Türkiye'deki terör ve terörle mücadele yöntemleri üzerine sosyolojik bir inceleme / A sociological analyze on terror in Turkey and struggle methods on terrorism

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(4) IV ABSTRACT Master Thesis A Sociological Analyze on Terror in Turkey and Struggle Methods on Terrorism ùNU%$<%$ù. 8QLYHUVLW\RI)ÕUDW The Institute of Social Sciences Sociology Main Branch 2007, Page: 188 + XII. Although human’s life is defined as the greatest asset primarily in religion books and then national and international agreements, all documents where rights and freedoms are stated, violence and aggression against human haven’t been surceased. Any reason does not justify killing human who is the most respectful creature of the nature. In the 21st century we live, no matter for what reason, thought or aim, besides terrorism that means all the violence and deterrence acts against human, if we are faced with the reality of war that ignores human’s life, mankind should overview all thought system that he has developed so far. It is an inevitable reality that the people who have share the same world and defence opposite opinions are in conflict and fight. So at national and international level these conflicts should be removed and state governed by the rule of law where primarily social justice, social security and besides equality and fair sharing, human rights, democracy and freedoms are under guarantee in whole societies and where law is taken as a base should be actualised. The terrorist acts in our country negatively affect our development. Our country has got great material and emotional loss in terrorism battle. Just like in other countries the preliminary condition to fight against terror is to perceive world and country’s reality accurately as soon as legal arrangements come up and to transfer this accurate to the laws in accordance with law’s basic mentality. Key Words: Terror, Terrorism, Terror Groups in Turkey, Terrorist Profile, Fighting with Terrorism..

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(26) 6 $QFDNVL\DVDOVLVWHPGHQJHVLQLYHJFQNRUXGX÷XVUHFHEXGXUXPoRNID]ODNRUNu. YHULFL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHPHNWHGLU 7HU|UH EDúYXUDQ JUXSODUÕQ H\OHP WDNWLNOHUL YH. \UWWNOHUL JL]OL IDDOL\HWLQ ELU JHUH÷L RODUDN KHGHI VHoLPL YH H\OHP ]DPDQÕ. NRQXVXQGDNL LQLVL\DWLIOHULQL NXOODQPDGD VÕQÕUVÕ] GDYUDQDELOPHOHUL RQODUÕ DYDQWDMOÕ KDOH. getirPHNWHGLU 6HEHS VRQXo LOLúNLVLQGHQ X]DN ELU úHNLOGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ WHU|U H\OHPOHULQLQ ]DPDQÕQGDQ |QFH KDEHU DOÕQDUDN |QOHQPHVL YH\D IDLOOHULQLQ \DNDODQPDVÕQÕQJoO÷WHU|UQHWNLVLQLDUWWÕUPDNWDGÕU. $\UÕFD WHU|ULVWOHU H\OHPOHULQGH NHQGLOHULQL VÕQÕUODyan ahlaki veya insani çok. ID]OD HQJHO WDQÕPDGÕNODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ SVLNRORMLN ELU VWQO÷H VDKLS ROPDNWDGÕUODU. 