXUoD\ÕU Küresel Sistemde
Siyaset Yönetim Ekonomi, Çizgi Kitapevi, Konya, 2003.s. 38.
JHOHQHNVHOOLNOHGH÷LúLPG|QHPLQGHNXUGX÷XLOLúNL\HEHQ]HUELULOLúNLQLQG|QHPVHO \DSÕVÕQÕ\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕUJOREDOLWH.HQGLQGHQ|QFHNLG|QHPL|QFHHOHúWLUHQVRQUD UHGGHGHQGDKDVRQUDGDDúDQDPD]DPDQODRQXGDNDSVD\DQELUKDOLQVÕIDWÕRODUDN J|UOHELOLUøúWH*OREDOL]DV\RQEXVUHFLDGODQGÕUDQELUNDYUDPGÕU*OREDOL]PLVH EXHYUHQHWDYÕUDOÕúWÕU29
*OREDOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ ED]HQ GQ\D WRSOXPODUÕQÕQ ELUELULQH EHQzeme VUHoOHULLOHEXQDED÷OÕRODUDNWHNELUJOREDONOWUQRUWD\DoÕNPDVÕQÕED]HQGH WRSOXPODUÕQ WRSOXOXNODUÕQ YH NLPOLNOHULQ NHQGL IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕ LIDGH HWPHVL YH WDQÕPODPDVÕ DPDFÕ\OD NXOODQÕODELOPHNWHdir.30 %X ED÷ODPGD D\QÕODúPD ve IDUNOÕODúPDJOREDOOHúPHQLQ LNLWHPHO XQVXUX ROGX÷X JLEL D\QÕ]DPDQGD EXQODU NDYUDPD LNLIDUNOÕ EDNÕú DoÕVÕQÕQ oÕNÕú QRNWDVÕGÕUODU *OREDOOHúPH\L homojen bir VUHoRODUDNJ|UHQOHUDUWÕNGQ\DQÕQKHUDQODPGDELUYHWHNROGX÷XQXLIDGHHW-PHNWHGLUOHU *OREDOOHúPHQLQ heterojen ELU VUHo RODUDN JHOLúWL÷LQL VDYXnanlara J|UHLVHEXVUHoNDUúÕOÕNOÕHWNLOHúLPLoLQGHGLU%XQXQODELUOLNWHJOREDOOHúPHQLQ HJHPHQ XQVXUXQXQ D\QÕODúWÕUPD ROGX÷X JOREDOOHúPHQLQ KHP \DQOÕODUÕ KHP GH NDUúÕWODUÕWDUDIÕQGDQNDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU*OREDOOHúPH\DQOÕODUÕGQ\DQÕQGR÷DOELU VUHoOH D\QÕODúWÕ÷ÕQÕ VDYXQXUODUNHQ JOREDOOHúPH NDUúÕWODUÕ HJHPHQ JoOHULQ D\QÕODúWÕUGÕ÷ÕELUGQ\DQÕQV|]NRQXVXROGX÷XQXLIDGHHWPHNWHGLUOHU+DQJLDoÕGDQ EDNÕOÕUVD EDNÕOVÕQ VRQXoWD JOREDOOHúPH NDYUDPÕ\OD ELU \DQGDQ GQ\DQÕQ E\N ELUNÕVPÕQÕNDSVD\DQROXúXPODUWDQÕPODQPDNWDGL÷HU\DQdan da dünya toplumunu ROXúWXUDQ GHYOHWOHU YH WRSOXPODU DUDVÕQGD EWQOHúPH ED÷OÕOÕN YH ED÷ÕPOÕOÕN G]H\LQGHELU\R÷XQODúPDLIDGHHdilmektedir.31
<XNDUGD DQODWÕODQODU ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD JOREDOL]P KHU úH\GHQ |QFH VDGHFH GQ\D WRSOXPXQD GR÷UX ELU \|QHOLPL GH÷LO \HUHOOHúPHQLQ GH |QHP ND]DQPDVÕQÕ LIDGH HGHU 1LWHNLP JOREDOL]P ROJXVXQXQ EDúWD JHOHQ WHRULV\HQOHULQGHQ 5RQDOG Robertson, bu anlamda, \DQLJOREDOL]PLOH\HUHOLQPHYFXWHWNLOHúLPLQLJ|]|QQH
29 Ibid., s. 39.
30 ( )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ ³*LULú *OREDO-Yerel Eksende Türkiye, Siyaset ve
7RSOXPVDO <DúDP´ ( )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ GHU Global / Yerel Ekseninde
Türkiye, øVWDQEXO$OID<D\ÕQODQVV–5.
31 Riccardo Petrella, “Globalization and Internationalization: The Dynamics of the
Emerging World Order”, Robert Boyer ve Daniel Drache (der.), States Against Markets: The
alan yeni bir terim üretir: Glokalizasyon.32 O kadar ki, Robertson, yerel olmadan JOREDOLQ JOREDO ROPDGDQ GD \HUHOLQ RODPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ LGGLD HWPHNWHGLU dQN 5REHUWVRQ¶D J|UH JOREDOOHúPH DQFDN \HUHO NOWUOHULQ oDWÕúPDVÕ ED÷ODPÕQGD \HQLGHQ WDQÕPODQDELOLU ELU ROJXGXU %X GD DQFDN JOREDOOHúPHQLQ HNRQRPLN ER\XWXQXQ GÕúÕQGD |]HOOLNOH NOWUHO ELU ER\XWXQXQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ WHUN HWPHNOH \DSÕODELOLU33 *|UOG÷ JLEL VRV\DO NOWUHO HNRQRPLN YH VL\DVDO |UQWOHU glREDO ER\XWWD \HQLGHQ WDQÕPODQPDNWD ED]HQ KRPRMHQOHúPHOHU ED]HQ PHOH]OHúPHOHU YH ]DPDQ ]DPDQ GD EXKDUODúPDODU \DúDQPDNWDGÕU %LU WDUDIWDQ HYUHQVHORODQ\HUHOOHúLUNHQGL÷HUWDUDIWDQ\HUHORODQHYUHQVHOOHúPHNWHYHHYUHQVHO LoLQGH\HULQLDOPDNWDGÕU34
GlobalOHúPH NDYUDPÕ ED]HQ GQ\D WRSOXPODUÕQÕQ ELUELULQH EHQzeme VUHoOHULLOHEXQDED÷OÕRODUDNWHNELUJOREDONOWUQRUWD\DoÕNPDVÕQÕED]HQGH WRSOXPODUÕQ WRSOXOXNODUÕQ YH NLPOLNOHULQ NHQGL IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕ LIDGH HWPHVL YH WDQÕPODPDVÕDPDFÕ\ODNXOODQÕODELOmektedir.35
%D]ÕODUÕQDJ|UHLVHJOREDOL]P6R÷XN6DYDúG|QHPLPGHQVRQUD%DWÕ¶QÕQ ]DIHULQL \HQL ELU DoÕOÕPOD GQ\D JHQHOLQH \D\PDVÕGÕU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ VHUPD\HQLQ HJHPHQOL÷L ND\ÕWVÕ] úDUWVÕ] KDOH JHOPHNWH YH GQ\D |OoH÷LQGH WHNHOOHúPHNWHGLU Siyasi globalizDV\RQXQ HPSHU\DOL]P NHOLPHVLQLQ H÷OHQFHOL ELU úHNOL ROGX÷X VRQXoWD LNLVLQLQ GH PDQWÕ÷ÕQÕQ EHQ]Hú ROGX÷X \DQL ELU EDúND LIDGH LOH HPSHU\DOL]PLQWHPHOLQGHGHJOREDOL]PGHGHGH÷HUOHULQYHNXUXPODUÕQEDúNDODUÕQD kabul ettirilmesi/empoze edilmesi fikrinin yatWÕ÷ÕLGGLDHGLOPHNWHGLU*OREDOL]P EXED÷ODPGDVDGHFHELUUHWRULNWHQLEDUHWWLUYHEXJQNJOREDOL]PLQJHWLUGLNOHULQLQ ;9,,,YH;,;\]\ÕOGDNL%\N%ULWDQ\D¶QÕQ\DSWÕNODUÕQGDQKLoELUIDUNÕ\RNWXU EX EDNÕú DoÕVÕQD J|UH 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX \DNODúÕPODUÕ VDYXQDQODU JOREDOOHúPH\L emperyalizmin yeni yüzü olarak tasvir etmektedirler.36 Yine globalizmi, genel
32 Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage, 1994.
ss.10–15
33 Ibid. ss. 10–15
34 J. N., Pieterse, “Globalization as Hybridization”, , (Ed. F. J. Lechner, J. Boli), The
Globalization, Oxford, 2000, ss. 100-102.
