HEIGHT AND LEG LENGTH OF TURKISH
SCHOOLGHILDREN IN ANKARA
DR. ENVER BOSTANCI
Assistant of Paleoanthropology University of Ankara
In various ethnic groups children's growh differs widely. These dif-ferences can be seen in the rhythm of growth and particularly in the chan-ges in proportion of one part of the body to another.1 Also, between the sexes,
existing physical differences can be clearly seen especially at puberty and after, this period being the most important from the point of view of growth 2.
Information concerning the physical growth of children is very useful for children's clinics, for research workers in the physiological and educa-tional fields, and for physical training teachers. To this end, anthropomet-ric measurements of stature, limbs, trunk, face and head were taken on Ankara boys and girls and the growth of all these parts investigated. 3 The
results of the investigation into the growth of stature of boys and girls from 9—16 years of age were published in the Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve T a r i h — Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi Vol. X I I No. 1—2, March-June 1954. In the present study, the growth in sitting height and leg length, femur and tibia,
and foot width and length on the same children are investigated. Material, Technigue and Method
1679 children from 9—16 from the Necati Primary School, Ulus Pri-mary School, Fourth Secondary School and the Girls Lycee, Ankara, were measured by the writer alone during March, April and May 1950. 832 were boys and 847 girls. The measurements were entered on specially designed forms, which were classified according to age and sex and in each age group there was a minimum of 100 and a maximum of 123 children.
The principles of measurement technique described in a detailed man-ner by Martin (1928—p. 150—204) were followed. The boys were measured in shorts only and the girls in shorts and a thin blouse, with other parts of both naked.
1 Bean, 1933. p. 475, 477. 2 Işıklar, 1949. p. 526.
Işıklar investigated the age at puberty in 507 Turkish girls and 4155 boys and found in the girls series that the minimum age at puberty was 10 years and the maximum 18 years. In the boys series the minimum was 9 years and the maximum 19 years. The average age at puberty was 14 years, 2 months and 13 days for girls and 14 years, 3 months and 18 days for boys.
102 ENVER BOSTANCI
When taking the sitting height measurement, the children were seated, with neck erect and head on the Frankfort plan.
1. Sitting height was taken as the distance from the vertex to the bench.
2. Leg length was obtained by subtracting the sitting height from the stature.
3. Upper leg length (Femur) was obtained by subtracting the mea surement, Tibiale to the ground, from the leg length.
4. Lower leg length (Tibia) was obtained by subtracting the measu rement, Sphyrion to the ground, from the measurement, Tibiale to the ground.
All these measürements were taken with the Martin Anthropometer. 5. Foot length was taken as the distance between the Piternion and Akropodion.
6. Foot width was taken as the distance Metacarpale— Tibulare and Metacarpale — Radiale.
These measürements were taken on the right foot by means of the sli-ding caliper.
The data for this study thus collected was Cross Sectional. The sta-tistical methods used were as follows: for each age group seriations were prepared and their averages determined. Again, standard deviation, co-efficient of variability and all their probable errors were calculated. As well as this, skelique and foot indices were found and all their averages, standard deviation, co-eficient of variability and their probable errors were obtained. All this statistical work was undertaken by the writer.
T H E G R O W T H I N S I T T I N G H E I G H T O F BOYS AND GIRLS F R O M 9—16.
The average sitting height of the 832 Ankara scholboys and 847 girls according to their age gropup is shown in Tables 1 and 2. The standard deviation, co-efficient of variability and their probable errors are com-pared in Table 3.
Average sitting height of boys increases regularly from 9—16 years. (Table 1; Graph Table 1). At the same time, minimum sitting height shows a regular increase, except at the age of 13, while maximum sitting height also shows a regular increase, except for a mark-time period at 14—15. (Table 1). Between the ages of 9 and 16, average growth in sitting height is 17.75 cm. (Table A). The greatest average annual increment in sitting height in boys is between 13—14 and 15—16. The smallest average annual increment occurs between 14—15. It can be seen that the rhythm of growth in sitting height is the same as that for stature4.
Between the ages of 9 and 16, the average sitting height of girls
inc-4 Martin, 1928, p. 338.
Bostancı, 1954. p. 64, 65. 66. Table A.
reases regularly. The average growth is 16.79 cm. (Table 2). Minimum a n d maximum sitting height does not increase regularly as it does in the case of boys. Average annual increments in sitting height increase regularly from 9—13, with the greatest increment between 12—13. After this the average annual increment decreases from 14—15, as was the case with the boys, but increases again slightly from 15—16. As was seen in the boys' groups, there is a strong correlation between the growth in stature and
sit-ting height.
There are important differences in growth in sitting height between the two sexes. At 9 years old, the average sitting height of boys is 683.5 ± 0 . 1 9 mm. a n d at 16 years old 861.0 ± 0.27 m m . Between these two ages the average growth is thus 177.5 mm. On the other hand, for-girls at 9 years old, the average siting heigth is 681.6 ± 0.22 m m . and at 16 years old 849-5 ± 0 . 2 3 mm. Between these two ages the average growth is thus 167.9 mm. (Table 1). From 9—16 the difference in average sitting height growth between the two sexes is 9.6 mm. If the average annual increments as a percentage of the sitting height are compared, it can be seen that boys of 9—10 and 14-—16 and girls of 10—13 are growing fastest. (Table A). On the other hand, if we compare their average sitting height, we can see that at 9 years old boys are 1.9 mm. bigger and at 10 years 3.4 m m . bigger than the girls. At 11 years old, the girls are 3.1 mm. bigger than the boys, at 12 years old 15.7 mm., at 13 years old 34.4 mm., at 14 years old 33.7 m m . and at 15 years old 21.5 m m . At 16 years old, the boys' average sitting height is again greater by 11.5 m m . than the girls. (Table 3; G r a p h Table 1)
Between 9—13, the girls' series are more heterogeneous than the boys'. On the other hand, from 13—16 the boys' series are more heterogeneous. Therefore the sitting height of Ankara girls up to 13 years old is increasing more quickly than the boys', but after that age the opposite is the case. Bet-ween 9—16 the girls' most rapid growth in sitting height takes place two years before that of the boys.
TABLE A
Average annual increments of sitting height and average annual increments as a percentage of the sitting height
Ages 9-10 IO-II 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 I5-16 Boys 17.5 mm. 19.3 mm. 19.9 mm. 19.6 mm. 32.5 mm. 2 0 . 1 m m . 48.6 mm. % 2.49 3 . 1 1 3 . 1 0 2.56 4 . 1 0 1.24 5.64 Girls 16 mm. 26.8 mm. 31.5 mm. 38.3 mm. 31.8 mm. 7.9 mm. 15.6 mm. % 2.29 3.69 4.16 4.82 2.63 0.94 1.82 Difference 1.5 mm. 7.5 mm. 11.6 mm. 18.7 mm. 0.7 mm. 12.2 m m . 33.0 mm. Boys Girls '' '' Boys '' ''
Sitting Height Index
The sitting height index is obtained by the following formula
It therefore expresses the percentage of the sitting height
104 ENVER BOSTANCI
to the stature. This index in newly born children is large and after this until puberty it regularly decreases, b u t after puberty it increases slightly5.
T h e manner in which the sitting height index varies amongst the 1679 Ankara children measured is shown in Table F. In the boys the index dec-reases regularly from 9 to 15 years and at 16 it incdec-reases a little. In the girls the index regularly decreases up 13 years and after this age gradually inc-reases6. (Table B).
