İbn Bâcce felsefesinde bireysel ve toplumsal saadetin ön koşulu olarak akli gelişim

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(7) ii. T.C. 1(&0(77ø1(5%$.$1h1ø9(56ø7(6ø 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV0GUO÷. ABSRACT AGÕ6RyaGÕ. g÷UHQFLQLQ. NumarasÕ Ana Bilim / Bilim DaOÕ. Esra Kodal 148102011025 )HOVHIHYH'LQ%LOLPOHULøVODP)HOVHIHVL Tezli Yüksek Lisans. PrograPÕ. X. Doktora. Tez DanÕúmanÕ. 3URI'UøVPDLO7Dú. TezLQ$GÕ. øEQ %kFFH )HOVHIHVLQGH Bireysel ve Toplumsal 6DDGHWLQ gQ NRúXOX 2ODUDN$NOL*HOLúLP. 7KLVVWXG\VKDOOH[DPLQH,EQ%ƗMMDK¶VSKLORVRSK\RIIHOLFLW\WKDWUHOLHVRQUDWLRQDOJURZWKZKRLV one of the pre-eminent Muslim philosophers to have acted as a bridge between the eastern and western parts of the Islamic world, with s special focus on the personal basis of the idea of the VRFLDODQGSROLWLFDORUGHUFRPLQJIURP3ODWRDQG)ƗUƗEƯ,EQ%ƗMMDKUHODWHVLQGLYLGXDOperfection to the attainment of unity by departing from multiplicity, that of self-sufficiency and truth, maintaining that such felicity can only be established by those who already attained to this perfection. His contribution to the theory of the State of Virtue is through his own theory that rests on human development and he considers the act of reasoning to be the underlying cause of individual and social felicity. This study shall also examine the nature of the physical and metaphysical interrelations of the individual and rational perfection as well as its individual and social ramifications by focusing on the basis of the theory of “conjunction (LWWLVƗO)” and shall discuss the solution offered by Ibn %ƗMMDK Key Words: the solitary man, the acquired intelligence, the Active Intelligence, the conjunction, felicity, divinity..

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(16) 8OXGD÷hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1992, s. 16. 6 -30RQWDGD³(QGOV¶WH)HOVHIHøEQ%kFFHYHøEQ7XIH\O´øVODP)HOVHIHVLQH*LULú, ed. P. Adamson, R. C. Taylor, çev. M. Cüneyt Kaya, 2008, s. 173. 7 $\GÕQOÕa.g.e., s. 17..

(17) 2. øEQ%kFFH IHOVHIvDODQGDROGX÷XJLEL WÕSúLLUYHP]LNDODQODUÕQGDGa dönemin RWRULWHVL RODUDN J|UOPúWU. øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ oR÷X NDVvGH JD]HO PXYDúúDKD PHGLK KLFLYUHVkYHQHVLUWUQGH\D]ÕOPÕúELUoRNúLLULJQP]HXODúPÕúWÕU%DúWDNHQGLVLQL ateizmle itham eden Feth b. Hakan olmak üzere 8 ELUoRN WDEDNkW \D]DUÕ RQXQ HQWHOHNWHOGHULQOL÷LQHGLNNDWoHNPLú øEQ+DOGXQLVHPXVLNvYHúLLUGHNLXVWDOÕ÷ÕQÕGLOH JHWLUPLúWLU 9 øEQ %kFFH’nin ö÷UHQFLOHULQLQ EDúÕQGD ED]Õ ULVDOHOHULQL NHQGLVLQH KLWDEHQ \D]GÕ÷Õ\DNÕQGRVWX Ebu’l Hasen Ali b. Abdülaziz b. el-øPDP\HUDOPDNWDGÕU 10 øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ HVHUOHUL øEQ¶O øPDP¶ÕQ \DSPÕú ROGX÷X LVWLQVDKOD JQP]H XODúPÕúWÕU11 $\QÕ]DPDQGDøEQX¶OøPDP, øEQ%kFFH¶QLQHVHUOHULQLWRSODPÕúYHbu derlemenin JLULú NÕVPÕQGDGDKHPG|QHPLQIHOVHILJHOLúLPLQHYHKHPGHKRFDVÕQDGDLU|QHPOLELOJLOHU DNWDUPÕúWÕU 12 øEQ (Eû Useybia¶QÕQ |÷UHQFLVL RODUDN ]LNUHWWL÷L LNLQFL ELU LVLP GH øEQ 5úG’dür. 13 Yine ö÷UHQFLOHULDUDVÕQGDROGX÷XLGGLDHGLOse de øEQ7XIH\ONHQGLVLLOH karúÕODúPDGÕNODUÕQÕLIDGHHWPLúWLU 14 Sarakusta¶QÕQ 0XUDEÕWODUWDUDIÕQGDQDOÕQÕS øEQ7LIHOYvW¶LQ(ö. 1117) vali tayin ediOPHVLQGHQVRQUDøEQ%kFFH¶QLQKD\DWÕQGD YH]LUOLNG|QHPLEDúODU 15 øEQ7LIHOYvW¶LQ ölümünden veya úHKULQ +ULVWL\DQODUWDUDIÕQGDQLVWLOkHGLOPHVLQGHQVRQUD iseøEQ%kFFH EXUDGDQD\UÕOÕUùkWLEH¶de (Jevita) EXOXQGX÷XHVQDGD(EøVKDNøEUDKLPE<XVXIE 7DúILQWDUDIÕQGDQPXKWHPHOHQ]ÕQGÕNOÕNLWKDPÕLOHKDSVHDWÕOÕU 16 5LYD\HWOHUHJ|UHøEQ. 8 Feth b. Hâkân el-Kaysî, Kalâ’idu’l-‘ikyân ve mehâsinu’l-‘a’yân, Mektebetü’l-menâr, Ürdün, 1989, ss. 931-932. 9 $\GÕQOÕ ³øEQ %kFFH”, 7UNL\H 'L\DQHW 9DNIÕ øVODP $QVLNORSHGLVL 'ø$

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(21) 0LOOL (÷LWLP %DNDQOÕ÷Õ <D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO, c. 5/2, s. 704..

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(23) HVHUOHULQH EDNÕOGÕ÷Õ WDNGLUGH 23 DQD WHPDQÕQ IH\] IHOVHIHVL ]HULQH NXUXOGX÷X J|]H oDUSDU (QGVOV¶WH LVH DQWLN ELOLPOHUL |÷UHWPHNOH ú|KUHW EXODQ .XUWXEDOÕ ELOJLQ (E 8EH\GH 0VOLP E $KPHG HO-Belensî (ö. 295 h.) 24 ve 17 Bkz. Ömer Ferruh, øEQ%DFFHYH¶O-felsefetü’l-MD÷ULEL\\H, Mektebetü’l-meymene, Beyrut, 1945, s. 24. 18 øEQ¶O.Õftî, øKEDUX O-‘ulema’ bi-ahbâri'l-hukemâ’, Daru'l-kütübi'l-ilmiyye, Beyrut, 2005, s. 299. 19 øEQ¶O.ÕIWva.g.e., s. 299; øEQ+DOOLNkQVefeyâtü’l a’yân ve enbâu ebnâi’z- zamân, Dâru’sVkGÕU%H\UXW,9VøEQ(E8VD\ELDa.g.e., s. 516; Makkarî, a.g.e., IV, ss. 12-øEQ%kFFH “Risâletü’l-vedâ”, Resâ’LOøEQ%kFFHHO-ilâhiyyeQúU0kFLG)DKUvEV'kUX¶Q-nehâr, Beyrut, 1991, s. 113. 20 Sâid el-Endelüsî, Tabakatü’l-ümem/Milletlerin Bilim TarihioHY5DPD]DQùHúHQ7UNL\H YD]PD(VHUOHU.XUXPX%DúNDQOÕ÷Õ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV 21 Mehmet Özdemir, “Endülüs”, 7UNL\H 'L\DQHW 9DNIÕ øVODP $QVLNORSHGLVL 'ø$

(24) , Türkiye 'L\DQHW9DNIÕ 7'9

(25) <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD5, c. 11, ss. 221-222. 22 øEQ &OFO Tabakâtü’l-eWÕEEk YH¶O-hukemâ, thk. Fuad Seyyid, Mektebetü’l-müsenna, %D÷GDWW\VV-87. 23 øEQ&OFOa.g.e,. ss. 87-88. 24 Sâid el-Endelüsî, a.g.e., s. 170..