35 ( )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ ³*LULú *OREDO-Yerel Eksende Türkiye, Siyaset ve
7RSOXPVDO <DúDP´ ( )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ GHU Global / Yerel Ekseninde
Türkiye, øVWDQEXO$OID<D\ÕQODQVV–5.
RODUDN GQ\D oDSÕQGD LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ HQWHJUDV\RQXQX YH LQVDQ DNWLYLWHOHULQLQ JH]HJHQVHO G]H\GH ]DPDQ YH PHNDQ ER\XWODUÕQGD NoOPHVLQL LIDGH HGHQ Richard Haris, kroQLN SUREOHPOHULQ ELU oR÷XQX N|WOHúWLUGL÷LQL GH LGGLD etmektedir.37
*OREDOOHúPH oR÷X ]DPDQ GD PRGHUQOHúPH\OH Hú DQODPOÕ RODUDN NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU *OREDOOHúPH\L modernite ve 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ GQ\D ile ELUOLNWH \LUPLQFL \]\ÕOGDQ EXJQH PLUDV NDODQ o WHPel söylemden biri olarak ifade eden Shaw gibi,38 +ROWRQ GD JOREDOOHúPH\L ³%DWÕOÕ PRGHUQLWH´ RODUDN HOH DOPDNWDGÕU39 $[IRUG GD JOREDOOHúPH\L WDQÕPODUNHQ \LQH PRGHUQLWH\OH LOLúNLOHQGLUPHNWHGLU40 %XQXQODELUOLNWH5REHUWVRQ¶XQGDLIDGHHWWL÷LJLELJOREDO-OHúPH PRGHUQOHúPHQLQ GR÷UXGDQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN J|UOPHPHOL \D GD RQXQOD D\QÕDQODPGDGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHPHOLGLU41
*OREDOOHúPH E\N ELU NHVLP WDUDIÕQGDQ LVH JHQHO RODUDN ³GQ\DQÕQ GH÷LúWL÷LQL \HQL ELU GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQLQ VL\DVDO YH NOWUHO G]Hninin ortaya oÕNPD\DEDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕ42³LIDGHHWPHNLoLQNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU%XRUWD\DoÕNDQ³úH\´LQ QHROGX÷XSHNEHOLUJLQGH÷LOVHGH\HQLROGX÷XNRQXVXQGDELUX]ODúPDYDUGÕU%X X]ODúPD ]HPLQLQGH JOREDOOHúPH HQ JHQLú DQODPGD GQ\DQÕQ ³ELUWHN´ ROPDVÕQÕ ifade etmektedLU %X ED÷ODPGD JOREDOOHúPH VHUPD\H ELOJL UHWLP YH WLFDUHWLQ GQ\DoDSÕQGDYHVÕQÕUWDQÕPDNVÕ]ÕQ\D\ÕOPDVÕYHJHQHORODUDNUHWLPDUDoODUÕQÕQ YHUHWLOHQKHUúH\LQWHNQRORMLQLQ\D\JÕQODúPDVÕVRQXFXGQ\DQÕQKHU\HULQGHYDU
http://darren.lib.utah.edu/what_is_imperialism.htm EHQ]HU GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU LoLQ EN] Ashim
Roy, “Imperialist Globalization and Labour”,
http://revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n2/global.htm, Mark Ritchie, “Globalization vs.
Globalism” Kurt Loeb, “Globalization”, http://www.mirror.org/kurt.loeb/globalization.html,
John Belamy Foster, “Monopoly capital and the new globalization”,
http://www.monthlyreview.org/0102jbf.htm
37 Richard L. Harris, “The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs”, (Edl.),
Sandor Halebsky and Richard L. Haris, Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America,
Boulder: Westview Press, 1995, 279, s. 80.
38 Martin, Theory of the Global State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Pres, 2000, ss. 2–7 ve
22–45.
39 Robert J., Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State, Londra, MacMillan Press, 1998, ss. 42–
45.
40 Barrie Axford, The Global System: Economics, Politics and Culture, Oxford, Blackwell,
1996, ss. 11–25.
41 Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, Londra, Sage, 1992, s.
ROPDVÕGÕU %X QRNWDGDQ KDUHket eden Gray’e göre, gloEDOOHúPH oD÷ÕQGD ROXQGX÷XQXQ V|\OHQPHVL D\QÕ ]DPDQGD KHPHQ KHPHQ KHU WRSOXPXQ VDQD\LOHúWL÷LQL\DGDVDQD\LOHúPH\HEDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕV|\OHPHNGHPHNWLU43
7DQÕPODUÕQJ|VWHUGL÷LJLELJOREDOOHúPHGHQV|]HWWL÷LPL]GHVDGHFHXOXVDO devletlHULQ UROQ DUND SODQD LWHQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ DNW|UOHULQ \|Q YHUGL÷L ELU VUHFL WDQÕPODPÕ\RUX] $\QÕ ]DPDQGD ELU SROLWLN-LGHRORMLN H÷LOLPL JOREDOL]P YH WRSOXPODUÕQ NDUúÕOÕNOÕ ED÷OÕOÕN D÷ODUÕQÕQ YFXW YHUGL÷L GQ\D WRSOXPX JLEL VRV\RORMLN ROXúXPX JOREDOLWH GD J|UQWOHPLú ROX\RUX] %XQXQOD EHUDEHU *LGGHQV¶LQ EHOLUWWL÷L JLEL JOREDOOHúPH WDUDIVÕ] ELU úHNLOGH JHOLúHQ YH WDPDPHQ ROXPOX VRQXoODU LoHUHQ ELU ROJX GD VD\ÕODPD]44 g]HOOLNOH %DWÕ GÕúÕ WRSOXPODU DoÕVÕQGDQ UDKDWVÕ]HGLFLGHUHFHGH%DWÕOÕODúPD YH\DJOREDO düzende ABD’nin tek KDNLPJoROGX÷XJ|]|QQHDOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD$PHULNDODúPDGDVD\ÕOPDNWDGÕU
%XE|OPGHJOREDOL]PLQoHúLWOLWDQÕPODUÕQDYHNDYUDPÕQJHoLUGL÷LHYULPH \HU YHULOGL %LU VRQUDNL E|OPGH JOREDOL]PLQ 8ø DODQÕQGDNL ER\XWODUÕ HOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU
1.3.8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU%D÷ODPÕQGD*OREDOL]PLQ%R\XWODUÕ
*OREDOOHúPH oRN ER\XWOX ELU NDUDNWHUH VDKLS ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH JHQHOGH HNRQRPLN ER\XWX |Q SODQD oÕNDUÕOPDNWDGÕU )DNDW JOREDOOHúPH\H LOLúNLQ |QFO oDOÕúPDODUGDKDoRNVRV\RORMLNDODQGD\DSÕOPÕúWÕU45%XQXQODELUOLNWHXOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHU ED÷ODPÕQGD JOREDOOHúPHQLQ HQ ID]OD HWNLOHGL÷L G|UW DODQGDQ V|] HWPHN mümkündür. Bunlar ekonomik, siyasal, kültürel ve askeri ER\XWODUGÕU
%XJQ JOREDOOHúPHQLQ HQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN KLVVHGLOGL÷L DODQ HNRnomik boyutXGXU øQVDQODUÕQ YH WRSOXPODUÕQ \DúDPÕQÕ HQ NÕVD G|QHPde ve en somut
42 Douglas Kellner, “Globalization and the Postmodem Turn”, Roland Axtmann (der.),
Globalization and Europe: Theoretical and Empirical Investgations, Londra, Pinter, 1998, s.
23.
43 John Gray, 6DKWHùDIDN, dHY*OdD÷DOÕ*YHQøVWDQEXO2P<D\ÕQODUÕV
44 Bkz. A., Giddens, (OLPL]GHQ.DoÕS*LGHQ'Q\D.UHVHOOHúPH+D\DWÕPÕ]Õ1DVÕO<HQLGHQ
ùHNLOOHQGLUL\RU"dHY2$NÕQKD\$OID<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOVVYHGHYDPÕ
45 Bkz. Robertson, Globalization ve Malcolm Waters, Globalization, Londra, Routledge, 1995.
$\QÕ NRQXGD D\UÕFD EN] /HVOLH 6NLDLU Sociology oftke Global System, New York, Harvester, 1991.