TABLE B
Sitting Height Index for Boys and Girls Ages 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Boys 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 1 0 3 1 0 0 Index 54.94 54.46 53.93 53.35 5 2 . 8 1 5 2 . 6 2 52.45 52.85 Girls 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 123 100 1 0 0 Index 54.78 54.49 5 4 . 0 2 53.73 53.50 53.84 54.09 54.17 Difference 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 8 0 . 6 9 1 . 2 2 1.64 I . 2 2 Boys Girls '' '' '' '' '' ''
As can be seen from Table B, except for the ninth year, at all ages up to 16, the girls have a higher sitting height index. According to Giuffrida-Ruggeri's classification, Ankara boys up to 12 years old are brachyskelia and up 10 16 mesatyskelia. T h e girls from 9 to 11 are brachyskelia, from 11 to 14 mesatyskelia and from 14 to 16 brachyskelia7. Table B shows that stature increases relatively rapidly before 15 and sitting height after 15 in boys. In girls, stature increases relatively rapidly before 13 and sitting height after 13 8.
5 Bean, 1933. p. 473, 475.
6 Bean, 1933. p. 473. "The old Virginian girls, sitting height index is 70 at birth,
55.2 at 7.5, 52.6 at 12, 52.8 at 15.5, and 53.5 in the odult
The old Virginian boys sitting height index is 70 at birth, 55.3 at 7.5, 52.5 at 12, 51.8 at 15.5 and 52.5 in the adult.
7 Ciocco, 1937. p. 474.
Classification of the sitting height index according to Giuffrida—Ruggeri is shown below. (1916, Documenti sull'indice schelico Riv. Antrop., XX).
Hypermacroskelia Macroskelia Mesatyskelia Brachyskelia Hyperbrachyskelia Males X — 4 8 . 0 4 8 . 1 — 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 1 — 5 3 . 0 5 3 . 1 — 5 5 . 0 5 5 . 1 — X Females X—49.0 49.1—52.4 52.5—54-4 54.5—56.0 56.1—X 8 Bean, 1933. p. 473, 474.
"The sitting height index decreases in all the groups of girls to about ahe age of 12, and in all the groups of boys to about the age of 14. This shows that the sitting height begins to grow more rapidly than the stature about 2 years earlier in the girls than in the boys.,,
SEX D I F F E R E N C E S IN S I T T I N G H E I G H T
Sex difference in stature in various human groups was investigated under the heading "A Research on the Growth of Stature of Turkish School-children in A n k a r a "9, In all these groups, average stature of girls of 11,
12 and 13 was shown to be greater than boys'.1 0 Undoubtedly the reason
for this result is that girls attain puberty at an earlier age than boys and during this period have a spurt of growth.
The same is the case for growth in sitting height, i. e. that girls have a greater average sitting height than boys at 11, 12 and 13. The reason for this is the same as for stature. But girls generally are more brachyskelia than boys and in some groups, including the Ankara children investigated, this superiority of sitting height in girls continues to 14 and 15. After this period, boys have a greater sitting height and this continues to adulthood. (Graph Table 1; Table 3).
Sex differences in Turkish children's sitting height are therefore greater in girls at 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. This can also be seen in other human groups that have been studied carefully, as shown in the under-mentioned Table. The reason for some variation among the groups is no doubt explained by smaller numbers in some of the series and by differences of technique and method.
Sex differences in sitting height in some human groups Name of Investigator Weissenberg Whitacre Bean Greulich Hammond Bostancı 1911 1939 1933 I95I 1953 1954 Children investigated South Russian Jews Mexican Old Virginians Gleveland Americans English (London) Turkish (Ankara) 9 10 11 10 11 I I I I I I I I I I Ages 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 1 2 1 2 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16
Previous to the writer's research into sex differences in sitting height of Turkish children, the following studies have been published in Turkey on' the subject. Upon closer investigation, the results of all these studies can be shown to be inaccurate for various reasons.
In 1939 Gökçül investigated the sitting height of 188 Ankara girls and 236 boys from 7 to 12 and found that at 11 and 12 boys' average sitting height was greater than girls'. 1 1This is the opposite of the results obtained
9 Bostancı, 1954. p. 41—75.
10 Bostancı, 1954. p. 60. Table A, P. 67. Table B. 11 Gökçül, 1933. p. 39, 40, Table 11, 11.
106 E N V E R B O S T A N C I
in the writer's research and also of those found in other h u m a n groups. This is no doubt because in the 11 year old age group there were only 4 girls and 15 boys and in the 12 year old group 5 girls and 9 boys. These numbers are not big enough to give a true average. Again, at 7 years, she shows an abnormal sex difference in sitting height, 129 m m . whereas in other h u m a n groups this difference varies only between 1 and 23 m m . As there were 44 girls and 45 boys in the groups measured, the mistake is probably one of measurement or statistics.
Again in 1939, Kökten measured 90 girls and 90 boys in the Samsun (Black Sea) district1 2. T h e ages were from 7 to 15 and there were 10 boys and 10 girls in each age group. He found that at 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 girls' sitting height was greater than boys, as confirmed by the writer's results but owing to the smallness of each age group, it is not possible to show the rhythm of growth and awerage sex differences correctly.
At the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences held in Copenhagen in 1939, Kansu read a paper on the growth of Turkish children 13. In this paper Kansu states that the average sitting heights were obtained from the measurements of 444 girls and 892 boys, and in this connection it will be worthwhile to examine Kansu's average figures for children from 7 to 12 years of age. A comparison of Kansu's average sitting heights with those of the small series studied by Gökçül mentioned above, shows that Kansu's averages are identical with those of this small series. 14 In fact, some of the wrong results obtained by
Ages 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 Girls M mm. 630 644 666 689 699 715 Boys M mm. 5 0 1 640 650 687 709 738 Difference mm. 129 4 16 2 1 0 2 3 Girls Boys Girls No. 44 73 44 18 4 5 188 Boys No. 45 83 65 19 15 9 236 1 2 K ö k t e n , 1939. p. 249. T a b l e . 1. 1 3 K a n s u , 1939. p. 6, T a b l e 7. 1 4 Gökçül, 1939. p. 39, 40. T a b l e 11, 11.
Gökçül, due to the small size of her series, are repeated in Kansu's p a p e r1 5.
L E G L E N G T H G R O W T H
Averages of leg length are shown in Tables 4, 5, 6 and Graph Table 1. From 9 to 16, the average growth of the leg in boys is 209.3 mm. Between the same ages, the average growth of the leg in girls is 157.2 mm. The great-test average annual increment in leg length in boys is between 13—14 and in girls between 12—-13. In boys from 9—14 leg length is increasing more rapidly than sitting heigth, but from 15—16 sitting heigth is increasing more quickly than leg length. In girls between 9—12, leg length is growing more quickly than sitting height, but from 12—15 sitting height is increasing more rapidly than leg length. From 15—16 both sitting height and leg len gth increase at approximately the same rate. (Tables A and C).
TABLE C
Average annual increments of leg length and average annual increments as a percentage of leg length
Ages Boys Girls Difference mm. % mm. % mm. 9-IO I O - I I 11-12 I2-I3 13-14 I4-I5 I5-16 25.8 3I.8 31.2 29.5 41.5 15.4 37.1 4.40 5.31 4.82 4.37 5.79 2 . 1 0 4.82 20.8 34.7 23.4 36.8 23.2 0 . 0 17.8 3.51 5.60 3.58 5.34 3.25 0 . 0 0 2.47 5.0 Boys 2.9 Girls 7.8 Boys 7.3 Girls 18.3 Boys 15.4 " 19.3 ''
The difference in average leg length of boys and girls between 9 and 16 is shown in Table 6. At 9 years old, average leg length of girls is 3.5 m m . more than boys, but at 10 years, boys' average leg length is 1.5 mm. greater. After this, leg length of girls is again greater until 13, viz. at 11, 1.4 mm., at 12, 5.6 mm., and at 13, 13.9 mm. From 14-—16, the position is again reversed and average leg length in boys is greater than girls, viz. at 14,
Kansu, 1939. p. 6. Table 7. Age 7 8 9 1 0 I I 1 2 Girls M m m . 630 644 666 689 699 715 Boys M m m . 5 0 1 640 650 687 709 738 Difference m m . 1 2 9 4 16 2 1 0 23 Girls '' '' '' Boys
''
Girls No. 67 136 65 59 46 7ı Boys No. 1 1 7 193 139 162 126 155 444 892108 ENVER BOSTANCI
14, 4.5 mm., at 15, 24.3 mm., and at 16, 48.6 mm. In both boys and girls, the period of most rapid growth in leg length coincides with puberty. The sex difference is most marked after the age of 14, because leg length growth in girls is practically finished after this age, while in boys it will continue beyond 14.
