T.C
İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNIVRSİTESİ
SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ
ARAPÇA YABANCI DİL ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN SES BİLGİSİ EĞİTİMİ VE YETERLİLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ
Aisha ALHRIRI
ARAP DİLİ EĞİTİMİ ANABİLİM DALI
ARAP DİLİ EĞİTİMİ PROGRAMI
Tez Danışman: Prof. Dr. Adil BEBEK
ARALIK, 2018
T.C
İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNIVRSİTESİ
SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ
ARAPÇA YABANCI DİL ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN SES BİLGİSİ EĞİTİMİ VE YETERLİLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Aisha ALHRIRI Y1612.320002) ( ARAP DİLİ EĞİTİMİ ANABİLİM DALI
ARAP DİLİ EĞİTİMİ PROGRAMI
Tez Danışman: Prof. Dr. Adil BEBEK
i
ARAPÇA YABANCI DİL ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN SES BİLGİSİ EĞİTİMİ VE YETERLİLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
ÖZET
Bu araştırma yabancılara yönelik Arapça öğretme konusunun bir problemini ele almaktadır nitekim birçok çalışma ve araştırma, öğretme esnasında vurgu ve tonlamaya gereken önemin verilmediğini ve bazı öğretmenlerin dil konusunda yeterince deneyim sahibi olmadıklarını göstermektedir.
Araştırmanın teorik yönü, yabancılara Arapça öğretmede ve öğretmenlerin yeterliliğinde vurgu ve tonlamanın önemini tanımayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışma vurgu ve tonlamanın etkilediği ve aynı zamanda etkilendiği dilsel ilişkileri gösterip açıklamaya dayanır. vurgu ve tonlamanın konuşma zinciri ve dili öğrenme konusundaki önemini ve dili öğretenin dil bilgisiyle ilgili deneyiminin zorunluluğunu açıklar çalaşma Bunları bilmenin öğrenenlerin doğru bir dil redinma ve bir iletişim aracı olarak dili doğru kullanmayla ilgili yeterlilikleri üzerine olan etkisini öngörmektedir.
Araştırmanın pratik yönü ise, araştırmanın örnekleri Türkiye’de öğretmenlik yapan öğretmenlerden seçildi. vurgu ve tonlamanın öğretmenler açısından yabancılara Arapça öğretme konusundaki önemi ve öğretmenlerin dil bilgisi ve uygulamaları konusundaki birikimlerini öğrenmeyi hedefler.
Çalışmanın sonuçları çalışmanın örneklerini oluşturan yabancılara Arapça öğretenlerin hem dil bilgisi hem de uygulamaları ile ilgili birikimlerinin orta seviyede olduğunu göstermiştir.
iii
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STRESS AND INTONATION THE LINGUISTIC COMPENTENCE OF THE TEACHER
ABSTRACT
The research, here, deals with an actual problem that faces non native learners of Arabic. Some Researchers noted that less study was done on stress and intonation during teaching Arabic. Add to that, some teachers haven't got enough experience in Arabic. The research, here, in its theoretical part, aims to show the importance of stress and intonation in teaching Arabic to non speakers of it and to show the teacher's need to that. The research shows and explains the linguistic relationships that affect and are affected by stress and intonation. It, also, shows their importance in the speech chain and in teaching Arabic and the necessity of a language teacher to have the experience of stress and intonation. By having them, learners will be able to produce the learnt language correctly and will be able to use it in its communicative context.
As for the practical part, a questionnaire was done by some teachers who teach Arabic in Turkey. It shows the importance of stress and intonation in teaching Arabic to non Arabs from teachers' point of view. It, also, shows the standard of the linguistic competence and performance of teachers. The research results say that the sample teachers have a medium level of Arabic and its performance
.
v
YEMİN METNİ
Yüksek Lisans sunduğum tezi olarak “Arapça Yabanci Dil Öğretmenlerinin Ses Bilgisi Eğitimi Ve Yeterliliğine Etkisi” adlı çalışmanın, tezin safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadarki bütün aşamalarında bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yola başvurulmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin Bibliyografya da gösterinlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu onurumla beyan ederim (10/11/2018).
vii ÖZGEÇMİŞ
Ad-Soyad : Aisha ALHRIRI Doğum Tarihi ve Yeri:5.12.1980, Suriye
E-posta : aishaalhariri@gmail.com ÖĞRENİM DURUMU:
Lisans :2008, HALEP Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arap Dili
Yükseklisans :2018, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, Arap Dili Eğitimi, Arap Dili Öğretmenliği Bilim Dali
MESLEKİ DENEMYİM :
ﺔﻴﻛﱰﻟا ﺔﻳرﻮﻬﻤﳉا نﺪﻳآ لﻮﺒﻨﻄﺳإ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪﻨﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢّﻠﻌﳌ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﳌا ﺔﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﺣوﺮﻃأ يﺮﻳﺮﳊا ﺪّﻤـﳏ ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ Y1612.320002) ( ﻢﺴﻗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺞﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا فاﺮﺷإ ﺒﺑ لدﺎﻋ رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا ﻚ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ لوﻷا ، 2018
ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا لﻮﺒﻗ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ نﺪﻳآ لﻮﺒﻨﻄﺳإ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﰲ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻃ يﺮﻳﺮﳊا ﺪـّﻤﳏ ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ -ﻠﻟ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐ-ﻠﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨ ﺎـﻫﲑﻐﺑ - ﺎـﻬﺘﺣوﺮﻃأ ﰲ ﺖـﺤﳒ ،ﺎـﻴﻠﻌﻟا تﺎـﺳارﺪﻟا ) ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﺔـّﻴﳘأ ﻢـﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺎـﻫﺮﺛأو ﺎـ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ﲑـﻌﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ( تﺎـﺒﻠﻄﺘﳌا ﻞـﻛ ءﺎﻔﻴﺘـﺳا ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎ ﺪـﻋأ ﱵـﻟا ﻞﻔﺳﻷ ﻢ ﺎﻌﻴﻗﻮﺗ ﻖﻓو ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌا ﺔﻨﳉ مﺎﻣأ ةدﺪﶈا تﺎﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟا ﻖﻓو . ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌا ﺔﻨﳉ ءﺎﻀﻋأ : ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا إ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ًﺎﻓﺮﺸﻣ ﻚﺒﺑ لدﺎﻋ :رﻮﺴﻴﻓﱪﻟا رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا نﺪﻳآ لﻮﺒﻨﻄﺳ ﻛﺪﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا إ ﲔﺴﺣ :رﻮﺴﻴﻓﱪﻟا رﻮﺘ ﺎﳌ ﱄ إ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ًﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ نﺪﻳآ لﻮﺒﻨﻄﺳ رﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا :رﻮﺴﻴﻓﱪﻟا لﺎﲨ ﷲ ﺪﺒﻋ ًﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ نﺪﻳآ إ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ، لﻮﺒﻨﻄﺳ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌا ﺦﻳر : ﺦﻳر ﺘﻟا ﱘﺪﻘ :
سﺮﻬﻓ
ت ﻮﺘﶈا
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ... ... ... xi ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌا ... ... ... xii 1 ﻞﺧﺪﳌا . ... ... ... 1 1.1 ﻩرﺎﻴﺘﺧا بﺎﺒﺳأو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ... ... ... 1 1.2 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ فﺪﳍا ... ... ... 2 1.3 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ... ... ... 2 1.4 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﺌﺳأ ... ... ... 3 1.5 ﺔّﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟا ... ... ... 3 6 . 1 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ... ... ... 3 1.7 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا دوﺪﺣ ... ... ... 4 1. 7.1 دوﺪﺣ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ... ... ... 4 2 .7. 1 دوﺪﺣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻣز ... ... ... 4 1.7.3 دوﺪﺣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ... ... ... 4 1.8 ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ... ... ... 4 1.9 ﻪﺗاءاﺮﺟإو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تاﻮﻄﺧ ... ... ... 5 1.9.1 ءﺰﳉا ّيﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ... ... .. 5 1.9.2 ءﺰﳉا ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ... ... . 5 1.10 ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣ ... ... ... 5 2 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا . ... ... ... 7 2.1 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ضﺮﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ ... ... . 72.2 تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا تاﻮﺻﻷا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟا ... ... 8 2.3 ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ... ... 15 2.4 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارّﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟا ... ... 19 2.5 ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارّﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ... ... 21 3 . يﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ﺐﻧﺎﳉا ... ... ... 22 3.1 ّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﲔﺛﺪﶈاو ﻰﻣاﺪﻘﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﻴﻐﻨ ... ... 22 3.2 ﱪّﻨﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... ... 23 3.2.1 ﻰﻣاﺪﻘﻟا بﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ... ... .... 23 3.2.2 تاءاﺮﻘﻟاو ﺪﻳﻮﺠﺘﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ... ... 26 3.2.3 ﲔﺛﺪﶈا ﲔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﱪّﻨﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... 29 3.2.3.1 ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤ ا ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ... ... 30 3.2.3.2 ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺘﺳﻮﻛﻷا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﱪّﻨﻟا ... ... 31 .3 3.2.3 ﺔﻳﱪّﻨﻟا ﲑﻏو ﺔﻳﱪّﻨﻟا تﺎﻐﻠﻟا ... ... 32 3.2.4 ﱪﻨّﻟا عاﻮــــــﻧأ ... ... ... 33 3.2.5 ﱪّﻨﻟ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﻊﻄﻘﳌا ... ... ... 34 3.2.5.1 ﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﳌا عاﻮﻧأ ﺔﻴ ... ... 36 3.2.6 ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﱪﻨﻟا ﻊﺿاﻮﻣ ... ... 39 3.3 ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ... ... ... 41 3.3.1 ﻰﻣاﺪُﻘﻟا بﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ... ... .. 41 3.3.2 تاءاﺮﻘﻟاو ﺪﻳﻮﺠﺘﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟا ... ... 44 3.3.3 ﲔﺛﺪﶈا ﲔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟا ... ... . 46 3.3.4 ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟا عاﻮﻧأ ... ... ... 48 4 . 3 ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺮﺛأو ﺎﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢّﻠﻌﳌ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ... 49