(26) 4. QLKD\HW (QGOV %DWÕQv IHOVHIHVLQLQ NXUXFXVX RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHQ YH E|OJHGH kendisinden sonra da devam edecek bir eNRO EÕUDNDQ 0XKDPPHG E $EGXOODK E Meserre el-%kWÕQvHO-Cebelî (ö. K

(27) NDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNDU øEQ0HVHUUHoL]JLVLQGHQLVH øVPDLOE$EGXOODKHU-Ruaynî, Ebu’l Abbas es-6ÕQKkFÕøEQ¶O$UvI öK

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(29) YHøEQ6HE¶vQ ö. 669 h.) gibi ünlü isimler devam eder. 25 (QGOV <DKXGL )HOVHIHVL¶QLQ QO ILOR]RIX øEQ &HELURO de (ö. K

(30) øEQ %kFFH¶GHQ|QFHIHOVHIvELUVLVWHPNXUPXúYHEXPLQYDOGHHVHUOHUWHOLIHWPLúWLU2QXQ IHOVHIL J|UúOHUL GH (QGOVO øEQ 0HVHUUH HNROQGH ELOLQHQ úHNOL\OH E\N ölçüde <HQL (IODWXQFXOX÷D YH VXGU WHRULVLQH GD\DQÕr.. 26. hONHQ øEQ &HELURO¶Q øVODP. kOHPLQFHPHoKXONDOGÕ÷ÕQÕYHEX\]GHQøEQ%kFFH¶QLQ(QGOV¶WHLONILOR]RIWHODNNL HGLOGL÷LQL EXQXQ VHEHELQLQ GH RQXQ HVHULQL $UDSoD \D]PDVÕQD UD÷PHQ WDNLEDW yüzünden esHULQøEUDQLFHYH/DWLQFHWHUFPHOHULQLQ\D\ÕOPDVÕROGX÷XQXV|\OHU 27 hoQF \]\ÕOGDQ G|UGQF \]\ÕOD NDGDU GHYDP HGHQ EX G|QHPLQ JHQHO NDUDNWHULVWL÷L LOPv KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ GDKD oRN ELUH\VHO oDED YH \|QOHQGLUPHOHUOH VD÷ODQPDVÕGÕU )HOVHIHQLQ 'R÷X¶GDQ %DWÕ¶\D WDúÕQPDVÕ GD D\QÕ úHNLOGH LON RODUDN (QGOVO WDOLSOHULQ %D÷GDW %DVUD 'ÕPHúN ùDP

(31) YH 0ÕVÕU¶D JLGHUHN WHPHO øVODPL ilimlerin \DQÕVÕUDPDQWÕNYHIHOVHIvLOLPOHUL|÷UHQPHVLLOHPPNQROPXúWXU 28 '|UGQF\]\ÕOGDQLWLEDUHQ(PHYv(PvUL,,+DNHP¶GHQDOGÕ÷ÕVL\DVvGHVWHNOH LYPH ND]DQDQ YH E\N ELU JHOLúPH ND\GHGHQ LOLP YH NOWU KD\DWÕ LoLQ \HQL ELU G|QHPLQ NDSÕODUÕ DoÕOÕU Bu dönemde ülkede WDP DQODPÕ\OD ELU LOLP VHIHUEHUOL÷L EDúODWÕOÕr, alimler desteklenir, 0ÕVÕU %D÷GDW JLEL birçok 'R÷X bölgesinden temel eserler JHWLUWLOLU YH.XUWXED úHKULünlü saray kütüphanesi ile birlikte çok önemli bir ilim ve kültür merkezi haline gelir. 29 KoNNUDOOÕNODU 7DYkLI¶O0ON

(32) G|QHPLQGH ise (400 h.) devlet deste÷L ]LUYH\H XODúÕU YH .XUWXED¶GDQ \D\ÕODQ ilmi ve kültürel. 25 Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî, )HOVHIL0LUDVÕPÕ]YH%L]oHY$6DLG$\NXW.LWDEHYLøVWDQEXO 2003, ss. 181-186. 26 6DKEkQ+DOvIkW³øEQ &HELURO´7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕøVODP$QVLNORSHGLVL 'ø$

(33) , Türkiye 'L\DQHW9DNIÕ 7'9

(34) <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDFV 27 +LOPL =L\D hONHQ ³(QGOV 0HNWHEL øEQ %kFFH´ øVODP 'úQFHVL 7UN 'úQFHVL $UDúWÕUPDODUÕQD*LULú, 2. EVhONHQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV 28 el-Endelüsî, a.g.e., ss. 170-173. 29 el-Endelüsî, a.g.e., s. 172..

(35) 5. birikim, (QGOV¶QGL÷HUúHKLUOHULQde de büyük bir KDUHNHWOLOL÷Hneden ROXUøKYkQ-Õ Safâ risalelerini Endülüs’e getiren Mesleme b. Ahmed el-Mecritî ve bölgenin din DOJÕVÕQDE\NHWNLHGHQYHPDQWÕNDODQÕQGDNLNDWNÕODUÕLOHGHELOLQHQøEQHazm ise bu G|QHPHGDPJDVÕQÕYXUDQLVLPOHUGLU 30 4/10. \]\ÕOÕQ VRQXQGD (QGOV¶WH IHOVHIH YH PDQWÕN ilimleri ve bu ilimlerle X÷UDúDQLQVDQODUtecrit HGLOPH\HEDúODnGÕ÷ÕLoLQ11-12.yy’a kadar bu ilimlerHUD÷EHW olmaz. 31 'ROD\ÕVÕyla daha çok bireysel ve içe dönük devam eden felsefî bilimler de 0XYDKKLGv'HYOHWL¶QHNDGDUFLGGLELUJHOLúLPJ|VWHUHPHPLúWLU. 32 $\GÕQOÕ IHOVHIHQLQ (QGOV¶H JHo JLULúLQH LON VHEHS RODUDN VL\DVDO WXWXPXQ LVWLNUDUVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQÕ LNLQFL RODUDN GD EDVNÕ XQVXUXQD G|QúHQ XOHPk\Õ ]LNUHGHU YH IHOVHIHQLQ (QGOV¶WH oR÷X ]DPDQ KLPD\H\H PXKWDo ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN JHOLúLPLQL VUGUG÷QEHOLUWLU8OHPkQÕQYHKDONÕQDQWLSDWLVLEXLOLPOHUOHX÷UDúDQODULoLQNIU ve ilhat LWKDPODUÕQD NLWDSODUÕQ \DNÕOÕS \RN HGLOPHVLQH Kapis ve öldürülme gibi FH]DODQGÕUPDODUDNDGDUYDUDELOPLúWLU$PDEXQXQODEHUDEHUøEQ%kFFHøEQ7XIH\OYH øEQ5úGJLELGQ\DFDQOILOR]RIODUGDD\QÕ(QGOV¶WH\HWLúPLúWLU 33. III.. <DúDGÕ÷Õ'|QHPLQ*HQHOg]HOOLNOHUL. øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ IHOVHIHVLQH JHoPHGHQ |QFH EX DOW \DSÕ\Õ ROXúWXUDQ WHPHO GLQDPLNOHUL YH LoLQGH \DúDGÕ÷Õ G|QHPLQ VRV\RSROLWLN |]HOOLNOHULQL NÕVDFD J|]GHQ JHoLUPHNRQXQIHOVHIHVLQLGDKDL\LDQODPDPÕ]D\DUGÕPFÕRODFDNWÕU. 30 %XUKDQ .|UR÷OX øEQ %DFFH´ 'R÷X¶GDQ %DWÕ¶\D 'úQFHQLQ 6HUYHQL ed. Bayram Ali dHWLQND\DøQVDQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOFV 31 Muhammed Sagîr Hasan el-0D¶VPv ³øEQ %DFFH´ oHY øOKDQ .XWOXHU øVODP 'úQFHVL TarihiHG00XKDPPHGùHULIEVøQVDQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOFV 32 0XVWDID<ÕOGÕ](QGOV¶WH)HOVHIH'LQYH6L\DVHWøOLúNLVLgWNHQ1HúUL\DWøVWDQEul, 2016, s. 37. 33 <DúDU$\GÕQOÕøEQ%kFFH¶QLQøQVDQ*|Uú, s. 3..