7HU|UQDQODúÕOPDVÕQGDGLNNDWHGLOPHVLJHUHNHQ|QHPOLELUKXVXVLVHWHU|UQWDPDPHQ. GÕú HWNLOHUH ED÷ODQÕS NROD\FÕOÕ÷D NDoÕOPDVÕGÕU 7HU|U PHYFXW YH\D LVWLVPDUD DoÕN ELU. ]HPLQLQROPDGÕ÷Õ\HUOHUGH\DúDPDLPNDQÕEXODPD]'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODELU\HUGH\D\JÕQRODUDN. WHU|U PHYFXW LVH RUDGD JHUoHNWHQ ELU úH\OHULQ GH \DQOÕú JLWWL÷LQL NDEXO YH WHVSLW HWPHN. JHUHNLU6RV\DO\DSÕQÕQ]D\ÕIGúPHVLYH\DEXQDDLWEHOLUWilerWDúÕPDVÕWHU|UQDU]HWWL÷L. WHKOLNH DoÕVÕQGDQ |QHPOLGLU %LU YFXW QH NDGDU VD÷OÕNOÕ ROXUVD R NDGDU GLUHQoOL YH. mikroplaraNDUúÕGD\DQÕNOÕOÕ÷ÕYHED÷ÕúÕNOÕ÷Õ\NVHNROXU%XED÷ODPGDROD\ÕQWDPDPHQ. GÕú GLQDPLNOHUH ED÷ODQDUDN Lo GLQDPLNOHULQ J|] DUGÕ edilmesi, kendi kendimizi. NDQGÕUPDNWDQ EDúND ELU úH\ RODPD] %XQXQ ELU GH WHUVLQL GúQUVHN WHU|U \RUXPODUNHQVDGHFHLoGLQDPLNOHULHOHDOÕSGÕúGLQDPLNOHULGLNNDWHDOPDPDNGDEDúND. ELU KDWDGÕU hONHPL]GH oRN VÕN WHODIIX] HGLOHQ GÕú JoOHU \DEDQFÕ PLKUDNODU GúPDQ. ONHOHU JLEL \DNODúÕPODU WRSOXPGD ROXPVX] HWNLOHUH QHGHQ ROPDNWD GÕú PLKUDNODUÕQ. ROGX÷XQGDQ ID]OD JoO ROGX÷X GúQFHVL ROXúPDNWD Lo EDUÕúÕ FLGGL ELU úHNLOGH WHKGLW. HGHQ EX GXUXP NDUúÕVÕQGD GÕú JoOHULQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQD GD\DQGÕUÕODQ ROD\ODU NDPXR\XQX GÕú. JoOHUHNDUúÕGDKDHWNLOLWDYÕUDOÕQPDVÕ\|QQGHEHNOHQWLOHUHLWPHNWHE|\OHELU\DNODúÕP. devlet WDUDIÕQGDQRUWD\DNRQPDGÕ÷ÕWDNGLUGHGHLQDQGÕUÕFÕOÕNYHRWRULWH\HJYHQGX\JXVX. ]D\ÕIODPDNWDGHYOHWLQJoV]YHDFL]NDOGÕ÷ÕLPDMÕX\DQPDNWDGÕU. 7HU|ULVWEL]LPLQVDQÕPÕ]KHGHIDOGÕ÷ÕEL]LPLQVDQÕPÕ]YHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUGL÷L\HU. EL]LP VÕQÕUODUÕPÕ]ÕQ LoL ROGX÷XQD J|UH o|]P GH E\N |OoGH D\QÕ WRSUDNODU. LoHULVLQGH DUDQDFDNWÕU 'DKD |QFH GH EHOLUWWL÷LPL] JLEL EXUDGDQ GÕú HWNLQLQ J|] DUGÕ. edilmesi aQODPÕQGD ELU VRQXo oÕNDUÕOPDPDOÕGÕU %LU WRSOXPGD VRUXQ ROXúWXUDQ YH\D VRUXQ ROPD\D X\JXQ NRQX YH NDYUDPODU HOH DOÕQPDN VXUHWL\OH EX NDYUDPODUD IDUNOÕ DQODPODU \NOHPH\H oDOÕúÕS LQVDQODUÕ PHYFXW VRUXQODUÕ o|]HELOPHN LoLQ ELU DUD\D.

(27) 7 JHWLUPHNWHQ DOÕNR\DFDN ELU ]HPLQLQ ROXúWXUXOPDVÕ WHU|U RUWDPÕQD NDWNÕGD. EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 7RSOXP LoLQGHNL LQVDQODUÕ JUXSODúPDODUD LWHQ VRUXQODUÕQ o|]OHELOPHVL. LoLQ |QFHOLNOH VRUXQ RODQ NDYUDPODUD QHWOLN ND]DQGÕUÕOPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU .DYUDP. ]HULQGH ELOH DQODúÕODPD\DFDN ELU RUWDPÕQ YDUOÕ÷Õ KHU JUXEXQ NHQGL LGHRORMLN \DSÕVÕ LoHULVLQGH o|]POHU DUDPDVÕQD GROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELUELUL\OH oHOLúHQ \DNODúÕPODUÕQ RUWD\D. oÕNPDVÕQD\RODoPDNWDGÕU. $UDúWÕUPDQÕQ$PDFÕ %X DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ JHQHO DPDFÕ 7UNL\H¶GHNL WHU|U YH WHU|UOH PFDGHOH yöntemlerinin tespit edilmesidir. %XDPDoODUDXODúDELOPHNLoLQ •. 7HU|UYHWHU|UL]PLQWDQÕPÕDPDFÕQHGHQOHULYHWUOHUL. •. Ülkemizdeki faal terör örgütleriYHPHYFXWGXUXPODUÕ. •. Türkiye’de tHU|U |UJWOHULQH NDWÕODQODUÕQ H÷LWLP VRV\R-HNRQRPLN GXUXPODUÕ,. NDWÕOPDQHGHnleri ve terörist profilleri,. •. 7HU|U|UJWOHULQLQGÕúED÷ODQWÕODUÕ. •. 7HU|UQONHPL]]HULQGHNLJHQHO\DQVÕPDODUÕ. •. Terörizmle mücadele,. •. Terörle mücadelede GHYOHWLQYHPHG\DQÕQJ|UHYYHVRUXPOXOXNODUÕ. VRUXODUÕQDFHYDSDUDQPÕúWÕU $UDúWÕUPDQÕQ0HWRGX TüUNL\H¶GHNLWHU|UWHU|UOHPFDGHOH\|QWHPOHULYHJHQHO\DQVÕPDODUÕWDULKVHOELU. VUHoWH LQFHOHQHUHN GHYOHWLQ J|UHY YH VRUXPOXOXNODUÕ WPGHQJHOLP \|QWHPL LOH. DUDúWÕUÕODFDNWÕU .RQXyla ilgili literatür oDOÕúPDODUÕQdan YH PHY]XDWWDQ \DUDUODQÕOPÕúWÕU Konunun JHQLú ROPDVÕ GLNNDWH DOÕQUDN VÕQÕUOÕ WXWXOPD\D oDOÕúÕODUDN GXUXP WHVSLWL LOH. EHUDEHU|QHULOHUJHOLúWLULOPH\HoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU.