4.1. 3. ﺎﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... 50 4.1.1.3 ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ... ... ... 51 4.2. 3 ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺮﺛأ ... ... 54 4.2.1 . 3 ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﳌ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﱪّﻨﻟا ... ... 55 3.4.2.2 فﺮﺼﻟ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋو ةدﺮﻔﳌا ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﱪﻧ ... ... 58 3.4.2.3 ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﺔﻠﻤﳉا ﱪﻧ ... ... 61 3.4.3 ﻠﻟ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﻢﻠﻌﻤ ... ... 65 3.4.3.1 ﺔّﻳﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟاو ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ... ... 65 3.4.3.2 ﻮﺤّﻨﻟاو ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ﲔﺑ ﺔّﻴﻃﺎﺒﺗرﻻا ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ... ... 67 3.4.3.2.1 ﺔﻓوﺬﶈا ﺔﻔﺼﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لّﺪﺗ ﺔﻴّﻈﻔﻟ ﺔﻨﻳﺮﻗ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ... ... 68 3.4.3.2.2 ﺐﺠﻌﺘﻟا بﻮﻠﺳأ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻻد ... ... 70 3.4.3.2.3 ءاﺪﻨﻟا بﻮﻠﺳأ ... ... .... 71 4.3.2.4.3 مﺎﻬﻔﺘﺳﻻا بﻮﻠﺳأ ... ... 73 4.3.2.5 . 3 طﺮﺸﻟا بﻮﻠﺳأ ... ... ... 78 4.3.2.6. 3 ﺔﺻﻼُﺧ ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﺔّﻴﻃﺎﺒﺗرﻻا ﲔﺑ ﻮﺤّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ... ... 81 3.4.4 ﺮﺛأ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﺪﺣأ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ بﺎﻄﳋا قﻮﻄﻨﳌا ... 81 3.5 ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ... ... 86 3.5.1 ﺎﻬﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣو ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... ... 86 3.5.1.1 ﺔﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ... ... . 87 3.5.2 ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﳌا ﻢّﻠﻌﺘﻟا ت ﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ... 88 3.5.2.1 ﺔّﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟا ت ﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ... ... ... 88 3.5.2.1.2 ﺔّﻴﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟا ت ﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ... ... 91 5.2.1.3 . 3 تﺎﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔّﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟا ت ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﺮﺛأ ... ... 92
5.2.1.4. 3 ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟا ت ﺮﻈﻨﻠﻟ ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ... 93 3.5.2.2 ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌا ت ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ... ... ... 96 3.5.2.2.1 ﺖﻠﻄﺸﳉا ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ... ... . 96 3.5.2.2.2 ﻞﺑوزوأ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ... ... ... 97 3.5.2.2.3 ﺔّﻴﺋﺎﻨﺒﻟا ﻪﻴﺟﺎﻴﺑ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ... ... 99 3.5.2.2.4 تﺎﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔّﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌا ت ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﺮﺛأ ... ... 100 3.5.3 ﱄﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﺐﻫﺬﳌا ... ... ... 102 4 . ﻖﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟا ﱐاﺪﻴﳌا ... ... ... 106 4.1 ةادأ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ... ... ... 106 4.2 ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﺔﻨّﻴﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ... ... .... 107 4.2.1 ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻨّﻴﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ... ... 107 4.2.2 ﺔﺟرﺪﻟا ﺔّﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا داﺮﻓﻷ ﺔﻨّﻴﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ... ... 107 4.2.3 ﺺﺼﲣ ةزﺎﺟﻹا ﻌﻣﺎﳉا ﺔّﻴ داﺮﻓﻹ ﺔﻨّﻴﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ... ... 108 4.2.4 تاﻮﻨﺳ ةﱪﳋا ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﺎ ... ... 109 4.2.5 عزﻮﺘﻟا ﰲاﺮﻐﳉا اﺮﻓﻷ د ﺔﻨّﻴﻌﻟا ... ... 110 4.3 قﺪﺻ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ... ... ... 110 4.3.1 قﺪﺼﻟا يﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا ... ... ... 110 4.3.2 ا قﺪﺼﻟ ﻲﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺔﺳارّﺪﻠﻟ ... ... 111 4.3.2.2 بﺎﺴﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﻔﻟأ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻼﻟ ... ... 112 4.4 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ... ... ... 116 4.5 ﻞﻴﻠﲢ روﺎﳏ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ﺎﻫدﻮﻨﺑو ... ... . 120 5 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺻﻮﺗو ... ... ... 161 5.1 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ءﺎﻨﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻠﺌﺳأ ... ... 161
5.1.1 لّوﻷا لاﺆﺴﻟ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ... ... 161 5.1.2 ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﻦﻋ لاﺆﺳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ... ... 162 5.1.3 ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﻰﻠﻋ لاﺆﺳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ... ... 163 5.2 ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ... ... ... 163 5.4 تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ... ... ... 165 ردﺎﺼﳌا ﻊﺟاﺮﳌاو ... ... ... 167 ﻖﺣﻼﳌا ... ... ... 174 ﻖﺤﻠﳌا 1 ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ﻢﻴﻜﲢ ﺐﻠﻃ ... ... ... 174 ﻖﺤﻠﻣ 2 ءﺎﲰأ ةﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷا ﻦﻳﺬﻟا اﻮﻤّﻜﺣ ةادأ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ... ... 176
لواﺪﳉا سﺮﻬﻓ
ﺔّﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹا
لوﺪﺟ 1 بﺎﺴﺣ تﺎﺒﺜﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺔﺋﺰﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻨﻟا ... ... 111 لوﺪﺟ 2 سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹا ... ... ... 112 لوﺪﺟ 3 بﺎﺴﺣ تﺎﺒﺜﻟا عﻮﻤ تاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ ﺎﻔﻟا خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ ... ... 112 لوﺪﺟ 4 بﺎﺴﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ تﺎﺒﺜﻟا ﻞﻜﻟ ةﺮﻘﻓ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺎﻔﻟأ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ ... ... 114 لوﺪﺟ 5 بﺎﺴﺣ لﺪﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرﻻا ﲔﺑ ﻞﻛ لﺎﳎ لﺪﻌﳌاو ﻲﻠﻜﻟا دﻮﻨﺒﻟ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ... 116 لوﺪﺟ 6 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ رﻮﶈا لوﻷا ... ... ... 117 لوﺪﺟ 7 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ رﻮﶈا ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ... ... ... 119 لوﺪﺟ 8 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ رﻮﶈا ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ... ... ... 120 لوﺪﺟ 9 ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻜﻟ رﻮﳏ ... ... ... 161
ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا دﻮﻨﺑ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟ ﺔّﻴﺤﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟا لﺎﻜﺷﻷا سﺮﻬﻓ
ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 1 ... ... ... 107 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 2 ... ... ... 108 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 3 ... ... ... 109 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 4 ... ... ... 109 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 5 ... ... ... 110 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 6 ... ... ... 121 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 7 ... ... ... 122 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 8 ... ... ... 123 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 9 ... ... ... 124 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 10 ... ... ... 125 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 11 ... ... ... 126 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 12 ... ... ... 127 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 13 ... ... ... 128 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 14 ... ... ... 129 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 15 ... ... ... 130 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 16 ... ... ... 131 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 17 ... ... ... 132 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 18 ... ... ... 133 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 19 ... ... ... 134 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 20 ... ... ... 135 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 21 ... ... ... 136 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 22 ... ... ... 137 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 23 ... ... ... 138ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 24 ... ... ... 139 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 25 ... ... ... 140 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 26 ... ... ... 141 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 27 ... ... ... 142 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 28 ... ... ... 143 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 29 ... ... ... 144 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 30 ... ... ... 145 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 31 ... ... ... 146 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 32 ... ... ... 147 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 33 ... ... ... 148 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 34 ... ... ... 149 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 35 ... ... ... 150 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 36 ... ... ... 151 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 37 ... ... ... 152 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 38 ... ... ... 153 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 39 ... ... ... 154 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 40 ... ... ... 155 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 41 ... ... ... 156 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 42 ... ... ... 157 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 43 ... ... ... 157 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 44 ... ... ... 159 ﻞﻜﺸﻟا 45 ... ... ... 160