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(37) -

(38) G|QHPLQH úDKLWOLN HGL\RUGX %X G|QHPGH (QGOV WH NUDOOÕNODU DUDVÕQGD EDúOD\DQ VDYDúODU YH EXQXQ QHWLFHVL RODUDN E|OJHQLQLVWLNUDUVÕ]ODúDUDNGÕúWHKGLWOHUHDoÕNKDOHJHOPHVLyaúDQDQVL\DVLROD\ODUÕQen |QHPOLVLRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNDU. Bu durum KHPHQDUNDVÕQGDQ+ULVWL\DQNUDOOÕNODUÕQÕQ Reconquista (yeniden fetih) hareketini EDúODWPDODUÕna zemin WHúNLO HWPLú YH WHKOLNH 0VOPDQ FHSKHGH DQFDN 7XOH\WXOD GúWNWHQ VRQUD IDUN HGLOHELOPLúWLU.. Bunun. üzerine bD]ÕHPLUOHU YH XOHPD .X]H\ $IULND GD KNP VUHQ0XUDEÕWODUGDQ \DUGÕP WDOHSHWPLúYH 0XUDEÕWRUGXVXnun art arda ND]DQGÕ÷Õ]DIHUlerden sonra, E|OJHGHQDOÕQDQ GHVWHNOH (QGOV 0XUDEÕWODU 'HYOHWL¶QLQ -

(39) VÕQÕUODUÕQD GDKLO HGLOPLúWLU +ULVWL\DQODUDNDUúÕE\NELU]DIHUHOGHHGHUHN(QGOV¶NXUWDUDQYHEXUDGD\DNODúÕN DOWPÕúVHQHKNPVUHQEXKDQHGDQELUVUHVRQUDWHNUDURUWD\DoÕNDQLoNDUÕúÕNOÕNODUD NDUúÕLVHGR÷UXELUVL\DVHWL]OH\HPHGL 34 øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ GH ELU G|QHP YH]LUOLN \DSDUDN LoLQGH EXOXQGX÷X 0XUDEÕWODU (1056-1147)GHYUDOGÕ÷Õ LOLP YH NOWU PLUDVÕQDGDLU GHVWH÷LQLGDKDoRN GLQv LOLPOHU VDKDVÕQGD J|VWHUGL %X G|QHPGH NDGÕOÕN PHVVHVL HQ VW G]H\GH \HWNLOHQGLULOPLú GHYOHW LúOHULQLQ YH LOPv IDDOL\HWOHULQ VH\ULQL 0DOLNv IDNLKOHUL EHOLUOHPLú GROD\ÕVÕ LOH NHOkP IHOVHIH PDQWÕN DVWURQRPL JLEL LOLPOHUH NDUúÕ ROXPVX] ELU WXWXP LoHULVLQH JLULOPLúWLU g]HOOLNOH $OL E <XVXI G|QHPLQGH \HWNLOHUL GDKD GD DUWÕUÕODQ IXNDKk EX LOLPOHUL HQJHOOHPHN LoLQ WUO \ROODUD EDúYXUDELOPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ YHULOHQ IHWYDODU neticesinde, Gazzâlî’nin øK\k¶µXOPL¶G-dîn DGOÕHVHULYH\DøEQ+D]P¶ÕQHVHUOHULJLEL ED]ÕNHOkPYHIHOVHIHNLWDSODUÕ\DVDNODQPÕúYH\DNÕOPÕúWÕU(VHUOHULQDNÕEHWLEXúHNLOGH LNHQHVHUVDKLSOHUL]ÕQGÕNOÕNODLWKDPHGLOPLúNÕQDQPÕúYH\DVUOPúOHUGLU+HUúH\H UD÷PHQ EX G|QHPGH N|NO JHOHQH÷LQ GH HWNLVL LOH \LQH KHU DODQGD E\N kOLPOHU \HWLúPH\HGHYDPHWPLúWLU. 35. 34. Mehmet Özdemir, a.g.e., s. 215. $GQDQ $GÕJ]HO el-0HKGv 0XKDPPHG øEQ 7XPHUW YH 0XKDYYLGOHU 'HYOHWL¶QLQ .XUXOXúX (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1998, ss. 32, 54; Mehmet g]GHPLU³0XUDEÕWODU´7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕøVODP$QVLNORSHGLVL 'ø$

(40) 7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕ 7'9

(41) <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDc. 31, s. 154. 35.

(42) 7. (QGOV¶WH0Húúkî JHOHQH÷LQEDúODWÕFÕVÕRODUDNJ|UOHQøEQ%kFFHGHHVHUOHULQL böyle bir buhran döneminde RUWD\DNR\PXúWXU$\UÕFD\DYDú\DYDúo|NúHJLGHQELU GHYOHWOH PXKDOLI ELU VHV RODUDN \NVHOHQ 0XYDKKLGOHULQ GHYOHWOHúPH VUHFLQL J|]OHPOH\HUHN IHOVHIHVLQH LPNDQ DUD\DQ ILOR]RI JHoLúLQ ELOLQoOL YH\D ELOLQoVL] PLPDUODUÕQGDQELULRODFDNWÕU Hâkimiyeti MuUkEÕWODUÕQHOLQGHQDODQYH önceki yönetime muhalif ELUDQOD\Õú üzerinden kurarak E|OJHGH\HQLELUG|QHPLQEDúODWÕFÕVÕROan Muvahhidler ise (11301269), tDULK VDKQHVLQH LON RODUDN 0XUkEÕWODU¶ÕQ GLQ DQOD\ÕúODUÕQÕ ÕVODK HWPH DPDFÕ JGHQ ELU KDUHNHW RODUDN oÕNWÕODU+DUHNHWLQNXUXFXVX øEQ 7PHUW 0DOLNv IDNLKOHULQ WDNOLWoLYHGDUNDOÕSOÕGúQFHVLVWHPOHULQLHOHúWLUPLúKHUDODQGDWDNOLGLEÕUDNÕSKur’an YH 6QQHW¶H G|Qú WHPHO DODQ ELU \RO L]OHPLúWLU 36 Hareketin resmen bir devlet KYL\HWLND]DQPDVÕLVH

(43) RQXQYHIDWÕVRQUDVÕQGD$EGOP¶PLQHO-Kûmî WDUDIÕQGDQJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU. 37 0XYDKKLGOHUG|QHPLQGHNÕUDDWWHIVLUKDGLVJLELDODQODUDROGX÷XJLELNHOkP IHOVHIHWÕSNLP\DHGHEL\DWWDVDYYXIJLELDODQODUDGDGHYOHWGHVWH÷LVD÷ODQPÕúYHLOPv YH NOWUHO DODQGDNL JHOLúPHOHULQ |Q DoÕOPÕúWÕU 38 %X GHVWH÷L &kELUv NOWUHO ELU GHYULPRODUDNRNXUYHEXGHYULPLQWHPHOVORJDQÕQÕQGDKHUDODQGD³WDNOLGLWHUNHWPHN YH DVÕOODUD G|QPHN´ ROGX÷XQX KDWÕUODWÕU 0D÷ULS¶WH JHOLúHQ IHOVHIH HNROQQ DVÕOODUÕ yeniden okumaVÕ LVH Aristo felsefesinin yeniden okunmaVÕ DQODPÕQD JHOPHNWHGLU.39 'ROD\ÕVÕ LOH EX KDUHNHWOLOLN IHOVHIH oDOÕúPDODUÕQD GD \DQVÕU %XQD G|QHPLQLQ VXOWDQÕ Mansur Yakup b. Yusuf’un (ö. 595 h) ilim IDDOL\HWOHULQHID]ODVÕ\OD|QHPYHUPHVLYH øEQ 7XIH\O YH øEQ 5úG JLEL ILOR]RIODUÕ KLPD\HVLQH DOPDVÕ |UQHN J|VWHULOHELOLU40 6XOWDQøEQ5úG¶H$ULVWR¶QXQHVHUOHULQLúHUKHWPHJ|UHYLQLYHUHUHNWDULKvELUVUHFLQ EDúODPDVÕQD VHEHS ROPXúWXU %LOLQGL÷L JLEL øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ oDEDODUÕ LOH EDúOD\ÕS øEQ 5úG¶OH]LUYH\HRWXUDQ(QGOV)HOVHIH2NXOX¶QXQYH$ULVWR¶QXQELOLPWHPHOOLRODUDN. 36 Mehmet Özdemir, “Muvahhidler”, 7UNL\H 'L\DQHW 9DNIÕ øVODP $QVLNORSHGLVL 'ø$

(44) , 7UNL\H'L\DQHW9DNIÕ 7'9

(45) <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDc. 31, s. 411. 37 Özdemir, “Muvahhidler”, a.g.e., s. 410. 38 $GÕJ]HOa.g.e., s. 20. 39 el-Câbirî, a.g.e., s. 233. 40 Özdemir, “Muvahhidler”, s. 411..