(28) 8 2. BÖLÜM: KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 2.1. Terör ve Terörizm Tarihteki en eski terör hareketi M.Ö. 6- WDULKOHUL DUDVÕQGD )LOLVWLQ¶GH RUtaya. oÕNPÕúWÕU. “Zealot” isimli Musevi WDULNDWÕ DQÕODQ G|QHPGH 5RPD øPSDUDWRUOX÷X¶QXQ OHM\RQHUOHULQHNDUúÕVXLNDVWOHUG]HQOH\HUHNDGÕQÕGX\XUPXúODUGÕU³=HDORW7DULNDWÕ´Qdan. sonra “Sicari” RODUDN WDQÕPODQDQ 0XVHYL ELU VXLNDVW JUXEX ROXúWXUXODUDN 5RPDOÕ. lHM\RQHUOHUH \|QHOLN VXLNDVWOHULQH GHYDP HWPLúWLU “Sicari”OHU DGÕQÕ VXLNDVWOHULQGH. NXOODQGÕNODUÕ NÕVD NÕOÕoODUÕQGDQ DOPÕúWÕU 6LFDULOHU GLQL PHNDQODUÕ \DNPÕú .XGV¶Q. VX\ROXQX WDKULS HWPLú YH EX÷GD\ DPEDUODUÕQÕ \D÷PDODPÕúWÕU 6LFDULOHU DQÕODQ úLGGHW. olaylDUÕ LOH 5RPD KDONÕ DUDVÕQGD NRUNX YH KX]XUVX]OXN \DUDWDUDN X]XQ VUHOL Eir SVLNRORMLNVDYDú\UWPúWU (Demirel, 2002: 25).. 'Q\D ]HULQGH LON LKWLODO KDUHNHWOHULQLQ LVH 0g9,, \]\ÕOGD HVNL. <XQDQLVWDQ¶GD EDúODGÕ÷Õ LOHUL VUOPHNWHGLU 6RQUDNL \]\ÕOODUda ihtilaller, kendi. oÕNDUODUÕ GR÷UXOWXVXQGD KDN DUD\ÕúÕ LoHULVLQGH EXOXQDQ KHU NHVLP WDUDIÕQGDQ NXOODQÕODQ. ELU DUDo ROPXúWXU %DKVH NRQX LKWLODOOHU HVQDVÕQGD WHU|UL]PLQ \ÕNÕFÕ HWNLVL VÕNoD. NXOODQÕOPÕúROXSNDQODLNWLGDUDJHOHQLKWLODOFLOHUoR÷X]DPDQLNWLGDUODUÕQÕNRUX\DELOPHN DPDFÕ\ODúLGGHWHEDúYXUPXúODUGÕU. 7HU|U øVODP WDULKLQGH GH \DúDQPÕúWÕU øNLQFL +DOLIH +]gPHU oQF +DOLIH. +]2VPDQG|UGQF+DOLIH+]$OLWHU|UNXUEDQÕROPXúOLGHUOHUGLUg]HOOLNOH+]$OL¶QLQ. |OGUOPHVLøVODPGLQLQLQ6QQLùLLYH+DULFLRODUDNoE\NPH]KHEHE|OQPHVLQH. \RODoPÕúELUoRNNDQOÕROD\ÕQQHGHQLROPXúWXU (Kongar, 2002:78).. XII. \]\ÕOGDøUDQ¶GDRUWD\DoÕNDQYHùLLN|NHQOLøVPDLOL\H7DULNDWÕ¶QDGD\DQDQ. +DVDQ 6$%%$+ OLGHUOL÷LQGH RUJDQL]H RODQ WHU|U JUXEX $ODPXW Kalesi’nde üslenerek. G|QHPLQ E|OJHVHO 6QQL øVODP OLGHUOHULQH \DSWÕNODUÕ VXLNDVWODU LOH DGÕQÕ GX\XUPXúWXU.. “+DúKDúL”ler RODUDN GD DQÕODQ EX JUXEXQ G]HQOHGL÷L VDOGÕUÕODUGD %\N 6HOoXNOX. øPSDUDWRUOX÷XYH]LUOHULQGHQRODQ1L]DP¶O0ONGH]HKLUOLKDQoHUOHKD\DWÕQÕ\LWLUPLúWLU. +DúKDúLOHU H\OHPOHULQGH PLOLWDQODUÕ FHVDUHWOHQGLUPHN LoLQ +DúKDú NXOODQGÕNODUÕQGDQ. DQÕODQLVPLDOPÕúWÕU 'HPLUHO

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(30) 9 Temmuz 1794) olarak nitelendirilen süreç içerisinde, ihtilalin en önemli fikri olan “milliyetçilik” hareketleri, özellikle imparatorluklDUÕQKNPUDQOÕ÷ÕLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQ. PLOOHWOHULQ ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNODUÕQÕ ND]DQPD JGV LOH LV\DQ KDUHNHWOHULQL GR÷XUPXú