xi
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺺﺨﻠﻣ
ﰿﺎﻌﻳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻗاو ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ،ﺎـ ﺚـﻴﺣ ترﺎـﺷأ تﺎـﺳارد ثﺎﲝأو ﱃإ ﺔّﻠﻗ مﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻا ﱪّﻨﻟ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﰲ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ،ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺔّﻠﻗو ةﱪﳋا ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ءﺰـﳉ ﻦـﻣ ،ﲔـﻤﻠﻌﳌا فﺪـــﻬﻳو ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا ﰲ ﺐـــﻧﺎﳉا يﺮـــﻈّﻨﻟا ﻪـــﻨﻣ ﱃإ نأ فﱠﺮـــﻌﺘﻳ ﺔـــّﻴﳘأ ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ﺎـ ﰲو ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ،ﺎـﻬﻤﻠﻌﻣ مﻮـﻘﻳو ﺚـﺤﺒﻟا ﻰـﻠﻋ ضﺮـﻌﻟا ﲑـﺴﻔﺘﻟاو تﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﱵــﻟا ﺮﺛﺄــﺘﻳ ﺮﺛﺆــﻳو ﺎــ ّﻞــﻛ ﻦــﻣ ﱪــّﻨﻟا ،ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﲔــﺒُﻳو ﺎــﻤﻬﺘﻴﳘأ ﰲ ﺔﻠــﺴﻠﺴﻟا ﺔــّﻴﻣﻼﻜﻟا ﰲو ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا وﺮــﺿو ﺎﻤ ر ﰲ ةﱪــﳋا ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢــﻠﻌﳌ ،ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻊــﻗﻮﺘﻳو ﺮــﺛﻷا ﺞﺗﺎــﻨﻟا ﻦــﻣ ﻚــﻟذ ﰲ ةرﺪــﻗ ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻰــﻠﻋ جﺎــﺘﻧﻹا يﻮــﻐﻠﻟا ﺢﻴﺤــﺼﻟا ةرﺪــﻘﻟاو ﻰــﻠﻋ لﺎﻤﻌﺘــﺳا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴــﺳ ّﻲﻠــﺻاﻮﺘﻟا . ﺎـــّﻣأ ﺐـــﻧﺎﳉا ّﻲـــﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺪـــﻘﻓ تّﺪـــِﻋُأ ﻪـــﻴﻓ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـــﺳﻻا تﲑـــِﺘﺧاو ﺔـــﻨﻴﻋ ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا ﻦـــﻣ ﲔـــﻤﻠﻌﳌا ﻦﻳﺬـــﻟا نﻮــﻟواﺰﻳ ﻢﻬﺘــﻤﻬﻣ ﺔّﻴــﺴﻳرﺪّﺘﻟا ﰲ ،ﺎــﻴﻛﺮﺗ فﺪــﻬﻳو اﺬــﻫ ﺐــﻧﺎﳉا ﱃإ ْنأ فﱠﺮــﻌﺘﻳ ﺔــّﻴﳘأ ﱪــﻨﻟا ﻢﻴــﻐﻨﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑــﻐﻟ ﺎــﻬﺋﺎﻨﺑأ ﻦــﻣ ﺔــﻬﺟو ﺮــﻈﻧ ،ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﳌا فﺪــﻬﻳو ﻚﻟﺬــﻛ ﱃإ ْنأ فﺮــﻌﺘﻳ ﺔــﺟرد ةﱪــﳋا ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةﱪــﳋاو ﺔــّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟا ،ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ تﺮــﻬﻇأو ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻧ ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ّنأ ﺔــﺟرد ّﻞــﻛ ﻦــﻣ ةﱪـــﳋا ا ﺔـــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟ ﺔـــّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟاو ﻲـــﻤﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑـــﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـــﻨﻟا ﺎـــ ﻦﻳﺬـــﻟاو نﻮـــﻠﺜﳝ ﺔـــﻨﻴﻋ ﻊـــﻤﺘﳎ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ةﱪﺧ ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﰲ ﻼﻛ ﲔﺒﻧﺎﳉا . تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﺔّﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﳌا : ﱪّﻨﻟا -ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا -ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا – ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا .xii
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌا
ذﻮﺤﺘﺴﻳ سرّﺪﻟا ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺰـّﻴﳊا لّوﻷا ّﻢـﻫﻷاو ﰲ ﺔـﺳارد تﺎـﻐﻠﻟا ؛ﺎـﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗو ذإ ّنإ عوﺮـﺸﻟا ﰲ ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ﺔـــّﻳأ ٍﺔـــﻐﻟ ﻻ ﱡﻢﺘـــﻳ ّﻻإ فﻮـــﻗﻮﻟ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺎﻬـــﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـــﺼﻟا ةﺰـــّﻴﻤﳌا ﺎـــﳍ ﻦـــﻣ ﺎـــﻫﲑﻏ ﻦـــﻣ ،تﺎﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻟﺎﻓ ﺔّﻴﻣﻼﻜﻟا عﻮﻤﳎ تﺎﺟﺎﻣﺪـﻧا ﺮـﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟ ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﲑـﻏ ﺔـﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،ﻞـﺼﻔﻠﻟ ّﻞـﻜﻟو ءﺰـﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺰّﻴﳊا يﺬﻟا ﻪﻄﺑﺮﻳ ﻩﲑـﻐﺑ و ،ُﻪـُﻠّﻤﻜﻳ ﱡﺪـﻌُﻳو ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﻦـﻣ زﺮـﺑأ ﺮﻫاﻮـﻈﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـﺼﻟا ﺔـّﻳﺰﻳﺮﻄﺘﻟا ةﺮﺛﺆﳌا ﰲ مﻼﻜﻟا ،قﻮﻄﻨﳌا ﱪّﻨﻟﺎﻓ ﺪﺣأ ﺰﺋﺎﻛر ةدﻮﺟ ﻖﻄﻧ ،تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﻪـﻟو رود ﰲ ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﺾـﻌﺑ ﻞﺋﺎــﺴﳌا ،ﺔّﻴﻓﺮــﺼﻟا ﺎــّﻣأ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ﻮــﻬﻓ ﻞــﻣﺎﳊا ﰐﻮــﺼﻟا ﺮﻋﺎــﺸﻤﻠﻟ تﻻﺎــﻌﻔﻧﻻاو ﱵــﻟا ﺮــﻬﻈﺗ ﻦﻤــﺿ قﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻤﻴﻐﻨﺗ ﻖﻓاﺮﻣ ثﺪﺤﻠﻟ ّﱪﻌُﳌا ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﻮـﻫو ﻦـﻣ ﻦﺋاﺮـﻘﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـﺼﻟا ﰲ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﱵـﻟا ﺪﻋﺎـﺴﺗ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـــﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢـــﻬﻔﻟا ،مﺎـــﻬﻓﻹاو ﻦـــﻤﻓ ﻪـــﻟﻼﺧ ﻰـــﻠﺠﺘﺗ ﻰﻘﻴـــﺳﻮﻣ ،ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﺢـــﻀﺘﺗو ،ﱐﺎـــﻌﳌا ﺐـــﺴﳓو نأ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻠﻟ ًارود ﻻ ﻰﻔﳜ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،تﺎﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﻤﻴﺳﻻو ﰲ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ؛ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻪﺤﻴـﺿﻮﺘﻟ ﱐﺎـﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻪـﻃﺎﺒﺗرﻻو ﻖﻴﺛﻮﻟا ،ﺔﻟﻻّﺪﻟ و ،ﻮﺤّﻨﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﲢو ،بﺎﻄﳋا ﻮﻫو ﺪﺣأ ّﻢﻫأ ﻂﺑاور مﻼﻜﻟا ﱵـﻟا ضّﻮـﻌﺗ تﻻﻮـﻘﳌا ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻓوﺬﶈا . موﺮــﻳو اﺬـــﻫ ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا لﻮــﺣ نﺎـــﻴﺑ ﺔـــّﻴﳘأ ّﻞـــﻛ ﻦــﻣ ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢـــﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ، ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺎـﻫﺮﺛأو ، ّنﺈـﻓ ﺲﻳرﺪـﺗ ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﺲﻴـﻟ ﺮـﻣﻷ يﺬـﻟا نﺎﻬﺘـﺴُﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﺐــّﻠﻄﺘﻳو ﻦـﻣ ﻲـﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ﺎـ ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺔـﻌﻴﻓر ،ىﻮﺘــﺴﳌا ﻢﻬﺴُﺗ ﰲ ءاﺮﺛإ ﻢ ﲑﺧذ ﺔـﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺪـﻳﺰﺗو ﻦـﻣ ﻢﻫﺪﻴـﺻر ﰲﺮـﻌﳌا يﺬـﻟا ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻴـﺳ ﻢﻬﻨـﻣ ﱃإ ،ﲔـﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﻓ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌاو ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻧﻮﻫﺮﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔ ،ﺔـّﻴﺋادﻷاو ﺔـﻔﻴﻇﻮﻓ ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﻻ ﻞّﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﰲ ﺐﻧﺎﳉا ﰐﻮﺼﻟا وأ ﻲﻘﻄّﻨﻟا ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺎّﳕإو ّﺪﺘﳝ ﻚـﻟذ ﱃإ ﻢـﻬﻓ ﺔـﻴﻨُﺑ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗو ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟاو ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺳ ّﻲﻠﺻاﻮﺘﻟا .xiii ﻦﻤــﻀﺘﻳو ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ﲔﻤــﺴﻗ ﲔــﺴﻴﺋر ﺎــﳘ : ﻢــﺴﻘﻟا يﺮــﻈّﻨﻟا ﻢــﺴﻘﻟاو ّﺘﻟا ،ﻲــﻘﻴﺒﻄ ﺎــّﻣأ ﻢــﺴﻘﻟا يﺮــﻈّﻨﻟا ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻴﻓ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ مﺎﺴﻗأ ﻲﻫ : ًﻻوأ : ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻪﻴﻓو ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺗ رﺎﻃﻺﻟ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﳌا ﻟ ﺚﺤﺒﻠ . ًﺎﻴﻧ : تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻢﻀﻳو تﺎﺳارّﺪﻟا ﲟ ﺔﻠﺼﻟا تاذ عﻮﺿﻮ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﱄﺎﳊا . ًﺎـــﺜﻟ : رﺎـــﻃﻹا يﺮـــﻈّﻨﻟا ﺚـــﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﻢـــﻀﻳو ﺔـــﺛﻼﺛ روﺎـــﳏ ﺔـــﺴﻴﺋر ﻲـــﻫ : ﺔـــﻓﺮﻌﻣ مﻮـــﻬﻔﻣ ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﻨّﺘﻟاو ﻢﻴـــﻐ ﺎﳘﺪـﻳﺪﲢو نﺎــﻴﺑو ﺎﻤﻬـﺴﺳُأ ﺪــﻨﻋ ﲔﻳﻮـﻐﻠﻟا ﻰﻣاﺪــُﻘﻟا ،ﲔﺛﺪـﶈاو ُّﰒ ﺪــﻳﺪﲢ مﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔــﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢــﻠﻌﳌ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑــﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ،ﺎــ فﺮــﻌﺗو ﺮﻫاﻮــﻈﻟا ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﱵــﻟا ﺮﺛﺄــﺘﻳ ﺮﺛﺆــﻳو ﱞﻞــﻛ ﻦــﻣ ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ﺮـﺛأ ﻚـﻟذ ﰲ ﺮﻳﻮـﻄﺗ ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻢـﻠﻌﳌا ،ﻢﻠﻌﺘـﳌاو ُّﰒ لوﺎـﻨﺘﻧ ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔـﻴﺋادﻷا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﺎﻤﻬﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗو ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـﻗﻼﻋو ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔـّﻴﺋادﻷا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ت ﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﻌّﺘﻟا . ﺎّﻣأ ﻢﺴﻘﻟا ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟا : تﲑِﺘﺧا ةادأ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻲﻫو ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳا فﺪﻬﻳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ فﺮﻌﺗ ﺔـّﻴﳘأ ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﻌﺗ ﻢﻴﻠ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ،ﺎـ ﺎـﻤﻛ فﺪـﻬﻳ نأ فﱠﺮـﻌﺘﻳ ﺔـﺟرد ةﱪـﳋا ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟاو ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﱪّﻨﻟا ،ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو فﺪـ ﺔـﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﻦـﻋ ﺔﻠﺌـﺳأ ،ﺚـﺤﺒﻟا ﲔـﻌﺒﺘﻣ ﰲ ﻚــﻟذ تاﻮــﻄﳋا ﺔﻴﺋﺎــﺼﺣﻹا ﺔــﻣزﻼﻟا ﰲ ﺔــﳉﺎﻌﻣ ت ﺎــﻴﺒﻟا ،ﺔــّﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟا ﻢــﻀﻳو ﻢــﺴﻘﻟا ّﻲــﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻧ ﺒﻟا ﺚـﺤ ،ﺎﻬﺘــﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ُّﰒ تﺎﻴــﺻﻮﺗ ﺚـﺤﺒﻟا ًءﺎــﻨﺑ ﻰــﻠﻋ ،ﻪــﺠﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻢﺘـﳜو ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ردﺎــﺼﳌ ﻊــﺟاﺮﳌاو ﱵﻟا ﲔﻌُﺘﺳا ﺎ.