(46) 8. \HQLGHQ RNXQPDVÕ IDDOL\HWLQLQ HWNLOHUL $YUXSD 5|QHVDQV¶ÕQD YH $YUXSD ELOLP DQOD\ÕúÕQDHWNLHWPLúWLU. 41. b. øOPv*HOLúPHOHU<|Q\OH'|QHPøQFHOHPHVL 'R÷X¶GDNLLOPvJHOLúPHOHULQLONRODUDNVH\DKDWOHUOHWDNLSHGLOGL÷LQLGDKDVRQUD HVHUOHULQ KHP ELUH\VHO KHP GH GHYOHW GHVWH÷L LOH E|OJH\H ND]DQGÕUÕODUDN 'R÷X %DWÕ DUDVÕQGD VÕNÕ ELU ED÷ÕQ ROXúWXUXOGX÷XQX GDKD |QFH LIDGH HWPLúWLN %X ED÷ VD\HVLQGH 'R÷X¶GDNL YDU RODQ ELULNLPLQ DOÕQÕS E|OJHQLQ NHQGLQH has özellikleri ile birlikte yeniden üretilip DNWDUÕOPDVÕ LOPv YH NOWUHO DoÕGDQ SHN oRN JHOLúPH\L EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPLúWLUg]HOOLNOHEX\|Q\OHGúQOG÷QGH%DWÕøVODP'Q\DVÕVRQUDVÕQGDKHP 'R÷X¶\DKHPGH$YUXSD¶\DHWNLHGHELOHFHNELUG]H\HXODúPÕúWÕU 42 %XJHOLúPHOHULQVH\ULKHU]DPDQD\QÕKÕ]GDYHD\QÕúHNLOGHROPDVDGD(QGOV KHU ]DPDQ PPELW ELU DUD]L JLEL UQ YHUPH\H GHYDP HWPLúWLU $QFDN ULYD\HWOHUH EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕWDNGLUGHEXVDQÕOGÕ÷ÕNDGDUNROD\ROPDPÕúWÕU(QGOVYHULPOLROGX÷XNDGDU ELU R NDGDU GD HQJHOOHULQ ROGX÷X ELU GQ\DGÕU 'HYOHW GHVWH÷L \|QHWLPLQ DQOD\ÕúÕQD J|UH IDUNOÕOÕN DU] HGHELOGL÷L LoLQ JHOLúPHOHU GH EX GH÷LúLNOL÷H oR÷X ]DPDQ D\DN X\GXUPDNWD ]RUODQPÕúWÕU g]HOOLNOH EX GDOJDODQPDQÕQ ROXúPDVÕQD VHEHS RODQ DQD IDNW|UOHUGHQ ELUL RODUDN 0kOLNvOLN PH]KHELQLQ KkNLP DQOD\Õú YH WDU]Õ J|VWHULOHELOLU 7DEDQGDQ WDYDQD \DQVÕ\DQ EX DQOD\Õú VL\DVL GHVWHNOH ELUOLNWH ]DPDQOD ELU EDVNÕ XQVXUXQD G|QúPú YH VDGHFH IHOVHIv DODQGD GH÷LO SHN oRk ilmî ve kültürel sahada enJHOOH\LFLELUUROVWOHQPLúWLU 43 ,+LúDPG|QHPLQGH(Y]kLOL÷LQ\HULQLDODUDNUHVPvPH]KHSKYL\HWLND]DQDQ YH |]HOOLNOH 0XUDEÕWODU G|QHPLQGH HJHPHQ NOWU YH VL\DVHWLQ EHOLUOH\LFLOHUL RODQ. 41 %XUKDQ .|UR÷OX ³øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ $KODN YH 6L\DVHW 'úQFHVL”, 'vYkQ 'LVLSOLQOHU $UDVÕ dDOÕúPDODU'HUJLVL, 1996/1, s. 48. 42 Bkz. Philip K. Hitti, 6L\DVDOYH.OWUHOøVODP7DULKLoHY6DOLK7X÷%R÷D]LoL<D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXOFVV-922; Hilmi Ziya Ülken, “Descartes Öncesi Felsefi Etki”, çev. M. Alper 7X÷VX]øVODP'úQFHVL7DULKL, ed. 00XKDPPHGùHULIEVøQVDQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOF ss. 707-711. 43 Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî, Arap-øVODP$NOÕQÕQ2OXúXPXoHYø$NEDED.LWDEHYLbs., øVWDQEXOVV-444..

(47) 9. 0DOLNvOLN(QGOV¶WHLNLEXoXNDVÕUER\XQFDKNPVUPúWU*DUDXG\0DOLNvOL÷LQ EX \DSÕVÕQÕQ |QHPOL QRNWDODUÕQD GLNNDW oHNHU YH VRV\DO YH PDQHYv EXKUDQÕQ VHEHSOHULQGHQELULQLEX\DSÕQÕQPDQWÕ÷ÕQÕRUWD\DNR\DUDNDoÕNODPD\DoDOÕúÕU %XEDNÕú DoÕVÕQÕQ GD GHYOHWH YH WRSOXPD \DQVÕ\DQ DNVL NDWÕ bir PXKDID]DNkUOÕN úHNOLQGH ROPXúWXU %X ]LKQL\HWOH PFDGHOH HGHQ øEQ +D]P¶ÕQ oDEDODUÕQÕQ PH\YHVL LVH 0XYDKKLGOHU RODFDNWÕU 44 Watt ise 0XUDEÕWODU KDNNÕQGDNL LGGLDODUD WHPNLQOL \DNODúPDNOD ELUOLNWH G|QHPLQ EHOLUJLQ |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ ELUL RODUDN (QGOVO MüVOPDQODUÕQLONNH]0XUDEÕWODUG|QHPLQGHGLQOHULQLQYH0VOPDQWRSOXPODUÕQÕQ D\ÕUt HGLFLOL÷LQL IDUN HWWLNOHULQi YH GL÷HU WRSOXPODUGDQ D\UÕúPD\D EDúODGÕNODUÕQÕ zikreder. %XQXQ ELU QHWLFHVL RODUDN EX D\UÕúPD, VHNOHU H÷LOLPOL J|UOHQ KHU XQVXUX GÕúODPD\ÕEHraberinde getirir. 45 )HOVHIH DODQÕQGDNL JHOLúPHOHUH EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD LVH EX GDOJDODQPDODUGDQ FLGGL manada HWNLOHQHQ DPD \LQH GH VUHNOLOL÷LQL ND\EHWPH\HQ ELU WDEOR LOH NDUúÕODUÕ] %LOLQGL÷LJLEL(VNL<XQDQ¶GDQøVODPGQ\DVÕQDWHUFPHOHU\ROX\ODJHoHQIHOVHIHLOHUL NLDúDPDODUGDGLQv-NOWUHOKDY]DQÕQELULNLPLQLGHEQ\HVLQHNDWDUDN\HQLPHFUDVÕQGD DNÕúÕQDGHYDPHWPLúWLU%DWÕøVODPGQ\DVÕ'R÷X¶QXQHOGHHWWL÷L]HQJLQOL÷HGDKDJHo XODúPDNODELUOLNWHE|OJHQLQNHQGLQH|]J\DSÕVÕQGDQNÕVPHQGHROVDX]DNWDNDOGÕ÷Õ LoLQ IHOVHIH\L NHQGL Lo GLQDPLNOHUL LOH ELUOLNWH EQ\HVLQH GkKLO HGHELOPLúWLU. 46 Boer, 'R÷XNOWUQQEXUD\D\HS\HQLELUDQOD\ÕúWDU]ÕLOHLQWLNDOHWWL÷LQHLNLE|OJHQLQHQ SDUODNG|QHPOHULQLQDUDVÕQGDELU\]\ÕOROGX÷XQDGLNNDWoHNHU%X\]GHQ%DWÕøVODP PHGHQL\HWL 'R÷X¶\D QD]DUDQ GDKD JHQo GDKD PDKDOOLGLU DPD QD]DUL\HOHULQ oRNOX÷XQXQ VRQXo oÕNDUPD JFQ ]D\ÕIODWPDVÕ JHUoH÷LQGHQ KDUHNHWOH EXUDGDNL oHúLWOLOL÷LQD]ROPDVÕGDKDoRNHVHUYHULOPHVLVRQXFXQXGR÷XUPXúWXU$\UÕFD0DOLNvOLN GÕúÕQGDNL LWLNkGv PH]KHSOHULQ ELOH WDP RODUDN ELOLQPHPHVL YH NHODPv WDUWÕúPDODUD girilmemesi, burada ilmî ve felsefî \|QGHQIDUNOÕELUJHOLúLPoL]JLVLWDNLSHWWLUPLúWLU.47 Bu duruma dair LSXoODUÕQÕ øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ KDOHIL RODQ øEQ 7XIH\O¶LQ LIDGHOHULQGHQ de. 44 Roger Garaudy³øEQ%kFFH´(QGOV¶WHøVODP'úQFHQLQ%DúNHQWL.XUWXED, çev. Cemal $\GÕQEV7UN(GHEL\DWÕ9DNIÕ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOVV-114. 45 W. Montgomery Watt, Pierre Cachia, Endülüs TarihioHY&($GÕJ]HO4ùNURY EV.UH<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOVV-107. 46 el-Câbirî, )HOVHIL0LUDVÕPÕ]YH%L], s. 258. 47 T. J. Boer, øVODP¶GD)HOVHIH7DULKL, çev. <DúDU.XWOXD\%DONDQR÷OX0DWEDDFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO 1960, s. 123..