Leg length means and standard deviation, co-efficient of variability and all their probable errors are shown in Table 6. At 9, 10 and 12 years, the girls' series are more heterogeneous than the boys, but at 11 years, the the boys' series are more heterogeneous. From 13—15 in the boys' series and at 16 in the girls', co-efficient of variability is higher. The difference between the co-efficients of variability ranges from 0.11 to 2.90. In girls, the highest co-efficient of variability is at 9 years, 7.81 ± 0.37 and the lowest at 15, 5.08 ± 0.25. İn the boys' series the highest co-efficient of variability is at 13 years, 7.25 ± 0.34 and the lowest at 16; 4.94 ± 0.23.
C O M P A R I S O N O F LEG L E N G T H AND S I T T I N G H E I G H T MEANS
If we compare sitting height and leg length growth in boys and girls, we can see that they are different in the two sexes. From 9 to 16, leg length in boys is increasing more than sitting height But in girls of the same ages, sitting height is increasing more than leg length. This means that in girls, leg length growth is finishing before that of sitting height.
TABLE D
Comparison of Sitting Height and Leg Length Means
Boys Girls
Table D shows that in both sexes average sitting height is greater than average leg length. In boys from 9 to 14 years, the average difference between sitting height and leg length regularly falls and at 15 and 16 it again incr-eases. In girls the average difference between sitting height and leg length decreases until 12 years old and from then to 16 years increases regularly. This increase is greater in girls than in boys. This means that whereas sitting height and leg length in girls have almost reached their maximum at 15, in boys they will both increase beyond this age.
Ages 9 1 0 I I 12 13 14 15 16 Sit. Height M PE m m . 683.5 0.19 701.0 0.21 720.3 0.20 740.2 0.22 759.8 0.28 792.3: 0.25 8 1 2 . 4 0.29 861.0 0.27
Leg. Length Diff. M P E M m m . m m . — 5 5 9 . 7 0.22 = 1 2 3 . 8 — 5 8 5 . 5 0.24 — 6 1 7 . 3 0.25 — 6 4 6 . 5 0.28 — 6 7 5 . 0 0.32 —716.5 0.26 — 7 3 1 . 9 0.25 — 7 6 9 . 0 0.25 = 115.5 = 103.0 = 93.7 = 84.8 = 75.8 = 8 0 . 5 = 9 2 . 0 Sit. Height M PE m m . 681.6 0.22 6g7.6 0.22 724.4 0.23 755.9 0.26 794.2 0.25 826.0 0.22 833.9 0.15 849.5 0.23 Leg. Length M P E m m . — 5 6 3 . 2 0 . 2 9 = — 5 8 4 . 0 0.28 = — 6 1 8 . 7 0.23 = — 6 5 2 . 1 0.31 = — 6 8 8 . 9 0 . 2 4 = — 7 1 2 . 1 0 . 2 5 = — 7 0 7 . 6 0 . 2 4 = — 7 2 0 . 4 0 . 2 6 = Diff. M m m . 118.4 113.6 105.7 103.8 105.3 113.9 126.3 129.1
The rhythm of growth in leg length closely resembles that of stature, as did that of the sitting height. In both sexes, stature, sitting height and leg length have their period of most rapid growth between the same ages, but the rate of growth is different in each part.
SKELIQUE INDEX
16The skelique index is obtained by the following formula Leg Length x 100 The manner in which it changes duruing growth, sex height differences, comparison of means, Standard deviation and co-efficient of variability, and all their probable errors are shown in Table 7.
it is known that the skelique index increases from birth to adulthood. This is purely a human characteristic, as the increase is not found in the anthropoid apes1 7. For example, this index in newly born Virginian girls
and boys is 42.9, in adult Virginian women, 88 and adult men, 91.5 1 8.
In the A n k a r a boys measured, the skelique index increases regularly, except at 12 years, up to 15 years, when it is 90.15 ± 0.46. At 16 years the index falls to 89.21 ± 0 . 2 9 . (Table 7) In the girls' series, it can be o bserved that the index regularly increases from 9 to 13 and after that until 16 re gularly falls. At 9 years the index is 82.62 ± 0.33, at 13, 86.92 ± 0.40 and at 16, 84.21 ± 0.32. (Table 7) As we saw from the sitting height index, in girls from 9—13 leg length grows relatively more quickly than sitting height. After 13, sitting height increases relatively more quickly than leg length,and leg growth is practically finished by 15. At 15 and 16 it can be seen that most mature Ankara girls are brachyskelia.
At 9 and 10 years, the skelique index is higher in girls than in boys, but from 11—16 it is higher in boys. At 9, 10 and 12 the boys' series are more heterogeneous. than the girls' and at all other ages the girls' series are more heterogenerous (Table 7).
D I S T R I B U T I O N O F S K E L I Q U E I N D E X I N BOYS AND G İ R L S
The distribution of the skelique index in boys and girls is shown in Tables 8 and 9 and distribution percentage according to age is shown in Tables 10 and 11.
16 Classificantion of the skelique index according to Manouvrier (1912) is shown
below. (see Martin, 1928. p. 413): Hyperbrachyskelia X —74.9 Brachyskelia 75—79.9 Subbrachyskelia 80—84.9 Mesatiskelia 85—89.9 Submakroskelia 90—94.9 Submakroskelia 90—94.9 Makroskelia 95—99.9 Hypermakroskelia 100—X 1 7 Martin, 1928. p. 413. 18 Bean, 1935. p. 475, 476.
I I O ENVER BOSTANCI
TABLE E
Distribution of skelique index percentage ( Boys ) Ages 9 I O I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Brachyskelia X - 8 4 . 9 % 74.75 6 0 . 0 0 35.29 2 1 . 0 0 19.80 1 3 . 0 0 13. 59 1 0 . 0 0 Mesatiskelia 85-89.9 % 19.41 3 1 . 0 0 46.07 4 4 . 0 0 39.60 3 1 . 7 0 2 6 . 2 1 3 4 . 0 0 Makroskelia 9 0 - X % 5.86 9 . 0 0 18.67 3 7 . 0 0 40.59 55.27 6 0 . 1 8 5 6 . 0 0 N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 I O I 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 0
As can be seen in Table E, the percentage of brachyskelia types falls regularly, except for a slight increase at 15. In the mesatiskelia types, the percentage increases until 11, then decreases until 15 and finally at 16 again increases. In the makroskelia types the percen tage from 9 to 15 years inc-reases regularly and at 16 falls.
In the boys' groups from 9—-11 years, the percentage of brachyskelia types is largest, from 11—13 the percentage of mesatiskelia types, and from 13—16 the percentage of makroskelia types. This means that leg length in boys is growing more than sitting height after 11 years. In order to est-ablish when these percentages change, it is necessary to continue researches on older children. (The writer has taken all measurements on both boys and girls of 7, 8, 17 and 18 and will eventually classify these results also.)
When the distribution of the skelique index in girls is examined, it can be seen that the results are different from the boys. (Table F ) .
