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S to c k h o lm D e v le t A r ş iv in d e m u h a f a z a e d ilm e k te o la n b u İ s t a n b u l P a n o r a m a s ı n ı n o r ijin a l b ü y ü k lü k te k i b i r f o to k o p is i T ü r k iy e T u r in g v e O to m o b il K u r u m u R e is i R . S. A ta b in e n ’in ö zel k i ta p l ığ ı n d a b u lu n u y o r ; f o to ğ r a f l a r ım ı z b u o rijin a l, k o p y a d a n S a y ın A ta b in e n ’in m ü s a a d e s iy le ç ık a r tı l m ı ş tı r . Ş e h r in u m u m î h e y e tin i, K a n u n î d e v r in in m e ş h u r p a n o r a m a s ın ı v ü c û d e g e tir m iş o la n M e lc h io r L o r ic b s ’in e s e rin d e (1) o ld u ğ u g ib i, G a l a t a c ih e tin d e n t a s v i r e d e n p a n o r a m a m ız ın b o y u 2,17 m e tr e , e n i d e 0,33 m e tr e o lu p ü s t t a r a f t a 3 s a n t im e tr e e n in d e b i r b a n d h a lin d e p a n o r a m a n ın b ü tü n b o y u n c a d e v a m e d e n v e « C O N S T A N T I- N O P O L IT A N A E U R B I S E F F I G I E S A D V IV U M E X - P R E S S A , Q V A M T U R C A E S T A M P O L D A M V O C A N T .» ib a r e s in i ta ş ıy a n b i r b a ş lık — f o to ğ r a f ım ız d a g ö r ü lm ü y o r — , a l t t a r a f d a d a y in e p a n o r a m a n ın b o y u n c a d e v a m e d e n (18) s a t ı r l ı k L â tin c e y a z ılm ış b i r m e tin k ıs m ı m ev - c u d d u r, k i b u r a d a ş e h r in f e tih d e n e v v e l v e s o n r a k i t a r ih i, s a r a y , c a m i, m e d re s e , b e d e s te n v e s a i r m ü e s s e s e - le riy le Y e n iç e r ile r . . . h a k k ın d a k ı s a c a b ilg i v e r ilm e k te d ir. S a ğ v e so l u ç ta k i i z a h a t l e v h a l a r ı n d a v e p a n o r a m a n ı n ü z e r in d e g ö r ü le n ib a r e le r — T ü r k ç e h a s is im le r h a r iç — L â tin c e d ir . S a ğ t a r a f t a k i i z a h a t le v h a s ın ın s o n u n d a k i ş u c ü m le d e n ( P e t r u s K a e r i u s E l a n d e r E x e u d e b a t A m s te lo d a m i h a b it a ıı s in P l a t e a v u lg o d e C a lv e r s tr a te , in in te r s ig n io i n c e r ti te m p o r is , a n n o 1616 c u m P r iv ile g io ) a n la ş ıld ığ ın a g ö re , p a n o r a m a m ız ı H o la n d a ’lı t â b i v e g r a - v ö r P i e t e r v â n d e r K e e r e 1616 y ılın d a m e y d a n a g e ti r m iş tir . P . v a n d e r K e e r e ’n in h a y a t ı n d a n b a h s e d e n s a n ’a t ta r i h l e r i n d e o n u n 1570-1630 y ılla r ı a r a s ı n d a y a ş a m ış b ir s a n ’a t k â r o ld u ğ u v e K ö ln , A m s te r d a m , H a m b u r g . . . g ib i b i r ç o k ş e h i r le r in p a n o r a m a l a r ın ı h â k k e t t iğ i b ild iriliy o r- s a d a , b a h is k o n u m u z o la n İ s t a n b u l p a n o r a m a s ı h a k k ın d a b ir k a y ı t m e v c u t d e ğ ild ir.
P . V a n d e r K e e r e ’n in p a n o r a m a s ın a b ü y ü k b i r b e n z e r lik g ö s te r e n d iğ e r b i r İ s t a n b u l p a n o r a m a s ı V iy a n a M illî k ita p lığ ın ın h a r i t a k o lle k s iy o n u n d a b u lu n m a k t a d ır, k i b u n u P r o f . A . M. S c h n e id e r so n y ı ll a r d a « G ıo v a n n i T e m in i’n i n İ s t a n b u l m a n z a r a s ı» a d lı b i r e tü d ü n d e t a n ı t m ı ş t ı r ^ ) . G. T e m in i, p a n o r a m a s ın ı V a n d e r K e e r e ’d e n 32 y ıl s o n r a , 1648 d e h â k k e t m iş v e f a k a t L â tin c e ib a r e le r i d e v r in in İ t a l y a n e a s m a ç e v ir m iş o ld u ğ u n d a n , a r a d a y a n lı ş l a r y a p m ış , h a t t a a n lıy a m a d ığ ı b a z ı ib a r e le r i de p a n o r a m a s ın d a g ö s te r m e m iş tir . P r o f . S c h n e id e r, T e m in i e tü d ü n d e İ s t a n b u l p a n o r a m a l a r ın ı n h e m a n h e p s in i göz d e n g e ç ir m iş ise d e (3) V a n d e r K e e r e ’n in p a n o r a m a s ın ı g ö re m e m iş o ld u ğ u n d a n T e m in i’n in e k s ik v e y a n lış la r ın ı iz a h e d e b ilm e k iç in b i r h a y li m e s a i s a r f e t m iş v e n ih a y e t T e m in i’n in İ s t a n b u l ’u b iz z a t g ö rm e d iğ in i v e a ğ le b i i h ti m a l F r a n s ı z c a b i r o r ijin a ld e n is tif a d e e ttiğ i s o n u c u n a v a r m ı ş t ı r . İ k i y ıl s o n r a y a y ın la d ığ ı k ı s a b i r y a z ıd a is e (4) V a n d e r K e e r e ’n in p a n o r a m a s ın ı g ö r d ü ğ ü n ü b ild ir m e k te v e h iç ş ü p h e s iz T e m in i’n in , V a n d e r K e e r e ’n in p a n o r a m a s ın ı e s a s o la r a k a ld ığ ın ı, b u n u n is e — y a z ı ş e k ille r in e n a z a r a n — F r a n s ı z c a b i r o r ijin a ld e n is tif a d e e d ile re k m e y d a n a g e tir ilm iş o ld u ğ u n a t a m k a n a a t h a s ıl e ttiğ in i ilâ v e e tm e k te d ir . A n c a k V a n d e r K e e r e ’n in p a n o r a m a s ın ı g ö r m ü ş o lm a s ın a r a ğ m e n s a y ın P r o f e s ö r ü n g ö z ü n d e n b a z ı h u s u s la r ı n k a ç m ış o ld u ğ u n u z a n n e d iy o ru z , k i s ı r a s ı g e ld ik ç e b u n l a r a i ş a r e t e tm e ğ e ç a lış a c a ğ ız . S im d i p a n o r a m a m ız ı — t â k i b i d a h a k o la y o lu r d ü ş ü n c e s iy le I, I I , I I I , I V le v h a y a a y ı r a r a k — k ı s a c a g ö z d e n g e ç ir e lim : L e v h a I . : Sol k e n a r d a Ü s k ü d a r ’d a n « S c u ta r e t» b i r p a r ç a t e r s i m e d ilm iş tir . P r o f . S c h n e id e r, e t r a f ı d u v a r la r la ç e v rili b a h ç e n in iç in d e k i y ü k s e k k u le li b i n a l a r ı n H a m - m e r ’in b a h s e tt i ğ i S u lta n s a r a y l a r ın d a n b ir is i o ld u ğ u n u k a b u l e d iy o r. Ü s k ü d a r ’ın h e m e n s a ğ ın d a b ü y ü k h a r f l e r le «A S IA » ib a re s i, b u n u n ü s t t a r a f ı n d a d a K ız k u le s i «C uz C o u laz y » g ö r ü lü y o r . D a h a a r k a d a b e ş a d a s ı r a la n m ış tı r . « In s . L a p in o r u m , I n s . S. M a r ia e , I ııs u la P r in c ip u m , I n s u l a P a p a e , I ııs u la R u fa » . B u n la r d a n , I n s . P r in c ip u m ile b u g ü n k ü B ü y ü k a d a , I n s . S. M a r ia e ile d e H e y b e lia d a k a s d e d ild iğ i a ş i k â r ise de, d iğ e r le r in in m e d lû lle r i k a b ili m ü n a k a ş a d ı r (5).