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ﻞﺧﺪﳌا
1.1ﻩرﺎﻴﺘﺧا بﺎﺒﺳأو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ
ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺔّﻳﺰﻳﺮﻄّﺘﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪـﺗ ﰲ ﺎـﻬﻠﻫﺎﲡ ﻦـﻜﳝ ﻻ ﱵﻟا ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻚــﻠﺘﲤ ذإ ،ﺎــ ّيﻮــﻐﻠﻟا ﺞﻴــﺴﻨﻟا ﻊــﻣ ﻞﺧاﺪــﺘﺗ ﺔــّﻴﺋادأ ﺐــﻟاﻮﻗو ﺪــﻋاﻮﻗ ﺔ مﺎــﻌﻟا ﺔﻴّﻏﻼﺒﻟاو ﺔّﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ت ﻮﺘﺴﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ مﺎﻬﻓﻹاو ﻢﻬﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗو ،ﺔّﻴﻟﻻﺪﻟاو ﺔّﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟاو . ّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﳌا ﻞﻌﻟو ّﻠﻌﺘـﻣ ﻞﻴﺒـﺳ ضﱰـﻌﺗ ﱵﻟا ﻖﺋاﻮﻌﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻣ ﺔّﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔ ـﳚ يﺬـﻟا ،ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ﺪ يدﺆـــﻴﻓ ﺎـــﻬﻤﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﱵـــﻟا فﺪـــﳍا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﱃإ مﻷا ﻪـــﺘﻐﻟ ﰲ ﺔـــّﻴﻘﻄﻨﻟا ﻪـــﺗادﺎﻋ ﻦـــﻣ لﺎـــﻘﺘﻧﻻا ﰲ ﺔﺑﻮﻌـــﺻ ّﻠﻌﺗ ﻦﻋ فﺮﺼﻨﻳ ﻪﻠﻌﳚ ﻞﺑ ،فﺪﳍا ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻪﻧﺎﻘﺗإ مﺪﻋ ﱃإ ﻚﻟذ ﺎـﻤﻛ نﺎـﻴﺣﻷا ﻦـﻣ ﲑـﺜﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ــّﻠﻌﻣ نﻮــﻜﻳ ﺪــﻗو ،ةﲑــﺜﻛ ثﺎــﲝأو تﺎــﺳارد ﲑــﺸﺗ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ بﺎﺒــﺳأ ﺪــﺣأ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا ﻚــﻠﺗ ادﻷا ّﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺎـــﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵـــﻟا ﺔـــّﻴﺋ ـــّﻠﻌﳌا ﺔـــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﺐـــﻧﺎﳉا اﺬـــﻫ لﺎـــﻤﺘﻛا مﺪـــﻋ ﺐﺒـــﺴﺑ ﻚـــﻟذو ،نﻮـــﻤ ﻢ ّﻴﳘ ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﻲﻋو مﺪﻌﻟ وأ ،ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ﺐﻧﺎﳉا اﺬﻫ ﺔ ) ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ( ﺎﻬﻤّﻠﻌﺗو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﱰﻟا مﺪﻋو ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻫﺎﲡ ﱃإ يدﺆﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا . ﻳرﺪﺗ ّنإ ُﻳ يﺬـﻟا ﺮـﻣﻷ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺲ ﲑـﻐﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻲـﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻦـﻣ ﺐـّﻠﻄﺘﻳو ﻪـﺑ نﺎﻬﺘـﺴ ــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ﲑــﺧذ ءاﺮــﺛإ ﰲ ﻢﻬــﺴُﺗ ،ىﻮﺘــﺴﳌا ﺔــﻌﻴﻓر ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﺎــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ﻢﻫﺪﻴــﺻر ﻦــﻣ ﺪــﻳﺰﺗو ﺔ ّﰲﺮــﻌﳌا ـــّﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌاو ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﻓ ،ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﱃإ ﻢﻬﻨـــﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻴــﺳ يﺬــﻟا ّﻠﻌﺘــﻤﻠﻟ ﺔ ــﻧﻮﻫﺮﻣ ﻢ ﺔـــﻳﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﺔ ـــــّﻠﻌﳌا ـــــّﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻢﻴـــــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـــــّﻨﻟا ﺔـــــﻔﻴﻇﻮﻓ ،ﺔـــــّﻴﺋادﻷاو ﺔـــــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ّﰐﻮـــــﺼﻟا ﺐـــــﻧﺎﳉا ﰲ ﻞ ّﻨﻟا وأ ّﻲـــــﻘﻄ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﻨُﺑ ﻢﻬﻓ ﱃإ ﻚﻟذ ّﺪﺘﳝ ﺎّﳕإو ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ . ــﻜﻳ نادﺎــﻜﻳ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟﺎــﻓ ،ﻚــﻟذ ﲑــﻐﺑ ﱪــ ُﳜ ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ناﺪــﻴﻣ ّﻦــﻜﻟ ﰲ ﲔﻟﻮــﻬﳎ ن ﻮ ْنأ ﺎ ﺄــﺷ ﻦــﻣ ﱵــﻟا ﺔــﺼﺼﺨﺘﳌا ثﺎــﲝﻷا ﺔــﻠﻗ ﻚــﻟذ ﱃإ فﺎــﻀﻳو ،ّﻲــﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا ﺐــﻧﺎﳉا ُﺗ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﻪــّﺒﻨ2 ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا رﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺴﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا ﻮﻫو ،ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌاو ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﺎﻤ روﺮﺿ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲو ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا . ا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﰐ ﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟ ﻣﺎﻫ ًﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ ءﻲﻀﻳ نأ لوﺎﳛ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﻦ ًﺎ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﰲ ) ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـّﻨﻟا ( ﺔــﻠﻘﻟ ﻚــﻟذو ،ﺎــﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻠﻟ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻲــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ىﺪــﻟ ﺔــﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ءاﺮــﺛإ ﰲ ﺎــﳘﺮﺛأ نﺎــﻴﺑو ﻪﻟ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ثﺎﲝأ ﺖﺼﺼﺧ ﱵﻟا وأ ،عﻮﺿﻮﳌا اﺬﻫ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟا ثﺎﲝﻷا . ُأ ﻊــﺿو ﰲ ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ﺪــﻴﻔﻳ ﺪــﻗ ٍﺮــﻃ ــّﻴﻓﺮﻌﻣ ُﺗ ةﺪــﻳﺪﺟ ﺔ ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﳌا ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻞﻘــﺻ ﰲ ﻢﻬــﺴ ّﺘﻟاو ، ﻰــﻠﻋ ﻪــﻴﺒﻨ ،عﻮـــﺿﻮﳌا ﺔـــّﻴﳘأ ـــّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ًﺎـــﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗ ﻪـــﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗ فﺪـــ ﲑـــﻐﻟ ﺔـــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻲـــﻤﻠﻌﻣ داﺪـــﻋإ ﺞﻣاﺮـــﺑ ﰲ ًﺎ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ﰲو ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا . 1.2
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ فﺪﳍا
ﻛ ﻞﻘـــﺻ ﰲ ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﺔـــﻴﳘ ﻒـــﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا فﺪـــﻬﻳ ـــﻐﻟ ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻲـــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺔـــﻳﺎﻔ ﲑ ّﻴﳘأ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣو ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻣ ّﻞﻛ ﺔ ﺎﻀﻗ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺎﳘﺮﺛأ نﺎﻴﺑو ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﻨُﺑ ﰲ ،ﺔـﻤﻬﻣ ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﰲ رود ﻪﻟ ﱪّﻨﻟﺎﻓ ﻟا ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼ ﺎﻀﻗ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ﺢﺿﻮﻳو ،ﺔّﻴﻘﻄّﻨﻟاو ّﻳﻮﳓ ﺔـّﻴﻏﻼﺑو ﺔ ﺔـّﻴﻟﺎﲨو ﺔـّﻴﻟﻻدو ُﺗ ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ءاﺮــﺛإ ﰲ ﻢﻬـﺴ ةﱪــﺧ ﺮـﺜﻛأ ﻪـﻠﻌﲡو ،ﺎــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢـﻠﻌﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﻨــﻳو ،ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻲــﻤﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻴﺒــﺳ ضﱰــﻌﺗ ﱵــﻟا ﺔــﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا ﺔــﳉﺎﻌﲟ ﺔــﻳاردو ﻚــﻟذ ًﺎــﺳﺎﻜﻌﻧا ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ًﺎﻴﺑﺎﳚإ ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﺎـﻀﻗ ﰲ ﲔـﻤﻠﻌﳌا ةﱪـﺧ ﺔـﺟرد ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﱃإ ًﺎﻀﻳأ فﺪﻬﻳو ، ﺎـــﻤﻬﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗ ىﺪـــﻣو ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺌـــﺳﻷا ﻦـــﻋ ﺔـــﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﱃإ ًﺎـــﻀﻳأ ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا فﺪـــﻬﻳو ، .ﻪﻟ ﺔﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا 1.3ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ
،ﺎـــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـــﻨﻟا ﲑـــﻐﻟ ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ناﺪـــﻴﻣ ﰲ ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﻊـــﻗاو ﻦـــﻣ ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﻜـــﺸﻣ ﻖـــﺜﺒﻨﺗ ،ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﻦﻤــﻀﺘﳌا ﰐﻮــﺼﻟا ءادﻷا ﰲ بﻼــﻄﻟا ﻦــﻣ ةﲑــﺒﻛ ﺔﺒــﺴﻧ ﻒﻌــﺿ ةرﻮــﺻ ﰲ ﻰــﻠﺠﺘﺗو ﺮﻳو تﺎـﺳاردو ثﺎـﲝأ ترﺎـﺷأ ﺚـﻴﺣ ؛ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻂﺑاﻮـﻀﺑ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢـﻠﻌﻣ مﺎـﻤﺘﻫا مﺪﻌﻟ ﻚﻟذ ﻊﺟ ﻚﻟذ ﱃإ ةﲑﺜﻛ .3 1.4
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﺌﺳأ
1 ﻢّﻠﻌﺘـﳌا ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲو ﺎـ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﺔﺟرد ﺎﻣ ؟ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟو ﻦﻣ 2 - ﺔــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةﱪــﳋا ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻮــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻚــﻠﺘﳝ ﻞــﻫ ﺔــﻴﻓﺎﻜﻟا ﻞــﻫو ؟ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﺎــﻀﻗ ﰲ ؟ﺔّﻴﺴﻳرﺪﺘﻟا ﻢ ﺎﺳرﺎﳑ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺘﺑ نﻮﻣﻮﻘﻳ 3 -ﺎﻣ ﺔﺟرد ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔّﻴﺋادﻷا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﺎ ﰲ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﻖﻓو ﻄﻌﻣ تﺎﻴ ت ﺮﻈﻧ ﻠﻌّﺘﻟا ﻴﻢ ؟ﺎ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗو 1.5ﺔّﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟا
ّﻜﺸﺘﺗ ﻞ ﺔّﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ ضﺮﻔﻟا ﻪ ِّﺟﻮﳌا ﰐﻵا : ﻢﻬــﺴﻳ ﱪــﻨّﻟا ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﰲ ﻊــﻓر ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻲــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲑــﻐﻟ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ،ﺎــ ﻴــﺳﻻو ﺎﻤ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔـــــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ؛ ﻮـــــﻫو ﺮـــــﻣﻷا يﺬـــــﻟا ﺲﻜﻌﻨـــــﻳ ًﺎـــــﳚإ ﻰـــــﻠﻋ ءادأ ﲔـــــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﰲ دﻷا ءا ﰐﻮـــــﺼﻟا ﻖـــــﻄﻧو تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﻞﻤُﳉاو ًﺎﻘﻄﻧ ًﺎﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﻢـﻬﻓو ﲑـﺜﻛ ﻦـﻣ ﺎـﻀﻘﻟا ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةرﺪـﻘﻟاو ﻰـﻠﻋ ماﺪﺨﺘـﺳا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻠﺻاﻮﺘﻟا . 6 . 1
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ
ﺞﻴـــﺴﻧ ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔـــّﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔّﻴﻠﻴـــﺼﻔﺗ ٍعاوﺪـــﻟ ّﻻإ ،ﺾـــﻌﺑ ﻦـــﻋ ﺎﻬـــﻀﻌﺑ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا مﻮـــﻠﻋ ﻞـــﺼﻔﻨﺗ ﻻ ﺬــﻛو ،ﺾﻌﺒــﺑ ﻪــﻀﻌﺑ ﺮﺛﺄــﺘﻣو ﺮﺛﺆــﻣ ،ﻞــﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻚــﻔﻨﺗ ﻻ ﱵــﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺮــﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺪــﺣأ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﻚﻟ ﰲ ءﺰﳉا ﺮﺛأ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣو يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟا نﺎﻴﺒﻟ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ،ّﻞـﻜﻟا لﺎـﻤﻛ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺘــﻣو ﻢــﻠﻌﻣ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ نﺎــﻣزﻼﻟا نّﻮــﻐﻠﻟا ناﺮــﺼﻨﻌﻟا ﺎــﳘ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا نأ ﱃإ يدﺆــﻳ اﺬــﻫو ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا4 1.7
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا دوﺪﺣ
1. 7.1دوﺪﺣ
ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
يﺮــﻈّﻨﻟا ﺐــﻧﺎﳉا ًﻻوأ : ــّﺜﻤﺘﻳو ﺪــﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﻬــﺴﺳُأ نﺎــﻴﺑو ﺎﳘﺪــﻳﺪﲢو ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا مﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﺔــﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻞ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ﲑـﻐﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢــﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا مﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺪــﻳﺪﲢ ُّﰒ ،ﲔﺛﺪـﶈاو ﻰﻣاﺪـُﻘﻟا ﲔﻳﻮـﻐﻠﻟا ﺮﻌﻣ ٌّﰒ ،ﺎ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺮﻫاﻮﻈﻟا ﺔﻓ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺮﺛﺆﻳ و ﻦﻣ ﱞﻞﻛ ّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻚـﻟذ ﺮـﺛأ ﺔـﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ،ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻴﻐﻨ ﺲﻳرﺪـﺗ ﰲ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢـﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا لوﺎﻨﺘﻧ ﻚﻟذ ﺪﻌﺑ ،ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌاو ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ّﻴﺋادﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔﻗﻼﻋو ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻬﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗو ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺔ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﳌ ﻢّﻠﻌﺘﻟا ت ﺮﻈﻨﺑ . ﻲـــﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺐـــﻧﺎﳉا ًﺎـــﻴﻧ : ﻪـــﺘﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻦـــﻣ ءﺰـــﺟ ﻪـــﻧأ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟ ﻢـــﻠﻌﳌا ﺔـــﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺮـــﺼﺘﻘﻳو ﻦـــﻣ ءﺰـــﺟ ﻪـــﻧأ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪـــﺗ ﰲ مزﻼـــﻟا ﻲـــﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا ءادﻷ ﻪـــﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣو ،ﺔـــﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔـــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﱃإ فﺪــﻬﻳو ،ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﰲ ﻚــﻟذ ﲑــﺛ و ،ﺔــّﻴﺋادﻷا ﻪــﺘﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻟاو ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﺌــﺳأ ﻦــﻋ ﺔــﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﻖــﻘﺤﺘ ﻪﺘﻴﺿﺮﻓ قﺪﺻ ﻦﻣ . 2 .7. 1دوﺪﺣ
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻣز
: 2017/2018 ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟاو يﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ﲔﺒﻧﺎﳉا ﺖﻠﴰو .1.7.3 دوﺪــﺣ ﺔــﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ : ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ةادأ ﺖــﻘﺒُﻃ ﺚــﻴﺣ ؛ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا ﻦــﻣ ﻲــﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟا ﺐــﻧﺎﳉا ﺖــﻠﴰو ﻰـــﻠﻋ 72 ﰲ ﻢـــﻬﻠﻤﻋ نﻮـــﺳرﺎﳝ ﻦﻳﺬـــﻟاو ﺎـــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـــﻨﻟا ﲑـــﻐﻟ ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا تﺎـــﻤﻠﻌﻣو ﻲـــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻦـــﻣ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﻣو تﺎﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣو . 1.8
ﺞﻬﻨﻣ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا
ﻠﺌـــﺳأ ﻦـــﻋ ﺔـــﺑﺎﺟﻹاو ﺚـــﺤﺒﻟا فاﺪـــﻫأ ﻖـــﻴﻘﲢ ﻲـــﻀﺘﻘﻳ ﻲـــﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﻔـــﺻﻮﻟا ﺞﻬﻨـــﳌا عﺎـــﺒﺗإ ﻪﺘ يﺬـــﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢ ﰒ ،ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﰲ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ةﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا ﻒﺻو ﱃإ فﺪﻬﻳ .5 1.9
ﻪﺗاءاﺮﺟإو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تاﻮﻄﺧ
1.9.1 ءﺰﳉا ّيﺮﻈّﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻌﲨ ﺖ ﻚـﻟذ ﺪـﻌﺑ ،ﺔـّﻳﺪﻘﻧ ﺔـﺳارد ﺎﻬﺘـﺳارد ُّﰒ ،ﺔﻘﺑﺎـﺳ تﺎـﺳارد ﻦـﻣ ﺚـﺤﺒﻟا عﻮـﺿﻮﲟ ﻞﺼﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ــﶈاو ﻰﻣاﺪــُﻘﻟا ﲔﻳﻮــﻐﻠﻟا ءارﻵ ﺎﻨــﺿﺮﻋ ،ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﺎــﻀﻗ ﰲ ﲔﺛﺪ ﲎــﻌﻣ نﺎــﻴﺒﺑ ﺎــﻨﻤﻗ ﻚــﻟذ ﺪــﻌﺑ آ ﻰــــﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺪــــﻤﺘﻌﻣ ،ﺎــــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــــﻨﻟا ﲑــــﻐﻟ ﺔــــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢــــﻠﻌﻣ ﺪــــﻨﻋ ﺔــــﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ءﺎــــﻤﻠﻌﻟا ءار ـــﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣو ،ﺎـــﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢو ﺎﻬﺘ ضﺮـــﻋ لﻼـــﺧ ﻦـــﻣ ،ﻢـــﻠﻌﳌا ﺔـــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﺎـــﻤﻬﺘﻴﳘأو ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﺮـــﺛأ نﺎـــﻴﺑو ـــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﲔـــﺑ ﺔـــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا تﺎـــﻗﻼﻌﻟا ىﺮـــﺧُﻷا ﺔـــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا مﻮـــﻠﻌﻟا ﲔـــﺑو ﻢﻴ ﺔـــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا مﻮـــﻬﻔﻣ ﺪـــﻳﺪﲢ ُّﰒ ، ﻢــﻠﻌﳌ ﺔــﻴﺋادﻷا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺘﻟا ت ﺮــﻈﻨﺑ ﺎــﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا او ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪــﺗ ﻦــﻣ ﻢــﻠﻌﳌا ﻦﻜﻤﺘــﻳ ﱴــﺣ ، ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟ ﺔّﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺲﺳأ ﻖﻓو . 1.9.2ءﺰﳉا
ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا
ﻦﻣ
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا
ﺔـّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟاو ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ةﱪـﳋا ىﺪـﻣ ﺔـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﱃإ فﺪـ روﺎـﳏ ﺔـﺛﻼﺛ ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻧّﻮﻜﻣ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـﺳا داﺪﻋ ﺖﻤُﻗ ﺎﻤﻬﺘـﺳرﺎﳑو ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﻔﺋﺎﻇوو ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻴﳘأو ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا ﰲ ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﻤﻠﻌﳌ ،ﺔــّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄّﺘﻟا ،ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ناﺪــﻴﻣ ﰲ ةﱪــﳋا يوذ ﻦــﻣ ﲔــﻤّﻜُﳏ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘــﺳﻻا ﺖــﺿﺮُﻋ ُّﰒ و ﻦـــﻣ ﺔـــﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﺔّﻴﻋﻼﻄﺘـــﺳا ﺔـــﻨﻴﻋ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـــﺳﻻا ﺖـــﺿﺮُﻋ 30 ﻦـــﻣ ﺪـــﻛﺄﺘﻟا فﺪـــ ﺔـــﻤّﻠﻌﻣو ﻢـــّﻠﻌﻣ ﺔـــﻨﻴﻋ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـــﺳﻻا ﺮـــﺸﻧ ّﰎ ﻚـــﻟذ ﺪـــﻌﺑو ،ةدﻮـــﺼﻘﳌا ﺔـــﻨﻴﻌﻠﻟ ﺎـــﻬﺘﻤﺋﻼﻣ ىﺪـــﻣو ﺔﻠﺌـــﺳﻷا حﻮــﺿو ﳌا ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻲﻫو ىﺮﺧأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧّﻮﻜﻣ ةدﻮﺼﻘ 72 تﺎـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺘﻨﻬﻣ نﻮﺳرﺎﳝ ﻦﻳﺬﻟاو ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻣو ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺞﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻰـﻠﻋ ًﺎﻴﺋﺎـﺼﺣإ ت ﺎـﻴﺒﻟا ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﺖـﻤﻗو دودﺮﻟا ﺖﻌ ُﲨ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﻣو spss ، ﻪﺘﻴﺿﺮﻓ قﺪﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟاو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﺌﺳأ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹاو ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﺑ ُتأﺪﺑ ُّﰒ . 1.10ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣ
ﱪـــّﻨﻟا : ﻻاو ﻂﻐـــﻀﻟا ﰲ ًﺎﺣﻮـــﺿو ﺮـــﺜﻛأ نﻮـــﻜﻳ ﺚـــﻴﲝ ،ﺔـــﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﻊﻃﺎـــﻘﻣ ﻦـــﻣ ﻊـــﻄﻘﻣ ﻰـــﻠﻋ زﺎـــﻜﺗر ﻊﻃﺎﻘﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻩروﺎﳚ ﺎّﻤﻋ ﻊﻤﺴﻟا .
6 ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا : ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﺟرد ﺬﺧ و ،مﻼﻜﻠﻟ مﺎﻌﻟا قﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﰲ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﺎﻤﻐﻨّﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ مﻼﻜﻟا قﺎﻴﺳ ﺐﺴﲝ ﺔﻨّﻴﻌﻣ تﻻﻻد ﺎﳍ نﻮﻜﻳو ، طﻮﺒﻫو ضﺎﻔﳔاو ﻮﻠﻋ . ـﻠﻌﳌ ﺔـّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ : ﺞﻴـﺴﻨﻟا ﺔـﻤﻈﻧأ ﻦـﻣ مﺎـﻈﻧ ﻞـﻛ ﰲ ﻞﻴـﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟا ّقد ﲎـﻌُﺗ ﺔـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲـﻫ مﺎﻌﻟا ّيﻮﻐﻠﻟا . ﻢﻴﻧﻮـﻔﻟا : ﻮـﻔﻟا لاﺪﺒﺘـﺳا ﺮﺛﺆـﻳو ،مﻼـﻜﻟا ﰲ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـﺻ ةﺪـﺣو ﺮﻐـﺻأ ﺔـﻤﻠﻜﻟا ﲎـﻌﻣ ﰲ ﺮـﺧآ ﻢﻴﻧﻮـﻔﺑ ﻢﻴﻧ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﻞﺜﻣ ) ﻊﻄﺳ ( ﻢﻴﻧﻮـﻔﻟا ﺎﻨﻟﺪﺒﺘـﺳا اذﺈـﻓ تﺎﻤﻴﻧﻮﻓ ثﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻟﺄﺘﺗ ) س ( ﻢﻴﻧﻮـﻔﺑ ) ق ( ﺖـﻟﻮﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟا ،ﺔّﻴـﺳﺎﺳﻷا وأ ﺔّﻴﺒﻴﻛﱰﻟا ﻢﺳا تﺎﻤﻴﻧﻮﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄُﻳو ،ﻊﻄﻗ ﱃإ ﻊﻄﺳ ﺔّﻴﺒﻴﻛﱰﻟا قﻮﻓ وأ ﺔﻴﻌﻄﻘﻟا قﻮﻓ تﺎﻤﻴﻧﻮﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﳍ ًاﺰﻴﻴﲤ . قﺎﻴﺴﻟا : ﻞﺼّﺘﳌا مﻼﻜﻟا ﰲ دﻮﺼﻘﳌا ﲎﻌﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟاّﺪﻟا ﻦﺋاﺮﻘﻟا عﻮﻤﳎ .