(48) 10. oÕNDUDELOL\RUX] øEQ 7XIH\O (ö. 581 h.) +D\\ E <DN]DQ DGOÕ QO HVHULQLQ JLULú NÕVPÕQGD (QGOV¶WHNL ELOLP YH IHOVHIHQLQ JHOLúLPLQH GDLU ELU L]DKDWWD EXOXQXU (QGOV¶WH PDQWÕN YH IHOVHIHQLQ \D\JÕQODúPDVÕQGDQ |QFH NHVNLQ ]HNkOÕ NLPVHOHULQ ömürlerini matematik bilimleri ile tükettiklerini, bu bilimlerde yüksek bir düzeye JHOVHOHU GH VWQH EDúND ELU úH\ HNOHPH\H Jo \Htiremediklerini, sonraki neslin de PDQWÕNODX÷UDúWÕ÷ÕQÕYHKDNLNDWHELUD]GDKD\DNODúWÕ÷ÕQÕIDNDWKLoNLPVHQLQøEQ%kFFH NDGDU VD÷ODP YH RULMLQDO ILNLUOL RODPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ LIDGH HGHU <DOQÕ] RQXQ GD GQ\D PHúJDOHVLQHNDSÕOÕSHVHUOHULQLWDPDPOD\DPDGÕ÷ÕQÕHNOHU%XQDUD÷PHQøEQ%kFFH¶QLQ oD÷GDúODUÕQGDQ KHUKDQJL ELULQLQ WHOLILQH UDVWODPDGÕNODUÕQÕ NHQGL oD÷GDúODUÕQÕQ ELOH KHQ]DUDúWÕUPDVHYL\HVLQGHROGXNODUÕLoLQPNHPPHOHVHUoÕNaraPDGÕ÷ÕQÕND\GHGHU. 48 %XUDGDøEQ7XIH\OVDGHFHEXUKDQDGD\DOÕIHOVHIHQLQJHOLúLPLQGHQ bahseder ama GDKD |QFH GH÷LQGL÷LPL] JLEL øEQ %kFFH¶GHQ oRN |QFH |]HOOLNOH øEQ 0HVHUUH YH |÷UHQFLOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ WHPVLO HGLOHQ Yeni Platoncu felsefeyi temsil eden bir ekolün vDUOÕ÷ÕGDV|]NRQXVXGXU.|UR÷OX¶QDJ|UH RQXQEXWDYUÕøEQ%kFFHLOHLYPHND]Dnan YHGDKDVRQUD øEQ5úG¶OHEHUDEHUPNHPPHOIRUPXQDXODúDQELOLPWHPHOOLDNÕOFÕ GLQOH IHOVHIH DUDVÕQGD VD÷OÕNOÕ ELU LOLúNL NXUPD\Õ KHGHIOH\HQ ]LKQL\HWLQ ELU WU \DQVÕPDVÕGÕU. 49 Câbirî¶\H J|UH LVH øEQ 7XIH\O¶L VXVWXUDQ IDNW|U VL\DVLGLU dQN R ]DPDQNLøEQ0HVHUUHFHPL\HWLùLvøVPDLOvLGHRORMLQLQ\D\ÕOPDVÕLoLQX÷UDúYHUPHNWH YH G|QHP G|QHP \|QHWLPOH UHNDEHWH JLUPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD (QGOV¶WH NXUXOX EWQ yönetimlerin en tehlikeli rakibi $EEDVLOHU ROGX÷X LoLQ øEQ 7XIH\O GH YDU RODQ genel VXVNXQOX÷DGkKLOROPXúWXU 50 øEQ 7XIH\O¶LQ NHQGL G|QHPLQH NDGDU RODQ LOPL JHOLúPHOHUH WHNUDU G|QHFHN ROXUVDN EX PHUKDOHOHU VÕUDVÕ LOH PDWHPDWLNOH LOJLOL LOLPOHU PDQWÕN LOPL YH QLKD\HW felsefe olarak veriOPHNWHGLU &HELU DVWURQRPL YH WÕS JLEL NDGvP LOLPOHUGH EX PHUKDOHOHUOHELUOLNWHJHOLúHUHNGHYDPHWPLúWLUøONLNLLOPvsaha, ciddî manada bir tepki LOH NDUúÕODúPDPÕúWÕU oQN WDUDIVÕ]GÕU 6|] NRQXVX NDYJDGD WDUDI RODQ WDELDW YH metafizik bilimleri ise egHPHQ NOWUH NDUúÕ JHOPHN YH DNÕO-QDNLO GHQJHVL]OL÷L DQODPÕQD JHOGL÷L LoLQ HVHU YH H÷LWLP YHUPH NRQXVXQGD G|QHP G|QHP HQJHOOHUH 48 49 50. øEQ7XIH\Oa.g.e., ss. 15-16. %XUKDQ.|UR÷OX³øEQ%kFFH¶QLQ$KODNYH6L\DVHW'úQFHVL´V el-Câbirî, a.g.e., s. 189..

(49) 11. WDNÕODFDNWÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ LOH EX VÕUDODPD WDPDPHQ GR÷DO ELU JHOLúLP VH\UL DQODPÕQD gelmez. 51 Endülüs’te GL÷HU ilmi alanlar gibi, felsefe de 'R÷X¶QXQELUX]DQWÕVÕRODUDN kabul edilir 2 GD LON RODUDN 'R÷X¶GDQ JHOPLú IDNDW ]DPDQ LoLQGH |]HUN ELU KD\DWL\HW ND]DQPÕúWÕU)HOVHIH(QGOV¶WHLONRODUDN)kUkEvYHøEQ6vQk¶QÕQDGÕPODUÕQÕL]OHPLú IDNDWNÕVDVUHGHELUELULQGHQROGXNoDIDUNOÕLNL\ROJHOLúPLúWLU%LUWDUDIWD(QGOVOOHU )kUkEv¶QLQ$ULVWRWHOHV¶LQGúQFHVLQLn JHOLútirilPHVLQH\|QHOLNSURMHVLQLVUGUPúOHU YHEXVUHoøEQ%kFFH¶GHQEDúODPÕúøEQ5úG ile ]LUYHVLQHXODúPÕúWÕU'L÷HU\DQGDQ GD |]HOOLNOH øEQ $UDEv JLEL ED]Õ ILOR]RIODU VIv oL]JLGHQ GHYDP HWPLú YH EX DODQGD E\NELUHWNLDODQÕROXúWXUPXúODUGÕU. 52 0Húúkî oL]JLEDúODWÕFÕVÕøEQ%kFFH¶GHQLWLEDUHQ 'R÷X¶QXQ DNÕO-nakil veya din-IHOVHIH WDUWÕúPDODUÕQD JLUPHNWHQ ]L\DGH GLQLQ YH IHOVHIHQLQJD\HOHULD\QÕ\|QWHPOHULIDUNOÕLNLD\UÕDODQROGX÷XQXYXUgulayarak yoluna GHYDPHWPLúWLU 53 øúUkNvoL]JLQLQSDUDGLJPDVÕLVHDQDKDWODUÕLOHdini felsefe ve feyz WHRULVL ]HULQH LQúD HGLOPLúWLU 7DEL EXUDGD \DSÕODQ NDWHJRULOHULQ ]DPDQ ]DPDQ ELUELUOHULDUDVÕQGDJHoLúNHQELU|]HOOLNJ|VWHULSJ|VWHUPHGL÷LD\UÕFDWDUWÕúÕODELOLU.. IV.. øEQ%kFFH)HOVHIHVL. %DWÕ¶GD øVODP IHOVHIHVL JHOHQH÷LQLQ 0Húúkî D\D÷ÕQÕ temsil eden YH D\QÕ ]DPDQGD WHPHO LOJL DODQODUÕ LOH NHQGLQH KDV ELU LVWLNkPHW ND]DQGÕUDQ øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ IHOVHIHVLELOLPHGD\DOÕNDUDNWHULLOH$ULVWRIHOVHIHVLQHGD\DQÕU)LOR]RIKem Aristo’nun ED]ÕHVHUOHULQH\DSWÕ÷ÕúHUKOHUOHKHPGHNHQGL|]JQoDOÕúPDODUÕLOHIHOVHIHGQ\DVÕQGD DGÕQGDQVÕNoDV|]HWWLULU <XNDUÕGDJHoWL÷L gibi øEQ7XIH\OøEQ%kFFH¶QLQ(QGOV¶WHR G|QHPH NDGDU NL HQ E\N ILOR]RI ROGX÷XQX V|\OHU 54 øEQ¶O ømâP¶D J|UH LVH øEQ %kFFH $ULVWRWHOHV¶L øEQ 6vQD YH *D]kOL¶GHQ GDKD L\L DQODPÕú YH \RUXPODPÕúWÕU. 55 %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH R 0Húúâî JHOHQH÷LQ VDGHFH ELU WDNLSoLVL veya yorumcusu olmakla \HWLQPHPLú, \HUL JHOGL÷LQGH EX JHOHQH÷H |]J NDWNÕODUÕQÕ GD VXQPD\Õ LKPDO 51. el-Câbirî, a.g.e., s. 188. Montada, a.g.e., s. 171. 53 el-Câbirî, a.g.e., s. 205. 54 øEQ7XIH\Oa.g.e., s. 16. 55 øEQ¶XOøPkPa.g.e., s. 177. 52.