D e n iz y e lk e n li g e m ile rle d o lu d u r. S a r a y b u r n u n u n t a m ö n ü n d e h a v a y a d o ğ r u s ı ç r a m a k ü z e re b u lu n a n b i r Y u n u s b a lığ ın ın k a f a s ı t e f r i k e d ile b iliy o r. T e m in i b u b a lık r e s m in i K ız k u le s in in so l t a r a f ı n a n a k le d e r e k b u r a y a V a v a s s o re , L o r ic h s v e 16.cı a s ı r d a k i d iğ e r e c n e b i p a n o r a m a la r ı n d a g ö r ü le n P o r t a d e lla Is o le ib a r e s in i k o y m u ş t u r k i b u n u n la , k e n d is in e b itiş ik o la n y a z lık s a r a y a s o n r a d a n is m in i v e r e n T o p k a p u - B a r b a r a k a p ıs ı k a s d e d ilm iş o lu y o r. S ol t a r a f t a k i b ü y ü k i z a h a t le v h a s ın ın ü z e r in d e , y a n t a r a f ı n d a « C o n s ta n tiııu s » k e lim e s i o k u n a n b i r i m p a r a t o r b a ş ı b u lu n u y o r . L e v h a n ın o r t a s ın d a ise p a n o r a m a d a m u h t e lif h a r f l e r le — A d a n O y a k a d a r — iş a r e tle n d ir ilm iş b u lu n a n b i n a l a r h a k k ın d a k ı s a i z a h a t v e r ilm e k te d ir .
i z a h a t le v h a s ın ın h e m e n ü s t t a r a f ı n d a A h a r f iy le « N a v iu m A rs e n a le » g ö s te r ile n k a y ık h a n e l e r L o r ic h s ’in p a n o r a m a s ın d a d a m e v c u ttu r la r . B u n l a r a b itiş ik o l a r a k s a ğ t a r a f t a B ile g ö s te r ilm iş o la n b in a n ın — v e r ilm iş o la n i z a h a t a g ö re « Q u io sq u e lo c u s p e r q u e m I m p e r a to r T u r c ic u s e x S a r a y o n a v im c o n s c e n d it» Y a lı k ö ş k ü o lm a s ı ic a p e tm e k te d ir . T o p k a p ı s a r a y ı « S a r a y u m I m p e r a to r i s T u rc ic i» L o r ic h s ’d e k in e m ü ş a b ih o l a r a k r e s m e d ilm iş tir . S a ğ t a r a f t a a ğ a ç la r a r a s ı n d a g ö r ü le n p o lis o n a l b in a a ğ leb i i h tim a l Ç in ili k ö ş k ü t a s v i r e d iy o r. B u b in a L o r ic h s ’in p a n o r a m a s ın d a d a h a d o ğ r u o la r a k t a s v i r e d ilm iş tir . A y a - s o f y a n ın «S. S o p h ia T e m p lu n » y a ln ız ü ç m in a r e s i g ö r ü lü
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D ö r d ü n c ü h e r h a ld e ö n d e k i t a r a f ı n d a n ö r tü lm ü ş tü r . A y a s o f y a n ın s o lu n d a k i y u v a r la k b in a S t. i r e n i g ö s te r m e k te , s a ğ ın d a k i « T u rris » k e lim e s iy le g ö s te r ile n k u le n in ise. P o r t a L io n a (B u k o le o n ) a te k a b ü l e tm e s i m u h te m e l d ir. B u n u n a l t ta r a f ın d a , s a h ile y a k ın b i r m a h a ld e k i y u v a r l a k b in a n ın ü z e rin d e , g ö r ü le n C h a r f i n i n h iz a s ın d a , iz a h a t le v h a s ın d a ( S a r a y u m a u t D o m u s N e s la im i P a c h a e ) ib a r e s i o k u n u y o r. P r o f . S c h n e id e r, T e m in i e tü d ü n d e a y n e n şö y le d iy o r: « E ğ e r N e s la im i, I b r a h im in b o z u k y a z ıl m ış b i r ş e k li ise b u le ja n d y a n lış b i r y e r e k o n m u ş d e m e k tir . Z ir a m e ş h u r İ b r a h i m p a ş a ’n ın s a r a y ı H ip o d r o m ’d a y â n i t a k r i b e n S e ra g lio d i N e s la m ’ın y e r in d e b u lu n u y o rd u . B u n u b ö y le k a b u l e d e r d e C y e r in e R ü s te r n - N e s la m ’ ı v a z e d e r s e k k a r ş ım ız d a 1561 d e ö lm ü ş o la n R ü s te r n p a ş a n ı n s a r a y ın ı b u lm u ş o lu r d u k . M a m a f ih b u n u n d a b i r p a r ç a d a h a a ş a ğ ıd a b u lu n m a s ı lâ z ım d ır» . P r o f . S c h n e id e r
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y u k a r ı d a s ö z ü g e ç e n ik in c i k ı s a e tü d ü n d e T e m in i’n in b a z ı y a n lı ş l ı k la r ı n ı v e e k s ik lik le r in i p a n o r a m a m ız d e lâ le tiy le d ü z e ltm e ğ e v e itm a m e tm e ğ e ç a lış tığ ı h a ld e , b u n o k ta y a t e k r a r t e m a s e tm e d iğ in e g ö re , ş im d i iz a h e d e c e ğ im iz h u s u s u n g ö z ü n d e n k a ç m ış o ld u ğ u n u k a b u l e tm e k z o r u n d a y ız . S ö y le k i : İ z a h a t l e v h a s ın d a k i C h a r f i n i n k a r ş ı s ı n a y a z ılm ış o la n ib a r e d a h a k ı s a b i r ş e k ild e , y â n i « S a ra y u m N e s la m » t a r z ın d a , İ b r a h i m P a ş a n ı n A tm e y d a n ın d a b u l u n a n (6) s a r a y ı n ı n a ş a ğ ı y u k a r ı h a k ik î y e r in e v a z e d il m iş o ld u ğ u n d a n , p a n o r a m a y ı v ü c u d e g e ti r e n s a n ’a t k â r a y r ıc a C h a r f i n i y a z m a ğ a lü z u m g ö rm e m iş , v e y a h u d d a u n u t m u ş tu r . B u n a m u k a b il i z a h a t le v h a s ın d a G h a r f i ik i d e f a t e k e r r ü r e tm e k te d ir : « G : M e c h e te v e l M e s q u ita K u s ta m P a c h a e » v e «G : S a r a y u m e ju s d a m » . L e v h a I I . d e g ö re c e ğ im iz ü z e re R ü s t e m p a ş a ’n m c a m ii ü z e r in d e G h a r f i m e v c u ttu r . F a k a t s a r a y ı n ı g ö s te r e n d i ğ e r G y i p a n o r a m a d a b u lm a k m ü m k ü n d e ğ ild ir. B in a e n a le y h P r o f . S c h n e id e r ’in t o p o g r a f ik d u r u m u g ö z ö n ü n d e t u t a r a k O n in b u lu n d u ğ u y e r d e R ü s te m p a ş a - n in S a r a y ın ı a r a m a s ı d a a ç ı k ç a g ö s te r iy o r k i, h â le n C h a r f i n i n y e r in e G n in y a z ılm a s ı ic a p e tm e k te d ir . G ile C n in y a z ılış la r ı a r a s ı n d a k i k ü ç ü k f a r k ise a ş i k â r d ı r .T u r r i s k e lim e s iy le g ö s te r ilm iş o la n k u le n in h e m e n a l t ı n d a k i p o lis o n a l b i n a n ı n ü z e r in d e k i D « S a r a y u m So- n a m p a c h a e » h a r f iy le y a r ıs ı I. le v h a n ın s a ğ k e n a r ın d a , d i ğ e r y a r ıs ı d a I I .c i le v h a n ın so l k e n a r ı n d a b u lu n a n k u b b e li b i n a n ı n ü z e r in d e k i E h a r f i m « M e z a r v e l S e p u ltu r a S e n a m p a c h a e d i c t a T u rb e z y » T e m in i’n in p a n o r a m a s ın d a b u la m a d ığ ı iç in , P r o f . S c h n e id e r h e r ik i e tü d ü n d e de S in a n p a ş a ’n ın s a r a y ı n d a n h iç b a h s e tm e m e k te , b u n a m u k a b il t ü r b e s i h a k k ın d a «1596 d a v e f a t e tm iş o la n S in a n p a ş a ’n ın k a b i r v e m e d r e s e s in e Ç e n b e r lita ş ile B a y a z ıt c a m ii a r a s ı n d a , D i v a n y o lu n d a k â in o ld u ğ u » m ü ta la a s ın ı ile r i s ü r e r e k b u n u n , Ç e m b e r lita ş m ( L e v h a I l.y e b a k .) s a ğ ı n d a k i k u b b e li b i n a l a r d a n b ir i o ld u ğ u n u k a b u l e tm e k te d ir . A n c a k a ş a ğ ıd a g ö r ü le c e ğ i ü z e re Ç e m b e r lita ş m s a ğ ın d a k i c a m iin , A tik A li p a ş a c a m iin i i r a e e tm e s i lâ z ım g e ld iğ in d e n , E ’y i b u n u n s a ğ ı n a v a z e tm e k d a h a d o ğ r u o la c a k tır .
P a n o r a m a m ı z d a D ile g ö s te r ilm iş o la n S in a n p a ş a n ın s a r a y ı ise — E v liy a Ç e le b iy e n a z a r a n — h e m e n h e m e n p a n o r a m a d a g ö s te r ilm iş o la n y e r d e b u lu n u y o rd u .
I .c i le v h a y a r a s t la y a n İ s t a n b u l t a r a f ı k ıy ıs ın d a y a l n ız Ç ıf ıt k a p ıs ı « C h ifu t c a p ic i» g ö s te r ilm iş tir .