7
2
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ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا
2.1ﻨﻣ
ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ضﺮﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻬ
ﱵــﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎــﺴﻟا تﺎــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺾــﻌﺑ ﻢــﺴﻘﻟا اﺬــﻫ لوﺎــﻨﺘﻳ ﲟ ﺔﻠــِﺻ ﺎــﳍ ﱄﺎــﳊا ﺚــﺤﺒﻟا عﻮــﺿﻮ ، ﺪــﺟﻮﻳﻻو ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ وأ ﻢــﻠﻌﳌا ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــّﻨﻟا عﻮــﺿﻮﻣ ﺖــﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﺔﻘﺑﺎــﺳ تﺎــﺳارد ﲑــﻐﻟ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺎـ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻟا ، ﱪــّﻨﻟا عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺖــﺟّﺮﻋ ﱵـﻟا تﺎـﺳارﺪﻠﻟ ضﺮﻌﻨــﺳو ﰲ ﻢــﻠﻌﳌا ﺔـﻳﺎﻔﻛو ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﺎـﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻠﻟ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ، ـﺸﻣو تاﻮـﺻﻷا ﻢﻴـﻠﻌﺘﺑ ﺖـﻴﻨُﻋ ﱵـﻟا تﺎـﺳارﺪﻟا ﻲـﻫو ﺎ ﻼﻜ ًﻻوأ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ، ّﺪﻟاو ّﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﺑ ﺖﻤﺘﻫا ﱵﻟا تﺎﺳار ّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ًﺎـﻴﻧ ﺔ ، ﻚـﻠﺗ ضﺮـﻋ نﻮﻜﻴـﺳو ﰐﻵا ﻖﻓو تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا : ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻢﺳا ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘأو ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺔ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ةادأ ﱄﺎﳊا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﺘﺗ و ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟا طﺎﻘﻨﻟا ّﻢﻫأ و ، تﺎﺣﱰﻘﻣو ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺔﺳارﺪّﻟا . ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﰒ ،8 2.2
تاﻮﺻﻷا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا
2.2.1 ﱃوﻷا ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا : ﺔَﻤﻴﻌُﻃ ﺔﺳارد ) 1982 ( رد ﺔﻴﻧاﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳا ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا ناﻮــﻨﻋ ) ﺎــ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻟا ﲑــﻐﻟ ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﺞﻣاﺮــﺑ ﰲ ﲔــﺳراﺪﻟا ﺪــﻨﻋ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا نﺎـــﻤُﻋ ﺔﻨﻄﻠـــﺳ ﰲ .( ﺔـــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﻜـــﺸﻣ : ﱵـــﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜـــﺸﳌا فﺮـــﻌﺗ ﺔـــﻘﻳﺮﻃ لﻮـــﺣ روﺪـــﺗ ﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ﺞﻣاﺮــﺑ ﰲ ﲔـــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻪــﺟاﻮﺗ ﺎـــﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـــﻨﻠﻟ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢ ، نﻮﻴﻧﺎـــﻤﻌﻟا ﻢــﻫو ﱃإ نوﺪـــﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﻴﻠﺣاﻮــــﺴﻟا نﻮﺛّﺪــــﺤﺘﻳ ﻦﻳﺬــــﻟاو نﺎــــﻤُﻋ ،ﺔ ــــّﻣأ ــــّﻴﳘأ ﺎ ﺔــــﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔ : ﻒﻌــــﺿ بﺎﺒــــﺳأ ﺔــــﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻞــــﺜﻤﺘﺘﻓ تﻼﻜﺸﳌا ﻚﻠﺘﻟ لﻮﻠﺣ ﻊﺿوو ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ءادﻷا ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا . ﺔـــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺞﻬﻨـــﻣ : ﺔـــﺳارّﺪﻟا ةادأ ﺎـــّﻣأ ﻲـــﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﻔـــﺻﻮﻟا ﺞﻬﻨـــﳌا ﺚـــﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﺪﺨﺘـــﺳا : ﺮـــﺟأ ﺪـــﻘﻓ ى ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺼﺼﳐ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳا ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ، ﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵـﻟا ﺔﻴﺗﻮـﺼﻟا تﻼﻜـﺸﳌا ﺔـﻓﺮﻌﻣ فﺪ نﻮـﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺎـﻬ ، تﻼﻜـــــﺸﳌا ﻚـــــﻠﺗ نﻮـــــﻤﻠﻌﳌا َّﲔـــــﺑ ﺪـــــﻗو ، ُﰒ مﺎـــــﺘﳘﻻا ﺰـــــّﻛر يﺮـــــﺟُأ يﺬـــــﻟا رﺎـــــﺒﺘﺧﻻا ﰲ ﺎـــــﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻟ . ا ﻩّﺪـﻋأ رﺎـﺒﺘﺧا ﺖـﻧﺎﻜﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﺔّﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا ةادﻷا ﺎّﻣأ ـﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تارﺎـﻬﳌا ﺾـﻌﺑ سﺎـﻴﻘﻟ ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻟ ﺪـﻨﻋ ﺔ ا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﺞﻣاﺮــﺑ ﰲ ﲔــﺳراّﺪﻟا ﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎــﻨﻠﻟ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟ ﺔــﻳﺮﻬﳉا ةءاﺮــﻘﻟا ﻖــﻳﺮﻃ ﻦــﻋ ﺎــﻫ ، ﺪــﻗو ﻖــﺒُﻃ ّﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻا اﺬﻫ ﻂﻘـﺴﳌ ﻦﻳﺪـﺋﺎﻌﻟا ﲔﻴﻧﺎﻤُﻌﻟا ﲔﺳرا ، ﺔـﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔـﻨﻴﻋ ﺖـﻠﴰو ) 125 ( ًﺎـﺳراد ، ـــﺴﻣ سﺎـــﻴﻗ رﺎـــﺒﺘﺧﻻا ﻦـــﻣ فﺪـــﳍا نﺎـــﻛو ﲔـــﺳراّﺪﻟا ﺪـــﻨﻋ ﰐﻮـــﺼﻟا ءادﻷا ىﻮﺘ ، ﱵـــﻟا طﺎـــﻘﻨﻟا ّﻢـــﻫأو رﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻا ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﺘﺷا : ﺪﲢ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـﻠﻌﺗ ﺞﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﺔــﻳﺎ ﰲ نﻮـﺳراﺪﻟا ﺎﻬﺒـﺴﺘﻜﻳ ْنأ ﺐـﳚ ﱵــﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـﺼﻟا تارﺎـﻬﳌا ﺪـﻳ ﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻬﺋادأ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ سﺎﻴﻗ ﺐﳚو ،ﺎ ، أ ﺔﻌﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻا ﻞﻤﺘﺷاو لﻮﺣ ﺔﻠﺌﺳ ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ءادﻷا تارﺎﻬﻣ ، ﺎﳘ ﻢﻴﻐﻨّﺘﻟا لﻮﺣ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟاو ﱪّﻨﻟا لﻮﺣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ سدﺎﺴﻟا لاﺆﺴﻟا نﺎﻛ : ًﻻوأ ُﺗ ،ﱪـــّﻨﻟا لاﺆــﺳ ّﺪــﻘ نﺎــﺘﻠﲨ سراﺪـــﻠﻟ ﻪـــﻴﻓ م ﺔﻠﺌـــﺳﻷا ﻪــﻟﻮﺣ روﺪـــﺗ يﺬـــﻟا ﺺﻨــﻟا ﻦـــﻣ ، ىﺪـــﺣإو ﳉا ﲔﺗﺎــﻫ مﺎﻬﻔﺘــﺳﻼﻟ ىﺮــﺧﻷاو ﺐــﺠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﲔــﺘﻠﻤ ، ىﺪــﻣ فﺎــﺸﻜﺘﺳا لاﺆــﺴﻟا اﺬــﻫ ﻦــﻣ فﺪــﳍاو ﲔﺘﻴﺗﻵا ﲔﺘﻠﻤﳉا ةءاﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﰲ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﻊﺿو ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﺳراﺪﻟا ةرﺪﻗ :9 ) عراﺰﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻞﲨأ ﺎﻣ ( ! و ) ؟ﻞﻣأ لﻮﻘﳊا ﲔﺒﲢ ﻞﻫ ( ، ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﲔﺑ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻂﻠﺧ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻦﻜﻟو ؛ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ْذإ ا ﰲ ﱪــّﻨﻟا نأ فوﺮــﻌﳌا ﻦــﻣ ّنإ ّيﺰــﻴﲤ ﺢــﻤﻠﻣ يذ ﲑــﻏ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟ ، ﻪﺘﻄــﺳاﻮﺑ ّﻢﺘــﻳ ﻻو ًّﺰﻴﲤ ًﺎﺤﻤﻠﻣ ﱪّﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ نﻮﻜﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﻜﻧﻻا ﻞﺜﻣ ىﺮﺧأ تﺎﻐﻟ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻛ ﱐﺎﻌﳌا ﲔﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟا ، ﺪﻗو ﺣﺎﺒﻟا قﺎﺳ ّنأ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺪﱠﻛأ ﺮﺧآ ﻻﺎﺜﻣ ﺚ ّﻨﻟا ﱪ ﺰّﻴُﳝ لﻮﻘﻳ ﺮﺧآو ﲎﻌﻣ ﲔﺑ " : ﺔـﻠﻤﳉا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻨﻟو ) ءﺎﻤـــﺴﻟا ﻞـــﲨأ ﺎـــﻣ ( ﱵـــﻤﻠﻛ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺔـــﻌﻗاﻮﻟا ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ﺔـــﻘﻳﺮﻃ ّنإ ) ﻞـــﲨأ ﺎـــﻣ ( نﺎـــﻛ اذإ ﺎـــﻣ ﺎـــﻨﻟ دﺪـــﲢ ﺎـﻬﻨﻣ ﻞـﲨأ ءﻲـﺷ ﻦﻋ مﺎﻬﻔﺘﺳﻻا وأ ءﺎﻤﺴﻟا لﺎﻤﳉ ﺐﺠﻌﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻤﳉ دﻮﺼﻘﳌا ، اذﺈـﻓ ا ﺎــﻫأﺮﻗ ﺔــﻤﻠﻛ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﱪــّﻨﻟا ﻞــﻌﺟو سراﺪــﻟ ) ــﲨأ ﻞ ( ﺎﻫﺪــﻨﻋ ثﺪــﺤﺘﳌا عﺎــﻘﻳإ ﻊــﻔﺗراو ، ﲎــﻌﻣ تدﺎــﻓأ ّﺘﻟا ﺐﺠﻌ ، تﻮـﺼﻟا رﺎـﻬﻇإ ﺔـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞـﺜﲤ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﲨأ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ّنإ ، ـّﻨﻟا ﻞـﻌﺟ اذإ ﺎـّﻣأ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﱪ ) ﺎـﻣ ( ـّﺈﻓ ﺎ مﺎﻬﻔﺘـﺳﻻا تدﺎﻓأ " 1 . ﺔـﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ىﺮـﺗو ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻻ ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ﺔـﻔﻴﻇو ﻦـﻣ ﻚـﻟذ ، ﺎـﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﺤـﺿﻮﻨﺳ ﺎـﻣ ﻮـﻫو اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا . لاﺆـﺳ ﻖـّﺒَﻃو ﲔﺘﻘﺑﺎـﺴﻟا ﲔـﺘﻠﻤﳉا ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻢﻴـﻐﻨّﺘﻟا ، ﲔــﺳراﺪﻟا ةرﺪـﻗ ىﺪـﻣ فﺮـﻌﺘﻳ نأ ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻟا دارأو ّﺘﻟا ﻢﻬﻓ ﰲ ﻋ ﻢﻴﻐﻨ ﻰﻠ ّﻧأ ّﺘﻟا ﻦﺋاﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻨﻳﺮﻗ ﻪ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﲎـﻌﳌا ﻦﻋ ﲑﺒﻌ ، ﺎـﻀﻳأ ﺐـﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻒـﻴﻠﻜﺗ ﻢﺘـﻳو ﻟا ﰲ ﺐﻠﻄﻳو ،ﻪﻟ روﺎ ا ﻪﻠﻴﻣز ﱃإ ًﻻاﺆﺳ ﱃوﻷا ﰲ ﻪّﺟﻮﻳ ﻞﲨ ثﻼﺛ ءﺎﻘﻟ ﻞﻴﻣﺰﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜ ًﺎﺌﻴـــﺷ ، ﺎـــﻣ ﻒـــﻗﻮﻣ ﰲ ﻪﺒـــﻀﻏ ﻦـــﻋ ﱪـــﻌﻳو ، ّنأ ﺚـــﺣﺎﺒﻟا ىﺮـــﻳو ّﺘﻟا ﻦـــﻋ اوﺰـــﺠﻋ ﻦﻳﺬـــﻟا دﺪـــﻋ ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨ ﺪــﻋ ﻞــﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺤــﺼﻟا ﺎــﻣ ﺪــﺣ ﱃإ ﲑــﺒﻛ د ، اﺬــ مﺎــﻤﺘﻫﻻا ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﲔﻤﺋﺎــﻘﻟا ﻰــﺻوأو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻦﻣ مﺎﳍا ﺐﻧﺎﳉا . ّﺪﻟا مﺪــﻗأ ىﺪــﺣإ ﺎﻬﻔــﺻﻮﺑ ﻦــُﻤﻜﺗ ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﻩﺬــﻫ ﺔــّﻴﳘأ ّنأ ىﺮــﻧو ﺔــﳉﺎﻌﳌ ﺖــﺼﺼُﺧ ﱵــﻟا تﺎــﺳار ﻟا ﻮﻤﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﳌا ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻏ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠ ، ﺪﻗو ﺐـــﻧﺎﺟ ﻞـــﻤُ ﱂو ﰐﻮـــﺼﻟا ءادﻷا ﻰـــﻠﻋ ءﻮـــﻀﻟا ﺖﻄّﻠـــﺳ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴـــﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴـــﻐﻨﺘﻟاو ﱪـــّﻨﻟا ، تﺪـــﱠﻛأو ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ىﺪﻟ ﺔّﻴﻠﺻاﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻪﺘّﻴﳘأ 1 - ،ﺔﻤﻴﻌﻃ ،يﺪﺷر ﳌا تارﺎﻬ ﺔّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ، ،ﱃوﻷا ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟا ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا 2004 ص، 227 .