Ages 9 IO I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Distribution of Brachyskelia X - 8 4 . 9 % 69.00 6 1 . 0 0 41.17 39.62 26.46 37.39 4 2 . 0 0 57.00 TABLE F skelique index ( Girls ) Mesatiskelia 85-89.9 % 2 5 . 0 0 27.52 45.09 36.03 44.11 39.02 47.00 2 9 . 0 0 percentage Makroskelia 9 0 - X % 6.00 1 1 . 0 0 13.72 24.32 29.41 23.56 1 1 . 0 0 1 4 . 0 0 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0
T h e percentage of brachyskelia types in girls at 9 years is 6 9 % , and this percentage gradually falls to 26.46% at 13. Between the same ages, while the percentage of brachyskelia types falls, the percentage of
makroskelia types rises. This increase in percentage is from 6% at 9 years to 29.41% at 13. After 13, percentage of brachyskelia types increases to 57% at 16 and that of makroskelia types decreases to 1 1 % at 15, with a slight increase at 16. This shows that in the girls' groups leg length is growing more quickly than sitting height up to 13 years. At 14 the mature physical type begins to appear and at 16 5 7 % are brachyskelia, 2 9 % mesatiskelıa and 14% makroskelia. (Table 9).
Thus, the sitting height and skelique indices both point to the fact that the dominant type among mature Turkish women is brachyskelia and between 9 and 16 girls are more brachyskelia than boys1 9.
GROWTH OF UPPER LEG (FEMUR)
Averages of upper leg length in boys and girls from 9 to 16 are shown in Tables 12, 13 and 16 (Graph Table 2)
In the boys' series, average upper leg length regularly increases from 9—16. Berween these ages average growth is 99.2 mm.
In the girls' series, average upper leg length regularly increases from 9—16 except for a slight fall at 15. Between 9 and 16 average growth is 69.9 mm. The difference in average growth between boys and girls is thus 29.3 mm. (Tables 12 and 13).
TABLE G
Average annual increments of upper leg (femur) length and average annual increments as a percentage of femur length in boys and girls
Ages Boys Girls Diff.
9-IO I O - I I 11-12 12-13 I3-I4 I4-I5 I5-l6 mm. 13.6 17.1 11 . 2 16.7 I4.8 9 . 0 16.8 % 5.44 6.40 4.02 5.68 4.77 2.82 5.00 m m . 13.2 12.6 16.1 14.4 12.7 0 . 0 1.8 % 5.23 4.77 5.75 4.89 4.12 0 . 0 0.58 mm. 0.4 Boys 4.5 '' 4.9 Girls 2.3 Boys 2.1 '' 0 . 0 15.0 ''
As can be seen in Table G, the period of greatest average annual growth in the upper leg is from 10 to 11 and 12 to 13 in. boys and from 9 to 10
19 In 200 Turkish women measured in the Ankara district the skelique index average
was 87. 86. The distribution of skelique index percentage is shown below: (İnan, 1947. p. 106) Hyperbrachyskelia 0. 5% Brachyskelia 8.0% Subbrachyskelia 25.0% Mesatiskelia 34.5% Submakroskelia 20.0% Makroskelia 8.5% Hypermakroskelia 3.5%
1 1 2 ENVER BOSTANCI
and 11 to 12 in girls. At 9, 10 and 12 years, average upper leg length in girls is greater than that of boys but at 11 and after 13 boys have a greater average upper leg length. Sex differences are greater at 15 and 16 years.
(Tables 12, 13 and 16)
GROWTH OF LOWER LEG (TIBIA)
Averages of lower leg length in boys and girls from 9 to 16 are shown in Tables 14, 15 and 17. (Graph Table 2).
In the boyss' series, average lower leg length regularly increases from 9 to 16. Between these ages average growth is 98.9 mm.(Table 15.)
In the girls' series, average lower leg length regularly increases from 9 to 16, except for a slight fall at 15. Between 9 and 16 average growth is 70.7 m m . (Table 14). T h e difference in average growth between boys and girl is thus 28.2 m m . From 9-13 in girls and from 14 — 16 in boys. ave-rage lower leg length (tibia) is greater. Sex differences are stronger at 15 and 16. (Table 17).
TABLE H
Average annual increments of lower leg (tibia) length and average annual increments as percentage of tibia
length in boys and girls Ages 9 - 1 0 I O - I I 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 I5-16 Boys m m . 1 1 . 3 1 5 . 5 1 5 . 4 13.0 1 8 . 8 8 . 2 1 6 . 7 % 4 . 0 5 5 . 2 7 4 . 9 6 4 . 0 2 5.51 2 . 3 4 4 . 5 6 Girls m m . 1 0 . 4 18.9 11.4 1 7 . 5 1 0 . 0 7 . 0 9 . 5 % 3 . 7 0 6 . 3 2 3 . 6 6 5 . 3 3 2 . 9 5 2 . 1 1 2 . 7 8 Difference m m . 0.9 Boys 3 . 4 Girls 4 . 0 Boys 4 . 5 Girls 8 . 8 Boys 1.2 '' 7 . 2 ''
As can be seen in Table H, the period of greatest average annual growth in the lower leg (tibia) is from 13 to 14 and 15 to 16 in boys and from 10
10 to 11 and 12 to 13 in girls s.20.
As was seen in the case of stature, sitting height and leg length, in both sexes, between 14 and 15 is the period of slowest growth in femur and tibia.
40 Francis, 1939. p. 330.
"The rate of growth slowly diminishes in both girls and boys from 2 years to 12 years. The girls show a marked diminution in rate of tibia growth after the twelfth birthday but boys have not begun to show a diminution in rate of growth by the fourteenth birthday". "The rate of growth of the tibia obtained by the two methods was comparable and there is no evidence that the roentgenographic method was superior".
T H E G R O W T H I N L E N G T H AND W l D T H O F F O O T
Averages of length and width of foot of the 832 boys and 847 girls from 9 to 16 are shown in Tables 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and Graph Table 3)
in both boys and girls from 9 to 15 average foot length increases regu-larly. Between these ages average growth in girls is 36.3 mm. and in boys 47.2 mm. (Tables 18 a n d 19) At 16 in both sexes average foot length remains constant.
Except for 11 years, at all ages from 9 to 16 average foot length in boys is greater than in girls and sex differences are stronger after 14. 21. In both sexes foot length finishes at the fifteenth year. (Table 22).
In girls the period of greatest growth in foot length is between 10 and n and in boys between 9 and 10, After 14 in boys and 13 in girls the aver-age rate of growth decreases. (Table J ) .
TABLE J
Average annual increments of foot length and average annual increments as a percentage of foot length in boys and girls
Ages Boys Girls Difference
9-10 1 0 - 1 1 I I - I 2 1 2 - 1 3 !3-14 14-15 15-16 mm. 1 2 4 1 0 7 I I 4 0 °/o 5 . 7 0 1.86 4.45 3 . 0 2 4.54 1.62 0 . 0 0 mm. 5 11 5 9 3 3 0 % 2.45 5.13 2 . 2 7 3.89 1.27 1.28 0 . 0 0 mm. 7 Boys 7 Girls 5 Boys 2 Girls 8 Boys 1 '' 0
Average foot width in boys and girls from 9 to 16 increases regularly. Average growth in girls from 9-—16 is 13.33 mm. and in boys 21.48 m m .
(Tables 20 a n d 21 K ) .
From 9 to 16 boys' average foot width is greater than girls'. Sex difference is stronger after 12 years, and at 16 is 10. 26 mm. (Table 23) Foot width growth is finishing earlier in girls than in boys. In girls the greatest average annual growth is between 10 and 11 and in boys between 15 and 16.
21 Meredith, 1944. p. 278.
"While the average female has shorter feet than the average male, at all ages from infancy to adolescence the female is nearer adult status than is the male. This follows since the sex difference in mean foot length is considerably greater in adulthood than during earlier ontogenetic periods".
Hammond, 1953. p. 238, 239; Tables A and B.
Foot length in boys is greater than in girls from 9—16 and sex differences are stronger after 14, in the same way as Turkish schoolchildren.
114 ENVER BOSTANCI TABLE K
Average annual increments of foot width and average annual increments as a percentage of foot witdh in boys and girls
Ages Boys Girls Difference
9-10 10-1 I I I-I2 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 m m . 3 3 3 2 5 1 5 % 3.81 3.67 3.54 2.30 4.46 1.07 5.15 m m . 3 4 2 2 1 I 0 % 3.92 4 . 9 8 2.43 2.37 1 . 1 6 1.15 0 . 0 0 m m . 0 1 Girls 1 Boys 0 4 Boys 0 5 Boys
The length and width of the foot in both boys and girls grows more or less parallel with that of the body as a whole 2 2. There is a period of more
rapid growth during puberty in both sexes as was observed in other parts of the body.