B u k ıs m ın a ş a ğ ı t a r a f ı n d a G a la ta n ın (V R B S
G A L A T A ) g ü n e y u c u t a s v i r e d ilm iş tir . Sol k e n a r d a k i
M A R IS N I G R I S İN Ü S ib a r e s iy le İ s t a n b u l b o ğ a z ı k a s d e d iliy o r . B u i b a r e n in s a ğ ı n d a b ir T ü r k k a d ır g a s ı « R e g ia t r ir e m is » b u n u n y a n ın d a d a b u g ü n k ü K o r a m ir a l r ü tb e s in d e b i r a m i r a l a a i t d iğ e r b i r T ü r k g e m is i « P a t r o n a » g ö r ü lü y o r . G a l a t a b u r n u n u n h e m e n ö n ü n d e k i g e m i ise m u h te m e l o l a r a k F r a n s ı z T ic a r e t f ilo s u n a m e n s u p b i r k a ly o n d u r . T ü r k g e m ile r in in b a y r a k l a r ı n d a y a t ı k ü ç y a r ım a y g ö r ü lm e s in e m u k a b il y a b a n c ı g e m in in b a y r a ğ ı m ü te a d d id b a n d la r d a n te ş e k k ü l e tm e k te d ir . G a l a t a n ı n d u v a r la r ı iç in d e : « P la te a c o p o ra v e n ie ııs » ib a r e s i o k u n u y o r. L e v h a I I : P r o f . S c h n e id e r, b u k ıs m ın n is p e te n d a ğ ın ık b i r ş e k ild e t a s v i r e d ild iğ in i, h a k i k a t t e ise B a y a z ıt c a m ii « S u lta n i B a ia z c th i S a r a y u m ? » , E s k i S a r a y « E s q u y
S a r a y u m » v e S ü le y m a n iy e c a m iin in « S u lta n i S o lim a n i» b ir b ir l e r i n e d a h a y a k ın o ld u k la r ın ı, Ş e h z a d e c a m iin in « S u lta n i M a c h o m e ti» d e E s k i S a r a y ın a r k a s ı n d a b u lu n m a s ı lâ z ım g e ld iğ i m ü ta l â a s ı n d a b u lu n u y o r. C a m ile r ü ze r i n d e k i ib a r e le r in y e r le r in i d o ğ r u o l a r a k k a b u l e ttiğ im iz t a k d i r d e , S a y ın P r o f e s ö r e h a k v e r m e m e k im k â n s ız o lu r d u . H a lb u k i k a n a a tı m ız c a b u i b a r e le r in y e r le r in d e b a z ı y a n lı ş l ı k la r v a r d ır , ş ö y le k i: Ç e m b e r lita ş m h e m a n s a ğ ın d a k i c a m i, a n c a k 1497 y ılın d a itm a m e d ilm iş o la n A tik A li p a ş a c a m iin i t a s v i r e d e b ilird i. Y a n i b u n u n ü z e r in d e k i « S u lta n i B a ia z e th i S a r a y u m » ib a r e s in in y e r i b u r a s ı d e ğ ild ir. N e te k im L o r ic h s ’in p a n o r a m a s ın d a d a (L ev. V I I I ) Ç e m b e r lita ş m y a n ın d a k i c a m i «A ly P a s c l ıa K irc h e »
d iy e a d la n d ı r ı l m ı ş tı r . « S u lta n i M a c h o m e ti» le ja n d ı ile
g ö s te r ilm iş o ld u ğ u iç in P r o f . S c h n e id e r ’in 1543-1548 y ıl l a r ı a r a s ı n d a i n ş a e d ilm iş o la n Ş e h z a d e c a m ii o l a r a k k a b u l e tt i ğ i c a m i is e h a k i k a t t e B a y a z ıt c a m iin i ir a e e tm e k te d ir . B u v a z iy e te g ö re Ş e h z a d e c a m ii y a E s k i S a r a y ın a r k a s ı n d a k a ld ığ ı iç in te r s im e d ilm e m iş , y a h u t t a S ü le y m a n iy e n in h e m a n s a ğ ı n d a g ö r ü le n in c e k u le le rd e n ik is i Ş e h z a d e c a m iin in m in a r e le r in i i r a e e tm e k te d ir le r . S o n u n c u ş ık k ın d a h a d o ğ r u o ld u ğ u n u k a b u l e tm e k i s t e r d ik , ç ü n k ü : a ) B a y a z ıt c a m ii L o r ic h s ’te d e (L ev . I X ) « S u ld a n B a ie s i t K ir c h e ö d e r M o s c h e a » E s k i S a r a y ın b ir p a r ç a s o lu n d a g ö s te r ilm iş tir , b ) Ş e h z a d e c a m ii L o r ic h s ’te
S ü le y m a n iy e n in s a ğ ın d a « Y e n i S u ld a m M e h m e tt d e s
S u ld a ııs S o lim a ııs S o h n . M o s ch e a» te r s im e d ilm iş tir ,
c) P a n o r a m a m ı z d a S ü le y m a n iy e n in s a ğ ın d a g ö r ü le n in c e k u le le rin , P r o f . S c h n e id e r ’in k a b u l e ttiğ i g ib i « Y edi k u ley i» t a s v i r e tm e le r i ç o k ş ü p h e lid ir . V a k ı a s a y ın P r o f e s ö r , b u k u le le r in h a k i k a t t a k a lın b i r e r is t ih k â m k u le s i ş e k lin d e o lm a la r ı v e iz a h a t l e v h a s ın a g ö re P a n o r a m a m ı z d a Y e- d ik u le n in y e r in i g ö s te r m e s i ic a p e d e n K h a r f i n i n h a k i k a t t a P a n o r a m a m ı z d a y a z ılm ış o ld u ğ u y e r d e o lm a y ıp ( P a n o r a m a m ız ın I I I le v h a s ın a , B o z d o ğ a n S u k e m e r in in ü z e rin e b a k .) S ü le y m a n iy e n in s a ğ ın d a k i k u le le r h iz a s ın a k o n m a s ı g e r e k tiğ i m ü ta l â a s ı n ı ile r i s ü r ü y o r s a d a , b i r t a r a f t a n S ü le y m a n iy e n in s a ğ ın d a k i in c e k u le le r in d o k u z t a n e v e k ıs m ı a z a m in in ş e re fe li o lu ş la rı, d iğ e r t a r a f t a n d a K h a r f i n i n h iz a s ın d a k i i b a r e n in s a r a h a t ı n a « B in e t ú n e s e S e p te m q u a e s u p e r A q u a d u c tu s v is u n tu r » m e b n i, K h a r f i n i p a n o r a m a m ız d a b u lu n d u ğ u y e r d e n b a ş k a b ir m a h a lle n a k le tm e ğ e m u c ib b i r se b e p g ö re m iy o ru z . K a ld ı k i « Y e d ik u le » L o r ic h s ’in p a n o r a m a s ın d a d a h i (L ev . X I I ) ta k r ib e n p a n o r a m a m ız d a k i K h a r f i n i n b u lu n d u ğ u m a h a l d e g ö s te r ilm iş tir .
L e v h a m ız ın y u k a r ı so l k ö ş e s in d e g ö r ü le n Ç e m b e r- lit a ş « C o lu m n a C o m b u s ta » h ilâ f ı h a k i k a t o l a r a k h e le zo n ! b i r k u ş a k l a t a s v i r e d ilm iş tir . A tik A li P a ş a C a m iin in s a ğ a ş a ğ ıs ın d a F h a r f iy le iş a r e tle n d ir ilm iş o la n « M ed re- z e t a u t T u r c a r u m C o lle g ia» b i r m e d re s e g ö rü lü y o r. D a h a s a ğ ın d a 1578 d e v e f a t e tm iş o la n P iy a le p a ş a ’n m « P ia lli p a c h a e S a ra y u m » k o n a ğ ı b u lu n u y o r. K o n a ğ ın s a ğ ın d a k i « B a y a z ıt c a m iin in » a l t t a r a f ı n d a G iş a r e t l i R ü s te m P a ş a c a m ii g ö r ü lm e k te d ir . E s k i S a r a y L o r ic h s ’in p a n o r a m a s ın d a o ld u ğ u g ib id ir, S ü le y m a n iy e ise ş im d iy e k a d a r t a s v ir e d ilm iş o la n b in a l a r d a n d a h a d ik k a t l i v e d o ğ ru o la r a k r e s m e d ilm iş tir . S ü le y m a n iy e ile e s k i s a r a y ı n a r a s ı n d a b ir a z a ş a ğ ıd a k i H h a r f l i b in a « M e s q u ita e t S a r a y u m Sy- a o u s t p a c h a e » 1590 s e n e s in d e i n ş a e d ilm iş o la n S iy a v u ş p a ş a m e d r e s e s in i t a s v i r e tm e k te d ir . E v liy a Ç e le b i’y e g ö r e p a ş a n ın s a r a y ı S ü le y m a n iy e n in k u z e y in d e k â in d i ; b u
t a k d i r d e s a r a y ı b i r p a r ç a d a h a s a ğ d a a r a m a m ız ic a p e t m e k te d ir . Y in e E v liy a Ç e le b i’y e g ö re M u s ta f a p a ş a ’n ın s a r a y ı d a b u r a d a idi. P a n o r a m a m ız b u n u S ü le y m a n iy e n in s a ğ a ş a ğ ıs ın d a I h a r f iy le « L o cu s d ic tu s M u s ta f a p a clıae » i r a e e d iy o r. S a ğ y u k a r ı k ö ş e d e k i y u v a r la k s ü t u n ile « C o lu m n a H i s t o r i a t a » A v r e t p a z a r ın d a k i A r k a d iu s s ü t u n u k a s d e d il- m e k te d ir . B u k ıs ım d a H a liç s u r l a r ı k a p ıl a r ı n d a n ş u n l a r g ö s t e r i l m i ş t i r : B a lık p a z a r ı k a p ıs ı « B a le u x C apici», Y e m iş is k e le s i k a p ıs ı « H ir m ic h e S q u e le s s e c ap ici» , Y e n ik a p ı- A y a z m a k a p ıs ı « H im c a p ici» v e C ib a li k a p ıs ı « I u b a l c a pici». B u r a d a C ib a li k a p ıs ı ile I I I .c ü le v h a d a k i O d u n k a p ıs ın ın y e r d e ğ iş tir d ik le r i a n la ş ılıy o r .