V|] NRQXVXLV\DQKDUHNHWOHULQGHWHU|U|QHPOLELUXQVXURODUDNNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU. Terör kelimesi Fransa’da, )UDQVÕ] øKWLODOLQLQ DUGÕQGDQ Jacoben úLGGHWLQL. anlatmak için de NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU øKWLODOLQ|QGH JHOHQOLGHUOHULQGHQ5REHVSLHUUHKDONÕQ. FXPKXUL\HWLQLQNUDOFÕODUDNDUúÕWHU|UX\JXODPDVÕQÕKDNOÕYH]RUXQOXJ|UPúYHùXEDW. 1794’te “øo 3ROLWLNDQÕQ 0RUDO YH 3ROLWLN øONHOHU´¶QGH ú|\OH EHOLUWPLúWLr; ³%DUÕúWD gücünü erdemden alan halk hükümeti, devrimde, erdem ve terördeQ DOÕU 7HU|UV] erdem vahimdir, erdemsiz terör etkisizdir.”. *QP]GH NXOODQÕODQ DQODPÕ\OD WHU|U \D GD VL\DVDO DPDoOÕ úLGGHW LVH 5XV. øKWLODOL |QFHVL ³1RURGQLNOHU´ LOH ELUOLNWH RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 5XVoD ³1DURGQD\D 9RO\D´ \DQL ³+DONÕQ øUDGHVL´ NHOLPHOHULQLQ ELUOHúPHVLQGHQ WUH\HQ 1RURGQLNOHU dDU¶ÕQ VW. düzey yöneticilerine yönelik suikastler düzenleyen, ancak eylemlerden sonra. NHQGLOHULQL G|YHUHN FH]DODQGÕUDQ úDKÕVODU RODUDN WDULK VDKnesinH oÕNPÕúWÕU g]JUHO. 2001: 6). /RQGUD¶GD7HPPX]D\ÕQGDWRSODQDQ³0LOOHWOHUDUDVÕ$QDUúL.RQJUHVL´QGH. NLP\D YH WHNQRORML\H |QHP YHULOHUHN WRS\HNQ |OGU VLODKODUÕQÕQ eylemlerde NXOODQÕOPDVÕQÕQ ]HULQGH GXUXOPXú ROXS LON WHU|ULVW VLODKODUÕ KDQçer ve tabanca iken,. GDKDVRQUD$OIUHG12%(/¶LQLFDGÕLOHH\OHPOHUGHGLQDPLWNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU (Giritli, 2001: 13). 7HU|U NDYUDPÕQÕQ PRGHUQ ELU IHQRPHQ RODUDN XOXVODUDUDVÕ ELU V|]OHúPH\H NRQX. ROPDVÕLONNH]0LOOHWOHU&HPL\HWL¶QHGD\DQPDNWDGÕU0LOOetler Cemiyeti’nce ilan edilen. WDULKOL ³WHU|UQ FH]DODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ YH |QOHQPHVL LoLQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ V|]OHúPH´ EX DODQGDELULONLROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU $WDPDQ, 2006: 12).. g]HOOLNOH OÕ\ÕOODUGDQEX\DQDXOXVDOYHXOXVODUDUDVÕG]H\GH\D\JÕQRODUDN. NXOODQÕODQ WHU|U WHULPL VL\DVDO úLGGHW VXoODUÕQÕ LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU )UDQVÕ] øKWLODOL QGHQ. ND\QDNODQDQ ELU DOÕúNDQOÕNOD VL\DVDO úLGGHW VXoODUÕ WHU|U YH\D WHU|UL]P Rlarak. DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU 7HU|UOH PFDGHOHGH NDUúÕODúÕODQ HQ |QHPOL VRUXQ WHU|UQ WP. GQ\DGDJHQHOJHoHUOLOL÷LEXOXQDQELUWDQÕPÕQÕQ\DSÕODPDPDVÕGÕU$QFDNROGXNoD \DOÕQ. RODUDN WDQÕPODPDN JHUHNLUVH WHU|U “ùLGGHW WHKGLW EDVNÕ YH ELUoRN \ÕNÕFÕ XQVXUX NXOODQDUDN WRSOXP ]HULQGH EDVNÕ \DUDWPDN´ úHNOLQGH EHOLUWLOHELOLU 7HU|U KDUHNHWOHUL.