Foot Index Means, standard deviations and co - efficient of variability and all their probable errors for boys and girls are shown in Table 24.
In boys between 9 and 16, the highest index is at 9 years, 39.03 ± 0.09 and lowest at 13,37.51 ± 0.15.
In girls between 9 and 16 the highest index is at 10, 37.64 ± 0.11 and the lowest at 13, 36.85 ± 0.14. 23.
At all ages boys' indices are higher than girls.'
Except for 13 and 14 years, co—kısa efficient of variability in the girls' series is higher than in the boys' (Table 24).
22 Davenport, 1932. p. 208. 23 Davenport, 1932. p. 209.
TABLE M
The means of the measurements . ( Boys )
Ages Stature Sıttıng Leg Femer Tibia Foot Foot Height Length Length Width
9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 m m . 1243 1287 1335 1387 1437 1505 1548 1629 m m . 1243 1279 1340 1405 1484 1534 1540 1567 m m . 683 701 720 740 759 792 812 861 m m . 681 697 724 755 792 826 833 899 m m . 559 585 617 646 675 716 731 769 m m . 563 884 618 652 688 712 707 720 m m . 236 250 267 278 395 310 319 336 ( Girls) m m . 239 252 264 280 a95 308 302 309 m m . 267 279 294 310 323 341 350 366 m m . 270 281 299 311 328 338 331 341 m m . 198 210 214 224 231 242 246 245 m m . 198 203 214 219 228 231 234 233 m m . 75 78 81 84 86 91 92 97 m m . 73 76 80 82 84 85 86 88 N 103 100 102 100 101 123 103 100 N 100 109 102 III 102 123 100 100
SUMMARY:
1— In this study, growth in sitting height, leg length, upper leg length (femur), lower leg length (tibia), and foot width and length on 1679 Turkish (Ankara) children from 9 to 16 were investigated. 832 were boys and 847 girls. In each age group there was a minimum of 100 and a maximum of
123 children.
For this study, 11, 763 measurements were taken. From these mea surements, 20, 158 indices were calculated and 140 series showing averages, Standard deviation and Co-efficient of variability and all their probable errors were prepared. The material thus collected was Cross Sectional, and anthropometric technique was used.
2— Average sitting height in boys and girls increases regularly betveen the ages of 9 and 13. (Tables 1 and 2; Graph Table 1).
Average sitting height in boys is greater than in girls at 9, 10 and 16, but it is greater in girls from 11—15 (Table 3; Graph teble I
Between 9 and 16, the girls' most rapid growth in sitting height takes place two years before that of the boys, i. e. 12—13 in girls and 15—16in boys. The same rhythm of growth was seen when stature was investigated.
116 ENVER BOSTANCI
From 9 to 13, the Standard deviation is greater in the girls' series, but from 13 to 16 it is greater in the boys'.
Except for the ninth year, at all ages up to 16, the girls have a higher sitting height index.
3— In boys average leg length increases regularly from 9 to 16. (Table 4). In the girls' series, average leg length increases regularly from 9 to 14. (Table 5).
Average leg length in boys is greater than in girls at 10, 14, 15 and 16 and it is greater in girls than in boys at 9, 11, 12 and 13, In both boys and girls the period of most rapid growth in leg length coincides with pu-berty, and therefore sex differences are most marked at these periods. Leg length growth in girls is practically finished after the age of 15, while in boys it will continue beyond 16.
The rhythm of growth in leg length closely resembles that of stature, as did that of sitting height. In girls, leg length growth is finishing before that of sitting height. In both sexes, average leg length is smaller than avera
ge sitting height. (Table 6; Graph Table 1)
4— At 9 and 10, the skelique index is higher in girls than in boys, but from 11 to 16 it is higher in boys. Sex differences are stronger after 14. (Table 7).
In the boys' groups from 9—11 years, the percentage of brachyskelia types is largest; from 11—13 mesatiskelia types predominate and from 13—16 the percentage of makroskelia types is greatest. This shows that leg length in boys is growıng more than sitting heightafter 11 years
The percentage of brachyskelia types in girls at 9 years is highest and this percentage gradually falls to 13 years, when most of the girls are me satiskelia and makroskelia. After 13, the percentage of brachyskelia types gradually increases and this means that leg length in girls is growing more than sitting height from 9 to 13. Between 9 and 16 girls are more brachys kelia than boys. (Tables 8, 9, 10, 11).
5— In boys, average upper leg (femur) and lower leg (tibia) growth increases regularly from 9 to 16 and in girls from 9 to 15. (Tables 12, 13, 14, 15; Graph Table 2) The upper leg (femur) grows most quickly in boys between 13 14 and 15—16 and in girls between 11—12 and 12—13. The lower leg (tibia) grows most quickly in boys between 13—14 and 15—16 and in girls between 10—11 and 12—13.
Upper leg length (femur) is greater in girls at 9, 10 and 12, and at all other ages it is greater in boys. Sex differences are stronger after the age of 14.
Lower leg length (tibia) is greater in girls from 9 to 13 and in boys from 13 to 16. Sex differences are stronger at 15 and 16. In girls, upper leg length growth is finishing before that of the lower leg.
As was seen in the case of stature, sitting height a n d leg length, in both sexes the period of slowest growth in femur and tibia is between 14 a n d 15. 6— In both sexes, average foot length increases regularly from 9 to 15 and average foot width from 9 to 16. (Tables 18, 19, 20, 2 1 ; Graph Table 3).
Average foot length is greater in boys at all ages from 9 to 16, except at the eleventh year. Sex differences are stronger after 14. Average foot width is greater in boys at all ages from 9 to 16. Sex differences are stronger after 14.
In both sexes, growth in foot length a n d width finishes before that of upper leg (femur) and lower leg (tibia) length.
At all ages between g a n d 16, boys' foot indices are higher than girls'. (Table 24).
In both sexes from 9 to 13, foot width is becoming thinner in proportion to its length, but after 13 it again becomes slightly wider in proportion.
E R R A T U M
In previous article published in this Magazine Vol. X I I , No. 1 - 2 page 64, fourth paragraph, first line for " g r o w t h " read " S t a t u r e " .