H a liç te « P o rtııs » m ü te a d d id k a d ır g a , k a ly o n , v e y o lc u k a y ık l a r ı g ö rü lü y o r. A lt t a r a f t a k i G a la ta k ıs m ın d a te r s im e d ilm iş o la n b in a l a r d a n b a z ıla r ı h a r f l e r le i ş a r e t le n d ir ile r e k p a n o r a m a n ı n s a ğ u c u n d a k i iz a h a t le v h a s ın d a a d la n d ır ılm ış la r d ır . P . «S. F r a n c is c i E c c le s ia K o m a n a » : B u k ilis e 1697 y ılın d a c a m iy e k a lb e d ilm iş o lu p Y e n i c a m i is m in i a lm ış t ı r (7). Q «S. A ıın a e » : B u k ilis e d e 1697 de c a m iy e k a lb e d ilm ış tir (8 ). R « B a lo u c b a z a r c a p ic i v el f o r i p is c a r ii p o r ta » : E s k i B a lık p a z a r ı k a p ıs ı k i b u g ü n m e v c u t d e ğ ild ir. S. « F o r u m p ic a r iu m » : E s k i B a lık p a z a r ı m a h a lli. T . «S. P a u l i n u n c M e s q u ita » ; P a n o r a m a d a c a m i o ld u ğ u sö y le n e n b u k ilis e 1225-1230 y ı ll a r ın d a e s k i b i r B iz a n s k ilis e s i y e r in d e i n ş a e d ilm iş o la n S. P a o lo es. D o m e n ic a k ilis e s i o lu p 1475 d e c a m iy e k a lb e d ilm iş v e A r a p c a m ii is m in i a lm ı ş t ır (9).
L e v h a I I I : Sol y u k a r ıd a B o z d o ğ a n s u k e m e r i (V a le n s A k v a d ü k t ü ln ü n e s a s k ıs m ı g ö rü lü y o r. S u k e m e r i
k ı s a c a « A q u e d u c tu s » d iy e i ş a r e tle n d ir ilm iş tir . S u k e
m e r in in s a ğ ın d a ik i k u le n in s iv r i u ç la r ı g ö rü lü y o r. Y a n ın d a k i L h a r f i n e n a z a r a n « L o cu s q u e m T u r c iu r e lig io n is e r g o f r e q u e n t a n t T o q u e ly d e d e d ic tu s n o m in e s a n c ti c u ju s - d a m i n t e r ip so s» b u r a d a T o k lu v e T e k k e li d e d e te k k e s i b u lu n m a k ta d ır . P r o f . S c h n e id e r ’e g ö re p a n o r a m a n ın r e s s a m ı b u n u n la , M e v le v ih a n e k a p ıs ı d ış ın d a k â in o la n t e k k e le r d e n b ir is in i, b e lk i d e 1551 y ılın d a i n ş a e d ilm iş b u lu n a n M e rk e z E f e n d iy i k a s d e tm iş tir . B u n u n , A y v a n - s a r a y ’d a k â i n o lu p T o k lu İ b r a h i m d e d e m e s c id i n a m iy le m â r u f B iz a n s ta n m u h a v v e l v e h â le n te m a m iy le h a r a p b i r v a z iy e tte b u lu n a n b in a ile a lâ k a s ı o lm a d ığ ı a ş i k â r d ı r (10). D a h a s a ğ d a M e h m e t v e y a A h m e t is m in d e b i r p a ş a n ı n s a r a y ı « S a r a y u m H a m e t p a c h a e » g ö rü lü y o r. B u n u n L a la M e h m e t p a ş a (ö lü m ü 1595) v e y a C e r r a h M e h m e t p a ş a (ö lü m ü 1598) d e n b ir is in e a i t o lm a s ı m u h te m e ld ir. S o n ra , h a k ik a t e o ld u k ç a u y g u n b i r ş e k ild e te r s im e d ilm iş
o la n F a t i h c a m ii « E s q u i S u lta n i M a c h o m e ti» g e liy o r.
F a t i h c a m iin in s a ğ ın d a « Z in zirli» ib a re s iy le g ö s te r ile n y e r b u g ü n k ü Z in c ir lik u y u s e m ti o lm a lıd ır. B u n u n s a ğ ın d a , T o p k a p ıd a 1551 d e n s o n r a i n ş a e d ilm iş o la n A h m e t p a ş a c a m ii « H a m e t p a c h a e M e s q u ita » t a s v i r e d iliy o r. F a t i h c a m iin in a l t t a r a f ın d a , s a h ild e , M h a r fiy le g ö s te r il m iş o la n b in a « O n ic a p a n i v e l O f f ic in a u b i f a r i n a e v eıı- d ü n tu r » U n k a p a n ıd ır , k i p a n o r a m a d a b i r p a r ç a s o la a lın m a s ı ic a p e d e rd i. Z a h ir e g e m ile r i y ü k le r in i b u r a y a bo ş a l tm a k z o r u n d a id ile r ; ş e h r in m u h te lif y e r le r in d e k i f ı r ın l a r d a u n l a r ı n ı b u r a d a n te m in e d e rle rd i. i z a h a t le v h a s ın d a N v e O h a r f le r iy le iş a r e t l e n d i r il m iş o la n R u m P a t r i k h a n e s i « L o c u s P a t r i a r c h a e G ra e c o - r u m » v e S t. G e o rg k ilis e s in i «S. G e o rg ii E c c ie s ia G ra e c o - r u m » p a n o r a m a d a b u lm a k k a b il o la m a d ı. B u n l a r ı n y e r le r i T e m in i’d e d e t e s b it e d ile m e m iş tir (11).
B u k ıs ım d a g ö s te r ilm iş o la n H a liç s u r l a r ın ı n k a p ıla r ı ş u n l a r d ır : O d u n k a p ıs ı « O d a m c a p ic i» , A y a k a p ı( ? ) « R y c c ap ici» , F e n e r k a p ıs ı « L û n e r c ap ici» , B a la t k a p ıs ı « B a la ta c ap ici» . H a liç y in e b i r ç o k k a d ır g a , k a ly o n ve k a y ık l a r l a d o lu d u r. A ş a ğ ı so l k e n a r d a g ö r ü le n b ü y ü k b i n a l a r « D o m u s B a c h a e M a ris » K a p t a n p a ş a s a r a y ı n ı t a s v i r e tm e k te d ir . S a ğ t a r a f t a k i « A rs e n a le T r ir e m iu m » ib a re s iy le p a n o r a m a d a g ö s te r ile m e m iş o la n H a liç te k i t e r s a n e le r k a s d e d iliy o r. D a h a s a ğ d a ise m e z a r lık la r s a h a s ı « S e p u lc h ra » b a ş l a m a k t a d ır .
L e v h a I V : Sol k e n a r d a S u lta n S e lim c a m ii « S u l
t a n ı S elim i» h e m e n y a n ın d a E d ir n e k a p ı « A n d re n o p o li c a p ici» , d a h a s a ğ d a ise « Z a lo u t p a c h a e M e s q u ita » ib a r e s iy le g ö s te r ile n b i r c a m i g ö r ü lm e k te d ir . P r o f . S c h n e id e r, b u c a m iin 1551 y ılın d a in ş a e d ilm iş o la n Z a l M a h m u t p a ş a c a m ii o ld u ğ u m ü ta l â a s ı n ı ile r i s ü r ü y o r v e h e r n e k a d a r b u c a m i ş e h ir d ış ın d a , E y ü p y o lu n d a , k â in ise d e G r a v ö r o n u y a n lış lık la ş e h i r s û r u iç in e v a z e tm iş tir , d iy o r. F i l h a k i k a b u k ıs ım d a b u n d a n b a ş k a d a h a b i r ç o k to p o g r a - f ik h a t a l a r g ö ze ç a r p m a k t a d ı r ; b u n l a r ı n b a ş lıc a la r ı ş u n l a r d ı r :
a ) T e k f u r s a r a y ı « C o n s ta n tin i P a la tiu m » ib a r e s i m e v c u t o lm a s ın a r a ğ m e n g ö s te r ilm e m iş tir .
b ) K a r a s u r l a r ı ç o k y a n lış b i r s e y ir t a k i p e d iy o r la r.
c) H a liç s u r la r ı, A y v a n s a r a y ı k a p ıs ı « E v e r e n s e r y c a p ic i» y a n ın d a h a ta l ı o la r a k ş e h ir e d o ğ r u b i r d ö n e m e ç y a p m a k t a v e H a liç b u r a d a b e k le n m e d ik b i r t a r z d a (S a h il
ç iz g isi iç e riy e d o ğ r u b i r iz h a lin d e te m a d i e t
m e s in e r a ğ m e n ) s o n a e r m e k te d ir . A y n i y a n lış lık l a r ı T e m i n in i n p a n o r a m a s ın d a d a a z v e y a ç o k b ir f a r k l a g ö re b iliy o ru z . B u se b e p le p a n o r a m a m ız a e s a s o la n o r ijin a lin b u p a r ç a s ın ın y ı r t ı k v e y a e k s ik o ld u ğ u n u v e s a n ’a t k â r ı n b u k ıs m ı m u h a y y e le s in d e n t a m a m l a m a k zo r u n d a k a ld ığ ın ı k a b u l e tm e k lâ z ım d ır. S a ğ a l t y a n d a k i i z a h a t le v h a s ın ı s ü s le y e n s u l t a n p o r tr e s i, a l t t a r a f ı n d a k i « H A M E T H V IU S N O M IN IS P R I M U S IM P E R A T O K O R I E N T I S » ib a r e s in d e n a n la ş ıld ığ ın a g ö re ş e h r in F a t i h i S u lta n M e h m e d ’e a it t ir . H ü l â s a o la r a k ş u n u sö y liy e b iliriz : G e r e k p a n o r a m a m ız ın G r a v ö r ü P . V a n d e r K e e re , g e r e k s e b u n u n a z b ir f a r k l a a y n ın ı h a k e tm iş o la n G.