(31) 10 WRSOXPXQ WDEDQÕQGDQ WDYDQÕQD NDUúÕ WP NHVLPLQL GR÷UXGDQ YH\D GROD\OÕ ELU úHNLOGH etkileyebilir. TRSOXPXQJ|]QGHNRUNXYHGHKúHW\DUDWPD\ÕDPDoODUEXúHNLOGHPHYFXW G]HQLGH÷LúWLUHUHNNHQGLLGHRORMLVLYH\DHWQLNNLPOL÷LoHUoHYHVLQGHELUVLVWHPRWXUWPD\Õ DU]XODPDNWDGÕU. “Terör,” sözc÷QQDVOÕ Latince WHUUUH fiiliQGHQJHOPLúROXSTerrere; “tir tir. WLWUHWPHN´DQODPÕQD JHOmektedir. 7HU|UWHULPLQLNXOODQDQLONNLúLDQWLN-*UHNGúQU YH WDULKoL ;HQRSKRQ GXU ;HQRSKRQ ³7HU|UQ VDYDú ]DPDQÕQGD GúPDQ QIXVD NDUúÕ. psikolojik etki yarDWPDNDPDFÕ\ODNXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ´EHOLUWPLúWLU (Ataman, 2006: 12). 6L\DVL 7HULPOHU YH gUJWOHU 6|]O÷¶QGH WHU|U ³NDPX RWRULWHVLQL YH\D WRSOXP. \DSÕVÕQÕ \ÕNPDN LoLQ JLULúLOHQ NRUNX YH \ÕOJÕQOÕN VDoDQ úLGGHW KDUHNHWOHUL´ olarak WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU (Anonim, 1993: 124).. 0H\GDQ /DURXVVH $QVLNORSHGLVL¶QH J|UH WHU|UL]P ³LKWLODOFL JUXSODUÕQ JLULúWL÷L. úLGGHW H\OHPOHULQLQ WP WHGKLúoLOLN ELU KNPHW WDUDIÕQGDQ X\JXODQDQ úLGGHW rejimi”dir (Meydan Larousse Büyük Lügat ve Ansiklopedi, C.12, 1973: 83). Ergil’e göre terörL]P ³NDoÕUPDGDQ FLQD\HWH NDGDU X]DQDQ YH DPDFÕ VLQGLUPH. RODQúLGGHWH\OHPOHULQHYHULOHQDGGÕU (UJLO, 1980: 1).. Emekli GHQHUDO6XDW øOKDQ¶D J|UHHQNÕVDWDQÕPÕLOHWHU|U³|UJWOYHNXUDOVÕ]. úLGGHWKDUHNHWLGLU´ øOKDQ

(32) . 7HU|U LQVDQODUÕ \ÕOGÕUPDN VLQGLUPHN \ROX\OD RQODUD EHOOL GúQFH YH. GDYUDQÕúODUÕ EHQLPVHWPHN LoLQ \R÷XQ YH VLVWHPDWLN ELU NRUNX\X YH EX NRUNX\D QHGHQ RODELOHFHNKHUWUOúLGGHWH\OHPLQLLoHUPHNWHGLU$QFDNKHUGXUXPGDWHU|UQ\|QHOGL÷L. KHGHI GROD\OÕ \D GD GR÷UXGDQ KDONÕQ NHQGLVL ROPDNWDGÕU %LU WHU|U |UJW KDONÕ NHQGL. \DQÕQD oHNHELOPHN LoLQ úLGGHW X\JXODPDNWDGÕU 7HU|ULVWOHU HOGH HGHFHNOHUL NRUNXQXQ NHQGLOHULQH Jo YHUHFH÷LQL YH DQÕODQ Jo VD\HVLQGH KDONÕQ ELU E|OPQQ GHVWH÷LQi. ND]DQDELOHFHNOHULQHLQDQPDNWDGÕUODU (YDOoÕQ, 2002: 7).. 'L÷HUELUWDQÕPODPDGDWHU|ULQVDQODUÕ\ÕOGÕUPDNVLQGLUPHN\ROX\ODRQODUDEHOOL. GúQFH YH GDYUDQÕúODUÕ EHQLPVHWPHN LoLQ ]RU NXOODnma ya da tehdit etme eylemidir (Bozdemir, 1981: 523)..

(33) 11 Alex SCHMID,. \ÕOÕQGD NDOHPH DOGÕ÷Õ ³3ROLWLN 7HU|UL]P (Political. Terrorism)” DGOÕ HVHULQGH 1936- DUDVÕQGD WHODIIX] HGLOHQ IDUNOÕ VL\DVDO WHU|U tanÕPÕQÕQEXOXQGX÷XQXEHOLUWPLúWLU (ùHKLUOL 2000:94). Ülkemizde 12 Nisan 1991 tarihinde yürürlü÷e giren, 3713 sayÕOÕ Terörle Mücadele Kanunu'nun birinci maddesine göre ise terör; “7HU|U EDVNÕ FHELU úLGGHW NRUNXWPD \ÕOGÕUPD VLQGLUPH YH\D WHKGLW \|QWHPOHULQGHQ biriyle anayasada belirtilen cumhuriyetin temel niteliklerini, siyasi, hukuki, sosyal, laik. YHHNRQRPLNG]HQLQLGH÷LúWLUPHNGHYOHWLQONHVLYHPLOOHWL\OHE|OQPH]EWQO÷Q ER]PDN 7UN 'HYOHWLQLQ YH &XPKXUL\HWLQLQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ WHKOLNH\H GúUPHN GHYOHW. RWRULWHVLQL ]DDID X÷UDWPDN YH \ÕNPDN YH\D HOH JHoLUPHN WHPHO KDN YH KUUL\HWOHUL \RN. HWPHN GHYOHWLQ Lo YH GÕú JYHQOL÷LQL NDPX G]HQLQL YH\D JHQHO VD÷OÕ÷Õ ER]PDN DPDFÕ\OD ELU |UJWH PHQVXS NLúL YH\D NLúLOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ JLULúLOHFHN KHU WUO. eylemlerdir.” úHNOLQGH WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU Bu kDQXQGD \D]ÕOÕ RODQ |UJW LNL YH\D GDKD. ID]OD NLPVHQLQ D\QÕ DPDo HWUDIÕQGD ELUOHúPHVL\OH PH\GDQD JHOPLú VD\ÕOÕU Örgüt terimi, “Türk Ceza Kanunu ile ceza hükümlerini içeren özel kanunlarda geçen. WHúHNNO FHPL\HW VLODKOÕ FHPL\HW oHWH YH\D VLODKOÕ oHWH\L GH NDSVDU” úHNOLQGH WDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU. %XUDGD\DSÕODQWDQÕPODPDKHUQHNDGDUWHU|UWDQÕPÕRODUDNYHULOPLúROVDGDDVÕO. YXUJXODQDQ WHU|UL]PGLU dQN WHU|UL]P NDYUDPÕQD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD JHQHOOLNOH úLGGHW YH. ROJXODUÕQELUOHúWL÷LVL\DVDOLoHULNOLYHNXUXOXELUG]HQHVLVWHPH \|QHOLNDPDoOÕH\OHPH verilen DGRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕU dD÷ODr,1997: 121).. 7HU|U YH WHU|UL]P NDYUDPODUÕ IDUNOÕ NDYUDPODUGÕU 7HU|U NDYUDPÕ oRN JHQHO ELU. \DNODúÕPOD X]XQ VUHOL NRUNX YH GHKúHW GXUXPXQX LIDGH HWPHGH NXOODQÕOÕU 7HU|UL]P NDYUDPÕLVHEXGXUXPXQRUWD\DoÕNDUÕOPDVÕQÕDPDoOD\DQVWUDWHML\LLIDGHHGHU. Buradan harHNHWOH WHU|UL]P ³6DYDú YH GLSORPDVL LOH ND]DQÕOPD\DQ VRQXoODUÕ elde etmek, korkutmak ve itaat ettirmek için bir teoriye, felsefeye ve ideolojiye. GD\DQÕODUDN VL\DVL PDNVDWODUOD LUDGL RODUDN WHU|U YH úLGGHWLQ VLVWHPOL YH KHVDSOÕ ELU. úHNLOGHNXOODQÕOPDVÕGÕU´úHNOLQGHWDQÕPODQDELOLU (Akmaral, 2004 :25).. 7HU|UOHLOJLOL\DúDQPDNWDRODQHQ|QHPOLVÕNÕQWÕWHU|UWDQÕPÕQÕQ\DSÕODPDPDVÕGÕU. Uzmanlar iki \]D\UÕWDQÕP\DSPDNODELUOLNWHGQ\D]HULQGHNLGHYOHWOHUKHUKDQJLELU. WDQÕP ]HULQGH DQODúPD\D YDUDPDPDNWDGÕU. Bunun sebebi ise, hemen hemen tüm.

(34) 12 GHYOHWOHULQ \D X]DN PHVDIHGHQ GHVWHNOHGL÷L \D VHPSDWL LOH EDNWÕ÷Õ \D GD PFDGHOH KDOLQGHROGX÷XWHU|U|UJWQQEXOXQPDVÕQDED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU (Bulaç, 2005: 5). 2.2. Terörizmin8QVXUODUÕYHg]HOOLNOHUL 7HU|UL]PLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQGDQV|]HGHELOPHNLoLQ|QFHOLNOLRODUDNELUWDNÕPXQVXUODUÕQ bir araya gelmesi gerekmektedir. Bu unsurlar; ideoloji, örgüt ve eylem olarak tasnif edilmektedir (Dilmaç, 1997: 65). 7HU|UVXoXQXQROXúDELOPHVLLoLQ •. Devletin-PLOOHWLQ ELUOL÷LQH YH WHPHO G]HQLQH \|QHOLN ELU DPDFÕQ ROPDVÕ (ideolojik boyut),. •. øOOHJDO|UJWWDUDIÕQGDQJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVL |UJWVHOER\XW

(35) . •. .RUNXWPD \ÕOGÕUPD VLQGLUPH DPDoOÕ H\OHPOHULQ ROPDVÕ (eylemsel boyut) gerekmektedir (TEMÜH, Polis Dergisi, 1998 :80).. Terör, siyasi özeOOL÷LEXOXQPDVÕQHGHQL\OHúLGGHWLoHUHQGL÷HUVXoODUGDQIDUNOÕELU. NRQXPGDEXOXQPDNWDROXS\ÕNÕFÕYH\DNÕFÕHWNLOHULLOHELUH\OHUGROD\ÕVÕ\ODWRSOXPODUÕQ QH]GLQGH \DUDWWÕ÷Õ WUDYPDODU QHGHQL\OH WRSOXP JHQHOLQGH o|]POHQPHVL ROGXNoD ]RU. problemlere neden olan bir VRUXQRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕU. 7HU|UQ JHUoHNOHúHELOPHVL LoLQ ³WDYDQ´GDQ ³WDEDQ´D ELUWDNÕP ELOHúHQOHULQ. LúOHYOLNND]DQPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU. 7DYDQ¶GDROXúDQELOHúHQOHU D

(36) 6Õ÷ÕQDN b) Lojistik destek, c) Para/Finans, d) Sahte belge, e) Diplomatik kola\OÕN úHNOLQGHWDQÕPODQDELOPHNWHGLU 7DEDQ¶GD ROXúDQ ELOHúHQ LVH ³]aafiyetleri. olan. sosyal. kitleler”dir.. (http://www.dispolitikaforumu.com/KOKSAL.ppt, 25 Ocak 2005, Köksal, S., 2007:16).

