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Başlık: Mümtaz Soysal ve Kemalizm : 1960'lı yıllarda bitmemiş bir senfoniyi tamamlama girişimiYazar(lar):Cilt: 38 Sayı: 65 Sayfa: 395-412 Yayın Tarihi: 2019 PDF

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MÜMTAZ SOYSAL AND KEMALISM: AN ATTEMPT TO

COMPLETE AN UNFINISHED SYMPHONY IN THE 1960’S

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Abstract

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9DWDQ, 04.12.1961. 9DWDQ, 05.12.1961.

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