T e m in i İ s t a n b u l ’u g ö r m e m iş le r d ir . O r ijin a l n ü s h a s ın ı
m e y d a n a g e ti r e n r e s s a m ı h e n ü z t e s b it e d e c e k d u r u m d a d e ğ iliz. M a m a f ih s a n ’a t k â r m e s e rin i 1600 y ılla r ı e t r a f ı n d a t e r s im e tm iş o lm a s ı lâ z ım d ır. Ç ü n k ü h e r ik i p a n o r a m a d a d a t a s v i r e d ile n b i n a l a r d a n e n y e n is i 1596 d a v e f a t e tm iş o la n S in a n p a ş a n ın tü r b e s id ir . 1609 d a b a ş la n m ış o la n S u lta n A h m e t c a m ii ise g ö s te r ilm e m iş tir . B u n d a n b a ş k a s u l t a n c a m i v e s a r a y l a r ın ı n y a n ın d a t a s v i r e d ilm iş b u lu n a n d iğ e r c a m i, s a r a y v e k o n a k la r , b ilh a s s a s u l t a n S ü le y m a n I. v e h a le f le r i z a m a n ı n d a m ü h im m e v k ile r iş g a l e d e n p a ş a la r t a r a f ı n d a n in ş a e d ilm iş le r d ir.
Y a p tığ ım ız b a z ı m u k a y e s e le r d e n a n la ş ıld ığ ı ü z e re p a n o r a m a m ız h e r n e k a d a r t a b i a t a s a d a k a t v e p re s iz y o n itib a r iy le L o r ic h s ’in e s e riy le m u k a y e s e e d ile m e z s e de, ş e h r i n u m u m î k a r a k t e r i n i iy ic e c a n la n d ır m ış o lm a s ı b a k ı m ın d a n h u s u s î b i r k ıy m e ti h a iz d ir v e İ s t a n b u l ’u n b ilh a s s a
24
TÜRKİYE TURİNG ve OTOMOBİL KURUMU
s o n y ü z y ılla r a a i t to p o g r a f y a s iy le u ğ r a ş a n a y d ın l a r ı y a k ın d a n ilg ile n d ir e c e k b i r m a h iy e t a r z e tm e k te d ir . İ s t a n b u l, 1949. R ü s te m D U Y U R A N . (1) E . O b e r h u m m e r : K o n s ta n tin o p e l u n t e r S u lta n S u le im a n d e m G ro s s e n , M ü n e h e n , 1902. (2) A. M. S c h n e id e r : G io v a n n i T e m in is A n s ic h t v o n K o n s ta n tin o p e l ( J d İ , 1942, s a h . 221). (3) Y u k a r d a k i e tü t : H a ş iy e : 4-9. (4) A. M. S c h n e id e r : Z u r S t a n b u la n s i c h t d e s G io v a n n i T e m in i ( J d İ , 1944, s a h . 79). (5) B u h u s u s ta h a ş iy e 2 .d ek i e t ü t t e ş u i z a h a t v e r i liy o r : I s o la d e l B a p i m u h te m e l o l a r a k P r o t i ( K ın a lı a d a ) v e y a A n tig-oni ( B u r g a z a d a s ı) y i t a s v i r e d iy o r. F a k a t b u n u n , ş u r a d a b u r a d a is m i g e ç e n İ le d e s la p in s ( t a v ş a n lı a d a ) o lm a s ı d a m ü m k ü n d ü r . B u g ü n h e r n e k a d a r y a ln ız P r i n k i p o ( B ü y ü k a d a ) n u n a r k a s ı n d a k i k a y a l ı k N e a n d r o s a d a s ı b u a d ı t a ş ıy o r s a d a , d a h a e s k i h a r i t a l a r P l a t i (Y a s s ı a d a ) v e O x la ( H a y ırs ız a d a ) y ı d a a y n i ş e k ild e a d la n d ı r m a k ta d ı r la r . M ü te b a k i ik i a d a n ın m e d lû lle ri ise te m a m iy le g a y r i m u a y y e n d ir. Z ir a Is . d e l P a p a e s k i s e y y a h l a r t a r a f ı n d a n P r i n k i p o ( B ü y ü k a d a ) ile b i r t u t u l d u ğ u g ib i, K ız ıl a d a l a r ı n e n b ü y ü ğ ü o lu p k ı s a c a (K ız ıl a d a ) d iy e te s m iy e o lu n a n I s o l a R u f a d a a y n i d u r u m d a d ı r .” ( K a r ş ı l a ş t ı r : E v li y a Ç e le b i: C. 2. s a h . 68/69). (6) E v liy a Ç e le b i; C. I, s a h . 322. (7) A. M. S c h n e id e r —M. Is. N o m id is : G a la ta , T opo- g r a p h is c h - A r c h a e o lo g is c h e r P la n , İ s ta n b u l, 1944, s a h . 23. (8) G a la ta , s a h . 22. (9) G a la ta , s a h . 25/28, B a k . H a d ik a tü lc e v a m i, C. I I , s a h . 30. (10) İ s t . E s k i E s e r le r i K o r u m a E n c ü m e n i, F iş N o. 2. B a k . A. M. S c h n e id e r : B y z a n z , 1936, s a h . 15. (11) T e m in i e tü d ü n d e P r o f . S c h n e id e r a y n e n şu m ü t a l â a y ı ile ri s ü r ü y o r : “E ğ e r s o n u n c u s u ile F e n e r d e k i b u g ü n k ü P a t r i k h a n e k a s te d iliy o r s a , P a n o r a m a n ın d a h a
1601 d e n e v v el, y a n i b u k ilis e n in P a t r i k l i k m e r k e z i s e ç il m e d e n e v v el, m e y d a n a g e tir ilm iş o lm a s ı ic a p e d e c e k tir . B u n a g ö r e d e N , 1587 y ılın ın a ğ u s to s a y ın d a c a m ie k a lb - e d ilm iş o la n P a m m a k a r i s to s ( F e th iy e c a m ii) v e y a b u n d a n s o n r a 1601 y ılm a k a d a r m ü n a v e b e ile P a t r i k l i k m e r k e z i v a z if e s in i g ö r e n B la c h s e r a i k ilis e s i v e y a P e t r a m a n a s t ı r ı o la c a k tı. M a m a f ih b u , p e k k a t ’i t e l â k k i e d ile m e z ; z i r a F e n e r m u h itin d e b u n d a n b a ş k a G e o rg k ilis e le r i de m e v c u t tu ” . A.A.
Açıkhava Tiyatrosunda
Ingiliz Bale Sanatkârları
Londranın meşhur Sadlers Wells Balesinden
M oira S h e a re r-M ic h a e l S o m e s
A n n e H e a to n -A le x a n d e r G ra n t
Piyanoda: Jean GILBERT
Klasik ve Modern balelerden seçme parçalar
ve aynı programda
T Ü R K B A L E A K A D E M İS İ Ö Ğ R E N C İL E R İ, T Ü R K M İL LÎ D A N S L A R I v.s.
Haziran 8-9-10 Saat 2 H 5d e
Biletler Tepebaşı Şehir Tiyatrosunda her gün
saat 13 den 20 ye kadar satılmaktadır.
Fatih’i Anış
Bir yepyeni devrin başı oldun; seni tarih,
Elbet koyacaktır ebedin koynuna Fâtih!
Beyhûde fakat, sığmıyacaksm; ebediyyet
Bin parça olurken duyacak ismine minnet.
Dînim gibi ey kadri nihayet bilinen hak,
Tasdikine kâfir bile âmâde muhakkak.
H asret denilen meş’ale yanmış ta kanında
Millet sarıyor kâbeni, toplandı yanında.
Lâkin yine bir sahne y arat bizlere ilkin,
Ruhunla buluş, zelzele kopmuş gibi silkin.
Birdenbire aç toprağı “yurdum!” diye fırla,
Beş yüz senedir görmediğin kavmi hatırla.
Yekpâre demir topla, kıvılcım gibi erle,
Sâhilde yüzen misli bulunmaz gemilerle
Askerliği bir mûcize halindeki dâhi!
Arkanda beyaz tolgalı binlerce sipâhi,
Geç Topkapıdan bir daha som sırma atınla,
Göster bize bir başka cihan saltanatınla.
Hâlâ bakarız aksine her kışta ve yazda,
Gölgen dolaşırken gece heybetle Boğazda,
Boşlukta gümüş hançerinin namlısı parlar,
Görmüş gibi titrer yüce simanı hisarlar.