TABLO 1
Erkek çocukların büst ortalamaları, varyasyon ve muhtemel hataları Sitting Height Means in boys
TABLO 2
Kız çocukların büst ortalamaları, ortalamaların Standard inhiraf varyansyon ve muhtemel hataları Sitting Height meons in girfs
Yaş Ages 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 M PE cm. 68.35 0.19 70.10 0.21 72.03 0.20 74.02 0.22 75.98 0.28 79.23 0.25 81.24 0.29 86.10 0.27 Min. Max. cm. 58-74 59-78 65-79 68-85 66-89 71-90 72-90 74-95 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 8 + 7 — 7 + 9 — 6 + 8 — 6 + 9 — 9 + 1 4 — 8 + 11 — 8 + 1 0 — 9 + 1 0 SD PE 3.00 0.14 3.20 0.15 3.10 0.14 3.30 0.15 4 . 2 0 0.19 4.20 0.17 4.50 0.21 4.10 0.19 * V PE 4 . 3 8 0.20 4.56 0.21 5.69 0.26 7.16 0.34 5.52 0.26 5.30 0.22 5.53 0.25 4.76 0.22 — n 37 45 42 5 0 39 56 42 42 +n 66 55 6 0 5 0 62 67 6 1 58 N 103 100 102 100 101 123 103 100 Yaş Ages 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M PE cm. 68.16 0.22 69.76 0.22 72.44 0.23 75.59 0.26 79.42 0.25 82.60 0.22 83.39 0.15 84.95 0.23 Min. Max. cm 61-73 62-78 60-80 67-89 68-88 72-89 76-89 72-91 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 5 + 7 — 7 + 9 — 1 0 + 9 — 8 + 1 4 — 1 0 + 9 — 9 + 8 — 7 + 6 — 11 + 8 SD PE 3.31 0.15 3.50 0.16 3.60 0.16 4.20 0.19 3.80 0.17 3.70 0 . 1 5 2.31 0.10 3.50 0.16 V PE 4 . 8 5 0 . 2 3 5.01 0 . 2 3 4.96 0.23 5.55 0 . 2 5 4 . 7 8 0.22 4 . 4 7 0 . 1 9 2.77 0 . 1 3 4.12 0.19 — n 42 38 36 49 40 41 36 28 +n 58 71 . 66 62 62 82 64 72 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0
Comparison of Sitting Height Means, Standard Deviations and Coefficient of Variability Yaş Ages 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M PE M PE m m . m m . 683.5 0 . 1 9 — 6 8 1 . 6 0.22 701.0 0.21—697.6 0.22 720.3 0.20—724.4. 0.23 740.2 0.22—755.9 0.26 759.8 10.28—794.2 0.25 792.3 0.25 — 826.0 0.22 812.4 0.29—833.9 0.15 861.0 0.27—849.5 0.23 Difference Fark mm. 1.9 3.4 3.1 15.7 34.4 33.7 2 1 . 5 " • 5 SD PE 3.00 0.14 3.20 0.15 3.10 0.14 3.30 0.15 4.20 0.19 4.20 0.17 4.50 0.21 4.10 0.19 SD PE 3.31 0.15 3.50 0.16 3.60 0.16 4.20 0.19 3.80 0.17 3.70 0.15 2 . 3 1 0 . 1 0 3.50 0.16 V PE V PE 4.38 0 . 2 0 — 4 . 8 5 0.23 4.56 0.21—5.01 0.23 5.69 0.26—4.96 0 . 2 3 7 . l 6 0 . 3 4 — 5 . 5 5 0.25 5.52 0.26—4.78 0.22 5.30 0.22—4.47 O.19 5.33 0.25—2.77 O.13 4 . 7 6 0.22—4.12 0.19 Difference Fark Fm. 0.47 0.45 0.73 1.61 0.74 0 . 8 3 I2.76 0.64 N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0
TABLO 4
Erkek çocukların alt taraf ortalamaları, ortalamaların Standard inhiraf, varyasyon ve muhtemel hataları Leg Length Means in boys
TABLO 5
Kız çocuklarının alt taraf ortalamaları, ortalamaların Standard inhiraf, varyasyon ve muhtemel hataları Leg Length Means in girls
Yaş Ages 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M PE cm. 55.97 0.22 58.55 0.24 61.73 0.25 64.65 0.28 67.50 0.32 71.65 0.26 73.19 0.25 76.90 0.25 Min. Max. cm. 48-65 51-66 5I-7I 55-75 55-79 59-81 62-81 66-86 Frequency Distribution Fkans dağılması — 7 + 1 0 — 7 + 8 — 1 0 + 1 0 — 9 + 11 — 1 2 + 1 2 —12 + 10 — 1 0 + 9 — 1 0 + 1 0 SD PE 3.40 0.15 3.70 0.17 3.90 0.18 4 . 2 0 0 . 2 0 4.90 0.23 4.30 0.18 3.90 0.18 3.80 0.18 V PE 6.07 0.28 6.31 0.30 6.31 0.29 6.49 0.30 7.25 0.34 6.00 0.25 5.32 0.24 4.94 0.23 — n 37 39 42 38 42 49 44 40 —n 66 61 60 62 59 74 59 60 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 101 123 103 1 0 0 Yaş Ages 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 l6 M PE cm. 56.32 0.29 58.40 0.28 61.87 0.23 65.21 0.31 68.89 0.24 71.21 0 . 2 5 70.76 0.24 72.04 0.26 Min. Max. cm. 46-66 50-71 52-70 52-82 60-77 56-83 59-80 59-80 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 9 + 10 — 7 + 14 — 8 + 9 — 1 2 + 1 8 — 8 + 9 — 1 4 + 1 3 — 11 + 10 — 11 + 9 SD P E 4.40 0.20 4.20 0.19 3.50 0.16 4.90 0.22 3.70 0.17 4.20 0.18 3.60 0.17 3.90 0 . 1 8 V P E 7.81 0.37 7.19 0 . 3 3 5.65 0.26 7.51 0 . 3 4 5.35 0.15 5.89 0.25 5.08 0 . 2 4 5.41 0 . 2 5 — n 37 42 34 51 36 53 35 50 + n 63 67 68 60 66 70 65 50 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 100 1 0 0
Comparison of Leg Length Means, Standard Deviations and Coefficient of variability Ages Y a ş 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M P E m m . 559.7 0.22 585.5 0.24 617.3 0.25 646.5 0.28 675.0 0.32 716.5 0.26 731.9 0.25 769.0 0.25 M P E m m . 563.2 0.29 584.0 0.28 618.7 0.23 652.1 0.31 688.9 0.24 712.1 0.25 707.6 0.24 720.4 0.26 Difference Fark m m . 3 . 5 1.5 1 . 4 5 . 6 13.9 4 . 4 24.3 4 8 . 6 SD P E 3.40 0.15 3.70 0.17 3.90 0.18 4 . 2 0 0 . 2 0 4 . 9 0 0 . 2 3 4.30 0.18 3.90 0.18 3.80 0.18 SD P E 4.40 0.20 4.20 0.19 3.50 0.16 4.90 0.22 3.70 0.17 4.20 0.18 3.60 0.17 3.90 0.18 V P E 6.07 0 . 2 8 6.31 0 . 3 0 6.31 0.29 6.49 0.30 7.25 0 . 3 4 6.00 0.25 5.32 0 . 2 4 4 . 9 4 0.25 V P E 8.81 0.37 7.19 0.33 5.65 0.26 7.51 0 . 3 4 5.35 0.15 5.89 0.25 5.08 0.24 5.41 0.25 Difference Fark m m . 1.74 1.88 0.66 1.02 2.90 0 . 1 1 0.24 0.47. N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0
TABLO 7
Erkek ve kız çocukların iskelik endis ortalamaları, ortalamaların Standard inhiraf ve varyasyonlarının mukayesesi Comparison of Skelique Index Means, Standard Deviations and Coefficient of variability
Ages Y a ş 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M P E m m . 81.85 0.39 83.46; 0.33 88.02 0.30 87.21 0.49 89.21 0.36 89.82 0.30 90.15 0.46 89.21 0.29 M P E m m . 82.62 0.33 84.17 0.28 85.44 0.30 85.85 0.32 86.92 0.40 86.37 0.30 84.81 0 . 3 4 84.21 0.32 Difference Fark m m . 0.77 0.71 2.58 1.36 2.29 3.45 1.34 5.00 5.99 0 . 2 8 5.00 0 . 2 3 4.5O 0 . 2 I 4.9O O.34 5.4O 0.25 5 . 0 0 0 . 2 1 4.67 O.32 4.36 0.20 5.02 0 . 2 3 4.36 0.20 4 . 6 3 0.21 5.14 O.23 6.03 0.29 4.97 0.21 5 . I 4 O.24 4 . 8 3 0.22 7.31 O.34 5.99 O.28 5 . 1 1 0 . 2 4 5.61 O.26 6.05 0.28 5.56 0.23 5.18 0.24 4.86 0 . 3 4 6.07 0 . 2 8 5.17 0.24 5.41 0.25 5.48 0.27 6.93 0.32 5.75 0.24 6.06 0 . 2 8 5.73 0.27 Difference Fark m m . 1 . 2 4 0 . 8 2 0 . 3 0 0 . 1 3 0.88 0.19 0.88 0.87 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