(37) 13 7HU|U RGDNODUÕ ³]DaIL\HWL RODQ VRV\DO NLWOHOHUL´ HWNLOH\HELOPHN LoLQ oHúLWOL. PHWRWODUD EDúYXUPDNWDGÕU 7HU|ULVWOHU PLPOHGLNOHUL úDKVÕ NHQGL RUJDQL]DV\RQXQXQ. LoHULVLQHoHNHELOPHN\DQLDQJDMHHGHELOPHNDPDFÕ\ODKHPWRSOXPXQWPNDWPDQODUÕQÕQ sorunX RODQ KHP GH PLPOHQHQ úDKVÕQ \] \]H JHOGL÷L HNRQRPLN VRV\R-kültürel,. psikolojik, dinsel, mezhepsel vb. SUREOHPL RODELOGL÷LQFH NXOODQDUDN úDKVÕQ GX\JXODUÕQÕ LVWLVPDUHWPHNWHGLU7HU|URGDNODUÕQFDDQJDMHHGLOPHVDIKDVÕQDDOÕQDQELUH\HWRSOXPXQ. dinin ve\D GHYOHWLQ NXUWDUÕFÕVÕ URO ELoLOPHNWH YH E|\OHFH WRSOXP LoHULVLQGHQ oÕNDQ. WHU|ULVW DQÕODQ WRSOXPXQ NXUWXOXúXQX VD÷ODPDN DGÕQD PHYFXW RWRULWH DOH\KLQGH. IDDOL\HWH EDúODPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ; AúÕUÕ 6RO 7HU|U gUJWOHUL¶QLQ SURSDJDQGDODUÕQÕQ alfabesi ekonomik sÕNÕQWÕODUÕQ GLOH JHWLULOPHVL \DQL \RNVXOOXN V|PUV LOH. EDúODPDNWDGÕU KONGRA-*(/3.. PHQVXSODUÕ LVH HWQLN PLOOL\HWoLOLN \DSDUDN. Türkiye &XPKXUL\HWL¶QLQ .UW N|NHQOLOHUH NDUúÕ VLVWHPDWLN ELU DVLPLODV\RQ SROLWLNDVÕ. \UWW÷ KXVXVXQX YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU 6|zde dini motifli terör örgütleri ise, dini. KDVVDVL\HWOHUL YH WUEDQ NRQXVX JLEL SROHPLN KDOLQH JHOPLú XQVXUODUÕ SURSDJDQGD DPDoODUÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ NXOODQPDNWDGÕU 7HU|U |UJWOHUL |]HOOLNOH JHQoOLN YDVDWÕ DUDVÕQGDQ PHQVXS ND]DQPD\D oDOÕúPDNWD YH - \Dú JUXEX içerisindeki kesime önem. YHUPHNWHGLU7HU|U|UJWOHULPLPOHGLNOHULJHQoOHULQDLOH\DSÕVÕ]DDIODUÕDUNDGDúODUÕYH. JHOLU G]H\L KDNNÕQGD ELOJL WRSODPDNWD DNDELQGH JHQoOHULQ \DúDGÕ÷Õ SVLNRORMLN. VRV\RORMLN YH HNRQRPLN VRUXQODUÕ LVWLVPDU HGHUHN PHQVXS ND]DQPD\D oDOÕúPDNWDGÕU. 7HU|ULVW XQVXUODUÕQ SURSDJDQGDODUÕ DUDVÕQGD D\UÕFD ONHOHU DUDVÕQGDNL JHOLúPLúOLNWHQ. ND\QDNODQDQVRUXQODUÕQLúOHQPHVLGHEXOXQPDNWDGÕU7HU|ULVWOHUUHIDKVD÷OÕNH÷LWLPvb. DoÕGDQ WDP ELU GR\JXQOXN LoHULVLQGH EXOXQDQ WRSOXPODUÕ Gúük refah seviyesinde,. \HWHUVL] EHVOHQHQ IDNLUOLNWHQ ND\QDNODQDQ VD÷OÕN VRUXQODUÕ LOH ER÷XúDQ YH FDKLO RODQ KDON\Õ÷ÕQODUÕQH]GLQGHKHGHIRODUDNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%XoHUoHYHGHWHU|URGDNODUÕEirçok ülkeQLQ JHOLúPLúOL÷LQLQ GL÷HU ONHOHULQ JHOLúPHPHVLQH QHGHQ ROGX÷X VDYÕQÕ, mensup ND]DQPDYHDMLWDV\RQoDOÕúPDODUÕDoÕVÕQGDQNXOODQPDNWDGÕU. 7HU|ULVWELUH\OHPLoLQ|QFHOLNOH³PRWLYDV\RQ´YH³RSHUDV\RQHODOW\DSÕ´úHNOLQGH. iki unsura ihtiyaç duyulmakta olup, bu çerçevede terörOH PFDGHOHQLQ EDúODQJÕo. VDIKDVÕQGD |QFelikle söz konusu iki unsurun önüne geçilmesi gerekmektedir. Gerek. PRWLYDV\RQJHUHNVHRSHUDV\RQHODOW\DSÕQÕQROJXQODúPDVÕLoLQWHU|U|UJWQQX]XQELU. WHFUEHGHQ JHoPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU 7HU|U |UJWOHUL RSHUDV\RQHO DOW\DSÕODUÕQÕ. VD÷OD\DELOPHNKHUúH\GHQ|QHPOLVLIDDOL\HWDODQODUÕQGDYDUOÕNODUÕQÕLGDPHHWWLUHELOPHN. DPDFÕ\ODELUWDNÕPORMLVWLNGHVWHNOHUHLKWL\DoGX\PDNWDGÕU6|]NRQXVXORMLVWLNGHVWHNOHUL.