İstanbula çepçevre saran mavi kenardan,
Şen Kızkulesinden, Sanyerden, Adalardan,
Sâkin ve güzel Üsküdarın gölgelerinden,
Altın Haücin kâsede altın seherinden
Sevginle buhurdan gibi tütm ekte olan nûr
— Tâcınla rekâbet edecekmiş gibi m ağrur —
Akşamla ufuktan süzülür, türbene damlar,
Hürmetle tabiat o büyük lahdi selâmlar.
Olsun bu şeref menbaı gün ırkıma kutlu,
“Türküm!” diye çarpan, övünen kalbe ne
m utlu!
Nahid Abdülkadir GÖKÇÖL
18.ci A s ır d a y a p ılm ış b i r g r a v ü r e n a z a r e ıı T o p k a p ı S a r a y ı k ü lliy e s in e k u ş b a k ış ı V ue p a n o r a m iq u e d u V ie u x S é r a il d ’a p r è s u n e g r a v u r e d u 18e S iècleA General Survey of the Buildings included in the Palace of Topkapu.
S u r - u - H ü m a y u n d ış k a p ıs ı
P o r t e p r in c ip a le d e l’e n c e in te d e s P a l a i s d e T o p k a p o u
The P a la c e o f Topkapu occupies a site o f un riv a lle d b e au ty, on the Prom ontory since c a lle d S a ra y Point, a trian g le form ed by the Sea o f M arm ara and the G o ld e n H orn, at the meeting p lace o f the con tinents o f Europe and A s ia .
Before exam ining the to p o g rap h ical situation of the P a la c e o f To p ka p u , it w ill be w e ll to m ake a b rie f survey o f the historical events w hich occured in that site. Trad itio ns tell us th at Byzantium has been in h abited fo r a v e ry long tim e, and its foundation is attributed to the M e g aria n s. According to the leg end, M eg arian s consulted the o ra c le o f Delphi in o rder to decide w h e re it w ould be suitable to found a new co lo n y. The o ra cle a n sw e re d : “ Opposite the city of the blind” . The M eg aria n s w ere puzzled by th at a n s w e r. Some time a fte r, about 658 B. C ., they set out fo r a long jo urney under the leadersh ip o f B yza s. A t last th ey cam e to a spot w hich they found w o n d e r fu lly b e a u tifu l. They thought th at the in h ab ita n ts of C h a lc e d o n ia , opposite, must have been blind to ignore the fa scin atin g charm o f the Bosphorus and the G o l den H orn, and the w id e blue stretch o f the M arm ara, with a v ie w o f the sno w -clad ran g e o f O lym pus, and settle in C h a lc e d o n ia . Then they understood the pur port o f the o ra c le , and decided to settle in th at p la ce , and th ey g a ve it the nam e o f Byzantium , a fte r their le a d e r.
Thanks to the ad va n ta g e s o ffered by the mild clim ate and fa v o u ra b le g e o g ra p h ica l position, the
co lo ny g rew and prospered. The latest settlers
brought with them the cult o f H era. The city w as
surrounded by a w a 11 .(1 ) Byzantium becam e a
prosperous and im portant com m ercial centre. The
beautiful city, endow ed w ith a ll the bounties o f n a ture, w a s the scene o f endless am bition and strife. First it w as conquered by the P ersian s. N ext it w as seized by the Sp artan P au san ias in 7 4 9 B. C . 134 ye a rs late r, in 3 4 5 , it w a s under d a n g e r o f being
captured by King Philip o f M aced o n. The heroic
resistance o f the citizens forced Philip to raise the
(1) T h e w a ll e n c lo s e d a n a r e a w h ic h m a y b e c o n
s id e r e d la r g e f o r th e p o p u la tio n o f t h a t tim e . A c c o rd in g to a n c i e n t c h ro n ic le s , th e w a ll o f S e p tim u s S e v e r u s b e g a n a t th e p la c e c a lle d N e o rio n (b e tw e e n th e p la c e s c a lle d a t p r e s e n t E m in ö n ü a n d B a h ç e k a p u ) p a s s e d b y S u lta n A h m e d a n d N u ri-O s m a n iy e , a n d e n d e d a t A h ir-K a p u . C o n s ta n tin e ’s w a ll b e g a n a t C ib ali, e x te n d e d w e s tw a r d , p a s s e d b y th e C h u r c h o f th e H o ly S a v io u r P a n te p o p te ( E s k i İ m a r e t C am ii)-, a n d t h e C h u r c h o f th e H o ly A p o s tle s ( th e s ite o f w h ic h is n o w o c c u p ie d b y F a t i h M o s q u e ), c ro s s e d th e L y c u s s t r e a m (Y e n i-b a h ç e ), p a s s e d b y t h e s ite o f İ s a - K a p u m e s c id i, a n d r e a c h e d t h e la n d in g - p la c e o f D a v u d -P a g a , n e a r S a m a ty a . W h e n th e c ity g re w la r g e r , a n e w w a ll w a s b u i lt w h ic h s till e x is ts to -d a y . I t b e g in s a t A y v a n -S a ra y , p a s s e s b y E ğ r i- k a p u , E d ir n e K a p u , a n d T o p -K a p u , a n d e n d s a t th e M a rb le T o w e r in th e C a s tle o f th e S e v e n T o w e rs . W e m u s t a d d t h a t h a r d ly a n y t r a c e s r e m a in o f th e e a r l i e r w a lls .
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TOURING ET AUTOMOBILE CLUB DE TURQUIE
1852 d e Ç in ili K ö ş k ü n g ö r ü n ü ş ü
E t a t e n 1852 d e T c h in ili K io s k c o n s t r u it e n 1460 p a r le S u lta n M e h m e d I I
siege and retre at. The B yza n tia n s cele b rate d this
success by o ffe rin g s to the gods, and as their victory occured in m oonlight, th ey erected a statue o f H ecate, goddess o f the moon and o f hunting, and their coins bore the fig u re o f the crescent, an emblem o f the goddess.
A fte r m any vicissitud es, Byzantium fe ll under
Roman dom inion but enjo yed autonom y until the
Em peror V e sp asian (6 9 - 7 9 A .D .) put an end to her p ri vileg es and ind epend en ce. In 1 9 5, Septimus Severus destroyed the to w n , w hich w a s reduced to the state o f a sm all v illa g e . This caused much concern to his son C a r a c a lla , w ho persuaded his fa th e r to restore the city, and build a fo rtress, baths and p a la c e s. The town chang ed its nam e several tim es. O nce it w as given the nam e o f the Em peror Antonius (1 3 8 -1 6 1 A .D .) . W h en C o nstantin e tran sferred his c a p ita l there
(3 3 0 A .D .) , it w a s given the nam e o f C o nstantin o p le, w hich rem ained even a fte r the Turkish conquest, and coins struck there bore the nam e o f “ Q ostantaniye” , although it w a s o th erw ise referred to as Istan b ul, derived from the G re e k f'c t>)v I IoXiv . Later it w as referred to as A sita n e , Islam b o l, D er-’A liy e (th e Sublim e G a t e ) , Der-i-Sa’adet (th e G a te o f F e lic ity ), D ar-al Khiiafet-al-’A liye ( c a p ita l o f the Sublim e Ca- lif a t e ) . The discussion o f those names lies outside the scope o f this a rtic le . W e w ill o n ly note th at, although Istanbul w a s still c a lle d C o nstantin o p le by fo reig n ers, the nam e w a s d e fin itiv e ly ab an d o n e d a fte r the Turk ish Republic w a s proclaim ed.
N o trace is left o f the buildings in Byzantium
previous to the C hristian e ra .
As the S a ra y Point is the most ad va n ce d spot of ¡stan bul, and the first to be in h ab ite d , at the meeting p lace o f the continents o f Europe and A s ia , w e have no doubt th at a n y m ethodic researches and e x c a v a tions m ade there w ould render it possible to bring to light cultural rem ains ran ging from modern times to the prehistoric a g e , and a n y finds m ade w ould be o f the highest interest to arc h a e o lo g y . It is w ith this object th at the Turkish H istorical So ciety entrusted the Museum o f A ntiquities o f Istanbul with researches in th at reg io n . The e xcavatio n s began on Septem ber 8th 1 9 3 7 , in the M iddle Court, w hich is the highest point o f the A ncient A cro p o lis, now occupied by the P a la c e o f To p ka p u . The results o f the e xcavatio n s have been published by us, so it is unnecessary to rep eat them h e r e ( 2 ) . W e w ill o n ly note that re searches w e re confined to a v e ry limited a re a . It is urgent to continue researches in the S a ra y Point, and in diverse places o f the P a la c e . If w e consider th at, although the fo undations and basem ents o f most of the builings o f the S a ra y Point belonging to the fourth and subsequent centuries still e xist, the plan s w e have a re confined to the sketches c f tw o or three scho lars, w e can conclude that the m aterial g athered from a rch a e o lo g ica l researches w ould be very v a lu a b le for science.