RODUDN HWNLOHPHVL QHGHQL\OH HNRQRPL JOREDOOHúPHQLQ EHOLUOH\LFL XQVXUX ROPDNWDGÕU )DNDW oR÷X ]DPDQ VHUPD\HQLQ XOXVODUDUDVÕODúPDVÕ YH NDUúÕOÕNOÕ HNRQRPLN ED÷ÕPOÕOÕ÷ÕQ DUWPDVÕ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ YH WDQÕPODQDQ JOREDOOHúPH EXEDNÕúoHUoHYHVLQGHHNRQRPLQLQGL÷HUXQVXUODUÕQÕGÕúODPDNWDGÕUgUQH÷LQ+LUVW YH 7KRPSVRQ¶XQ JOREDOOHúPHQLQ ELU ³PLW´ ROGX÷XQX YXUJXODGÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD ROGX÷X JLEL ELUoRN oDOÕúPD JOREDOOHúPH\L \DOQÕ]FD Hkonomik ER\XWX\OD HOH DOPDNWDGÕU46%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH JOREDOOHúPH\L VDYXQDQODUÕQ oRN D]Õ
ulus-üstü JoOHULQ EHOLUOH\LFL ROGX÷X ELU GQ\D HNRQRPLVL NDYUDPÕ
JHOLúWLUHELOPLúWLU
*OREDOOHúPH\HROXPOX\|QGHQ\DNODúDQODUJOREDOELUHNRQRPLnin dünyaya egemen olmaVÕQÕQ\DGDXOXVDOHNRQRPLOHULQJOREDOOHúPHVLQLQQLPHWOHULQGHQV|] HWPHNWHGLUOHU 2OXPVX] \|QGHQ EDNDQODU LVH JOREDOOHúPHQLQ merkez-çevre /
Kuzey-*QH\ JHOLúPLúOLN-D] JHOLúPLúOLN XoXUXPXQX GDKD GD E\WW÷Q
VDYXQPDNWDGÕUODU +DQJL DoÕGDQ EDNÕOÕUVD EDNÕOVÕQ JOREDOOHúPHQLQ HWNLOHULQLQ JHQHOOLNOH.X]H\¶GHROXPOX*QH\¶GHROXPVX]ELUELoLPGHRUWD\DoÕNWÕ÷ÕNDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPXQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQL LVH XOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHrin göreceli \HQLDNW|URODQYHJHQHOOLNOHGHXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPGHGHYOetin konumunun önüne JHoWL÷LLGGLDHGLOHQoRNXOXVOXúLUNHWOHUGLU%XúLUNHWOHULQKHPHQWDPDPÕQÕQ%DWÕOÕ YHJHOLúPLúONHN|NHQOLROPDODUÕEXGXUXPXGR÷XUPDNWDGÕU%XUDGDVHUPD\HQLQ \D\JÕQOÕ÷Õ oRN ID]OD ELU DQODP LIDGH HWPHPHNWH JOREDOOHúPHQLQ GHUHFHVLni, sermayeQLQNLPLQHOLQGHWRSODQGÕ÷ÕEHOLUOHPHNWHGLU
$VOÕQGDEHOOLELUGHUHFHGHHNRQRPLNJOREDOOHúPHQLQEHOLUOHGL÷L\DGDRQXQ ELUVRQXFXRODQVL\DVDOJOREDOOHúPHLVHGL÷HUER\XWODUGDQED÷ÕPVÕ]ROPDNVÕ]ÕQLNL |QHPOL WDUWÕúPD\Õ RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕúWÕU LONL JOREDOOHúPHQLQ –devletin zemini olan VL\DVDO WRSOXOXN DQODPÕ\OD- XOXVX SRVPRGHUQOHúWLUGL÷L EX QHGHQOH GHYOHWLQ PHúUXOX÷XQX GD\DQGÕUDFD÷Õ ³\HQL´ WRSOXOX÷X EHOLUOHPHGH ERFDODPD\D EDúODGÕ÷ÕGÕU *OREDOOHúPH NRQXVXQGDNL WDUWÕúPDODUÕQ |]HO ELU |QHP WDúÕPDVÕQÕQ özünde, globalOHúPHQLQ XOXVXQ QLWHOL÷LQL G|QúWUS G|QúWUPH\HFH÷L YH EX dün\D G]HQLQLQ DPSLULN YH QRUPDWLI WHPHOOHULQL \HQLGHQ ROXúWXUXS
WXUPD\DFD÷Õ EXOXQPDNWDGÕU47 =LUD JHQHO J|Uú JOREDOOHúPHQLQ ulus-devlet EWQO÷Q SDUoDODGÕ÷Õ YH RQXQ GD\DQGÕ÷Õ KHP VL\DVDO WRSOXOX÷XQ VRV\RORMLN PDKL\HWLQL KHP GH EX WRSOXOX÷XQ PHúUX NÕOGÕ÷Õ HJHPHQOL÷L VL\DVDO LNWLGDUÕ G|QúWUPHNWHROGX÷XGXU48
Ulus-GHYOHWLQGHEXDQODPGDWDUWÕúÕOPD\DEDúODQPDVÕ JOREDOOHúPH\OHHú]DPDQOÕRODUDNV|]NRQXVXROPXúWXU7HNQRORMLNJHOLúPHOHUYH EXQDED÷OÕRODUDNHNRQRPLNYHVL\DVDOJHOLúPHOHULQXOXV-devletin önemini kaybet-WLUGL÷L LGGLDVÕ DUWÕN GDKD ID]OD VDYXQXOPDNWDGÕU g]HOOLNOH 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ G|QHPGH NL JHQHO RODUDN JOREDOOHúPH\OH D\QÕ ]DPDQ GLOLmini ifade etmektedir, oRN VD\ÕGD \HQL GHYOHW RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU .XUXOGX÷X \ÕO RODQ ¶GH %0¶GH dünya nüfusunun %70’i (51 ülke) temsil edilirken, bugün bu oran %99,9’a (189 ONH\NVHOPLúWLU49<DOQÕ]FD–DUDVÕQGD%0¶\H\HQL\HRODQONHVD\ÕVÕ ¶GÕU *OREDOOHúPHQLQ XOXV-GHYOHWL VRQD HUGLUGL÷LQL LIDGH HWPHN LoLQ KHQ] erkendir. Fakat ulus-GHYOHWLQ JHOHQHNVHO LúOHYLQL \LWLUGL÷L \D GD EX LúOHYLQ IDUNOÕODúWÕ÷Õ JHUoH÷L JOREDOOHúPHQLQ KHP \DQOÕODUÕ KHP GH NDUúÕWODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ kabul edilen bir durumdur.
Ulus-devOHWLQ\DUOÕ÷ÕQÕNÕVDVUHGHYHNROD\OÕNODND\EHWPHVLQLQELUQHGHQL GHWDULKVHOJHoPLúL\OHLOJLOLGLU8OXV-GHYOHWLQRUWD\DoÕNÕúÕYH\D\ÕOPDVÕNDSLWDOLVW GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQLQ JHOLúLPLQH SDUDOHO RODUDN JHUoHNOHúPLúWLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELU yönüyle ulus-devletin vaUOÕNQHGHQLNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPGLU%XQHGHQOHNDSLWDOL]P YDUOÕ÷ÕP NRUXGX÷X VUHFH XOXV-GHYOHWLQ GH YDU ROPDVÕQÕQ HQ D]ÕQGDQ ]RUXQOX ROGX÷XV|\OHQHELlir.
6L\DVDO JOREDOOHúPHQLQ LNLQFL WDUWÕúPD NRQXVX LVH GHYOHWLQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHUGHNL ³DNW|U´ NRQXPX ]HULQHGLU øNL NXWXSOX VLVWHPLQ VRQD HUPHVLQL 8ø DoÕVÕQGDQ ELU NÕUÕOPD QRNWDVÕ RODUDN J|UHQ DNDGHPLV\HQOHU JHQHO RODUDN LNL\H D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU'HYOHWLQ|QHPLQLKDOHQNRUXGX÷XQXYHXOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHULQWHPHO DNW|UQQ KDOHQ GHYOHW ROGX÷XQX VDYXQDQODr klasik-JHOHQHNVHO EDNÕú DoÕVÕQÕQ
47 David Held ve Anthony McGrew, “The End of the Old Order? Globalization and the Prospects
for World Order”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 24, No 3,1998, s. 219.