(50) 12. HWPHPLúWLU. Bunlardan biri olarak Aristo’nun hareket tHRULVLQH NDUúÕ NHQGL WHRULVLQL ROXúWXUPDVÕJ|VWHULOHELOLU 56 øEQ%kFFHHYUHQWDVDYYXUXQX GDD\QÕúHNLOGH Aristo kozmolojisi üzerine kurar. %DWODP\XV 3WROHPHXV

(51) VLVWHPLQL HOHúWLUHUHN GDKD VRQUDVÕQGD øEQ 7XIH\O ve øEQ 5úG¶Q WDNLSoLVL ROGX÷X ELU \RO DoDU. Yine bu yoldan yürüyen ünlü astronom el%LWUFL WDUDIÕQGDQ \HQL ELU DVWURQRPL VLVWHPL NXUXOXU %X VLVWHP VDGHFH $ULVWR NR]PRORMLVLLOHX\XPOXELU\DSÕDU]HWPHNOHNDOPD]%DWODP\XV¶XQNXOODQGÕ÷ÕWHGYLU IHOHNOHUL QD]DUL\HVLQL UHGGHGHUHN 0HúUÕNv IH\] IHOVHIHVLQGHQ GH D\UÕ ELU \RO oL]PLú olur. 57 )HOVHIHYHPDQWÕNVDKDVÕQGDLVHGDKDoRN)kUkEL¶QLQHVHUOHULQGHQKDUHNHWHGHU +DWWD |÷UHQFLVL øEQX¶O øPkP¶D J|UH øEQ %kFFH $ULVWR¶\X DQODPDGD RQXQ NÕODYX]OX÷XQDEDúYXUXU 58 Platon’a ilgisi ile de dikkat çeken filozofun muhtemelen bu ED÷ODQWÕVÕ\LQH)kUkEL\ROX\ODNXUXOPXúWXU. 59 Yine de o, felsefî araúWÕUPDPHWRGXQGD ondan IDUNOÕ ELU \RO WDNLS HGHUHN DNOÕQ PHQúHL KDNNÕQGDNL NRQXODUD HO DWDU. 60 Genel olarak 0Húúkv ELUoL]JLGHVH\UHGHUYHVXGXU|÷UHWLVLne muhaliftir ama Yeni Eflatuncu fikirler de felsefesinde göze çarpar. øEQ %kFFH Ielsefesinin merkezine insanÕ \HUOHúWLULU øQVDQÕQ NHQGLQL NHúIHGHELOPHVLQLQYHVDDGHWHXODúDELOPHVLQLQLPNkQÕQÕDUDUøQVDQNoNHYUHQGLUYH evrenin tüm özelliklerini üzerLQGHWDúÕU(YUHQHVÕNÕVÕNÕ\DED÷OÕLQVDQÕIDUNOÕNÕODQWHN \|QDNÕOOÕROPDVÕGÕUøQVDQÕQVDDGHWLDNOÕQÕNXOODQPDVÕQGD\DWDU$NOLJHOLúLPLLVHRQX IDDODNODWDúÕUYHVDDGHWHXODúWÕUÕU 61 'ROD\ÕVÕLOHLQVDQSVLNRORMLVL]HULQHH÷LOLUNefs DQOD\ÕúÕtabiî LOLPOHUGkKLOLQGHJHOLúLUYHHQ\HWNLQG]H\GHmetafizik ve rasyonel bir boyut içerir. 62. 56 Lenn E. GoodPDQ³øEQ%kFFH´øVODP'úQFH7DULKLøVODP)HOVHIHVL7DULKL, ed. S. Hüseyin Nasr-2OLYHU/HDPDQoHYùgoDO-+7%DúR÷OX$oÕOÕP.LWDSøVWDQEXOFV 57 el-Câbirî, )HOVHIv0LUDVÕPÕ]YH%L], s. 192. 58 øEQX¶OøPkPa.g.e., s. 177. 59 $\GÕQOÕøEQ%kFFH¶QLQøQVDQ*|Uú, s. 4. 60 Ma’sûmî, a.g.e., s. 647. 61 øEQ%kFFH³øWWLVkO¶O-akl bi’l-insân”, Resâ’LOøEQ%kFFHHO-ilâhiyye, thk. Mâcid Fahrî, 2. bs., Dâru’n-nehâr, Beyrut, 1991, s. 166; Hasan Özalp, “(QGOV¶WH $NOL 'úQFHøEQ %kFFH”, øVODP Felsefesi TarihiHG%$OLdHWLQND\D*UDILNHU<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDFV 62 $\GÕQOÕøEQ%kFFHV.

(52) 13. øEQ%kFFH¶\HJ|UHELOJLVMHLOHREMHDUDVÕQGDELUED÷ÕQWÕROXSDNOvELULGUDN IDDOL\HWLGLU øQVDQ LGUDNL GX\XVDO KD\DOv YH DNOv DúDPDODUÕ NDWHWWLNWHQ VRQUD ruhaniOHúPHVUHFLQHJLUHUYHPVWHIad ND]DQÕOPÕú

(53) DNÕOG]H\LQHXODúÕU%XUDGDQGD DQODúÕOGÕ÷ÕJLELfilozofLQVDQÕQGX\XVDODOJÕGDQEDúOD\ÕSQLKDvG]H\GHPVWHIaGDNOÕ HOGHHGLúLQHNDGDU\NVHOHQHQWHOHNWHOJHOLúLPLQLPDQHYvELU\NVHOLúRODUDNJ|UU.63 øEQ Bâcce LQVDQÕQeylemlerinin hayvanî veya insanî LOJLOHUH J|UHROXúWX÷XQX kaydederøQVDQvtemâyülün WHPHO|]HOOL÷LDNOD\DQLLUDGH\HGD\DQPDVÕGÕUøUDGvVHoLP \DSDELOPH\HWLVLRQXKUYHVRUXPOXELUYDUOÕN\DSDU Hayvanî fiillerin temelinde ise nefsâni HWNLOHQLPOHU YDUGÕU YH LQVDQ DQFDN LUDGHVL LOH EX GX\JXODUÕ NRQWURO DOWÕQD alabilir. 64 øEQ%kFFH¶QLQVL\DVHWGúQFHVLLVH3ODWRQYH)kUkELLOHX\XPOXOXNDU]HGHU (UGHPOLWRSOXPGúQFHVLQHHUGHPOLLQVDQÕQJHOLúLPLQLLQFHOH\HUHNNDWNÕGDEXOXQXU Erdemli WRSOXPXQ WHPHOLQH ³VHYJL´\L \HUOHúWLULU 65 Tedbîru’l mütevahhid DGOÕ QO HVHULQGHVL\DVHWIHOVHIHVLQLQoDWÕVÕQÕNXUDU(UGHPOLROPD\DQWRSOXPGDHUGHPOLLQVDQÕQ QDVÕO\DúD\DFD÷ÕQÕWDUWÕúÕU 66 1LKDLWDKOLOGHVDDGHWHEXGQ\DGDXODúÕODELOHFH÷LQLLGGLD eder ve EXQXQ\ROODUÕQÕL]DKHGHU 67 Câbiri øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ LOPv oDOÕúPDODUÕQGDQ ]L\DGH EX oDOÕúPDODUÕQ JHQHO VH\ULQHYHPDQWÕ÷ÕQDGLNNDWoHNHU2QXQGLNNDWHúD\DQ\|QQQ|QFHOLNOHGR÷XQXQ NOWUHO ED÷ODUÕQGDQ \DQL ELU \DQGDQ NHOkP LOPLQLQ GL÷HU \DQGDQ PHúUÕNv NDOÕEÕQ JQRVWLNWHPHOOHULQGHQk]kGHELUIHOVHIHROXúWXUPDVÕROGX÷XQXV|\OHU%XVD\HGHRQXQ DNÕO-nakil, din-IHOVHIHX]ODúÕPÕSUREOHPDWL÷LQGHQYHGLQLQIHOVHIH\HIHOVHIHQLQGHGLQH dahil edilmesinde ELOLPLQ NXOODQÕOPDVÕ \DQOÕúÕQGDQ NXUWXOPXú ROGX÷XQD GH÷Lnir. %|\OHFHELOLPDQOD\ÕúÕQÕWHNUDU$ULVWRLOHEXOXúWXUXU%XVHEHSWHQGLUNLøEQ%kFFH¶QLQ GR÷XGDNLILOR]RIODUÕQEsûlucya YHEHQ]HULPHWLQOHUOHIRQNVL\RQHOOHúWLUGL÷L$ULVWR¶\X. 63. $\GÕQOÕa.g.e., s. 350. øEQ%kFFH³7HGEvUX¶O-mütevahhid”, Resâ’LOøEQ%kFFHHO-ilâhiyye, thk. Mâcid Fahrî, 2. bs., Dâru’n-Nehâr, Beyrut, 1991, ss. 46-48. 65 øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., s. 41. 66 øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., s. 43. 67 øEQ%kFFHøttisâlü’l-akl bi’l-insân, s. 166. 64.