The p a la c e o f To pkapu and its an n exes occupy
(2) B e lle te n N o. 16, 1942, P . 318, T o p k a p ı S a r a y ı
Ç in ili K ö ş k ü n d a h ilî ç in i t e z y in a tı D e c o r a tio n s e n fa ie n c e s d u B a lc o n d e T c h in ili K io s k an a re a tw o kilom etres in length, enclosed by a w a ll
surmounted with battlem ents, built by the C onqueror, and known under the nam e o f Sû r-i-Sultânî (Im p e rial W a l l ) . The w a ll begins on the seashore at O tluk Ka- pu (G a t e o f the H a y S to re ), near A h ır Kapu (th e S ta b le G a t e ) , and extends u p h ill, then down ag ain as f a r as Soğukçeşm e (th e Fountain o f Fresh W a t e r ) , w h e re it forms a sh arp curb at A la y Köşkü (th e Kiosque o f C e re m o n ie s), from w hich point it descends down a g ain to the seasho re ( 3 ) . It thus joins at two p laces the B yzantin e sea w a ll, w hich bears an in scription ind icating th at it w a s thoroughly repaired by the Em peror Theophilus in the first h a lf o f the
(3) T h e w a ll h a s f o u r m a in g a te s , k n o w n u n d e r th e n a m e s o f I r o n G a te , S o ğ u k ç e ş m e , B â b ı- H ü m â y u n ( I m p e r ia l G a te ) , a n d O tlu k K a p u . T h e l a r g e s t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t is th e I m p e r i a l G a te , a n d i t w a s u s e d f o r o f fic ia l c e re m o n ie s a n d im p o r t a n t o c c a s io n s . T h e g a te w a s s u r m o u n te d b y a w o o d e n p a v ilio n , w h ic h fe ll in to d e c a y a n d w a s p u lle d d o w n in th e m id d le o f th e n in e te e n th c e n tu r y , a n d r e p la c e d b y a p a r a p e t s till e x ta n t. O n th e g a te is a n in s c r ip tio n i n d ic a tin g t h a t th e w a ll w a s c o m p le te d in 885 (A. D . 1478), w h ic h p ro v e s t h a t i t w a s b u ilt by th e C o n q u e ro r. T h e t u ğ r a s ( I m p e r ia l s e a ls ) , in d ic a te t h a t i t w a s r e s t o r e d b y M a h m u d I I . a n d A bdul-A ziz. T h e g a te s o f th e w a ll o f T h e o p h ilu s ( th e s e a w a ll) w e re B a lık h a n e K a p u s u ( F is h - M a r k e t G a te ) , D e ğ ir m e n O c a ğ ı K a p u s u (M ille rs ’ G a te ) o r M ezb elen i O c a ğ ı K a p u s u (G a te o f R e f u s e C a r r ie r s ) , a n d Y a lı K ö ş k ü K a p u s u (G a te o f th e P a v ilio n o n t h e S e a s h o r e ) , n e a r th e S e p e tç ile r K ö ş k ü ( th e P a v ilio n o f th e B a s k e t- M a k e r s ) . A t p r e s e n t o n ly g a te s o f th e F is h - M a r k e t a n d th e R e f u s e C a r r ie r s e x is t.
ninth century. C hronicles tell us th at the w a ll took eight ye a rs to b u ild .
The B yzantin e w a ll w hich exten ded alo n g the G o ld e n H orn, beginning from the S a ra y Point, has
alm ost com pletely d isa p p e a re d , and in 1 8 7 ) the
p art w hich began at Demir Kapu (th e Iron G a t e ) , has been cut by the r a ilw a y . In th at vast a re a , the O tto man Sultans began in 14 6 7 to build p a la c e s, p avilio n s, b aths, o ffices, lib ra rie s, dorm itories, mosques, schools, kitchens, b ak e rie s, fo u n ta in s, ponds, cisterns. W e can s a fe ly sa y th at the P a la c e o f Topkapu w a s an e n closed city containing more than one hundred bu ild ings ( 4 ) .
It w a s tho ro ug hly o rg an ized , an d co ntained pro visions and fuel enough to last several d a ys, in case com m unications with the outer city w ere interrupted. It w as quite a seif-supporting co lo n y. In the schools servants w ere train ed fo r the m ultiple services o f the
(4) T h e I m p e r i a l W a ll w a s a ls o a n o u t e r f o r t if i c a tio n . I t e n c lo s e d t h e m a in b u ild in g o f th e P a la c e w h ic h c a n b e c o n s id e re d a n in n e r f o r tr e s s , lim ite d b y th e M id d le G a te , a n d th e h ig h w a lls o f th e H a r e m a n d k i tc h e n s on th e la n d sid e , a n d o n th e s e a s id e b y w a lls a n d t e r r a c e s f a c in g t h e B o s p h o r u s a n d th e G o ld e n H o r n . T h e r e f o r e if, in c a s e o f a n a tt a c k , th e I m p e r ia l W a ll W as seized , th e a s s a i la n t s e n te r in g th e p r e c in c ts o f th e P a l a c e w o u ld f in d i t im p o s s ib le to e n t e r t h e m a in b u ild in g u n le s s th e P a la c e g a te s w e re o p e n ed . E v e n if th e y c ro s s e d th e M id d le G a te , th e y c o u ld n o t e n t e r t h e P a l a c e u n le s s th e G a te o f F e lic ity a n d o t h e r g a te s o f th e T h ir d C o u r t w e re o p e n ed .
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TOURING ET AUTOMOBILE CLUB DE TURQUIE
T o p k a p u S a r a y ı B ir in c i A v lu s u
P r e m iè r e C o u r d e s P a l a i s d e T o p k a p o u ( G r a v u r e d e X V T IIe S.)
P a la c e , and o ffic ia ls fo r the highest g rad e s in the G o vernm ent service. Students w ere c a re fu lly trained in science and a rt, music being given an im portant p la c e , as w e ll as in sports such as arc h e ry, horse m anship, m usketry and fe n cin g . T eachers w ere c a re fu lly chosen. Servan ts o f the P a la c e w ere divided into more than th irty co rp o ratio ns, such as the H alb erd iers — w ith Tresses, the Se rg ean ts-at-A rm s, the G u a rd ia n s- of-the M aid s, the B ak ers, the C o o ks, the C o n fe ctio n ers, the G a te k e e p e rs, the G a rd e n e rs, the G ra fte rs . Each corpo ratio n w a s under the orders o f a ch ie f, and the corps o f the G a rd e n e rs, or G u a rd s, w e re un der the o rders o f a com m ander.
This b rie f e xp la n a tio n show s th at the system o f o rg an izatio n o f the P a la c e w a s in proportion to its size.
In 17 0 7 Ahm ed III. built a w ooden p a la c e on the seasho re at the S a ra y Point, guarded by can no n s, from w hich it took the nam e o f P a la c e o f Topkapu (C a n n o n G a t e ) , w hich a fte rw a rd s included the w ho le group o f bu ild in g s, the first o f w hich dates from the reign o f the C onqueror, and the latest from the 19th century.
The P a la c e is a rich source o f study fo r a ll in te r ested in the history o f Turkish Art and architecture. It is im possible to include in the limited scope o f a short article m atter sufficient to fill m any volum es, and w e w ill o n ly mention b rie fly a fe w interesting points.
The Palace Kitchens
Between the M iddle G a te and the Second g a te , c a lle d B a l-a l-S e la m , the south-eastern side o f the vast court is occupied by the P a la c e by a portico o f more than fo rty colum ns. It is a rem a rk ab le piece of architectu re.
In those kitchens food w a s prepared fo r fo u r to five thousand people on o rd in a ry d a ys, and as m any as ten or fifte en thousand on fe a st d ays or p a y -d a y s. A ccording to existing info rm atio n, and the d etails
given in A t a ’s H istory, in the reign o f M urad III. the number o f chefs, cooks and scullions w a s more than 1 1 1 0 . In one y e a r 3 0 .0 0 0 chickens, four hundred lam bs, 2 2 .5 0 0 sheeps w ere cooked. That part o f the P a la c e form ed a city in itse lf, with the quarters o f the kitchen and com m issariat o ffic ia ls , o f the cooks, tray- c arrie rs, and servan ts, and their dorm itories, mosques and baths. Most o f those buildings h ave fa lle n into ruins through long ye a rs o f n e g le c t (5 ). It is to be hoped that p art o f the quarters o f the cooks w ill be included in the present p lan o f resto ratio n.
In 1 5 7 4 , under the reign o f Selim II, the kitchens
situated in th at sam e p lace w ere a c c id e n ta lly
destroyed by fire , together with the com m issariat, w here w a s kept a v a lu a b le ch in a , and the co nfectio n ers' shop. A fte r that the present buildings w ere erect ed by the fam ous architect Sirian . They included the kitchens proper, the co nfectio ners’ shop w here various sw eets and jams w ere p rep a re d , the tin-shop w here th ey tinned the various utensils, a fo un dry w here they melted the lead used to cover and rep a ir the roofs of the vario u s buildings o f the P alace s. In the m iddle, and alo ng the w a lls o f the kitchens w ere fire -p lace s
(5) I t is o w in g to n e g le c t t h a t m a n y o t h e r b u ild in g s e n c lo s e d in th e I m p e r ia l W a ll h a v e fa lle n in to ru in s . T h e y a r e k n o w n to u s o n ly b y c h ro n ic le s , a n d so m e of th e m h a v e d is a p p e a r e d w it h o u t e v e n le a v in g a tr a c e . E a r t h q u a k e s a n d f ir e s a r e a ls o re s p o n s ib le f o r m u c h d is a s te r . A m o n g th o s e b u ild in g s w h ic h d is a p p e a r e d w e re th e D e p a r t m e n t o f F in a n c e s , th e B a k e r ie s , th e P a v ilio n o f L aw , th e Q u a r t e r s o f th e W a r d e r s o f th e W a ln u t T re e , t h e B o o t G a te , th e K io s q u e o n th e S e a -s h o re , th e K io s q u e o f th e B a s k e t- M a k e r s , th e Q u a r t e r o f th e G a r d e n e r s , th e B o a t-H o u s e s , th e P a l a c e o n th e se a -s h o re , th e Q u a r t e r s o f th e B a k e r s , th e Q u a r t e r s o f t h e R e f u s e -C a r r ie r s , th e K io s q u e o f S in a n P a § a , th e isa lc iy e K io s q u e , th e K io s q u e o f th e G a te o f t h e H a y - S to r e , th e K io s q u e o f F r e s h W a te r , th e K io s q u e o f M a h m u d II., a n d t h e M u ra d iy e K io sq u e .
