ﺪﻬﻌﻣ
ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ
ﻢﺴﻗ
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ
"
ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ
ﱵﻟﺍ
ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ
ﻙﺍﺮﺗﻷﺍ
ﰲ
ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ
ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ
ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍﻭ
"
ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ
ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ
ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ
ﺪﲪﺃ
ﺏﺎﻳﺪﻟﺍ
ﺇ
ﻑﺍﺮﺷ
ﺃ.
ﺩ
.
ﻰﺳﻮﻣ
ﺯﺪﻠﻳ
ﺓﺮﻘﻧﺃ
-2012
ARAP DİLİ EĞİTİMİ BİLİM DALI
"TÜRKLERE ARAPÇA ÖĞRETİMİNDE KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR ve ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ"
YÜKSEKLİSANS TEZİ
Hazırlayan Ahmed alDyab
Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Musa Yıldız
Ahmed al-Dyab tarafından hazırlanan “Türklere Arapça Öğretiminde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri” başlıklı bu çalışma, ... tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda (oybirliği/oyçokluğu) ile başarılı bulunarak jürimiz tarafından Arap Dili ve Eğitimi Bilim dalında Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir.
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ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﺗ ﲔﺘﻐﻟ ﰲ ﺎﻨﺘﻗﻭ ﺍﺬﻬﻓ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺐﺴﳛ ،ﻚﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﻚﺷﻻ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ ﻥﺃ ﺝﺮﲣ ﻦﻣ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻚﺘﻐﻟ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻚﻧﺈﻓ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﺘﺳ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ،ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺎﻓ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﻲﻘﺑ ﺓﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﺎﳍﻼﺧ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻟﺍ ﻠ ﺔﻐ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻘﺛﻭ ﻢﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻥﻮﻛ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﻮﻴﺣ ،ﺎﻬﺣﻭﺭﻭ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ، ﻞﺑ ﻪﻧﺇ ﺪﻗ ﻙﺭﺩﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺣﻭﺭﻭ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺄﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺬﻫ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺢﺒﺻﺃﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧ ﹰﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻓ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺝﺯﺎﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻳ ﺪﺣﺃ ﲔﻓﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ،ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻛﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺩﺮﳎ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﻠﻬﺳ ﲑﺴﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺘﻓ ﱃﺇ ،ﻚﻓﺪﻫ ﻞﺑ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﹰﺍﺩﺪﻋ ﺪﺣﻻ ﻪﻟ ﻦﻣ ،ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻓ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻁﺎﺤﻳ ﺓﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﺃ ﺐﳚ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺭﻮﺤﻤﺘﻳ ،ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻳ ؟ﻢﻠﻌﺘ ﻦﻣﻭ ﹼﻠﻌﻳ ؟ﻢ ﻢﺇ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍﻭ ﻦﻤﻓ ﻢﻫ ﻚﺌﻟﻭﺃ ؟ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ؟ﻢﺎﻃﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻢﺎﻐﻟ ؟ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ؟ﻢﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻢﻬﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ؟ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻢﺍﺭﺪﻗ ؟ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻬ ﻢ ؟ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺘﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﺃ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻫﻮﳉﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﰲ ﺡﺎﳒ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺱﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺪﺑﻼﻓ ﺎﻨﻟ ﻥﺃ ﻝﺄﺴﻧ : ﺎﻣ ؟ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﺎﻣﻭ ،ﻪﺗﱪﺧ ؟ﻪﺒﻳﺭﺪﺗﻭ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ؟ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻘﺛﻭ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ؟ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻪﺼﺋﺎﺼﺧ ؟ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻓﻭ ﻞﻛ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻳ ﻮﻫ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﹰﺎﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ؟ﻱﻮﻐﻟ ﺎﻣﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻠﻟ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ : ﺎﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺐﳛ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﻳﻭ
ﺱﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻧ ﱃﺇ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ : ﻮﻫﻭ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻱﺮﳚ ؟ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻛﻭ ﻦﻤﻀﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺎﻣ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ؟ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻟ ؟ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻱﺃﻭ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ﺔﻳﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻳ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ . ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻫ ﻩﺬ ﺌﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﻠ ﰐﺄﻳ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ،ﻢﻬﳌﺍ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ ﻝﻭﺎﳛ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻮﺒﺴﺘﻜﻳ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ؟ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ؟ﻢﻬﺿﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺪﻳﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺡﻮﻤﻄﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﺤﺟﺎﻧ ﻡﺃ ﺩﺮﳎ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ؟ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺐﺣ ﺱﺎﻤﻐﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﺃ ﻩﺬﻫ ؟ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺃ ﻑﺪﳍ ؟ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﻘﻟ ﺎﻨﺿﺮﻋ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷﺍ ﻲﻛ ﻙﺭﺪﻧ ﻌﺗ ﺩﺪ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﺘﺗ ﺲﺳﺄﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺗﻭ . ﻝﻭﺎﳓﻭ ﰲ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﳒ ﺐﻴ ﻦﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻲﻋﺩﺃ ﲏﻧﺃ ﺐﻴﺟﺄﺳ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﺇ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺷ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻛﻭ ﻦﻜﻟ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻗ ﻞﺼﻳ ﱃﺇ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺟﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﻻﺍ . ﺪﻗﻭ ﺖﻤﻗ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺘﺑ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﰲ ﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻢ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺖﻠﴰﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺝﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﺖﲢ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻮﻳ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﻙﺍﺮﺗﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺖﻤﺘﺧﻭ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﲤ ﻢﻫﺄﺑ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﻟﺍ ﲑﻐ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﺋﺍﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺮﻃﻭ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﺘﺧﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺎﺑ . ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺭﺍﺮﻏ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺖﻋﺮﻓ ﻞﻛ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﻭﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﻓ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﺘﺧﻭ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺾﻌﺒﺑ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﰲ ﻞﻴﻟﺬﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ .
ﺖﻤﺘﺧﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻳﺮﺟﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻣﻭ ﺔﻤﺋﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻄﳋﺍﻭ ﺾﻌﺑﻭ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ . ﻻﻭ ﲏﻌﺴﻳ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﺃ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻳﺰﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺪﻗ ﱄ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻣ ﺪﻳ ﻥﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﺡﺎﳒﺇ ﺍﺬﻫ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺺﺧﺃﻭ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﻑﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺜﲝ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﺳﻮﻣ ﺯﺪﻠﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻞﲞ ﰲ ﻪﺤﺋﺎﺼﻧ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﰲﻭ ﲔﻣﺄﺗ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﰲﻭ ﻪﺘﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗﻭ ﻩﺬﳍ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﻷﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺬﺧﺃ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﻠﻓ ﻞﻛ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺣﺭ ﻩﺭﺪﺻ ﻪﺒﻠﻗﻭ ،ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﺷﺃﻭ ﻲﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﻥﻮﻛﺯﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﰲ ﻡﺎﲤﺇ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣﻭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺂﺑ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺴﻴﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﺑﻻﻭ ﱄ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺪﻗﺃ ﻞﻳﺰﺟ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻣﻻﺍﻭ ﱃﺇ ،ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺍﺭﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻭ ﱯﻧﺎﲜ ﰲ ﻞﻛ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﱐﺪﺷﺭﺃﻭ ﺽﺎﻓﺃﻭ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﱪﺧ ﻪﺘﺑﺮﲡﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ .
ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ " ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻙﺍﺮﺗﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍﻭ " ﺪﲪﺃ ﺏﺎﻳﺪﻟﺍ ،ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﻢﺴﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺸﳌﺍ :ﺃ . ﺩ . ﻰﺳﻮﻣ ﺯﺪﻠﻳ ﺓﺮﻘﻧﺃ -2012 ﺪﻌﺑ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﺣ ﰲ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ،ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺕﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺍ ،ﻝﺎ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺖﻋﻮﻨﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺬﺧﺃ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﻛ ﲔﺑ ﲔﻣﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻤﻛ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻡﺎﻬﻔﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﺍﲑﻈﻧﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺬﲣﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﹰﻼﻴﺒﺳ ﰲ ﻪﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻛ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ،ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻕﺮﻃ ،ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﺎﻣ ﺬﲣﺍ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﹰﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻛ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻢﹼﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺀﺎﺟ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﺴﻴﻟ ﺓﺮﻐﺛ ﰲ ﻞﻤﳎ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ . ﺪﻗﻭ ﻢﺴﹸﻗ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻤﺴﻗ ،ﲔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﰲ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻢﺴﹸﻗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺏﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ،ﲔﻠﺼﻓ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﲑﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺺﺼﺧ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺟﹸﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻘﻓﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﻣ ﰲ ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺩ . ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺗﺎﻔﳌﺍ : ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺗ ،ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،ﰐﻮﺻ ﻮﳓ .
ÖZET
"TÜRKLERE ARAPÇA ÖĞRETİMİNDE KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR ve ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ"
al-DYAB, Ahmed
Yüksek Lisans, Arap Dili ve Eğitimi Bilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Musa YILDIZ
Ankara-2012
Türkiye'de Arapça eğitimi alanında gerçekleştirilen açılımdan sonra, bu alandaki araştırmaların arttığı göze çarpmıştır. Bu araştırmalar çeşitli sahalarda gerçekleşmiştir. Bunlardan bazıları: Arapça-Türkçe arasında bazı konuların karşılaştırmasından oluşmaktadır. Arapça ve Türkçedeki ses sisteminin karşılaştırılması, Arapça ve Türkçedeki soru edatlarının karşılaştırılması, bu alanda ortaya konan kitaplardan veya yöntemlerden bazılarını değerlendirme, ya da Arapça öğretiminde karşılaşılan sorunlar vb. konular bu bağlamda ele alınmıştır. Bu tezimizle biz, genel anlamda bu sorunlardan kaynaklanan açıkları tespit edip kapatmaya çalıştık.
Tezimiz iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Arapça öğretiminde karşılaşılan sorunlara değindik. Bu bölümü de kendi içerisinde ikiye ayırdık. Birinci kısımda Arapça öğretiminde karşılaşılan dil sorunlarını, diğer kısımda de öğretimde karşılaşılan dil sorunları dışındaki sorunları ele aldık.
İkinci bölümü, Arapça öğreticilerinin cevapladıkları anket ve değerlendirilmesine ayırdık.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Arapça, eğitim, öğretim, öğretmen, ses sistemi, sözdizimi
SUMMARY
"PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN TEACHING ARABIC TO TURKS" al-DYAB, Ahmed
Master Thesis, Department of Arabic Language Education Advisor: Prof. Dr. Musa YILDIZ
Ankara-2012
After development of Arabic education in Turkey, researches on Arabic has been increasing. These researches hold on in many fields. For example; research about comparsing Arabic and Turkish. According to this, the comparison of sound system between Turkish and Arabic, question pre/postpositions and the papers or books which explain evaluation of the methods of Arabic education are some of examples on the field. By this thesis, we, have tried to determine the matters and problems that are caused lack of education and tried to compensate.
There are two main parts of the thesis. In the first part, we have tried to explain the problems which are faced with in Arabic education. Also, the first part is divided into two in its main and one of divided parts gives information about the matters people meet while they are learning Arabics and the other part explains other problems except linguastic.
The second part was allocated for the answers of Arabic instructors on questionnaire and evaluations.
Key words: Arabic, education, instruction, instructor, sound system, syntax.
ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻬﲤ ... I... ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ... IV V...Özet VI...Summary ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ ... VII... ﺔﻣﺪﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 1 ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ... 13 ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ : ﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺔ .1.1 ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ... ... 17 1.1.1 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﰐﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... .... 17 1.1.2 . ﰐﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ... ... 19 1.1.2.1 . ﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﻩﺮﺛﺃﻭ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﰐﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔ ... ... 19 1.1.2.1.1 . ﺎﺎﻔﺻﻭ ﺎﻬﺟﺭﺎﳐﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ... ... 19 1.1.2.1.2 ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ... ... 22 1.1.2.2 . ﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﲔﻣﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﲔ ﻲﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ... ... 24 1.1.2.3 . ﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﻷﺍ ﻖﻄﻧ ﰲ ﻪﺗﱪﺧ ... ... 26 1.1.2 . ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 27 1.2 . ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ... ... 29 1.2.1 . ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 29 1.2.2 . ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺃ ... ... 30 1.2.3 . ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻨﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ... ... 30 1.2.4 . ﺔﻴﺑﺍﺮﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟﺍ ... ... 31 1.2.5 . ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﻜﻨﻟﺍ ... ... 33 1.2.6 . ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﺓﺮﺜﻛ .. ... 34 1.2.7 . ﺮﻛﺬﳌﺍ ﺚﻧﺆﳌﺍﻭ .. ... 36 1.2.8 . ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻌﺘﳌﺍ ... ... 37 1.2.9 . ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﲰﺃ ... ... 36 1.2.10 . ﻝﻮﺻﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ... ... 39 1.2.11 . ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ... ... 43 1.2.12 . ﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻑﺎﻀﳌﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﻀﳌﺍ ﺔﻔﺼ ... ... 44 1.2.13 . ﻉﻮﻤﳉﺍ ... ... 45
1.2.14 .ﺍ ﻞﻴﻀﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺳ ... ... 46 1.2.15 . ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ .. ... 48 1.3 . ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ... ... 51 1.3.1 . ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ….... ... 51 1.3.2 . ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 53 1.3.2.1 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ .. ... 53 1.3.2.2 . ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻑﺮﳊﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﲑﻐﺗ ... ... 53 1.3.2.3 . ﻌﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﻢﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺭﺎﻘﺗﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﺾ ... ... 54 1.3.2.4 . ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺘﻛﻭ ﻑﺮﳊﺍ ﻖﻄﻧ ﲔﺑ ﻡﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﺯﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 54 1.3.2.5 . ﻤﳍﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺓﺰ ... ... 55 1.3.2.6 . ﻢﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺎﺸﺗﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﻒﻟﻷﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ... ... 56 1.3.2.7 . ﺿﺇ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺮﺣ ﻑﺬﺣﻭ ﺔﻓﺎ ... . ... ... 57 1.3.2.8 . ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻝﺍﺪﺑﺇ ... ... 58 1.3.2.9 . ﺔﻃﻮﺴﺒﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻃﻮﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻂﻠﳋﺍ ... ... 59 1.3.2.10 . ﻂﻠﳋﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺀﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﻮﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﳍﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ... ... .. 59 1.3.2.11 . ﰲ ﺄﻄﳋﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ... ... 59 1.3.2.12 . ﱐﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﲰﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸﺑ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ... ... 60 1.3.2.13 . ﻢﻴﻗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 60 1.3.2.14 . ﺖﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 60 1.3.3 . ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﻣ ... ... 61 1.4 . ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ... ... 62 1.4.1 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 62 1.4.2 . ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 64 1.4.2.1 . ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺰﻏ ... ... 64 1.4.2.2 . ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻠﻟ ﻱﺯﺎﺍ ﲎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ... ... 65 1.4.2.3 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻓﺩﺍﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﺜﻛ ... ... 65 1.4.2.4 . ﻛﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﳉﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺫ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻂﻠﳋﺍ ﺔ ... ... 66 1.4.2.5 . ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ... ... 66 1.4.2.6 . ﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻦ ... ... 68 1.4.2.6.1 . ﺮﺧﺁ ﺕﻮﺻ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﺕﻮﺻ ﻝﺍﺪﺑﺇ ... ... 68 1.4.2.6.2 . ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ... ... 69 1.4.2.6.3 . ﻢﻴﻐﻨﺘﻟﺍ ... ... 69 1.4.2.6.4 . ﱪﻨﻟﺍ ... ... 70
1.4.2.7 . ﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ... ... 71 1.4.2.8 . ﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ... ... 72 1.4.2.9 . ﻢﺠﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 73 1.4.2.10 . ﺔﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺕﻼﺧﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ... ... 73 1.4.2.11 . ﺀﺍﺪﺘﺑﻻﺍﻭ ﻒﻗﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ... ... 75 1.4.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 75 1.5 . ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 77 1.5.1 . ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 77 1.5.2 . ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 79 1.5.2.1 . ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻤﻴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ... ... 79 1.5.2.2 . ﺓﺀﻭﺮﻘﳌﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 79 1.5.2.3 . ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺝﺭﺎﳐ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 79 1.5.2.4 . ﺔﻠﻤﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻑﺮﳊﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﲑﻐﺗ ... ... 80 1.5.2.5 . ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ ... ... 80 1.5.2.6 . ﻂﳋﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﻑﺮﳊﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ... ... 80 1.5.2.7 . ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻫﺫ ﰲ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﲎﻌﳌﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 80 1.5.2.8 . ﻖﻄﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺓﲑﺼﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻂﻠﳋﺍ ... ... 81 1.5.2.9 . ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 81 1.5.2.10 . ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻟ ﺓﲑﺜﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﺼﺘﻟﺍ ... ... 81 1.5.2.11 . ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻠﻟ ﰊﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 81 1.5.2.12 . ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ... ... 82 1.5.2.13 . ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﺼﺗ ﺓﺮﺜﻛ ... ... 82 1.5.2.14 . ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻌﺗ ... ... 82 1.5.2.15 . ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻕﺮﻄﺑ ﻖﻄﻨﺗ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ... ... 82 1.5.2.16 . ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ... ... 83 1.5.2.17 . ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺄﺑ ﺓﺀﻭﺪﺒﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﳉﺍ ﻡﻻ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ... ... 83 1.5.2.18 . ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻑﺬﺣ ... ... 83 1.5.2.19 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ... ... 83 1.5.2.20 . ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﻭ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﻈﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 84 1.5.2.21 . ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺷ ﲑﻐﺑ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ... ... 84 1.5.2.22 . ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﰲ ﻖﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﺝﺎﻬﻨﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ... ... 84 1.5.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 85
ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ : ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﲑﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ 2.1 . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ... ... 87 2.1.1 . ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ... ... 87 2.1.2 . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺃ ... ... 88 2.1.2.1 . ﻙﺍﺮﺗﻷﺍ ﺏﻼﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ... ... 88 2.1.2.2 . ﻻ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﲑﺴﻳ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻄﺧ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ... ... 88 2.1.2.3 . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺰﻏ ... ... 89 2.1.2.4 . ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﺜﻛ ... ... 89 2.1.2.5 . ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﲑﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﻮﺘﺣﺍ ... ... 89 2.1.2.6 . ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻟ ... ... 90 2.1.2.7 . ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﲔﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 90 2.1.2.8 . ﲑﺜﻛ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺷﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﳊﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ... ... 91 2.1.2.9 . ﻂﳋﺍ ﺮﻐﺻﻭ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻄﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺣﺩﺯﺍ ... ... 91 2.1.2.10 . ﻜﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻮﻠﺧ ﻞﻴ ... ... 92 2.1.2.11 . ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺐﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 92 2.1.2.12 . ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 92 2.1.2.13 . ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 93 2.1.2.14 . ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺐﻴﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 93 2.1.2.15 . ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺭﺎﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺐﻴﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 93 2.1.2.16 . ﺔﻌﻟﺎﻄﻤﻠﻟ ﺐﻴﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ... ... 93 2.1.2.17 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﺀﺍﻮﺘﺣﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻛ ... ... 94 2.1.2.18 . ﺍﺮﺧﺇﻭ ﻪﻤﺠﺣﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺟ ﲏﻔﻟﺍ ﻪ ... ... 94 2.1.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 95 2.2 . ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ …... ... 97 2.2.1 . ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 97 2.2.2 . ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ …... ... 98 2.2.2.1 . ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ... ... 98 2.2.2.1.1 . ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ... ... 99 2.2.2.1.2 . ﺘ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﺴﻳﺭﺪﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﺑ ﻢ ... ... 103 2.2.2.1.3 . ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ... ... 104
2.2.2.2 . ﺀﺎﺒﻄﳋﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺋﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ... ... 105 2.2.2.3 . ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ... ... 106 2.2.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 108 2.3 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ... ... 109 2.3.1 . ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺍﻭﺩ ... ... 110 2.3.2 . ﺎﳍ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺃ …... ... 111 2.3.2.1 . ﺔﻳﺮﺼﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ... ... 111 2.3.2.2 . ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﰐﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃﻭ ﻉﺎﻳﺬﳌﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ... ... 112 2.3.2.3 . ﺯﺎﻔﻠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﻮﺳﺎﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺼﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ... ... 112 2.3.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ …... ... 114 2.4 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﻕﺮﻃ ... ... 115 2.4.1 . ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻃ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 115 2.4.2 . ﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺎ ... ... 116 2.4.2.1 . ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻘﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ... ... 116 2.4.2.2 . ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ... ... 118 2.4.2.3 . ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ... ... 119 2.4.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 121 2.5 . ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ... ... 122 2.5.1 . ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ... ... 122 2.5.2 . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ... ... 123 2.5.3 . ﺕﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ... ... 125 ﺔﲤﺎﳋﺍ …... ... 128 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ : ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﺗ ... ... 131 ﺭﺩﺎﺼﳌﺍ ... 166...
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺶﻴﻌﻳ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﲨ ﰲ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻨﳉﺍ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺮﺗ ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺐﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﳉﺍﻭ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻵﺍﻭ ﻒﻃﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺲﻴﺳﺎﺣﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧﻭ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻹﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻧ ﺔﺟﺎﲝ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻫﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻩﺭﻮﻣﺃ ﻪﺷﺎﻌﻣﻭ . ﺎﳌﻭ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻡﺍﻮﻗﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺟﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻬﻇ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻛ ﻡﻮﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﱃﺇ ﻡﺍﻮﻗﻷﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﻻ ﺕﺎﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍﻭ . ﻞﻜﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻻ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺶﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻔﲟ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﺪﲤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ، ﺎﻣ ﻛﺫ ﻩﺮ ﷲﺍ ﺰﻋ ﻞﺟﻭ ﰲ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻝﺎﻗ } ﺎﻳ ﺎﻬﻳﺃ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺇ ﻢﻛﺎﻨﻘﻠﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻰﺜﻧﺃﻭ ﻢﻛﺎﻨﻠﻌﺟﻭ ﹰﺎﺑﻮﻌﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﺒﻗﻭ ﺍﻮﻓﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟ { 1 . ﻥﺫﺇ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻦﻜﻟ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ ﺎﻧﺮﻣﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺰﻋ ﻞﺟﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ؟ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺪﻘﻟ ﺎﻧﺮﻣﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺰﻋ ﻞﺟﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﱴﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﺗ ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸ ﱴﺣﻭ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻡﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﱴﺣﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻞﻘﻌﻠﻟ ﻕﺎﻓﺁ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﰲ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍﻭ ،ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻟﺎﻓ ﻊﺳﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺮﺧﺰﻳ ﺭﺍﺮﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﳛ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺸﺘﻜﻳ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻢﻫﺃ ﺮﺳ ﻮﻫ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻖﲝ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﺕﺎﻳﺁ ﷲﺍ ﺰﻋ ﻞﺟﻭ ﻯﱪﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ 2 ، ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺎﻓ ﻚﻠﺘﳝ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﻪﻠﻌﲡ ﻂﳏ ﺭﺎﻈﻧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﳌﻭ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﻢﻫﺃ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﻪﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﻞﺑ ﻞﺒﻗﻭ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﺓﺮﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ 1 ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﺠﳊﺍ ، ﺔﻳﺁ 13 . 2 ﺪﲪﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﻕﻮﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﳊﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ، ﱂﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ 212 ، ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟﺍ 1990 ، ﺹ . 35 .
ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﺎﺍﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺎﻷ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺓ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺗﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﻪﺗﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺎﺣﺃﻭ ،ﻪﻔﻗﺍﻮﻣﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﻊﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻢﻫﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺗﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ﻪﻘﻳﺮﻃﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣﻭ ،ﻢﳍﺍﻮﺣﺃ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺩﺎﳚﻹ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﲑﻓﻮﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻺﻟ ﲔﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﻪﺘﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﺎﲟﺭﻭ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻩﺎﻨﻋ ﺮﺟﺪﻴﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ : ﻥﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻝﱰﻣ ﻦﺋﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ 3 . ﺪﻗﻭ ﻂﺑﺭ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﺑ ﻉﻭﺮﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳎﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺍﻮﺣﺮﻃﻭ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺙﺎﲝﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺗ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﺪﺠﻨﻓ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺑﺭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻘﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻛﺆﻳﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻃ ﲔﺴﺣ ﰲ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ " ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺼﻣ " ﺚﻴﺣ ﺐﻫﺬﻳ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺃﻭ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺫﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ " : ﻦﳓ ﺮﻌﺸﻧ ﺎﻧﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺎﻨﺗﺎﺟﺎﲝﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻃﺍﻮﻋﻭ ﻔﺎﻨ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻟﻮﻴﻣ ﺔﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﳌﺍ ﲔﺣ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﲎﻌﻣﻭ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﻻ ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﳓﻭ ﻻ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﰲ ﺀﺍﻮﳍﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺮﻔﻧ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻷﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﻘﻧ ﺎﻫﺮﻳﺪﻧﻭ ﰲ ﺎﻨﺳﻭﺅﺭ ، ﻦﺤﻨﻓ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﳓﻭ ﻻ ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﻗ ﺎﺇ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺲﳊﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﻴﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻢﻫ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ " 4 . 3 ﻒﻳﺎﻧ ،ﺎﻣﺮﺧ ﺀﺍﻮﺿﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﱂﺎﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ، ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟﺍ - ﻝﻮﻠﻳﺃ 1978 ، ﺹ . 16 . 4 ﻪﻃ ،ﲔﺴﺣ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺼﻣ ، ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ 1938 ، ﺹ . 39 .
ﻯﺮﻳﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﻀﻋ ﺫﺇ ﻥﺇ ﲔﻓﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﻼﻜﺸﻳ ﺓﺪﺣﻭ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻯﲑﻓ ﻦﺴﻃﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻻﺇ ﻡﻼﻛ ، ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻌﻓ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻧ ﹰﻼﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻻ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻤﺴﻣ 5 ، ﱪﺘﻌﻳﻭ ﻙﻮﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺑﺎﻛﺃ ﺔﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻜﻧﻹﺍ ﻠﺰﻴ ﰲ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺺﺼﺧ ﺔﻠﻀﻌﳌ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﻻﻮﺼﻓ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺿ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ " ﺚﲝ ﰲ ﻙﺭﺍﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ " ﺪﻗﻭ، ﻥﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺷﺃ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻈﺣﻻ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺋﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ 6 . ﰲ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﻻ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﻣﺇ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﻘﻧﻭ ﺲﻴﺳﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻞﺑ ﺎﺇ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺛﺇ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻧﺍﻭ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﻣﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻪﻳﺪﻟ ﻪﻌﻓﺪﺗﻭ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺳﻮﺗﻭ ﻕﺎﻓﺁ ﻪﻟﺎﻴﺧ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺭﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺈﻓ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺮﻜﻓ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺎﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻯﻮﺳ ﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻌﺷﻼﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﺣﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺇﻭ، ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻤﳍﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻉﻮﻤﺴﳌﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻳ ﲔﺑ ﺀﺮﳌﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻧﻭ 7 ، ﻻﻭ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻭﺃ ﻩﲑﻜﻔﺗ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ ﹰﺎﻴﻠﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻢﻋﺰﻳ ،ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻨﻴﻌﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﻨﻳﻭ ﻪﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻴﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﳓ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻳﺪﺟ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓﻭ ﻚﻟﺬﺑﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺰﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺎﺑ ﻲﻘﺗﺮﻳﻭ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﺎﳍ ﺎﳌﻭ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺎ ﻦﻣ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺑﻼﻣﻭ ﺓﺪﻘﻌﻣ . ﻥﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺯﻮﻣﺭﻭ ﲔﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﻠﻘﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻴﺧﻭ ﲑﺜﻛﻭ ﺎﳑ ﺏﺮﻄﻀﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺎﺣﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻌﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺠﺘﻨﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﻝﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻋ 5 ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ،ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ، ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺳﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ 2005 - 2006 ، ﺹ . 38 . 6 ﺴﺣ ﻦ ،ﺎﻇﺎﻇ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ، ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻢﻠﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ 1990 ، ﺹ . 75 . 7 ﺚﻳﺩﻮﺟ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺟ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ، ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﱘﺪﻘﺗﻭ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ،ﱪﺟ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ 1992 ، ﺹ . 113 -115 .
ﺾﻴﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺎﺣﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻧﺍ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺾﺨﻤﺘﺗ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﳛﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻃﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻪﺒﺴﺘﻜﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻔﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺭﺎﲡ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻩﺎﻘﻠﺘﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻣ ، ﺍﺬﻜﻫﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻪﺘﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟ ﺀﺎﻘﺗﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻩﲑﻐﺑﻭ 8 . ﻥﺫﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻳﻭﺎﳊﺍ ﺎﻧﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷ ﺎﻨﻴﻋﻭﻭ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺀﺎﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟﻼﺧ ﺢﺿﻮﺘﻳ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ . ﻦﻣﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺑﺭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺎﺑ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺪﻛﺃ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻻ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻁﺮﺘﺸﻳ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻠﻟ ،ﺔﻐ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﻮﻐﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺃ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﹰﻼﺼﻔﻨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻪﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﺗﻭ ﻪﺑ 9 ، ﺬﻨﻣﻭ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻦﺑﺍ ﲏﺟ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﺑ " : ﻥﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﺃ ﱪﻌﻳ ﺎ ﻞﻛ ﻡﻮﻗ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻬﺿﺍﺮﻏﺃ " 10 ، ﻦﺑﺎﻓ ﲏﺟ ﺪﻗ ﻒﺸﻛ ﻉﺎﻨﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻡﻮﻘﻟﺎﻓ ﻢﻫ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺘﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﻩﺮﻋﺎﺸﻣﻭ ﻯﻮﺘﳏﻭ ﻪﻣﻼﻛ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻻ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻓ ﻥﻷ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻩﺮﻋﺎﺸﻣﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﻞﺑ ﻦﳌ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ ﻦﻣ ﲏﺑ ﻪﺴﻨﺟ ﻱﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ . ﰲﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻻ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻺﻟ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺔﻣﺎﻫ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺎﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻻ ﻞﻘﺗ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺣ ﺔﺟﺎ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﻮﻬﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﺬﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟ ﻦﺋﺎﻜﻟﺍ ،ﻲﳊﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻛﺆﻳﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺎﻧ ﺎﻣﺮﺧ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﺙﺪﲢ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻇﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﲔﺒﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻠﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﻡﺎﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﳛ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﱃﺇ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻚﺳﺎﲤ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺑ 8 ﻝﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺮﺸﺑ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ، ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺐﻳﺮﻏ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ 1970 ، ﺹ . 196 -197 . 9 ﳏ ﺩﻮﻤ ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ،ﻱﺯﺎﺠﺣ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ، ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ 1989 ، ﺹ . 12 . 10 ﻦﺑﺍ ،ﲏﺟ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ ، ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ 1952 ، ﺹ . 13 .
ﺾﻌﺒﺑ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻚﺳﺎﲤ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﲔﻌﳌﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻳﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﺑﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﹰﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﹰﺎﻣﺎﻫ 11 ، ﻲﻜﻟﻭ ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺾﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺘﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻇﻭﻭ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻞﻴﺨﺘﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﺘﻧ ﹰﺎﻌﻤﺘﳎ ﺖﻠﻄﻌﺗ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻳ ﻭﺃ ﻌﺑ ﺾ ﻡﻮﻳ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﻭﺮﻌﻣ ،ﹰﺎﻘﺒﺴﻣ ﻑﻮﺴﻓ ﺐﻴﺼﻳ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻞﻠﺷ ﺩﻮﻛﺭﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺕﻻﺎﺍ ﺪﻨﻌﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻑﻮﺳ ﻑﺮﻌﻧ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﻪﺘﺟﺎﺣ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻪﻟﺍﻮﺣﺃ ﻪﻧﻭﺆﺷﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ . ﻦﻣﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺑﺭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺑﻭ ،ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺣ ﲑﺒﻛ ﻳﺃﺮﺑ ﻲ ، ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺎﻓ ﺎﲟ ﻪﻳﻮﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﺳﺃ ﻦﻣﺍﻮﻛﻭ ﺎﻳﺎﺒﺧﻭ ﻻ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻠﻄﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺭﺍﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ . ﻥﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺓﺪﻴﻃﻭ ﻗﻭ ﺔﻳﻮ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺐﺴﻧ ،ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺎﻓ ﺐﳒﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﺒﳒﺃ ،ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺎﳘﻼﻜﻓ ﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺧﻶﻟ ﺩﻮﻟﻮﻣﻭ ﻪﻨﻣ . ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧﻭ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﺞﺘﻧ ﻉﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺬﺧﺄﻳ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺪﻃﻮﻳ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻪﻧﺇ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻻ ﲎﻏ ﻪﻨﻋ ﰲ ﻊﻴﲨ ﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻤﻓ ﻪﻟﻼﺧ ﺎﻨﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﺮﺴﻔﻧ ﹰﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺢﺒﺻﺄﻓ ﲎﻌﻳ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺎﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﺏﻮﻴﻋ ﻖﻄﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻡﺎﻋ 12 . 11 ﻒﻳﺎﻧ ،ﺎﻣﺮﺧ ﺀﺍﻮﺿﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﱂﺎﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ، ﺹ . 73 . 12 ﺮﻈﻧﺍ : ﺔﻌﲨ ﺪﻴﺳ ،ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﳌﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻋ ﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻓ ، ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ 145 ، ،ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟﺍ 1990 ﺹ، 11 -20
ﺪﻘﻟ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﳌﺍ ﻞﻀﻔﺑ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺃ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﹰﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ،ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﺪﻘﺒﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺕﺍﱪﺧ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﺔﻳﺮﺛﻭ ﺭﺪﻘﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺷ ﻱﻮﺘﲢﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻮﻗ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﺓﻮﻗﻭ ﰲ ﺎﺍﺩﺮﻔﻣ ﺎﻫﺍﻮﺘﳏﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻥﺫﺇ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻜﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﰲ ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺤﻨﻓ ﻻ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻧ ﺎﲟ ﻻ ﺭﺪﻘﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻻﻭ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﹰﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻨﺗﺭﺪﻗ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻞﻐﺸﻧﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﻮﺤﺒﺻﺃﻭ ﻥﻮﺜﺤﺒﻳ ﻦﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﺕﺎﺑﺍﺮﻄﺿﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﻭ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﰲﻭ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺜﺤﺒﻳ ﻦﻋ ﻯﺪﻣ ﺓﻮﻗ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻﻭ 13 . ﺍﺬﻜﻫﻭ ﻯﺮﻧ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺎﺈﻓ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺎﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺎﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺮﻄﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍﻭ ﺎﳘ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻥﺫﺇ،ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻛﺄﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ . ﺎﳌﻭ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻩﺬ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺎﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﺐﳚ ﻥﺃ ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺭﺪﻘﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﺭﺪﻘﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﺗﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸﺑ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ . ﺪﻗﻭ ﻲﻈﺣ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺑ ﲑﺒﻛ ﺙﻮﲝﻭ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺖﻬﺟﻭﻭ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻡﺎﻬﺳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺐﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺐﻴﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﱪﻛﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﻡﺎﻬﺴﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻟﻮﻳ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺴﺘﻜﻳ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ،ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻞﻏﻭﺃ ﻥﻮﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﻢ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻌﺿﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺓﺪﻋ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻚﻳﺪﻧﺭﻮﺛ 13 ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺹ . 155 .
ﱵﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻔﻃﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻪﻧﺍﺪﺟﻭﻭ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ﻻ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ ﻳﺃ ﹰﺎﻀ ﺓﺭﺎﺛﻹ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻩﺮﻋﺎﺸﻣﻭ ﻪﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍﻭ 14 . ﻦﻣﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﻮﺴﺗﺍﻭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﻳﻭ ﻥﻮﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻫﺫ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺑ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺊﻠﺘﲤ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺎﳌ ﻩﺎﻘﻠﺘﺗ ﻦﻣ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺎﻷ ﺕﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺩﺮﳎ ﻖﻠﺘﻣ ﱯﻠﺳ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺎﳌ ﻩﺭﺮﻗ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺴﺘﻜﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻂﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﱪﻛﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ 15 . ﻦﻣﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﺴﻓ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﻮﻳﺩ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﲎﻌﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﱪﲞ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ، ﹰﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﺔﻈﻔﻟ ﺔﻌﺒﻗ ﺗ ﻰﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﱴﺣ ﻥﺮﺘﻘﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻈﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﺑ ﺪﻗ ﻙﺮﺘﺷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻦﻣ ،ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻓ ﺐﺤﻄﺼﺗ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺑﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺳﺃﺭ ﹰﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻝﻮﻘﺗ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻌﺒﻗ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﺘﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺰﻣﺭ ﻉﻮﻨﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺑ 16 . ﻦﻣﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺮﺴﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﺟ ،ﻝﻭﺭﺎﻛ ﻴﻓ ﻖﻠﻄﻨ ﻥﻮﺟ ﻝﻭﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻩﻮﳕ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻈﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻑﻮﺳ ﻪﻠﺻﻮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﻭﺃ ﻩﺪﻌﺒﺗ ﺎﻤﻋ ﰲﻭ،ﻩﺮﻜﻳ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﲡ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻪﺒﺷﺃ ،ﺔﻟﻵﺎﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻧﺮﺴﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ 14 ﺱﻼﺟﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻭﺍﺮﺑ ﺲﺳﺃ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ، ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﻲﺤﺟﺍﺮﻟﺍ -ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺪﲪﺃ ،ﻥﺎﺒﻌﺷ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ﻼﺑ ،ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺹ . 57 -59 . 15 ،ﺎﻣﺮﺧ ﺀﺍﻮﺿﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ، ﺹ . 138 ، ﺮﻈﻧﺍﻭ : ﻣ ﻝﺎﺸﻴ ،ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻟﻷﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺮﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﲑﺑ - ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟ 1983 ، ﺹ . 129 -130 . 16 ﻒﻳﺎﻧ ﺎﻣﺮﺧ -ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﺝﺎﺠﺣ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺗﻭ ، ﺔﻠﳎ ﱂﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ 126 ، ،ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟﺍ 1988 ، ﺹ . 53 -84 .
ﻭﺃ ﺐﺴﺘﻜﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﻴﺳ ﻖﻠﲞ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺃ ﻥ ﻰﻘﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﻫﺆﺗ ﻥﻷ ﻖﻠﳜ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻨﺗ ،ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﻯﺮﻳﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﻮﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﻟﺍ ﺃﺪﺒﻳ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﻦﻣ ﻙﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﱐﻵﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺷﺍﺮﻟﺍ . ﻡﻷﺎﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺮﻣﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺛﺪﲢﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺓﺭﺮﻜﺘﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﹰﺎﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﻝﻮﻘﺗﻭ ﻪﻟ ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺒﻌﻟ ﻪﺟﻮﻴﻓ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﻩﺮﻈﻧ ﻮﳓ ﺀﻲﺸﻟﺍ ،ﻰﻤﺴﳌﺍ ﰒ ﻝﻮﻘﺗ ﻡﻷﺍ ﲏﻄﻋﺃ ﺔﺒﻌﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﻴﻓ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻌﻔﻳ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﻃ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻤﺴﻗ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ،ﻪﻣﺃ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﻮﳓ ،ﺔﺒﻌﻠﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ﻰﻔﳜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻳ ﺢﻠﺼﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺓﺩﻭﺪﳏ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻤﻋ ،ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺫﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻪﺘﻐﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ 17 . ﻦﻣﻭ ﺯﺮﺑﺃ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻣﺭ ﻢﻬﻣﺎﻬﺳ ﻮﳓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﻮﺳﻭﺩ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﻟ ﻞﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺭﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﲟ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻓﻭ ﲑﺳﻮﺳ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺃ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺎﺃ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﰲ ﻯﺮﳎ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻴﻟﺍ 18 . ﻥﺫﺇ ﲑﺳﻮﺳ ﺰﻴﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻛ ﺕﺍﻮﺻﺃﻭ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧﻭ ﲔﺑﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺖﻘﻠﺧ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻼﻟ ،ﻢﻫﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﱂﻭ ﻖﻠﲣ ﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﺔ ﺎﻫﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻈﻧﻭ ﺎﺍﻮﺻﺃﻭ . 17 ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ، ﰲ ﻖﺋﺍﺮﻃ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ، ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ 2004 ، ﺹ . 124 . 18 ﺮﻈﻧﺍ : ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ،ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻟﻷﺍ ، ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ 1985 ﺹ، 35 -45 .
ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍﻭ ﻦﻋ ﲑﺳﻮﺳ ﺎﻨﻗﻮﺴﻳ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻠﻟ ﻦﻋ ﲑﺑﺎﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻮﻫ ﲑﺳﻮﺳﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺱﺭﺩ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ،ﹰﺎﻴﺒﺴﻧ ﻯﺮﻳﻭ ﲑﺑﺎﺳ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﲣ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﲢﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ 19 . ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﻡﻼﻛ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ،ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺫﺇ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﱂ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟﺍ ﻼﻓ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ . ﰲﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﻻ ﺪﻳﺭﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﻛ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﻘﻳﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻟ ﻻ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻤ ﺰﻧﻭﺮﺑ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺪﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺗ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﳌ ،ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﻓ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻓﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﱴﺣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻥﺃ ﺐﺴﺘﻜﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸﺑ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ 20 . ﻮﻟﻭ ﺎﻧﺮﻈﻧ ﺓﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻣ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﻔﻄﻟﺍ ﺃﺮﻟ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻳ ﺢﻠﺼﺗ ﻥﻷ ﺮﺴﻔﺗ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻱﺃ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻢﻈﻌﻤﻓ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺖﻃﺎﺣﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺑ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺝﺎﻴﺘﺣﺍ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﺎﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺐﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻫﺃﺭ ﻥﻮﺟ ﻝﻭﺭﺎﻛ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺼﻧ ﱃﺇ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﲔﺛﺪﶈﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﻮﻄﻋﺃ ﹰﺍﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﹰﺎﻌﺋﺍﺭ ﹰﺍﺮﺼﺘﳐﻭ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ . ﲑﺳﻮﺴﻓ ﲑﺑﺎﺳﻭ ﻥﺍﺬﻠﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﺓﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻳﺃﺭ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ،ﻥﺎﻫﺫﻷﺍ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻘﻘﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ،ﻢ ﺭﺮﺑﻭ ﺰﻧﻭﺮﺑ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ 19 ،ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻖﺒﺳ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﺹ . 220 -221 . 20 ﺎﻣﺮﺧ - ،ﺝﺎﺠﺣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻖﺒﺳ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﺹ 53 -84 .
ﺝﺎﺘﲢ ﱃﺇ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ،ﰲﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺮﲤ ﱪﻋ ،ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺪﺑﻻ ﺎﳍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻨﺗ ﻀ ﺞ ﺮﻤﺘﲣﻭ ﺝﺮﺨﺘﻟ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺷ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﺴﻟﺍﻭ . ﻥﺫﺇ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺮﻈﻧ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺃ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺔﻳﺎﻏﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭﻭ ﰲ ﻥﺁ ،ﹰﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻑﺪﻫ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﱃﻭﺃ ﺎﻷ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺳ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻑﺪﳍ ،ﺮﺧﺁ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻓ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﺗﺍﺬﻟ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﺒﺼﺘﺳ ﺢ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻑﺪﳍ ﻰﲰﺃ ﻰﻗﺭﺃﻭ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ . ﰲ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ ﺪﻘﻟ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻳﺪﻳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻒﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇﻭ ﺎﻣ ﺐﳚ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻡﺎﻋ . ﻢﻏﺭﻭ ﺓﺭﺪﻧ ﺙﺎﲝﻷﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﺴﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺒﻄﻧ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺍﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺣ ﲑﺒﻛ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ . ﺪﻘﻟ ﺕﺮﻘﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍﻭ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺙﺎﲝﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺮﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﳏ ﺔﻟﻮﺠﺧ ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺑﻭ ﻦﻋ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﺕﺍﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻮﻠﺣﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻟ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﺳﺄﺑ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻞﻀﻓﺄﺑﻭ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺔﻨﻜﳑ . ﻥﺇ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺾﻐﺑ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺎﻬﺘﺑﻮﻌﺻﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﻪﻟ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﺎﺑ ﻻ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻒﺸﺘﻜﻳ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻦﻣ ﱪﺧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﹰﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﻰﻘﺒﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﹰﺎﺼﻗﺎﻧ ﺎﻣ ﱂ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻳ ﻥﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻃﺮﺸﻟﺍ : ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻪﻨﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﻤﻜﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﳓ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺻﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻛﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﻮﺻﻭ ﱴﺣﻭ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ،ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺪﺼﺘﻳ ﻌﺘﻟ ﻢﻴﻠ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻘﺘﻳ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻴﺋﺪﺒﻣ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻂﻴﳛ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﳉﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻢﻜﲝ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﻤﻛ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺾﻌﺒﻟ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻓ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ
ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻣﺎﺗ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﹰﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﻃ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻻ ﺝﺎﺘﳛ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻮﻬﻓ ﻢﻫﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺬﳍ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺒﻳ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﺜﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﲔﺒﻳﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﻳﻭ ﻝﻮﻠﳊﺍ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻠﻟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺗﺍﻮ ﺟ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻜﻫﻭ ﱴﺣ ﻢﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺯﻼﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ . ﻥﺇ ﻞﻛ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﻂﻴﲢ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﺌﺷﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﺼﻘﻧ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ،ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻌﺒﻃ ﻦﳓ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻓ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﻦﻜﻟ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﳜ ﺽﺍﺮﺘﻓﻼﻟ ،ﻲﻘﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﻮﻠﻓ ﺎﻧﺮﻈﻧ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻣ ﺎﻧﺪﺟﻮﻟ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﱪﻛﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ،ﲑﺜﻜﺑ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﳌﺎﻓ ﻻ ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻻﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ﰲ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺃ ﻝﺍﻮ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﻞﺑ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﻲﻋﺪﺘﺴﺗ ﻚﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﲨ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﱪﺳ ﺭﺍﻮﻏﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﱪﺳﻭ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﱐﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﲡ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﺘﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ . ﺪﻘﻟ ﺪﻬﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﻮﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ، ﻞﻛﻭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﱃﺩﺃ ﻩﻮﻟﺪﺑ ﺐﺴﲝ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻩﺮﻈﻧ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺮﺴﻔﺗ ﺭﻮﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﺠﻨﻓ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻘﻟﺃ ﻡﻮﻠﻟﺍ