48$OL<DúDU6DUÕED\³.UHVHOOHúPH3RVWPRGHUQ8OXVODúPDYHøVODP´.H\PDQYH6DUÕED\GHU
KUHVHOOHúPH6LYLO7RSOXPYHøVODP, s. 16.
49 The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
WDUDIWDUODUÕGÕUODU 'DKD UDGLNDO SHUVSHNWLIWHQ EDNDQODU GHYOHWOHULQ KDOD HQ |QHPOL DNW|UROXSROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕVRUJXODPDNWDGÕUODU
*OREDOOHúPHQLQVL\DVDOER\XWX8øOLWHUDWUQGHDVOÕQGDLONRODUDN¶OL \ÕOODUGDV|]NRQXVXROPXúWXUg]HOOLNOHøNLQFL'Q\D6DYDúÕ¶QGDQVRQUDVD\ÕODUÕ YH HWNLQOLN DODQODUÕ DUWDQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ |UJWOHU YH oRNXOXVOX úLUNHWOHULQ YDUOÕ÷Õ VL\DVDO HWNLQOLNOHULQ DUWÕN XOXV-GHYOHWOH VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕODPD\DFD÷Õ YH EX QHGHQOH GH XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHUL uluslaUDúÕUÕ LOLúNLOHU RODUDN J|UPHQLQ GDKD DQODPOÕ ROGX÷X GúQFHVLQL JQGHPH JHWLUPLúWLU50
<D\JÕQ J|UúH J|UH JOREDO VL\DVDO VLVWHP EXJQ DUWÕN VDGHFH XOXV-GHYOHWOHU YH EX GHYOHWOHU DUDVÕQGDNL LWWLIDN YH JUXSODúPDODUGDQ ROXúPDPDNWDGÕU51 Daha ileri düzeyde, çoNXOXVOX úLUNHWOHUL XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHULQ ELU QXPDUDOÕ DNW|U RODUDN J|UHQ J|UúOHUGH V|] konusudur.52 8OXVODUDUDVÕ |UJWOHULQ YH oRNXOXVOX úLUNHWOHULQ GHYOHWOHU JLEL XOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHULQ|QHPOLELUHUDNW|UROGX÷XQXVDYXQDQEXJ|UúOHUGHYOHW egemenOL÷L V|\OHPLQLQ NXUDPVDO G]H\GH D\UÕFDOÕNOÕ NRQXPXQX NRUXPDNOD ELUOLNWH GHYOHW PHUNH]OL ELU GQ\D DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ EÕUDNÕS çok-merkezli bir dünya DQOD\ÕúÕQD JHoPHQLQ |QHPLQL YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU53 %X ED÷ODPGD .H\PDQ VL\DVDO HWNLQOL÷L \DúDPD JHoLUHQ DNW|UOHULQ oRN-PHUNH]OL QLWHOL÷L WHPHOLQGH XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHUH \DNODúDQ transnasyonalizm WHRULVLQLQ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD ELU VL\DVDO JOREDOOHúPH WHRULVL ROGX÷XQX |QH VUPHNWHGLU54
Bu noktada devletin içsel HJHPHQOL÷LQLQ VDKLS ROGX÷X LúOHYLQ |QHPOL GHUHFHGH GH÷LúWL÷L V|\OHQebilir. *OREDOOHúPHVUHFLQGHEXLúOHYLQELU\DQGDQQIX]DODQÕGDUDOÕUNHQGL÷HU\DQGDQ ³XOXVDO´ QLWHOL÷L XOXVODUDUDVÕ YH XOXV-VW G]OHPOHUH ND\PÕúWÕU g]HOOLNOH VRQ \ÕOODUGD JOREDOOHúPH\OH ELUOLNWH GH÷HUOHQGLULOHQ YH EX ED÷ODPGD GD ³ROPD]VD olmaz” bLUQLWHOL÷HVDKLSRODQLQVDQKDNODUÕve demokrasi ROJXODUÕDUWÕND÷ÕUOÕNOÕ EXG]OHPOHUGHDQODPND]DQPDNWDGÕU$YUXSD%LUOL÷L$YUXSD+DNODQ0DKNHPHVL 50%N]()XDW.H\PDQ³*OREDOOHúPHYH7UNL\H5DGLNDO'HPRNUDVL2ODVÕOÕ÷Õ´()XDW.H\PDQ YH$OL<DúDU6DUÕED\GHU.UHVHOOHúPH6LYLO7RSOXPYHøVODP, $QNDUD9DGL\D\ÕQODUÕ s. 37. 51 Shaw, Theory, s. 21.
52 “Globalization and Internationalization: The Dynamics of the Emerging World Order”,
Robert Boyer ve Daniel Drache (der.), States Against Markets: The Umits of Globalization,
Londra ve New York, Routledge, 1996, ss. 73-77
53.H\PDQ³*OREDOOHúPH´V 54 Ibid., s. 37.
JLEL NXUXPVDO \DSÕODQPDODU E|OJHVHO QLWHOLNOL ROPDODUÕQD NDUúÕQ |]HOOLNOH V|] konusu iki alanda globalGH÷HUOHUYHLONHOHUROXúWXUPDNWDGÕUODU
*OREDOOHúPHQLQ NOWUHO ER\XWX LVH NHQGL LoLQGH oHOLúNLOLGLU 'Q\DGD ³JOREDO´ELUNOWUQROXúPDNWDROGX÷XELUJHUoHNWLU)DNDW6KDZ¶ÕQGDLIDGHHWWL÷L JLEL EX JHUoHN \DOQÕ]FD LOHWLúLP DUDoODUÕQÕQ G|QúP YH JOREDO LOHWLúLP VLVWHPOHULQLQ JHOLúPHVLQGHQ \D GD +ROO\ZRRG YH &11¶LQ VWDQGDUW NOWUHO UQOHULQLQJOREDO\D\ÕOPDVÕQGDQoÕNDQELUVRQXoGH÷LOGLUøQVDQODUHNRQRPLNYH VL\DVDO JOREDOOHúPH\OH ELUOLNWH \DúDPODUÕQÕ RUWDN EHNOHQWL GH÷HU YH KHGHIOHUH yöneltme\HEDúODPÕúODUGÕU%XNOWUHOQRUPODUVWDQGDUWELU\DúDPWDU]ÕQÕUHIDK KDNNÕ YDWDQGDúOÕN KDNODUÕ GHPRNUDVL HWQLN YH GLQVHO KDNODU XOXVoXOXN NDGÕQ-HUNHNHúLWOL÷LLoHUPHNWHGLU55%XNDYUDPODUÕQoR÷X%DWÕWDUDIÕQGDQ³\DUDWÕOPÕú´YH HPSR]HHGLOPLúROPDNODYHIDUNOÕWRSOXPODUGDIDUNOÕDQODPODUWDúÕPDNODELUOLNWH bugün dünyada bizatiKL\DúDPÕQNHQGLVLGXUXPXQDJHOPLúOHUGLU%XDQODPGDELU JOREDONOWUQYH|]HOOLNOHELUJOREDOVL\DVDONOWUQYDUOÕ÷ÕQGDQV|]HGLOHbilir. )DNDWJOREDOOHúPHQLQLoLQGHEDUÕQGÕUGÕ÷Õ\RODoWÕ÷Õ\DGDDPDoODGÕ÷ÕKHU³QH´LVH onun tek mi, çok mu yoksa melez PL ROGX÷X RODFD÷Õ ROPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQH YHULOHFHN \DQÕW WDUWÕúPDOÕGÕU *OREDOOHúPH WHN ELU RUWDN NOWU P oRN NOWUOO÷P\RNVDELUPHOH]NOWrü mü ifade etmektedir? Böyle bir sorunun \DQÕWÕJOREDOOHúPHNDUúÕVÕQGDDOÕQDFDNJHQHOWDYÕUDoÕVÕQGDQEHOLUOH\LFLGLU
.OWUQ JOREDOOHúPHVL VUHFLQGHNL EHONL GH HQ oDUSÕFÕ oHOLúNL JOREDOOHúPH\OHELUOLNWH³\HUHO´LQGH|QHPND]DQPÕúROPDVÕGÕU%X|\OHKDFLPOL YHKÕ]OÕELUELoLPGHJHUoHNOHúPLúWLUNL³JOREDOOHúPHHúLWWLU\HUHOOHúPH´ELoLPLQGH JHQHO ELU NDEXO ROXúPXúWXU 5REHUWVRQ ³JOREDOLQ \HUHOOHúPHVL´ YH ³\HUHOLQ JOREDOOHúPHVL´ELoLPLQGHWDQÕPODGÕ÷ÕEXLoLoHJLUPLúOL÷Lglokal (küyerel) olarak DGODQGÕUPDNWDGÕU %X noktada Önemli olan, global-\HUHO HWNLOHúLPLQLQ XOXVDO-toplumsal, ulusal devlet, ulusal egemenlik, ulusal kimlik, ulusal ekonomi gibi NDYUDPODUÕEHOOLELUPHúUXOXNNUL]L\OHNDUúÕNDUúÕ\DEÕUDNPDVÕGÕUøúWHEXED÷ODPGD \XNDUÕGD GD EDKVHWWL÷LPL] PX÷ODN duruP RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU =LUD PRGHUQLWH
55 Martin, Shaw, Global Society and International Relations, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1994. ss.