B a g d a d K ö ş k ü n ü n b i r k ö ş e s i U n c o in d u K io s k d e B a g d a d (X V IIe S.)
o f sandstone in w hich w ere p lace d , but not fix e d , larg e cald ro n s. The smoke from the fire -p lace s w as draw n up by w id e chim neys, 20 in number, built in the m iddle o f lead-co vered domes.
A fte r long ye a rs o f neglect the kitchens, which w ere as much out o f re p a ir as the rest o f the P a la c e , w ere p a rtia lly restored by the G overnm ent o f the Turkish Republic. Recently a general restoration o f the P a la c e has been u nd ertaken , the kitchens and d e
pendencies w e re co m p letely re p a ire d , and the
director o f the Museum o f Topkapu S a ra y i decided to use them as show-room s in acco rd an ce with the o rig i nal ch a ra cte r o f the building. As the rooms have two ranges o f w indo w s on each side, th ey receive su f ficien t light and sun to preserve the most d elicate objects w ithout fe a r o f dam pness. It is how ever im portant not to m ake the slightest chang e and to respect the o rig in al aspect o f the kitchens, w h e re food w as prepared d a ily fo r 5 0 0 0 people.
The Kiosques of Bagdad and Revan.
The Kiosque o f B ag d ad , one o f the most b e au ti ful specim ens o f Turkish architecture, and one o f the most im portant and graceful buildings o f the P alace o f To p ka p u , o ffers a splendid vie w o f the G o lden Horn and Beyoglu on one side, and the Bosphorus and the Sea o f M arm ara on the o ther. In front o f the kiosque is a terrace supported by a high a rc a d e . Seen from b e lo w , the re g u la rly distanced consols supporting the terrace give the building an aspect o f imposing b e au ty. The kiosque occupies an a re a 22 metres in breadth and as much across. It is surmounted by an e le g a n t dome surrounded by w id e overhanging eaves
supported by 22 m arble colum ns. The space betw een the p ara p e t o f the terrace and the kiosque is less than 2 .5 0 metres. The w a lls are one metre th ick. The plan is o f o ctag o n al shape with fo ur sym m etrical recesses. The kiosque has tw o ranges o f w in d o w s. The w in dows o f the lo w er ran g e have railin g s with geom etri cal ornam ents, and ebon y shutters in la id with ivo ry, m other-of-pearl and to rto ise-shell. The p an els o f the doors are sim ilarly deco rated . In the upper ran g e the w indow s are stucco-fram ed, and stained g lass has been m oderately used. The fram es o f the doors and w indo w s are o f m arble. E xte rio rly the lo w er p art of the w a lls is face d with p an els o f m arble, and the upper part with tiles. The m arble b alu strad es o f the terrace are undoubtedly am ong the most beautiful
specim ens o f the sculpture o f th at p erio d. In the
sh ad o w o f the o verhangin g e aves and the w ide- spanned a rca d e the tiles, with blue design on a w hite ground, add an attractive and imposing aspect to the ele g an t building. Ten ye a rs ag o g lass panes in w o o den fram es w ere erected in front o f the fa c a d e in order to shelter the d e lica te ornem entation from the rough g a le s o f the Bosphorus. A sim ilar fram e had been erected p revio usly.
In the interior o f the Kiosque are niched cup boards with three shelves. The painted and gilded decorations o f the roo f and so ffits a re unique. Bet w een tw o recesses is a lo fty fire -p la c e o f gilded brass. Between the other recesses are the three beautiful doors o f the Kiosque.
Between the tw o ranges o f w indo w s are inscribed verses from the C oran in w h ite letters on a d ark
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TOURING ET AUTOMOBILE CLUB DE TURQUIE
blue ground, by a fam ous c a llig ra p h e r, Mahmud Qe- lebi o f To p h an e .
The dome m easures 9 metres across an d 11.78 metres in h eight. Behind the w a ll w ith the fire -p la c e is a kitchen w ith a door on the e xte rio r side. On the left o f the kitchen is a to ilet also w ith door on the e xte rio r side, and w hich seems to h ave been built at a la te r d a te .
The o ctag o n al lantern 3 .3 0 metres high, that surmounts the dom e, is p erh ap s the o n ly part o f the building th at is not p le a sa n t to the sight. It seems rath er uncouth, perh aps fo r the reason th at w e are not accustom ed to see it on religio us buildings.
The Kiosque w a s built to com m em orate the con quest o f B ag d ad by M urad IV . (1 6 2 3 - 1 6 4 0 ) . It w as com pleted in one y e a r and no pains w ere spared to m ake it ap p ro ach p erfectio n. U nfo rtu n a te ly the name o f the architect is unkno w n. It is to be hoped that researches m ade in the P a la c e archives w ill bring the nam e to light.
C lose to the B ag d ad Kiosque is the Revan Kiosque, se p arate d from it b y a m arble te rra ce w ith a larg e p an d , and m onumental jet-fou n tain in the m iddle. The Kiosque w a s built by M urad IV . to comm em orate the conquest o f Revan in 1 6 3 5 . It is on a high te rra ce , n ext to the D epartm ent o f the H oly M an tle. In reg ard to the p la n , double ran g e o f w in d o w s, p ain ting s, and
i s t a n b u l u n e n e s k i v a k f iy e li S a n T im u r C a m ii M o s q u ée d e S a r i T im u r d o n t la c o n s tr u c tio n c o m m e
te m p le m u s u lm a n r e m o n te a u X H I e S iècle, s o u s la d o m in a tio n b y z a n tin e
tile deco rations it is sim ilar to the B ag d ad Kiosque but on a sm aller sc a le . The soffits o f its three recesses
are covered with ornam ented parchm ent and the
dome is stuccoed, w h ile those o f the B ag d ad Kiosque a re the reverse, but the style o f ornam entation is id e n tic a l. The fire -p la c e is in the fourth recess, and more sim ply o rnam ented.
The e le g a n t kiosques, built to comm em orate two victories o f M urad IV ., are not o n ly the finest o rn a ments o f the P a la c e o f To p ka p u , but also priceless specim ens o f Turkish art and architecture.
In concluding these lines I w ish to p a y hommage to the G overnm ent o f the Turkish Republic and to the M inistry o f Educatio n, for the care they have besto w ed on the restoration o f the P a la c e o f T o p kap u.
A ZİZ O G A N
D irector o f the Museum o f A n tiq uities.
L ’embarcation du Sultan Mehmed 11
Le Conquérant
A près la Conquête, on a commencé à construire à l ’arse n a l d 'Istan b ul des navires rapides et c ap a b les de tenir la mer, ain si que des « c a ïq u e s » .
Les ca ïq u e s, qui parco uraient en tous sens le Bosphore et la Corne d ’O r, av a ie n t une g râce p a r ticulière avec leurs form es allo n g é e s et les peintures, dont ils étaient revêtus. A trave rs les siècles, ils ont pris des noms très divers, suivant la nature des services
q u ’ils ren d aie n t. Ceux à bord desquels s’em
b arq u aient lès sultans, les jours des cérém onies
o ffic ie lle s, recevaien t le nom de « ca ïq u e s im périau x» Dans une comm unication adressée p ar le Sultan M urad III au K ad i d 'Izn ik , il lui ordonne de lui pro curer 2 3 0 0 sphères en fa ïe n c e , «pour servir à orner l ’arriè re du nouveau c a iq u e , que j ’ai décidé de choisir pour ab riter ma M ajesté Im p ériale» ( 1 ) .
De même que M urad III orn ait de fa ïe n c e s le rouf — on d isait en turc le «K o sk» ou Kiosque de son c a ïq u e im p érial, les em barcations que le Sultan
Ibrahim fit construire pour ses célèbres fav o rite s,
étaient ornées de pierres précieuses.
Du XV e au X V IIIe siècles, les em barcations u tili sées à Istanbul pour les excursions maritimes portaient les noms de ca ïq u e s, « K a d irg a » (g a lè r e ) , «tchekti- ri» . ( 2 ) . Les g a lè res de ce g enre, à bord desquelles m ontaient les souverains, étaient des g a lè res légères de la classe dite « K a lite » . Les em barcations plus petites étaient ap p elées « tch ek tiri» .
1) N u r e d d in Y a tm a n : A rtic le p a r u d a n s le N o . 1 d e la re v u e « Y u rd sesi».
(2) E n g é n é r a l o n d o n n e le n o m d e « tc h e k tir i» a u x e m b a r c a tio n s m u e s a u m o y e n d e r a m e s e t o n les c la ss e s u i v a n t le n o m b r e d e le u r s p a ir e s d e r a m e s .