10 2.2 . 2 ﺔﺳارد ) عﻮﻃﺎَﻗ 1999 ( ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ناﻮﻨﻋ : ) ﺮﻌﻟا تاﻮﺻﻷا ﺎ ﲔﻘﻃﺎﻨﻟا ﲑﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗو ﺔّﻴﺑ .( ﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر ﲑﺘﺴ ، ﺪﺒﻋ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا أ فاﺮﺷإ ،عﻮﻃﺎﻗ ﻒﻴﻄﻠﻟا . ﻒﻴﺳ ﺪﻴﻟو د ، ﺔّﻴﻧدرﻷا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﳉا ﰲ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ . ﺔـــﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﻜـــﺸﻣ : ﺎـــﻬﻴﻓ ﻊـــﻘﻳ ﱵـــﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــــﺼﻟا ءﺎـــﻄﺧﻷا ةﺮـــﺜﻛ ﰲ ﻞـــﺜﻤﺘﺗ بﻼـــﻄﻟا ــــّﻨﻟا ﲑـــﻏ ﲔﻘﻃﺎ ﺔـــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟ ، ّنأ ﺚــــﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻆــــﺣﻻو ﺾــــﻌﺑ ﻞــــﻤﳛ ﻮــــﻫو ﺔـــﻌﻣﺎﳉا ﻦــــﻣ جﺮــــﺨﺘﻳ ﺪــــﻗ ّﱯـــﻨﺟﻷا ﺐــــﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻪــﻘﻄﻧ ﰲ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا ، ﺔــﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﳌا ﺮــﺛ ﻮــﻫ تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا ﻚــﻠﺗ بﺎﺒــﺳأ ﻢــﻫأ ﺪــﺣأو مﻷا ﻢﻬﺘﻐﻟ تاﻮﺻﻷ ﻢﻬﻘﻄﻧ . ﺚــــﺤﺒﻟا ﺔــــّﻴﳘأ : لﻮــــﻠﺣ ﻊــــﺿوو ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜــــﺸﳌا ﺪــــﺻر ﰲ ﻦــــُﻤﻜﺗ دﺎــــﻤﺘﻋا لﻼــــﺧ ﻦــــﻣ ﺎــــﳍ ﲔـــﺑ ﻖـــﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟا ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺔـــﺳارّﺪﻟا ءﺎـــﻄﺧﻷا ﻞـــﻴﻠﲢو يﻮـــﻐﻠﻟا ﻞـــﺑﺎﻘﺘﻟا ، ﻦـــﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘـــﺳﻻاو ًﺎـــﻌﻣ ﲔﻟﺎـــ ا ، ا ءﺎــﻄﺧأ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﻲــﻠﻤﻌﻟا فﻮــﻗﻮﻟاو ّﻲــﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻊــﻗاﻮﻟا لﻼــﺧ ﻦــﻣ ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌ ، ﱃإ ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا ﻰﻌــﺴﺗ ﺎــﻤﻛ ﺲﻳرﺪﺘﻟا ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳأو ﺔّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗو ﺞﻫﺎﻨﳌا ﲔﺴﲢ . ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺞﻬﻨــﻣ : ﻲــﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻲﻔــﺻﻮﻟا ﺞﻬﻨــﳌا ﺎــّﻣأ ، ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ةادأ : ءاﺮــﺟإ ) يﻮﻔــﺷ رﺎــﺒﺘﺧا ( فﺮــﻌﺘﻟ يﻮﻧﺎـﺜﻟا ﺚـﻟﺎﺜﻟا بﻼـﻃ ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻨﻴﻋ ﺖـﻧﺎﻛو ،ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﻤﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻪﺟاﻮﺗ ﱵﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﳌا ﻢﻫدﺪـﻋ ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﳐ تﺎﻴـﺴﻨﺟ ﻦـﻣو (25) ﺔـّﻳﺰﻴﻠﻜﻧﻻا مﻷا ﻢﻬﺘـﻐﻟو ، نوﺮـﺸﻋ رﺎـﺒﺘﺧﻼﻟ رﺮـﻘﳌا ﻦﻣﺰـﻟاو ﻌﳌا فاﺮﺷ ﺔﻘﻴﻗد ﻢﻠ . ﳌا ﻖــﻄﻧ ﺐــﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻊﻤــﺴﻳ بﻮــﻠﻄﳌا لﻮــﺣ ةﺮــﺋاد ﻊــﻀﻳ ُّﰒ ﻢــﻠﻌ ، ــﻣ ﺔــﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ءاﺮــﺟ مﻮــﻘﻳ ُﰒ ﻒــﻟﺆﻣ ﻊ بﻼــﻄﻠﻟ سرﺪــُﻳ يﺬــﻟا بﺎــﺘﻜﻟا ، ﺔــﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ىﺪــﻣو فاﺪــﻫﻷاو ىﻮــﺘﶈ ﻖــﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﻠﺌــﺳأ ﻪــﻴﻠﻋ حﺮــﻄﻳو جﺎﻬﻨﳌا ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﳌا ﺔﻘّﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏو رﺮﻘﳌا ... ﺔــــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﻪــــﺘﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﺎــــﻣ ّﻢــــﻫأ : مّﺪــــﻗ ﻊﻄﻘﳌﺎــــﻛ ﺔــــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــــﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــــﺼﻟا ﺮﻫاﻮــــﻈﻟا ﺾــــﻌﺑ ﺚــــﺣﺎﺒﻟا ا ﲔــﺑ قﺮــﻔﻟاو ﺔــﻳﺮﻤﻘﻟاو ﺔّﻴــﺴﻤﺸﻟا مﻼــﻟا ﲔــﺑ ﻖــﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟاو قﺎــﺒﻃﻹاو ﺪﻳﺪــﺸﺘﻟاو ﻦﻳﻮــﻨﺘﻟاو نﻮــﻨﻟ ، ﱵــﻟاو ﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵــﻟا ﺔﻴﺗﻮــﺼﻟا تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا زﺮــﺑأ ﻦــﻣ نﻮــﻜﺗ ﺎــﻣ ًﺎــﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﻮــﻤﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺎــﻬ ، ﺮﻫاﻮــﻇ ﻲــﻫو ا ﺐــــﻟﺎﻄﻠﻟ ﺔــــﻣﺎﻫ ارد ﺪــــﻨﻋ ﱯــــﻨﺟﻷ ﺔــــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔــــﻐﻠﻟ ﻪﺘــــﺳ ، ّﻻإ ﻢﻴــــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﱪــــّﻨﻟا ﱃإ ﺚــــﺣﺎﺒﻟا قﺮــــﻄﺘﻳ ﱂ
11 ﺔﻴﳘأ ّﲔﺑو ًاﺪﺟ ًﺎﺒﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﳌا ، ﻮﻫو ﱪـّﻨﻟا عﻮـﺿﻮﲟ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻳ يﺬـﻟا ﺮـﻣﻷا ًﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﻢﻠﻌﺘـﳌا ﻖـﻄﻧ ﻞـﻌﳚ ﺎـﻣ ﻮـﻫو ًﺎﻘﻴﺛو ﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ءﺎـﻨﺑأ ﻖـﻄﻧ ﻦـﻣ ، رﺪﻟا ﻦـﻣ ﺐـﻧﺎﳉا اﺬـﻫو ﺔـﺳا ﺎﻃإ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻞﺧﺪﻳ ﱄﺎﳊا ﺎﻨﺜﲝ ر ، ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ ﺪﱠﻛأ ﺎﻤﻛ ءﺎﻄﺧﻷا ﻞﻴﻠﲢو ، ﻰـﻠﻋ جّﺮﻋو ﲔﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻼﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻤﻜ ُﳏ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﺑ جوﺮﺨﻠﻟ ﻢﺘﺗ ﱵﻟا تاءاﺮﺟﻹا . ﻦــﻣ ﻲﻠﺑﺎــﻘﺘﻟا ﻞــﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻧ ﰲ ًﺎــﻓﻼﺘﺧا ﺔــّﲦ ّنأ ﱃإ ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺖــﻬﺘﻧا ﻦــﻣ ءﺎــﻄﺧﻷا ﻞــﻴﻠﲢو ﺔــﻬﺟ ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻬﺟ ، ﻢـﻠﻌﻣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺐﳚ ﻪّﻧأ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ﲔـﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﻦـﻣ ةدﺎـﻓﻹا ﺎـﻫﲑﻐﺑ ﲔﻘﻃﺎـﻨﻠﻟ ﺔـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟا ﻮﻌﺼﻠﻟ ةرﺎﺷإ ﺎﻤّأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻳرﺪﺘﻟ ءﺪﺒﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔّﻴﻘﻄﻨﻟا ت ، ّﺮـﻌﺗ ﻦـﻣ ﻢـﻠﻌﳌا ﻦّﻜُﳝ اﺬﻫو ﻞـﻀﻓأ ف لﺎّﻌﻓ ﻢّﻠﻌﺗ ﱃإ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻞﺟأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﰲ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﻷاو قﺮﻄﻟاو ﻂﻄﳋا . ﱡﻢﻫأ ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺗ : ﻢﻠﻌﳌا وذ ﻔﻜﻟاو ةﱪـﳋا ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺐـﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﰲ ﻪـﺑﻼﻃ ةﺪﻋﺎـﺴﻣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ردﺎـﻗ ﺔـﻳﺎ ﻢﻬﻬﺟاﻮﺗ ﱵﻟا ﺖﺋاﻮﺼﻟا ﻖﻄﻧ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ . سورﺪـــﻟا ﻢﻴﻤــﺼﺗو ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـــﺼﻟا تﻼﻴﺠــﺴﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﺔـــﻨﻴﻌﳌا ﻞﺋﺎــﺳﻮﻟا ﺾﻌﺒـــﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘــﺳﻻا ﻦـــﻣ ﻢــﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ّﺪــُﺑﻻ ـــﻋإو يﻮـــﻐﻠﻟا ﱪـــﺨﳌا ﰲ ﺎﻬـــﺴﻳرﺪﺗو ﺎﻫداﺪ ، ﻪـــﻘﻄﻧ ﻞﻴﺠـــﺴﺗ ﻊﻤـــﺴﻳ ﻲـــﻛ ﺐـــﻟﺎﻄﻠﻟ ﺔـــﺻﺮﻓ ءﺎـــﻄﻋإو ا ﻖﻄﻧو ﻪﻘﻄﻧ ﲔﺑ نرﺎﻘﻴﻟ تﻮﺼﻠﻟ ﺔّﻴﻟﺎﺜﳌا ﻪﺗرﻮﺼﺑ تﻮﺼﻟ . ﺔــﻔﻠﺘﳐ تﺎــﻤﻠﻛ ﰲ ًﺎــﻨّﻴﻌﻣ ً ﻮــﺻ ﻦﻤــﻀﺘﺗ ﱵــﻟا ﺔــّﻴﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟا ﻒــﻗاﻮﳌا ﻦــﻣ ﺔــﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﺐــﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻰــﻄﻌُﻳ نأ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻄﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﻠﻟ . 2.2.3