SURMHVLQLQ NUL]LQLQ QH ROGX÷X YH EX NUL]L DúDFDN PHNDQL]PDODUÕQ QHOHU RODFD÷Õ NRQXVXQGDKHPXOXVDOKHPGHJOREDOLOLúNLOHUGHELUNRQVHQVV\RNWXU56
1LFKROVRQ ³NOWUHO HPSHU\DOL]P´ RODUDN WDQÕPODGÕ÷Õ ELoLPL\OH globallHúPHQLQ GQ\D NOWUQQ ³KRPRMHQOHúWLULOPHVL´ DQODPÕQÕ WDúÕGÕ÷ÕQÕ vurgularken,57%DWÕX\JDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQGQ\DQÕQLONJHUoHNJOREDONOWUQ\DUDWWÕ÷ÕQÕ VDYXQDQ 6S\EH\¶H J|UH LVH EX V|] NRQXVX JOREDO NOWUQ KDOD %DWÕOÕ ONHOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ NRQWURO HGLOPH\H GHYDP HWWL÷LQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU 6S\EH\¶H J|UH JOREDO NXUXPODUÕQ YDUOÕNODUÕQÕ VUGUPHVL DVOÕQGD JOREDO oDSWDNL WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHULQ DUWDUDN VUPHVLQH ED÷OÕGÕU GDKDVÕ %DWÕOÕ ROPD\DQ IDNDW %DWÕOÕ kültürel kurumODU WDUDIÕQGDQ HWNLOHQPLú EXQX NHQGL DOÕúNDQOÕNODUÕ\OD ELUOLNWH \HQLGHQ UHWPLúYHVUHoLoLQGHJOREDO NOWUH HNOHQPLú ELUoRN |UQHN ROD\ YDU-GÕU58
*OREDOOHúPHQLQ HWNLOHGL÷L GL÷HU ELU DODQVD JYHQOLNWLU %X HWNLOHúLP R NDGDUDUWPÕúWÕUNLJYHQOLNNDYUDPÕQÕQ\HQLGHQWDQÕPODQPDVÕHQGVWULOHúPLútir.59 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ G|QHPGH JYHQOLN NDYUDPÕQÕQ LoHUL÷L GH÷LúPLú WHKGLW ROXúWXUDQXQVXUODUGDIDUNOÕODúPÕúYHVD\ÕODUÕGDDUWPÕúWÕU%XGH÷LúLPGHYOHWOHULQ JYHQOLN DOJÕODPDODUÕQÕ GD GH÷LúWLUPLúWLU 6RQXoWD ulusal güvenlik yeniden WDQÕPODQPDN YH ulusDO JYHQOLN SROLWLNDODUÕ da yeniden üretilmek zorunda NDOÕQPÕúWÕU
.ODVLN DQODPÕ\OD XOXVDOJYHQOLN GHYOHWLQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ VUGUH-bilmesi için XOXVDOYHXOXVODUDUDVÕRUWDPGDQNHQGLVLQH\|QHOHQWHKGLWOHULQDVÕODOJÕODGÕ÷ÕQÕYH \DQÕWODGÕ÷ÕQÕ LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %X DQODPÕ\OD XOXVDO JYHQOLN GH÷LúLPH DoÕN YH HVQHN ELU UHIOHNVWLU 'HYOHWLQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQD WHKGLW ROXúWXUDQ XQVXUODUÕ EHOLUOHPHVL YH EXQXEHUWDUDIHWPHNDPDFÕQD\|QHOLNRODUDNGDYUDQÕúNDOÕSODQJHOLúWLUPHVLXOXVDO güvenli÷L EHOLUOHPHNWH YH ELoLPOHQGLUPHNWHGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD GHYOHWLQ EHNDVÕQÕ VD÷OD\DFDN KHU WUO \DNODúÕP JYHQOLN NDSVDPÕQGD GH÷HUOHQGLULOmektedir.
56 )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ ³*LULú *OREDO-Yerel Eksende Türkiye, Siyaset ve
7RSOXPVDO <DúDP´ ( )XDW .H\PDQ YH $OL <DúDU 6DUÕED\ GHU Global / Yerel Ekseninde
Türkiye, øVWDQEXO$OID<D\ÕQODQVV–2.
57 Michael Nicholson, International Relations, Londra, McMillan Press, 1998, ss. 87–89. 58 Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Policy, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1996, s. 7.
59 David A. Baldwin, “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Relations, Cilt 23, No
7DULKVHO VUHoWH JYHQOL÷LQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN ³Jo´ ROJXVX\OD LOLúNLOHQGLULOPHVL nedeniyle, ulusal güvenlik, neredeyse bütünüyle “askeri” bir nLWHOLNND]DQPÕúYH EX ELoLPGH GH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU *HOHneksel anlamda ulusal güvenlik, öncelikle, XOXVDO DPDoODUÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUPHN LoLQ NXOODQÕODQ \|QWHPOHUL WDQÕPOD\DQ DVNHUL kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir.60
%X QHGHQOH GH XOXVDO JYHQOLN DOJÕODPDODUÕQD ve poliWLNDODUÕQD realizm HJHPHQ ROPXúWXU %X GXUXP |]HOOLNOH 6R÷XN 6DYDú G|QHPLQGH HQ Xo QRNWDGD \DúDQPÕúWÕUg\OHNL LGHDOL]PLQXOXVODUDUDVÕ JYHQOL÷L VD÷ODPD \|QQGH EDúOÕFD DUDo NDEXO HWWL÷L YH øNLQFL 'Q\D 6DYDúÕ VRQUDVÕQGD QHUHGH\VH PNHPPHOOHúHQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ |UJWOHU ELOH UHDOL]PLQ HJHPHQOL÷LQL \ÕNDPDPÕúODUGÕU $NDGHPLN RODUDN GD )UHHGPDQ¶ÕQ EHOLUWWL÷L JLEL XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHUGH |UJWO úLGGHWL |]HQGLUHQ \D GD FD\GÕUDQ NRúXOODU YH KHU WUO DVNHUL IDDOL\HWLQ VUGrülmesi, bugün hâlâ uluslarDUDVÕJYHQOL÷LQoDOÕúPDNRQXODUÕQÕROXúWXUPDNWDYHXOXVODUDUDVÕ JYHQOLN oDOÕúPDODUÕ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN ³VDYDú´ YH ³EDUÕú´ NRQXODUÕQGDNL HQ WHPHO VRUXODUÕ YH EX NRQXODUGD GHYOHWOHULQ VRUXPOXOXNODUÕQÕ LQFHOHPH\H GHYDP etmektedir.61
6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ G|QHPGH JYHQOLN NDYUDPÕQD HQ |QHPOL HOHúWLUL OLEHUDOL]PGHQJHOPLúWLU/LEHUDOOHUHJ|UHEXG|QHPGHJYHQOLN³GHYOHWPHUNH]OL´ ROPDNWDQ ³ELUH\ PHUNH]OL´ ROPD\D GR÷UX ELU RGDN GH÷LúLPL J|VWHUPLúWLU /LEHUDOOHULQVDQKDNODUÕWDOHSOHULELoLPLQHG|QúHQ³ELUH\VHl güvenlik” ile ulusal düzeyde “kolektif güvenlik” ara\ÕúODUÕ DUDVÕQGD oRN VÕNÕ ED÷ODQWÕODU ROGX÷XQX VDYXQPDNWDGÕUODU %X J|UúH J|UH LQVDQ KDNODUÕ LKODOOHUL XOXVDO JYHQOL÷L SHNLúWLUPHN\HULQHGHYOHWLQYHUHMLPLQPHúUXL\HW]HPLQLQL\RNHGHUHNWRSOXPVal EDUÕúYHJYHQOL÷H]DUDUYHUPHNWHGLUgWH\DQGDQLQVDQKDNODUÕXOXVDOJYHQOL÷L WHKGLW GH÷LO WDKNLP HGHUNHQ VLVWHPDWLN YH \D\JÕQ LQVDQ KDNODUÕ LKODOOHUL \DSDQ GHYOHWOHU GH \DOQÕ] XOXVDO GH÷LO IDNDW E|OJHVHO YH NUHVHO JYHQOL÷L GH ]RUD VRNPDNWDGÕUODU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD XOXVDO JYHQOL÷LQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ YH NRUXQPDVÕ LQVDQ KDNODUÕ ]HPLQLQGH ELUH\VHO JYHQOL÷LQ JHUoHNOHúPHVLQH ED÷OÕGÕU <LQH D\QÕ
60 David Held ve Anthony McGrew, “The End of the Old Order? Globalization and the Prospects
for World Order”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 24, No 3,1998, s. 226.