(54) 14. GH÷LO³ELOLPDGDPÕ´$ULVWR\XWHPHODOGÕ÷ÕQÕYHIHOVHIHVLQGHELOLPVHOODLNELr tutum EHQLPVHGL÷LQHGLNNDWoHNHU 68. 68. el-Câbirî, )HOVHIL0LUDVÕPÕ]YH%L], s. 191..

(55) 15. %ø5ø1&ø%g/h0. 1.1. øQVDQÕQBilkuvve øPNkQ'DLUHVL øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ HVHUOHULQH EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD ELUH\GHQ EDúOD\DQ IHOVHIHVL YH o|]P |QHULOHULQLQ LQVDQÕQ PDKL\HW YH QLWHOL÷LQH LOLúNLQ NRQXODUOD GHVWHNOHQPLú ROGX÷XQX görürüz. øEQ %kFFH, “tek\DOQÕ] insan”a (mütevahhide) LQVDQÕQ KLND\HVLQL tekrar DQODWPD LKWL\DFÕ GX\DU 2QXQ EDúWDQ VRQD YDU ROXú oL]JLVLQL NHVNLQOHúWLULU YH ]RUOX \ROFXOX÷XQD KD]ÕUODU øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ WP oDEDVÕ VDQNL VDGHFH bu insana yöneliktir. dQN WHN LQVDQ EWQ LQVDQOÕ÷Õ LoLQGH WDúÕ\DQ YH VDGHFH NHQGL YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ NHPkOH XODúPDVÕQGD GH÷LO D\QÕ ]amanda evrenin kemâlinde de zevalinde de etkin rol VWOHQHFHN NLúLGLU g\OH NL LQVDQ NHPkOLQH HULúWL÷L DQ HYUHQLQ JD\HVL WDPDPODQPÕú RODFDNWÕU7HNlik, bu yüzden niceliksel anlamda bir teklikten daha ziyade, niteliksel bir WHNOL÷HDWÕIWÕUøPNkQGDLUHOHULQLQGHRQDJ|UHEXDoÕGDQIDUNHWWLULOPHVLLFDSHGHU Filozof, öncelikle LQVDQÕQ LPNkQ GDLUHOHULQL tabiî (cismani), hayvani ve akli ER\XWRODUDNoHD\ÕUÕUYHonun ELUWDUDIWDQNHQGLLoG]HQLQLGL÷HUWDUDIWDQGDkemâl DúDPDODUÕQÕEXúHNLOGHYDUOÕNNDGHPHOHUL]HULQGHQDoÕNODPD\DoDOÕúÕU %DúODQJÕoWDELU SRWDQVL\HO RODUDN EXOXQDQ GúQPH \HWLVLQLQ LQVDQÕQ DQODPD YH ELOPH VUHFL LoHULVLQGHHGLPVHOOHúHFH÷LQHYHEX\ROODVDDGHWHHUHFH÷LQHLúDUHWHGHU%XVDDGHWHQDVÕO HULúLOHELOHFH÷LQLDoÕNODPDNLoLQGHLQVDQUXKXQXQJHOLúLPLQLL]OHU 69. 1.1.1. øQVDQÕQ7DELvBoyutu: øEQ%kFFHLQVDQÕQYDUOÕNNDGHPHOHUL]HULQGHQGHYDPHGHQ JHOLúLPoL]JLVLni, ED÷OÕROGX÷XWDELDW\DVDODUÕLOHELUOLNWHLQFHOHU %XEDNÕPGDQRnun tabiat felsefesine en |QHPOLNDWNÕODUÕQGDQELULnin hareket teorisi ROPDVÕWHVDGILGH÷LOGLU.. 69. $KPHW&HYL]FL³øEQ%kFFH´Felsefe Tarihi, 6. bs., Say <D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV.

(56) 16. øEQ%kFFH$ULVWRWHOHV¶tHQPOKHPKHUúH\LQELUEDúNDúH\WDUDIÕQGDQKDUHNHW HWWLULOGL÷LLGGLDVÕQÕHOHDOÕU%XQXQDNDELQGHLVHRQGDQIDUNOÕELUGLQDPLNWHRULVLRUWD\D NR\DU YH EDúND ELU JFH NDWÕODELOHQ YH\D RQD GLUHQo J|VWHUHUHN NDUúÕ NR\DELOHQ mekanik güçlerden bahseder. YLQHVWDGÕQGDQD\UÕODUDNRUWDPÕQWDELvKDUHNHWOHULoLQ ]RUXQOX ELU úDUW ROPDGÕ÷ÕQD VDGHFH GLUHQo KÕ]ÕQÕ HWNLOH\HELOHFH÷LQH GH÷LQLU. 70 Bir QHVQHQLQKÕ]ÕQÕKDUHNHWHJHoLUHQNXYYHWOHGR÷UXRQDNDUúÕNR\DQNXYYHWOHWHUVRUDQWÕOÕ gören Aristoteles’iQDNVLQHøEQ%kFFHKÕ]ÕKDUHNHWHJHoLUHQNXYYHWOHRQDNDUúÕNR\DQ GLUHQo DUDVÕQGDNL IDUND HúLWOHPLú ROXU $TXLQDV YH 6FRWXV WDUDIÕQGDQ VDYXQXODQ EX J|Uú øEQ 5úG YH $OEHUW 0DJQXV WDUDIÕQGDQ UHGGHGilir ama Galileo, bu teoriyi $ULVWRFXJ|UúH\|QHOLNLONWHQNLGLQGHNXOODQPÕúWÕU 71 øEQ %kFFH GHYDPOÕ KDUHNHW KDOLQGH RODQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQ iki kutbuna yani madde ve sûUHW PHWDIL]L÷LQH GLNNDW oHNHUHN KDUHNHWLn temel ELOHúHQOHULQL DoÕNODPD\D oDOÕúÕU. Buna göre, vDUOÕN ]LQFLULQL YH DUDODUÕQGDNL KL\HUDUúLN \DSÕ\Õ EHOLUOH\HQ WHPHO |JH sûrettir ve mDGGHQLQVUHWOHELUOHúPHVL\OH“cisim”ler meydana gelir. 72 “Tabiat”, FDQVÕ] WDELv YDUOÕ÷ÕQ ³QHIV´ LVH FDQOÕ YDUOÕ÷ÕQ suretine denir. 73 Tabiat, dört unsurdan ibaret olan basit cisimlerden sonra, daha kompleks ELU\DSÕ\DVDKLSRODQ PDGHQLYDUOÕNODUGD son bulur YHVRQEXOGX÷XQRNWDGDQFDQOÕODUâOHPLQLQLONEDVDPD÷ÕRODQELWNLVHOnefse ittisâl eder. Böylece iQRUJDQLNYDUOÕNDODQÕ HOHPHQWN|NHQLLWLEDULLOHRUJDQLNYDUOÕN DODQÕQDoHúLWOLRUDQODUGDGkKLOROPXúolur. 2UJDQLNYDUOÕNDODQÕGDELWNLVHO ve hayvani ROPDN]HUHELUKL\HUDUúLNG]HQHVDKLSWLU 74 ÂOHPLGÕúDUÕGDQKHUKDQJLELUúH\HLKWL\DoGX\PD\DQFDQOÕELUYDUOÕ÷DEHQ]HWHQ filozof, EXúHNLOGHKHUYDUOÕ÷ÕQELUGL÷HULLOHLWWLVkOKDOLQGHROGX÷XQXYHNHQGLQH|]J ELUJD\H\HGR÷UXKDUHNHWHWWL÷LQLEHOLUWLU%XQDJ|UHâOHPGHERú\HUHYDUROPXúKLoELU úH\ \RNWXU YH JD\HOLOLN ]HUH NXUXOPXú RODQ EX YDUOÕN G]HQL ELUOL÷LQ ELU QHWLFHVL olarak ortaya çÕNDU 75 Bu birlik, metafizik âlemle ittisâl halinde kurulPXúWXU, tabiî âlemde devam eder ve tekrar metafizik âOHPH LWWLVkO HGHU %XQGDQ GROD\ÕGÕU NL øEQ 70. Montada, a.g.e., s. 176-177. /HQQ(*RRGPDQ³øEQ%kFFH´øVODP'úQFH7DULKLøVODP)HOVHIHVL7DULKL, s. 349. 72 øEQ %kFFH Kitabü’n-Nefs, thk. M. S. Hasan el-Ma’sûmî, Mecma’ul-O÷DWL¶O-Arabiyye, 'ÕPHúNV 73 øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., ss. 28, 38. 74 $\GÕQOÕøEQ%kFFH¶QLQøQVDQ*|Uú, ss. 35-øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., s. 42. 75 øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., s. 28. 71.