-ﺔﺳارد
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ب د
2012(
ناﻮــﻨﻋ ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ): تﻼﻜــﺸﳌا ﱵــﻟا ﻪــﺟاﻮﺗ كاﺮــﺗﻷا ﰲ ﻢــﻠﻌﺗ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟا ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا تﺎــﺣﱰﻘﳌاو ( ، ﺔﻟﺎـــﺳر ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ، ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا : ﺪﲪأ ب د ، فاﺮﺷإ :أ .د ﻰﺳﻮﻣ زﺪﻠﻳ ، ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ يزﺎﻏ ، اﺮﻘﻧأ -ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ . ﻲــﻫ ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﻜــﺸﻣ : ّﺮــﻌﺗ اﺮــﺗﻷا ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻪــﺟاﻮﺗ ﱵــﻟا ت ﻮﻌــﺼﻟا ف ﺔــﻐﻠﻟ ﻢــﻬﻤﻠﻌﺗ ءﺎــﻨﺛأ ﰲ ك ﺔّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ، ﺎﺣاﱰﻗا ﻊﺿوو ت ت ﻮﻌﺼﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ زوﺎﲡ ﺎ ﺄﺷ ﻦﻣ . ﺔﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺔّﻴﳘأ : ﻣ ﺎـﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵـﻟا تﻼﻜـﺸﳌا ﺪـﺻﺮﺗ ﺎـ ﻮﻛ ﻦـﻣ ﰐ ـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻮـﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲـﻫ ﺎـﻤﻛ ﺎـﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔ ﻊــﻗاﻮﻟا ﰲ ، ﳌا ﻚــﻠﺗ ﺖــﻧﺎﻛأ ءاﻮــﺳ ﺔــﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﲑــﻏ مأ ﺔــﻳﻮﻐﻟ تﻼﻜــﺸ ، أ ﺪــﻴﻛ ﻊــﻣ ﰲ ﻢــﻠﻌﳌا رود ﺔــّﻴﳘ12 ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ، ﺔّﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻔﻛو ﻪﺗﱪﺧ ﺪﻴﻛ و ﺎـّﻣأ ، ﺔـﺳارّﺪﻟا ﺞﻬﻨـﻣ ﻮـﻬﻓ ﻲﻔـﺻﻮﻟا ﺞﻬﻨـﳌا ّﺘﻟا ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤ ﺔــﺳارّﺪﻟا ةادأ : ُﻃ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘــﺳا ﺚــﺣﺎﺒﻟا ىﺮــﺟأ ّﺒ ﺔــﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﰲ يزﺎــﻏ ﺔــﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﰲ ًﺎــﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﲔــﺛﻼﺛ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺖــﻘ اﺮﻘﻧأ ، اﺮﻘﻧأ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟو ، ءﺎـﺒﻄﳋاو ﺔـﻤﺋﻷا ت ﻮـﻧ ﺾـﻌﺑو ، ﺔﻌﺒـﺳ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـﺳﻻا ﺖـﻠﴰ ًﻻاﺆـﺳ ﲔـﻌﺑرأو ، ﻲـﺳارد جﺎـﻬﻨﻣو ﻢّﻠﻌﺘـﻣو ﻢـﻠﻌﻣ ﻦـﻣ ﺔـّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا نﺎـﻛرأ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷا ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗو ، ﺔـّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻞﺋﺎـﺳوو ﺎﻫﲑﻏو ، ﺔﻃﺎﺣﻹا ﱃإ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘﺳﻻا ﺖﻓﺪﻫو ـّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢّﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ضﱰﻌﺗ ﱵﻟا ت ﻮﻌﺼﻟا ﻞﻜﺑ ﺔ كاﺮـﺗﻷا ﻦﻣ ، ةﺬﺗﺎـﺳأو ت ﻮﻧﺎـﺜﻟا ﻲـﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻪـﺟاﻮﺗ ﱵـﻟا ت ﻮﻌـﺼﻟا ﺺـﳜ ًﺎﻴﻬﻔـﺷ ًﺎﻤـﺴﻗ ﺖﻨﻤـﻀﺗو بﻼﻄﻟا ﻦﻣ ًادﺪﻋو تﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉا . ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻧ : لﻮــﻠﺣ ﺎــﳍ ﻊــﺿﻮﻳ نأ ﻦــﻜُﳝ ﺔــّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺔــّﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﺎــﻬﻬﺟاﻮﺗ ﱵــﻟا ت ﻮﻌــﺼﻟا ﺾــﻌﺑ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ، ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻛ ﺲﻳرﺪﺘﻠﻟ رﺮﻘﳌا بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ، ﺔّﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟاو ، ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﺖﻗو ﱃإ جﺎﺘﳛ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑو ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻛ ﻪﻠﳊ ةﱪﳋاو ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟا ﱃإ ﺪﻘﺘﻔﻳ يﺬﻟا ، ﻞﻴﻫﺄﺘـﻟاو ﺐﻳرﺪﺘﻟا ﱃإ جﺎﺘﳛ يﺬﻟاو . ﻟﺎـﺳﻷا ﻂـﺴﺑأ ّﱴـﺣ ﻻو ﻢﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻟا قﺮـُﻃ فﺮـﻌﻳ ﻻ ﲔـﻤﻠﻌﳌا ﺾـﻌﺑ ّنأ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘـﺳﻻا ﺞﺋﺎـﺘﻧ ﻦـﻣ ّﲔﺒﺗ ﺐﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ، ﰲ ﻮـﻫو ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻪﺘﺳرﺎﳑ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ـﺋاﺮﻃ ماﺪﺨﺘـﺳا ﱃإ يدﺆـﻳ يﺬـﻟا ﺮـﻣﻷا ﺐﻴﻟﺎـﺳأو ﻖ ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﰲ ﺔــﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ، ﲔــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا تﺎــﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﱯــﻠُﺗ ﻻ ، ﰲ ﻞﻫﺎــﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺒﺘــﺳﻻا ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻧ ﻦــﻣ ﺮــﻬﻇ ﺎــﻤﻛ أ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﳌاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﳌا ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ لﺎﻤﺘﻛا مﺪﻋ ﰲ ًﻻو ، ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﰲ ًﺎﻴﻧ و . ﱡﻢﻫأ ا طﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟ : ﲔﻤﺴﻗ ﻪﺘﺳارد ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻢﱠﺴﻗ : ّﻳﻮﻐﻟ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﲑـﻏ ىﺮـﺧأو ﺔ ــــــّﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺔ، ــــــّﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا تﻼﻜــــــﺸﳌا ﻞــــــﺜﻤﺘﺗو ّﻨﻟاو تاﻮــــــﺻﻷا ﰲ ﺔ و ﺔــــــﻟﻻّﺪﻟاو ﻮــــــﺤ ... ﱠﺪــــــﻋو ﺚــــــﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﰲ ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻮـﻤﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺎـﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﱵـﻟا تﻼﻜـﺸﳌا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﳌا ﺎـﻴﻛﺮﺗ ، فﻼﺘـﺧا نأ ﺮـﻛذو ّﻨﻟا ﲔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا ﲔﻣﺎﻈ ﺔّﻴﺗﻮـﺼﻟا ت ﻮﻌـﺼﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﺔّﻴﻛﱰﻟاو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﲔﺘﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﱪـّﻨﻟا ﻦـﻋ ثّﺪـﲢو ﰲ ﺎــﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺰــﻴﻛﱰﻟا ﺐــﳚ ﱵــﻟا ﺔّﻴﺗﻮــﺼﻟا ﺔــﻟﻻّﺪﻟا ﺮﻫﺎــﻈﻣ زﺮــﺑأ ﻦــﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﻔــﺻﻮﺑ ﻢﻴــﻐﻨّﺘﻟاو ﺔــّﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ كاﺮـــﺗﻷا بﻼـــﻄﻠﻟ ، ّنأ ىأرو ـــﻣأ تاﻮـــﺻﻷا ﻖـــﻄﻧ ﰲ ﻢـــﻠﻌﳌا ةﱪـــﺧ ﺮ ﲔـــﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌا بﺎـــﺴﻛﻹ يروﺮـــﺿ ﺤﺼﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ﰐﻮﺼﻟا ءادﻷا ﰲ ﺔﺤﻴ .