61 /DZUHQFH )UHHGPDQ 8OXVODUDUDVÕ *YHQOLN 'H÷LúHQ +HGHIOHU Foreign Policy
\DNODúÕPDJ|UH³XOXVDOJYHQOLN´DGÕDOWÕQGDKHGHIOHQHQ³NROHNWLI´JYHQOL÷LQGH ELUH\PHUNH]OLELUDQOD\ÕúOD\HQLGHQWDQÕPODQPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU62
Bugün ulusal güvenlik doktrini,63 modern devletin ilkelerini taQÕPOD\DQ temellerden biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Modern devleWLQ XOXVXQX GÕú WHKGLWOHUH NDUúÕ NRUXPD NDSDVLWHVLQLQ |]HUNOL÷L HJHPHQOL÷LQ JHOHQHNVHO anlD\ÕúÕQÕQ WHPHO XQVXUXGXU *HOHQHNVHO DQODPGD XOXVDO JYHQOLN |QFHOLNOH XOXVDO DPDoODUÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUPHN LoLQ NXOODQÕODQ \|QWHPOHUL WDQÕPOD\DQ DVNHUL kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir.64 %XGXUXPKDOHQJHoHUOLOL÷LQLNRUXPDNODELUOLNWH JYHQOLN ROJXVXQGDNL GH÷LúLP NDYUDPÕQ LoHUL÷LQL YH LúOHYLQL GH÷LúWLUPH\H EDúODPÕúWÕU65 'HYOHWLQJYHQOL÷LQGHQ|QFHOLNOLRODUDN³LQVDQ´ÕQJYHQOL÷LQLHVDV DODQ JOREDO JYHQOLN DQOD\ÕúÕQD JHoLú66 XOXVDO JYHQOLN SROLWLNDODUÕQÕQ J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHVLQL]RUXQOXNÕOPDNWDGÕUgWH\DQGDQ güvenlik günGHPLQGHNLJHQLúOHPH VDYXQPD YH JYHQOLN SROLWLNDODUÕQGD GD JHQLúOHPH\H \RO DoPÕú EX GD DVNHUL JOREDOOHúPHQLQGHYOHWLQHJHPHQOL÷L]HULQGHNLHWNLVLQLJQGHPHJHWLUPLúWLU67
$VNHUL JOREDOOHúPH DVOÕQGD VRQ \]\ÕOGD J|]OH J|UOU ELU DUWÕú gösWHUPLúWLU -HRSROLWLN UHNDEHW YH E\N JoOHULQ HPSHU\DOL]PL XOXVODUDUDVÕ LWWLIDNVLVWHPOHULQLQJHOLúPHVLXOXVODUDUDVÕJYHQOLN\DSÕODUÕDVNHULWHNQRORMLOHULQ GQ\DoDSÕQGD\D\ÕOPDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHGQ\DVLODKWLFDUHWLQLQRUWD\DoÕNPDVÕDVNHUL alanda global rejimlerin kurumsalODúPDVÕ ³QNOHHU VLODKVÕ]ODQPD UHMLPL´ JLEL DVNHULJOREDOOHúPH\L\DQVÕWDQROXúXPODUGÕU$VNHULJOREDOOHúPHGQ\DVLVWHPLQGH VL\DVDO ELULPOHU DUDVÕQGD E\\HQ DVNHUL LOLúNLOHULQ \D\ÕOPDVÕQÕ YH \R÷XQOX÷XQX VRPXWODúWÕUDQELUVUHoRODUDNGDHOHDOÕQDELOLU%XGQ\D\ÕMHRVWUDWHMLNELUDODQ
62øKVDQ''D÷ÕøQVDQ+DNODQ.UHVHO6L\DVHWYH7UNL\H, øVWDQEXO%R\XW.LWDSODUÕV
210.
63 8OXVDO JYHQOLN NRQXVXQGD ODUÕQ LNLQFL \DQVÕQGD \DSÕOPÕú YH NDYUDPÕQ JHoPLúL LOH
ND]DQGÕ÷Õ\HQLLoHUL÷LLUGHOH\HQJHQLúNDSVDPOÕELUoDOÕúPDLoLQEN]3HWHU.DW]HQVWHLQGHUThe
Cviture of'National Security: Norm and Identity in World Politics, New York, Columbia
University Press, 1996.
64 Held ve McGrevv, "The End of", s. 226.
65*YHQOLNNDYUDPÕQÕQND]DQGÕ÷ÕJHQLúER\XWXLQFHOH\HUHNJHQHOELUoHUoHYHoL]HQELUoDOÕúPD
olarak bkz. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security
Studies in the Post-Çold War Era, Boulder, Lynee Rienner, 1991. GüYHQOLNNDYUDPÕQGDNL\HQL \DNODúÕPODU NRQXVXQGD JHQHO ELU oDOÕúPD RODUDN EN] 0LFKDHO &ODUNH Nem Pefspectives on
Security, Londra, Brassey's, 1993.
66 %X DQOD\ÕúÕQ WHPHO LONHOHULQL RUWD\D NR\DQ OLEHUDO ELU \DNODúÕP LoLQ EN]. The Report of the
Commission on Global Governance, ss. 78–85.