Erkek çocuklarında endis iskelikin dağılışı Distribution of Skelique Index in boys
-o
Yaş Ages 9 1O I I I'2 13 14 15 16 H y p e t Brachyskel X-74.9 Min M a x . 73-74 73-74 74 61 — 68 — — Brachyskel n 4 3 1 I — I — — 75-79.9 M i n . M a x . 75-79 75-79 75-79 76-79 77 77 — —• Subbrachyskel n 35 1 5 8 6 1 1 — — 80-84.9 M i n M a x . 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 n 38 42 27 14 19 14 14 1 0 Mesatishel Submakroskel 85-89.9 M i n . M a x . 85-88 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 n 2 0 31 47 44 4c 39 27 34 90-94.9 M i n . M a x . 90-92 91-93 90-94 90-94 90-94 90-94 90-94 90-94 n 2 8 15 33 2 5 5 0 43 43 Makroskel 95-99.9 M i n . M a x . 96 97 95-98 95-96 95-99 95-99 95-98 95-99 n I I 3 2 14 16 18 1 2 Hyper-makroskel 100<-X Min. M a x . 100-108 — 1 0 0 — 100-116 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 n 3 — 1 — 2 z I I M i n . M a x . 73-108 73-97 74-100 61-96 77-116 68-102 8 0 - 1 0 0 8 0 - 1 0 0 T o p l a m N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0 10 66 178 282 219 67 10 832TABLO 9
Kız çocuklarında endis iskelik'in dağılışı Distribution of Skelique Index in girls
Yaş Ages 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 14 1 5 16 Min. M a x . 68-74 74 — — 68-74 — 71-73 68-71 n 4 1 — — 2 — 3 2 M i n . M a x . 75-79 76-79 75-79 75-79 75-79 76-79 75-79 75-79 n 17 1 3 6 11 9 9 7 1 5 Min. M a x . 80-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 81-84 80-84 80-84 80-84 n 48 53 36 33 1 6 37 32 40 Min, M a x . 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 85-89 n 2 4 30 46 4 0 45 48 47 2 9 Min. M a x . 90-93 90-94 90-93 90-94 90-94 90-94 90-94 90-93 n 4 1 0 1 2 23 2 6 2 3 11 11 Min. M a x . 98 96 96 95-97 97 95-98 — 95-96 n 2 2 I 4 2 4 — 3 Min. M a x . 1 0 3 1 0 1 - 1 0 4 1 0 0 - 1 0 3 n — — 1 — 2 2 — '— Min. M a x . 68- 98 74-96 75-103 75-97 68-104 76-103 71-94 68-96 Toplanı N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 Hypet Hyper-Brachyskel Brachskel Subbrachyskel Mesatishel Submakroskel Makroskel makroskel
X-74.9 75-79.9 80-84.9 85-89.9 90-94.9 95-99.9 100-X
TABLO 10
Erkek çocuklarında endis iskelik'in (Indice Skelique) yüzde nisbetlerinin dağılışı
Distribution of Skelique Index Percentages in boys
O
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Huper- Brachys-kel X-74.9 % 3.88 3 . 0 0 0.98 1 . 0 0 — 0 . 8 1 — — Braehys kel 75-79.9 % 3 3 . 9 8 1 5 . 0 0 7.84 6.00 0.99 0 . 8 1 — — Sub- brachys-kel 80-84.9 % 36.89 4 2 . 0 0 26.47 1 4 . 0 0 18.81 11.38 1 3 . 5 9 1 0 . 0 0 Mesatis-kel 85-89.9 % 19.41 3 1 . 0 0 46.07 44.00 39.60 31.70 26.21 34.00 Sub- makros-kel 90-94.9 % 1.94 8 . 0 0 14.70 33.00 24.75 4 0 . 6 5 4 1 . 7 4 43.00 Makros-kel 95-99.9 % 0.97 1 . 0 0 2.99 2 . 0 0 13.86 1 3 . 0 0 17.47 1 2 . 0 0 Hyper- makros-kel 100-X % 2 . 9 5 — 0 . 9 8 — 1.98 1.62 0.97 1 . 0 0 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 %1.20 %7.93 %2.39 %33.89 %26.32 %8.05 %1.20 832 TABLO 11Kız çocuklarında endis iskelik in (Endice Skelique) yüzde nisbetlerinin dağılışı
Distribution of Skelique Index Percentages in girls 0
+
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Hyper- Brachys-kel X-74.9 % 4 . 0 0 0 . 9 1 — — 1.96 — 3.00 2 . 0 0 Brachys-kel 75-79.9 % 1 7 . 0 0 1 1 . 9 2 5.88 9.90 8.82 7.31 7 . 0 0 1 5 . 0 0 Sub- Brachys-hel 80-84.9.. % 48.00 4 8 . 6 2 3 5 . 2 9 29.72 15.68 30.08 3 2 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 Mesatis-kel 85-89.9 % 25.00 27.52 45.09 3 6 . 0 3 44.11 39.02 4 7 . 0 0 2 9 . 0 0 Sub- Makros-kel 90-94.9 % 4 . 0 0 9.17 11.76 20.72 25.49 18.69 I I . 0 0 I I . 0 0 Makros-kel 95-99.9 % 2 . 0 0 1.83 0 . 9 8 3.60 1.96 3.25 — 3.00 Hyper- Makros-kel 100-X % — 0.98 — 1.96 1 . 6 2 — — N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 100 %1.41 %10.27 %34.82 %36.59 %14.16 %2.00 %0.59 847126 ENVER BOSTANCI TABLO 12
Kız çocuklarında üst bacak (Femür) ortalaması Means of upper Leg length (Femur) in girls
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 1 I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means O r t a l a m a cm. 23.90 2 5 . 2 2 2 6 . 4 8 28.09 29.53 30.80 30.26 3 0 . 9 8 Min. Max. cm. 19-32 21-34 22-31 21-34 23-37 2 5 - 38 19-37 23-37 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması • — 4 + - 4 + — 4 + - 5 + - 5 + - 5 + - 9 + - 6 + 9 9 5 7 9 8 8 8 — n 25 45 37 43 38 38 28 27 + n 75 64 65 68 70 85 72 73 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 TABLO 13
Erkek çocuklarında üst bacak (Femür) ortalaması Means of upper leg length (Femur) in boys
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means O r t a l a m a cm. 23.68 2 5 . 0 4 26.75 27.87 29.54 3 1 . 0 2 31.92 33.60 Min. Max. cm. 20-32 20-29 21-36 22-34 23-39 20-39 26-39 27-39 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 3 + 9 ¬ 4 + 5 — 4 + 1 0 — 5 + 7 — 6 + 1 0 — 7 + 9 — 5 + 8 - 5 + 7 — n 29 45 31 24 39 49 24 33 . + n 74 55 71 76 62 74 79 67 N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0
TABLO 14
Kız çocuklarında alt bacak (Tibya) ortalaması Tibiale to Sphrion
Means of Tibia length in girls
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 12 13 14 15 16 Means O r t a l a m a cm. 27.06 2 8 . 1 0 2 9 . 9 9 3 1 . 1 3 32.88 33.88 33.18 34.13 Min. M a x . cm. 22-32 22-33 25-36 26-39 28-39 26-38 23-39 29-42 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması - 4 + - 6 + — 5 + — 5 + — 4 + — 7 + — 9 + — 5 + 6 5 6 8 7 5 7 8 — n 35 45 2 2 45 24 34 38 40 +n 65 64 80 66 78 89 62 60 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0 TABLO 15
Erkek çocuklarında alt bacak (Tibya) ortalaması Tibiale to Sphrion.