(57) 17. Bâcce’nin hareket teorisi, HVDVÕQGDDQODPÕQÕWDELDWIHOVHIHVLQLPHWDIL]L÷HED÷OD\DQELU köprü vazifesi ROPDVÕ\|QLOHND]DQÕUFi’l Müteharrik +DUHNHW(GHQ+DNNÕQGD

(58) DGOÕ eserinde, “her müteharrikin bir muKDUULNLYDUGÕU´ 76 ilkesinden hareketle ezelî hareketin ND\QD÷ÕRODQøON+DUHNHW(WWLULFL¶\LLVSDWODUYHDUDKDUHNHWHWWLULFLOHUGHQELULRODUDNGD ‘nefs’i VD\DU øQVDQ QHIVLQLQ ise irade gösterebilmesi nedeniyle VHoPH\H GD\DOÕ bir hareket |]HOOL÷LQH VDKLS ROGX÷XQX YXUJXODU Bu seçim de daima bir gayeye matuf olarak hareket eder ki, bu da LQVDQLoLQLúOHULQHQVWQRODQL\LQLQHOGHHGLOPHVLGLU77 Neticede bu teorinin pratik sonucu, muharrik ve müteKDUULN ROPD \|Q\OH YDUOÕ÷ÕQ FDQOÕOÕ÷DGR÷UXELUKDUHNHWYHDQODPND]DQPDVÕNXYYHGHQILLOHJHoLúDQODPÕQDJHOHQ EXKDUHNHWLQGHYDUOÕ÷ÕQNHPkOLQLJHUHNOLNÕOPDVÕúHNOLQGHRUWD\DoÕNDU. 1.1.2.. øQVDQÕQ3VLNRORMLNBoyutu. øEQ%kFFHIHOVHIvVLVWHPLQL³LQVDQ´ÕPHUNH]HDODUDNNXUGX÷XLoLQpsikolojiye (Ilmü’n-nefs) özel bir önem atfetmektedir. Filozof, bu konu ile alâNDOÕKitâbü’n-nefs DGÕ\ODELUHVHUNDOHPHDOPÕúGL÷HUHVHUOHULQGHGHLQFHOHPHOHULQHGHYDPHWPLúWLU2QD göre, “øONøONH¶\LNRQXalan ilmin (mHWDIL]LN

(59) GÕúÕQGD, EWQLOLPGDOODUÕDUDVÕQGDHQ üstün olan ilim, nefs ilmidir.” %XQGDQ GROD\Õ EWQ LOLP GDOODUÕQÕQ bu ilimle desteklenmesi gerekir. Hatta en son ilim olan metafizik için de nefs bilgisine sahip olmak gerekir. Çünkü nefsin YH DNOÕQ ELOJLVLQH XODúPDGDQ GL÷HU LOLPOHULQ LONHOHULQL NDYUDPDN PPNQ GH÷LOGLU. 78 øEQ %kFFH SVLNRORMLN LQFHOHPHOHULQL $ULVWRWHOHV¶WH ROGX÷X JLEL IL]LN WHPHOLQGH HOH DOÕU øQVDQL QHIVLQ VRQ QRNWDVÕ LVH UDV\RQHO YH metafiziksel bir karaktere bürünür. 79 9DUOÕ÷ÕQ NHPkOL FLVLPOH VUHWLQ LWWLVâOL LOH EDúODU 6UHW FLVPLQ NHPkOLGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ LOH QHIV GH EHVOH\LFL KLVVHGLFL YH DNOHGLFL ROPDN EDNÕPÕQGDQ FDQOÕ WDELv cismin ilk kemâlidir. 80. 76. øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., s. 25. øEQ %kFFH ³)L¶O 0WHKDUULN´ øEQ %kFFH¶QLQ ³)L¶O 0WHKDUULN´ øVLPOL 5LVDOHVL <DúDU AydÕQOÕ8OXGD÷hQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVLF6VV-23. 78 øEQ%kFFHKitabü’n-Nefs, ss. 29-30. 79 $\GÕQOÕøEQ%kFFH¶QLQøQVDQ*|Uú, s. 49. 80 Ma’sûmî, a.g.e., s. 648; øEQ%kFFHa.g.e., ss. 28, 38. 77.

(60) 18. &DQOÕ YDUOÕNODUÕ ELWNL KD\YDQ YH LQVDQ RODUDN oH D\ÕUDQ ILOR]RI EX YDUOÕN WUOHULQLQELUGL÷HULQGHki PQGHPLo|]HOOL÷LQGHQEDKVHGHU%XQDJ|UHHOHPHQWHr \DSÕ ile birlikte beslenme, üreme ve büyüme özellikleri bitkisel nefste, bitkisel nefsin |]HOOLNOHUL GX\XP YH KDUHNHWOLOLN |]HOOL÷L LOH ELUOLNWH KD\YDQi nefste, bütün bu nefs WUOHULLVHGúQPH\HWHQH÷LLOHELUOLNWHLQVDQLQHIVWHWRSODQÕU 81 1HIVLQEHVOHQPHKLVVHWPHKD\kOYHDNOHWPHJLELIRQNVL\RQODUÕQDEDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD EX\DSÕQÕQGDNHPkO]HUHNXUXOXROGX÷XQXIDUNHGHUL]%HVOH\LFLQHIVQHIVLQLONYH HQ EDVLW \HWNLQOL÷LGLU Duyumlayan nefs, GX\XP \HWHQH÷LQH VDKLS organik cismin \HWNLQOL÷LGLUHayal eden organik cismin ilk yetkinOL÷L RODUDNWDQÕPODQDQKD\DOJF (mütehayyile) ise GúQPH QkWÕND

(61) gücünde kemâle HUHU YH E|\OHFH LQVDQÕ GL÷HU FDQOÕODUGDQ D\ÕUDQ|]HOOL÷LGHYUH\HJLUPLúROXU. 82 øQVDQÕWDELDWWDNLGL÷HUYDUOÕNODUGDQD\ÕUDQQkWÕND yetisi, GúQHELOPH (tefekkür) ve iradî tercihlerde bulunabilme (ihtiyâr) özelliklerine sahiptir. 83 <DQL LQVDQÕQ ]RUXQOXOX÷DGD\DOÕ bir yönü olmakla ELUOLNWHVHoLPKUUL\HWLQHVDKLSROGX÷XLNLQFLELU LPNkQ DODQÕ daha YDUGÕU *DUDXG\ EX J|UúQ UXKOD EHGHQ DUDVÕQGD (IOkWXQFX ELU GXDOL]PLLoHUPHGL÷LQHGLNNDWoHNHUøEQ%kFFH¶\HJ|UHKD\YkQLUXK|]LWLEDUL\OHDNOv UXKD ]ÕW GH÷LO RQD WkELGLU %X \]GHQ RQXQ KHU G]H\L EX úHNLOGH ELUELUL LOH EWQOHúWLUHUHNHOHDOPDVÕJHQHORODUDNEWQPHVHOHOHUH\DNODúÕPWDU]ÕRODUDNJ|]H çarpar. 84 1HIVEHGHQHFDQOÕOÕNHPDUHOHULQLND]DQGÕUDQKDUHNHWVL]LONPXKDUULNWLU1HIVLQ hareket ilkesi ancak aletin/bedenin DUDFÕOÕ÷ÕLOHJHUoHNOHúLU 85 %LUJHPL\ROFXODUÕLoLQ QHDQODPDJHOL\RUVDEHGHQGHELUVUH\HNDGDUQHIVLoLQD\QÕDQODPDJHOPHNWHGLU ³ ø\LOL÷LQ

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