RODUDN JLWWLNoH GDKD ID]OD ELUOHúWLUHQ DVNHUL LOLúNLOHUL YH EX LOLúNLOHUGHNL JHQLúOHPH\L LIDGH HGHU %X VUHoWH KHP DVNHUL Jo PHUNH]OHUL ELUELULQH \DNÕQODúPÕú KHP GH oDWÕúPD LKWLPDOL DUWPÕúWÕU 6R÷XN 6DYDú¶ÕQ VRQD HUPHVL\OH ELUOLNWH JOREDO G]H\GH DUWDQ DVNHUL YH JYHQOLN LOLúNLOHULQLQ \DSÕVÕ ELU \DQGDQ JHOHQHNVHO oRN NXWXSOX Jo SROLWLNDVÕQÕ \DQVÕWÕUNHQ GL÷HU \DQGDQ |]HOOLNOH $%'¶QLQVSHUJoVWDWVDoÕVÕQGDQGH÷HUOHQGLULOGL÷LQGHHúLROPayan bir özellik J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 6R÷XN 6DYDú¶ÕQ VRQD HUPHVL\OH $%' YH 5XV\D¶QÕQ DVNHUL YDUOÕNODUÕQÕQ E|OJHVHO YH \HUHO oDWÕúPDODUGDNL LGGLDODUÕQÕQ \HQLGHQ V|] NRQXVX ROPDVÕ VRQXFXQGD GQ\DQÕQ E|OJHVHO JYHQOLN NRPSOHNVOHULQH D\UÕOPDVÕQD gidecek biçimde XOXVODUDUDVÕJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQGHELUDGHPL-PHUNH]LOHúPHH÷LOLPL EDúODPÕúWÕU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ JYHQOL÷LQ EX ELoLPGH E|OJHVHOOHúPHVL 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕDVNHULJYHQOLNG]HQLQLQ|QHPOLELUD\ÕUÕFÕ|]HOOL÷LGLU
8OXVODUDUDVÕ JYHQOL÷LQ G|QúP VUHFLQGH G|UW XQVXU |QH oÕNPDNWDGÕU %LULQFLVL JOREDO G]H\GH LúELUOL÷LQH GD\DOÕ DVNHUL YH JYHQOLN G]HQOHPHOHULQH GR÷UXELUJLGLúYDUGÕU'HYOHWOHUDUDVÕoDWÕúPDODUGDQNDoÕQPDLVWH÷LoRNWDUDIOÕYH NROHNWLI VDYXQPD G]HQOHPHOHULQL ]D\ÕIODWPDPÕú DNVLQH JoOHQGLUPLúWLU 6R÷XN 6DYDú¶ÕQ VRQDHUPHVL\OHJHQHOGHWDKPLQHGLOGL÷L ELoLPGH 1$72 \RN ROPDPÕú DNVLQHGDKDGDJHQLúOH\HUHNJoOHQPLúWLU%0¶QLQEDUÕúÕVD÷ODPDEDUÕúÕNRUXPD faaliyetleri ve kolektif güvenlik LúOHYOHUL J|]OH J|UOHELOLU KDOH JHOPLúWLU øNLQci olarak, GHYOHWOHUDUDVÕQGD ILQDQVDO WLFDUL YH HNRQRPLN ED÷ODUÕQ \R÷XQOX÷X GHYOHWOHULQ VL\DVDO YH HNRQRPLN LVWLNUDUVÕ]OÕ÷D GúPH SRWDQVL\HOLQL DUWÕUPÕúWÕU hoQFV XOXVDO JYHQOLN WHKGLWOHUL oRN \D\JÕQ KDOH JHOPLú YH \DOQÕ]FD DVNHUL QLWHOL÷HVDKLSROPDNWDQoÕNPÕúWÕU%XQHGHQOHXOXVDOJYHQOLNWHKGLWOHULQHNDUúÕ ortak bir global mekanizPD\D WDOHS DUWPÕúWÕU 6RQ RODUDN GD E\N JoOHULQ IDDOL\HWOHULWPXOXVODUYHEXQODUÕQELUELUOHULQHNDUúÕWDNÕQDFDNODUÕDVNHULWDYÕUODU DoÕVÕQGDQ VRQ GHUHFH |QHPOL KDOH JHOPLúWLU dQN EX ONHOHULQ DVNHUL DODQGD L]OHGLNOHUL SROLWLNDODU GQ\DQÕQ EWQ E|OJHOHULQL HWNLOHPH NDSDVLWHVLQH XODúPÕúWÕU68
%X E|OPGH JOREDOOHúPHQLQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHU ED÷ODPÕQGD JOREDOOHúPHQLQ HQ ID]OD HWNLOHGL÷L G|UW DODQGDQ -ekonomik, siyasal, kültürel ve
ø.ø1&ø%g/h0
*/2%$/ø=09(8/86/$5$5$6,ø/øù.ø/(5
8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU7HRULOHUL
0HYFXW 8ø WHRULOHUL XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHUL WDQÕPODPDNWD YH XOXVODUDUDVÕ DNW|UOHULQLOLúNLOHULQLDoÕNODPDNGDPRGHUQ%DWÕX\JDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQJ|YGHVLQLROXúWXUDQ felsefi-LGHRORMLNoHUoHYHGHQ\RODoÕNPDNWDGÕUODU%XDQODPGD8øWHRULOHULQLQKHU ELULPRGHUQ$YUXSD¶QÕQNHQGLLoGLQDPLNOHULVRQXFXJHoLUGL÷LG|QúPOHUHED÷OÕ RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNDQ GQ\D J|UúOHULQLQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHU NÕVPÕQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU=LUDPRGHUQXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHP|QFHOOLNOH$YUXSD¶QÕQNHQGLQH özgü dini-felsefi-LNWLVDGLVRV\DOYHVL\DVLGH÷LúLPOHULQHWLFHVLQGHROXúDQNHQGLQH KDVELUVL\DVDORWRULWHGQ\DG]HQLDOJÕVÕYHQRUPODUEWQRODQLoHUL÷HVDKLSWLU %XGH÷HUOHUVLVWHPLLoLQGH8øWHRULOHULRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕUYHELUDQODPLIDGHHGHU *QP]GH$YUXSDPHUNH]OLJHOLúHQVL\DVDO\DSÕODQPDODUKHUQHNDGDUJOREDOELU \D\JÕQOÕN ND]DQVD GD PHYFXW 8ø WHRULOHUL ³JOREDO VLVWHP´L NXúDWDFDN ELU NDSVD\ÕFÕOÕ÷D VDKLS GH÷LOGLU *OREDO VLVWHPGH ELU WHRULQLQ NXúDWÕFÕ YH ELOLPVHO DoÕNOD\ÕFÕOÕ÷DVDKLSRODELOPHVLEXVLVWHPLoLQGHNLKHUELUNLPOL÷LQGHYOHWWRSOXP YH\DNOWUROXúWXUGX÷XVL\DVDODQOD\ÕúÕWHPVLOHGHQEDNÕúDoÕVÕQGDQ\RODoÕNDUDN 8ø¶QLQ DODQÕ LoLQH JLUHQ NRQXlarda analizler yapabilmesi ile mümkündür. Oysa PHYFXW8øWHRULOHULQLQWPQQoÕNÕúQRNWDVÕQÕ$YUXSD¶QÕQGH÷HUDOJÕVÕYHVL\DVDO ideolojileri belirlemektedir.