Means of tibia length in boys
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means O r t a l a m a cm. 2 6 . 7 8 27.91 29.46 31.00 32.30 34.18 35.00 36.67 M i n . M a x . cm. 21-32 22-32 21-35 26-35 27-41 29-40 26-40 30-42 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 5 + — 4 + — 7 + - 4 + - 4 + — 4 + — 7 + - 4 + 6 5 7 5 9 7 7 6 — n 25 19 32 42 39 42 39 31 +n 78 81 70 58 62 81 64 69 N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1 0 0
128 ENVER BOSTANCI TABLO 16
Kız ve erkek çocuklarında yukarı bacak (Femür) ortalamalarının mukayesesi
Comparison of upper leg (Femur) length means in boys and girls
Ages Yaş 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M m m . 2 3 6 . 8 250.4 267.5 278.7 295.4 310.2 319.2 336.0 M m m . 239.9 2 5 2 . 2 2 6 4 . 8 280.9 295.3 308.0 302.6 3 0 9 . 8 Fark m m . 3 . 1 1.8 2.7 2 . 2 0 . I 2 . 2 13.0 26.2 T o p l a m N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 100 832 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 100 847 T o p l a m 203-2 0 9 2 0 4 2 1 1 2 0 3 246 2 0 3 2 0 0 1679 TABLO 17
Kız ve erkek çocuklarında alt bacak (Tibia) ortalaması ve farkları Comparison of Lower leg (Tibia) length means in boys and girls
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M m m . 267.8 279.1 294.6 310.0 323.0 3 4 1 . 8 350.0 366.7 M m m . 270.6 281.0 299.9 3 1 1 . 3 3 2 8 . 8 3 3 8 . 8 3 3 1 . 8 341.3 _ Difference Fark m m . 2 . 8 7.9 5.3 1.3 5.8 3.0 18.2 2 5 . 4 T o p l a m N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 103 100 832 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 1 2 3 100 100 847 T o p l a m 2 0 3 2 0 9 2 0 4 2 1 1 2 0 3 246 2 0 3 2 0 0 1679
TABLO 18
Kız çocuklarında ayak uzunluğu ortalaması Foot Length means in girls (Piternion to Acropodion)
Frequency Ages Yaş Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 '4 15 16 Means Ortalama cm. cm. 19.84 20.366 21.431 21-973 22.843 2 3 . 1 2 1 23.470 23.340 Min. Max. cm. cm. 11-23 18-23 18-24 18-27 20-29 19-26 21-26 21-29 Distribution Frekans dağılması — 7 + — 2 + — 3 + - 4 + — 2 + — 2 + — 2 + — 2 + TABLO 19 5 3 3 4 7 4 3 4 — n 9 2 9 19 14 I I 34 24 18 + n 91 8 0 83 97 91 89 76 8 2 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 123 1OO 1 0 0
Erkek çocuklarında ayak uzunluğu ortalaması Foot Length meas in boys (Piternion to Acropodion)
Frequency Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means Ortalama cm. 19.854 2 1 . 0 5 0 2 1 . 4 1 1 22.430 23-158 24.227 24.689 24.580 Min. Max. cm. 17-23 18-23 19-25 19-30 20-29 20-28 21-28 22-28 Distribution Frekans dağılması — 2 + — 2 + — 2 + — 3 + — 3 + — 4 + — 3 + - 3 + 4 3 4 8 5 4 4 3 — n 9 37 2 2 27 36 39 17 5 + n 94 63 8 0 73 65 84 86 95 N 103 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 123 103 1OO 20 TABLO
Kız çocuklarında ayak genişliği ortalaması Foot Width means in girls
Frequency Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means Ortalama cm. 73.39 76.42 8 0 . 5 8 82.13 84.16 85.75 86.47 86.72 Min. Max. mm. 63-94 65-91 68-93 71-100 68-77 75- 97 68-102 68-100 Distribution Frekans dağılması — 10 + 20 — 11 + 15 — 1 0 + 1 5 — 9 + 20 — 1 5 + 1 4 — 9 + 1 3 — 17 + 17 — 1 8 + 1 4 —n 33 50 36 5 3 4 2 48 47 43 +n 67 59 66 58 6 0 75 53 57 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 I I I 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 1 0 0 D. T. C. F. Dergisi F. 9
ENVER BOSTANCI TABLO 21
Erkek çocuklarında ayak genişliği ortalaması Foot Width means in boys
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 Means Ortalama mm. 75.55 78.67 81.44 84.60 86.65 91.49 92.92 97.03 Min. Max. m m . 68- 86 68- 90 69- 98 70-100 74-101 77-109 77-107 84-109 Frequency Distribution Frekans dağılması — 6 + 12 — 8 + 14 — 1 0 + 19 — 13 + 16 — 11 + 16 - II + 21 — 11 + 17 — 10 + 14 — n 32 38 4° 39 40 55 4 0 44 + n 71 62 62 61 61 68 63 56 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 TABLO 22
Kız ve erkek çocuklarında ayak uzunluk ortalamalarının mukayesesi Comparison of Foot Length Means in boys and girls
(Acropodion to Piternion) Ages Yaş 9 1 0 I I 1 2 1 3 14 1 5 1 6 M m m . 198.54 2 1 0 . 5 0 2 1 4 . 1 1 2 2 4 . 3 0 . 231.58 242.27 246.89 245.80 T o p l M mm. 198.40 203.66 214.31 219.73 228.43 2 3 1 . 2 1 234.70 233.40 am Difference Fark m m . 0 . 1 4 6.84 0 . 2 0 4.57 3.15 1 1 . 0 6 1 2 . 1 9 1 2 . 4 0 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 832 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 1 2 3 100 1 0 0 847 T o p l a m 2 0 3 2 0 9 2 0 4 2 1 1 2 0 3 246 2 0 3 2 0 0 1679
TABLO 23
Kız ve erkek çocuklarında ayak genişlik ortalamalarının mukayesesi Comparison of Foot Width Means in boys and girls
Ages Yaş 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 M m m . 75.55 78.67 81.44 84.60 86.65 91.49 93.92 97.03 M m m . 73.39 76.42 80.58 82.13 84.16 85.75 86.47 86.77 Difference Fark m m . 2.16 2.25 0.86 2.47 2.49 5.74 6.45 1 0 . 2 6 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 3 100 832 N 1 0 0 109 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 1 0 0 100 847 Toplam 203 209 204 2 1 1 203 246 203 2 0 0 1679
TABLO 24
Erkek ve kız çocuklarında ayak endisi ortalamaları, ortalamaların standard inhiraf ve varyasyonlarının mukayesesi Comparison of Foot Index Means, Standard Deviations and Coefficient of variability
Ages Yaş 9 10 I I 1 2 13 14 15 16 M PE m m . 39.03 0.09 38.75 0.12 38.97 0.13 38.55 0.14 37.51 0.15 38.35 0.13 3 8 . 2 2 0 . 1 4 38.64 0.12 M PE m m . 37.58 0.14 37.64 0.11 37.54 0.16 37.19 0.14 36.85 0.14 3 7 . 2 1 0 . 1 0 37.24 0.18 37.50 0.13 Difference Fark m m . 1.45 1 . 1 1 1.43 0.36 0.66 1 . 1 4 0.98 1 . 1 4 SD PE 1.51 0 . 0 7 1.80 0 . 0 8 2 . 1 0 0.09 2 . 2 0 0 . 1 0 2 . 4 0 : 0 . 1 1 2 . 3 0 0 . 0 9 2 . 2 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 8 0 0 . 0 8 SD PE 2 . 2 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 8 0 0 . 0 8 2 . 5 0 0 . 1 1 2 . 2 0 0 . 0 9 2 . 2 0 0 . 1 0 1.80 0.07 2 . 7 0 0 . 1 2 2 . 0 0 0.09 V PE 3.86 0.18 4.64 0.22 5.38 0.25 5.70 0.27 6.39 0.30 5.99 0.25 5.75 0.26 4.65 0.22 V PE 5.85 0.27 4.78 0.22 6.65 0.31 5 . 9 1 0 . 2 6 5.97 0.28 4.83 0.20 7.25 0.34 5.33 0.25 Difference Fark m m . 1.99 0 . 1 4 1.27 0 . 2 1 0 . 4 2 1.16 1 . 4 0 0.68 N 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 N 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 111 1 0 2 123 . 1 0 0 1 0 0