(38) 14 VD÷ODPDN DPDFÕ\OD WHU|U |UJWOHULQLQ E\N RUDQODUGD PDGGL NDWNÕODUD LKWL\DFÕ. EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X ED÷ODPGD WHU|U |UJWOHUL PHQVXS YH VHPSDWL]DQODUÕ LOH \DQGDú. ONHOHULQ JL]OL VHUYLVOHULQGHQ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ ED÷ÕúODU YH OHJDO DODQGD IDDOL\HW \UWHQ WLFDUL ROXúXPODUGDQHGLQGL÷LJHOLUOHULQ \DQÕVÕUDWHKGLWúDQWDMKDUDoVR\JXQJDVSKÕUVÕ]OÕN. VLODK YH X\XúWXUXFX NDoDNoÕOÕ÷Õ JLEL LOOHJDO \|QWHPOHU LOH ILQDQVPDQÕQÕ VD÷ODPD\D oDOÕúPDNWDGÕU. 7HU|U]HULQGHGQ\DGDYHONHPL]GHWDUWÕúÕODQHQ|QHPOLNRQXLONHWDSWDúXGXU. “Terörist kimdir?”, “Kime terörist denmeli veya denilmemelidir?” 8OXVODUDUDVÕ SODWIRUPGDED]ÕWHPHOSDUDPHWUHOHUVDSWDQPDNODEHUDEHUEXJQKDODEXWDUWÕúPDELWPLú YH J|Uú ELUOL÷L VD÷ODQPÕú GH÷LOGLU $VOÕQGD WHU|U´ JLEL ³WHU|ULVW´LQ GH GR÷UX ELU ELoLPGHWDQÕPODQPDVÕYHEXNRQXGDILNLUELUOL÷LQLQVD÷ODQÕOPDVÕ|QHPOLEXOXQPDNWDGÕU. (÷HU WHU|ULVWH YH WHU|UH NDUúÕ PFDGHOHGH EDúDUÕOÕ ROPDN LVWHQL\RUVD EXQXQ NLPOL÷LQLQ. YH\D DGUHVLQLQ WDP RODUDN EHOOL ROPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU <ÕOODUGDQ EHUL VUHJHOHQ UHVPL. YH\D JD\UL UHVPL XOXVDO YH\D XOXVODUDUDVÕ oRN VD\ÕGDNL WRSODQWÕ\D UD÷PHQ JQP]GH. halen “terörist”LQ QH ROGX÷XQXQ WDQÕPODQPDVÕQGD WDP ELU PXWDEDNDW VD÷ODQDPDPÕúWÕU. %LULQLQ WHU|ULVWL ELU EDúNDVÕQÕQ PFDKLdL JHULOODVÕ YH\D PLOLWDQÕ JLEL V|]FNOHUOH WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU øONH RODUDN DPDFÕ QH ROXUVD ROVXQ VLYLOOHUH NDUúÕ úLGGHW H\OHPLQH. JLULúHQOHUHWHU|ULVt" demek konusunda bir konsensüsVD÷ODQÕOPÕúWÕU$QFDNV|]NRQXVX WDQÕPÕQ SUDWLNWH KHU ]DPDQ X\JXODQPDGÕ÷Õ GD PúDKHGH HGLOPLúWLU 7HU|UQ QLWHOLNOHUL NRQXVXQGD GD GXUXP EXQGDQ IDUNOÕ VH\UHWPHPLúWLU -1970 döneminde “ideolojik. WHU|U´ $OPDQ\D øWDO\D YH -DSRQ\D¶GD D÷ÕU EDVDUNHQ VRQ oH\UHN \]\ÕOGD $YUXSD GDQ. Asya'ya kadar birçok bölgelerde “etnik” veya “milliyetoL WHU|U´ D÷ÕU EDVPÕúWÕU 7HU|Ule. PFDGHOHGHEHONLGHHQ|QHPOLúDUW³WHU|ULVW´HGH³WHU|U´HGHDGÕQÕQGR÷UXNRQPDVÕGÕU Devleti yönetenler ve muhalefette bulunanlar bu tespiti samimiyetle yapmak cesaretini. J|VWHUPHOL ]LKLQOHUL NDUÕúWÕUDFDN EH\DQODUD YH\D JHUHNoH DUD\ÕúODUÕQD EDúYXUPDPDOÕGÕU (Kohen, 2003: 7). 11 Eylül 2001 VDOGÕUÕODUÕ |QFHNLOHUGHQ oRN GDKD IDUNOÕ JHYúHN ELU D÷. (networN

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