%X ED÷ODPGD 8ø $YUXSD¶QÕQ NHQGL Lo G|QúP QHWLFHVL ELU YDUROXú PDQWÕ÷Õ WDúÕPDNWDGÕU %XQGDQ GROD\Õ 8ø GH÷HU ED÷ÕPOÕ RODQ PXKDID]DNkUOÕN OLEHUDOL]PYHPDUNVL]PJLELGQ\DJ|UúOHULQGHQ\RODoÕNDUDNXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPL DQODPODQGÕUPDNWD YH XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHP LoLQGHNL VL\DVDO ELULPOHU DUDVÕQGDNL (özelde ulus-GHYOHW JHQHOGH LVH GL÷HU ELULPOHU LOLúNLOHUL EX PHUNH]GHQ EHWLPOHPHNWHGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD $YUXSD¶\D |]J GH÷HUOHUGHQ \ROD oÕNDUDN IDUNOÕ NLPOLNOHUGHQROXúDQVL\DVDODNW|UOHULELUWDUDIDEÕUDNPDNWDGÕU%DúNDELUGH\LúOH GL÷HU NOWU YH GH÷HUOHUH ED÷OÕ RODQ VL\DVDO ELULPOHULQ H\OHPOHUL YH GXUXPu, $YUXSD¶QÕQ VL\DVL LGHRORMLOHULQH YH GQ\D J|UúOHULQH J|UH DQODPODQGÕUÕOPD\D
oDOÕúÕOPDNWDGÕU %X \DNODúÕPÕQ LNL HWNLVL RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %LULQFLVL 8ø teorilerinin, global sistemi anlamak, global sistem içindeki süreçleri ve HWNLOHúLPOHUL DoÕNODPDN DPDFÕQÕ VHNWH\H X÷UDWPDNWD 8ø LQVDQR÷OXQXQ ELOLPVHO RODUDNGR÷UXELOJLDUD\ÕúÕQGDYHGQ\D\ÕDQODPDoDEDVÕQGDEDúDUÕVÕ]ROPDVÕQD\RO DoPDNWDGÕU%X\DNODúÕPÕQLNLQFLHWNLVLLVHIDUNOÕNOWUHOGH÷HUYHDQODPGQ\DVÕ EXOXQDQWRSOXPYHNOWUKDY]DODUÕQÕJ|UPH]GHQJHOPHVLYHRQODUD\DúDPúDQVÕ WDQÕPD\ÕS %DWÕOÕ EDNÕú DoÕVÕQÕ HYUHQVHOOHúWLUPHVLGLU %|\OHFH $YUXSD¶QÕQ GH÷HU VLVWHPL YH NXUXPVDO \DSÕVÕQÕ PHUNH]H DODUDN EX oHUoHYHGHNL DOWHUQDWLI SDUDGLJPDODUÕQ\RNROPDVÕQDJLGHQVUHFLKD]ÕUODPDNWDGÕU
8øWHRULOHrinin siyasi bir mekân olarak dünya sistemi içinde siyasi/insani DNW|UOHULQ LOLúNLOHULQL DoÕNODPDNWD YH EX LOLúNLOHULQ JHUoHNOHúWL÷L oHYUH\L WDQÕPODPDNWD ]RUOXN oHNPHVL |]HOOLNOH 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ RUWD\D oÕNDQ IDNDW DVOÕQGD PRGHUQ XOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPH \üklenen anlamdan kaynaklanan temelli bir sorun olarak belirmektedir. Bu süreçte hem post-PRGHUQYHHOHúWLUHOWHRULOHULQLQ HWNLVL KHP GH JOREDOL]P VUHFLQGH WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHU QHWLFHVLQGH NDUúÕOÕNOÕ HWNLOHúLP YH LOHWLúLPLQ DUWPDVÕ 8ø WHRULOHULQLQ $YUXSD PHUNH]OL EDNÕú DoÕVÕQÕQ VRUJXODQPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU*OREDOL]PLQoLIW\|QOHWNLVLEHOOLGH÷HUYHúHNLOOHUL \D\JÕQODúWÕUPDVÕ LOH ELUH\VHO-kültürel ve ulus-DOWÕ NLPOLNOHUH RUWD\D oÕNPD YH \DúDPDODQÕEXOPDRODQD÷ÕWDQÕPÕúROPDVÕGÕU%XDQODPGDXOXVODUDUDVÕLOLúNLOHULQ JHUoHNOHúWL÷LPHNkQÕYHEXPHNkQLoLQGHNLELULPOHUDUDVÕQGDNLHWNLOHúLPLDQODPDN YH DoÕNODPDN oDEDVÕ LoLQGH RODQ 8ø WHRULOHUL EX JHOLúPHGHQ NHQGLQL VR\XWOD\DPD\DFDN ELU URO RQWRORMLN YDUROXúX JHUH÷L ]DWHQ \NOHQPLú ROPDVÕ gerekir. Yani U teorileri ulus-GHYOHWPHUNH]OLPRGHUQXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPLDQODPDN YH JOREDO VL\DVHWL EHWLPOHPHN YH DoÕNODPDN LoLQ IDUNOÕ GH÷HU DOJÕVÕ VL\DVL \DNODúÕPÕYHNOWUHOJHoPLúLRODQELULPOHULQIDUNÕQGDROPDOÕGÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD8ø teorileri, dünya sistemi içindeki siyasal kimlikleri göz önünde bulundurarak yeni ELUPHWRGRORMLNúHNLOOHQPHVUHFLQHJLUPHNGXUXPXQGDGÕU
Bu anlamda, post-PRGHUQL]PYHHOHúWLUHOWHRULOHUGHJOREDOL]PVUHFLQLQ ³ROXPOX´ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNDQ IDUNOÕ NLPOLNOHUL WDQÕPD QRNWDVÕQGD söylemler üretmektedir. Zira post-PRGHUQYHHOHúWLUHOWHRULOHUNOWUHOoR÷XOFXOXN YHDKODNL|]QHOOLNNRQXODUÕQGDLQVDQÕQ|]JUOHúPHVLSURMHVLLOH$YUXSDHJHPHQ
EDNÕú DoÕVÕQD NDUúÕ oÕNPDNWDGÕUODU )DNDW .H\PDQ¶ÕQ GD DoÕNoD RUWD\D NR\GX÷X JLELEX\DNODúÕPODU\HQLELUDoÕOÕPRODQD÷ÕVXQVDGDNHQGLQL%DWÕGúQFHVLQLQ VÕQÕUODUÕQGDQ NXUWDUDPDPDNWDGÕU69
'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD 6R÷XN 6DYDú VRQUDVÕ |]HOOLNOH oHúLWOHQHQ8ø\DNODúÕPODUÕD\QÕVRUXQVDOÕLoOHULQGHWDúÕPDNWDGÕUODU6RQXoRODUDN \XNDUÕGD GD EHOLUWLOGL÷L JLEL 8ø WHRULOHULQLQ \HQLGHQ WDQÕPODQPDVÕQGD oÕNÕú QRNWDVÕQÕ JOREDO VL\DVHW LoLQGHNLIDUNOÕ NLPOLNNOWU GH÷HU YH LNWLVDWDOJÕVÕQÕQ UHWWL÷L VL\DVDO H\OHPOHUL YH EXQODUÕ WHPVLO HGHQ DNW|UOHUL J|] |QQH DODUDN XOXVODUDUDVÕ YH JOREDO VL\DVHWL EHWLPOHPHN YH DoÕNODPDN oDEDVÕQÕ EHQLPVHPHVL ROXúWXUXU
7HRULN oHUoHYH\L GDKD GD VRPXWODúWÕUÕUVDN 8ø WHRULOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ EHWLPOHQPH\HYHDoÕNODQPD\DoDOÕúÕODQXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPLQ$YUXSD¶QÕQNHQGLLo GLQDPLNOHULQLQG|QúPQHWLFHVLROXúWX÷XQXQRUWD\DNRQXOPDVÕLOHRQWROojik bir DQDOL]LQ DPDFÕ JHUoHNOHúLU %XQD J|UH PRGHUQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHP LNL QHGHQGHQ GROD\Õ $YUXSDOÕGÕU-%DWÕOÕGÕU %LULQFLVL zaman unsurudur. Buna göre, modern XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHPLQ 5|QHVDQV YH 5HIRUPDV\RQXQ JHUoHNOHúWL÷L ELU ]DPDQ diliminde temel anlaP KDULWDVÕ ROXúPXú V|PUJHFLOLN $\GÕQODQPD HQGVWUL devrimi ve ulusçuluk gibi süreçlerle kavramsal çerçevesi ve kökleri daha da SHNLúWLULOPLúWLU%XDQODPGDPRGHUQXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPLQHQEHOLUJLQ|]HOOL÷LRODQ GQ\HYLPHúUXL\HWHGD\DOÕXOXV-devlet, R|QHVDQVODDQWLN<XQDQ¶ÕQDNÕOYHLQVDQ PHUNH]OL \DSÕVÕQÕ DODUDN UHIRUPDV\RQOD GLQL IDUNOÕODúPD\Õ YH GLQLQ GQ\HYL DODQGDNL HWNLVLQL VÕQÕUODQGÕUPDQÕQ WHPHOOHULQL KD]ÕUODPÕúWÕU YH 2UWDoD÷ $YUXSD¶VÕQÕQ WDQUÕ-kilise-VL\DVL LNWLGDU YH ³WRSOXP´ ED÷ODPÕQGD ROXúWXUGX÷X ³NHQGL LoLQGH EWQFO´ \DSÕVÕQGDQ NRSXúX VLPJHOHPHNWHGLU øNLQFLVL mekân HWNHQLGLU 0RGHUQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHPLQ ROXúWX÷X PHNkQ \XNDUÕGDNL IHOVHIL LoHULNOHUL LOH EHUDEHU |QFH øWDO\D <DUÕPDGDVÕ VRQUD %DWÕ $YUXSD YH GDKD VRQUD 2UWD $YUXSD¶\Õ NDSVDU %X EDNÕPGDQ $YUXSD FR÷UDI\DVÕQÕQ oHYUHVHO LNWLVDGL NOWUHO YH VL\DVL HWNLVLQL LoLQGH WDúÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD PRGHUQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ VLVWHP $YUXSD PHUNH]OL G|QúP YH GLQDPLNOHULQ VRQXFX RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU %X EDNÕPGDQRQWRORMLNELUDQDOL]XOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPLQEXNOWUYHPHNkQED÷ÕPOÕ WDUDIÕQÕRUWD\DoÕNDUPDNKHP8øWHRULOHULQLQVR\NW÷QRUWD\DNR\PDNKHPGH
69 Bkz. Fuat Keyman, .UHVHOOHúPH'HYOHW.LPOLN)DUNOÕOÕN8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU.XUDPÕQÕ