Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1282
Hydroponics Business Using Plastic Waste As The Application Of The Triple Bottom
Line Business Model To Support Business Conduct That Has Social Responsibility: The
Case Of Indonesia
I. Solihin
1, Fadhlan Ridhwana Sujana
2, Gina Apriyani
3, Adam Faritsal
4, D.J. Anderson
Butar Butar
5, Riski Taufik Hidayat
61Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia 2Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia 3Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia 4Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia 5Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia 6Faculty of Business and Management , Widyatama University , Bandung, Indonesia
1ismail.solihin@widyatama.ac.id,2adhlan.ridhwana@widyatama.ac.id,3gina.apryani@widyatama.ac.id, 4adam.faritzal@widyatama.ac.id,5anderson.butarbutar@widyatama.ac.id,6 riski.taufik@widyatama.ac.id
Article History: Received: 11 January 2021; Revised: 12 February 2021; Accepted: 27 March 2021; Published online: 10 May 2021
Abstract: This paper aims to describe the hydroponic business using plastic waste as an application of the triple bottom line
business model to solve three problems faced by the development of a country, namely the creation of profitable business fields; developing the quality of human resources and maintaining the quality of the environment. The triple bottom line model is adapted from the corporate social responsibility model proposed by John Elkington. The research was conducted using secondary data on the development of hydroponic businesses using plastic waste carried out by hydropnic business actors in Indonesia during 2020. The results show the role of hydroponic business in creating business fields when there is a decline in business fields due to the Covid 19 pandemic. The research also shows the development of the quality of human resources which can be seen from the increasing number of hydroponic business actors during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results also show the role of hydroponic businesses using plastic waste in maintaining the quality of the environment through indicators of reducing the amount of plastic waste that hydroponics practitioners throughout Indonesia can do.
Keywords: business field improvement, human resources development, environment, corporate social responsibility, triple
bottom line, Hydroponic, plastic waste, Covid pandemic 19
1. Preliminary
Since its first publication in 1997, the triple bottom line concept proposed by Elkington has attracted a very wide range of attention from both business circles and environmental activists. The triple bottom line concept put forward by Elkington then becomes an inspiration for the company to carry out various programs and activities that provide benefits to stakeholders affected by the company's activities. Kotler and Lee (2005) noted the various programs carried out by companies around the world as follows:
1. Cause Promotions
2. Cause Related Marketing. 3. Corporate Social Marketing. 4. Corporate Philanthropy. 5. Community Volunteering.
6. Socially responsible business practice (Community Development).
Another business model inspired by Elkington's Triple Bottom Line concept is a business model that can simultaneously carry out the dimensions of social responsibility such as maintaining profitable business activities while at the same time developing their human resources at the same time simultaneously contributing to maintaining the environment.
This paper aims to present the results of a study conducted on the implementation of hydroponic business using plastic waste to answer research questions:
1. Does the implementation of hydroponic business using plastic waste can increase the business field 2. Is the implementation of hydroponic business using plastic waste able to develop human resources for hydroponic business actors
3. Does the implementation of hydroponic business using plastic waste contribute to environmental preservation.
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1283
2.1 Corporate Social ResponsibilityAccording to Post (2002: 69), the company will simultaneously carry out three types of responsibilities to different stakeholders, where the three types of responsibilities must be carried out in a balanced manner. Emphasis on one type of responsibility alone will cause the company to run not optimally. The three types of responsibilities include: economic responsibility, legal responsibility and social responsibility.
Economic responsibility. Corporate companies are formed with the aim of generating optimal profits. In this connection, the managers of corporate companies have economic responsibility, including to shareholders in the form of company management that generates profits, where some of the profits will be distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends and some of the other profits are retained earnings. earning) which will increase the value of a company.
In addition to having economic responsibility to shareholders, corporate companies also have economic responsibility to creditors who have provided loans to the company. In this case, the manager of a corporate company has the responsibility in the form of providing a portion of the company's cash to pay the principal loan installments and interest on the maturing loan. The company's failure to fulfill its economic responsibility to its creditors will greatly affect the company's credit history and will result in a decrease in the company's share price. Legal responsibility. Although corporate companies are established to generate profits, in carrying out their operations, corporate companies must comply with various applicable laws and regulations, as a form of corporate responsibility.
Laws and regulations are made so that the company operates according to the expectations of the community. In addition, laws and regulations also help create a "business game arena" that is relatively fair for all business players in an industry that compete with one another. The goal to be achieved through law and regulatory enforcement is so that one company is not harmed by the actions of another competing company. As for example, in a situation of intense competition, a company that discharges hazardous liquid waste can gain a competitive advantage over its competitors by treating waste that does not comply with standards set by the government and disposing of liquid waste that is still hazardous to rivers. To prevent this, the government has obliged companies that produce liquid waste to have a Wastewater Treatment Plant (IPAL) and set a standard for water that can be discharged into rivers. In addition, the government has imposed sanctions for companies that violate provisions regarding liquid waste disposed of into rivers and penalizes companies that violate established laws and regulations in the form of fines and imprisonment.
Social responsibility. The third responsibility that must be carried out by the company is corporate social responsibility. Kotler and Lee (2005) provide a formulation of corporate social responsibility, as follows:
"Corporate social responsibility is a commitment to improve community well being through discretionary business practices and contributions of corporate resources"
In the definition above, Kotler and Lee emphasize the word discretionary in the sense that corporate social responsibility activities are solely a voluntary company commitment to contribute to improving community welfare and are not a business activity that is required by law and legislation such as an obligation to pay taxes or company compliance with labor laws. The word discretionary also gives the nuance that companies that carry out CSR activities must be companies that have obeyed the law in conducting their business, meaning that it is very inappropriate if CSR activities carried out by companies are only a kind of cosmetic to hide bad company practices in enforcing employees or committing various good cheating. in making financial reports and fraud against the environment.
Carroll (1979) describes the components of corporate social responsibility into four categories, namely economic responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, legal responsibilities and discretionary responsibilities. The definitions of each category of social responsibility are as follows:
1. Economic responsibilities. The main social responsibility of the company is the responsibility of the economy because business institutions consist of economic activities that produce goods and services for the community profitably.
2. Legal responsibilities. The community hopes that the business is carried out by complying with applicable laws and regulations, where the laws and regulations are essentially made by the community through the legislative body. For example, company obedience in paying taxes, obeying labor laws, etc., are the company's legal responsibilities
3. Ethical responsibilities. People expect the company to conduct business ethically. According to Epstein (1989: 584-585), business ethics shows the moral reflection carried out by business actors individually and institutionally (organizations) to assess an issue where this assessment is a choice of values that develop in a
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1284
society. Through these value choices, individuals or organizations will provide an assessment of whether something that is done is right or wrong, fair or not and has utility or not.4. Discretionary responsibilities. The community hopes that the existence of the company can provide benefits for them. The company fulfills this public expectation through various philanthropic programs.
The term Corporate Social Responsibility began to emerge in the early 1970s in the United States. Currently, as reported in a Fortune 500 review (Kotler and Lee, 2005: 5), there are various names used by various companies in the world to refer to activities that are in line with CSR, such as "Corporate Citizenship", "Community Development", "Community Giving ”Or“ Community Involvement ”.
The current trend, especially in the United States, shows an increase in both the number of donations made by companies to society and an increase in the number of corporate companies involved in CSR programs. According to the records of Giving USA (Kotler and Lee, 2005) the amount of assistance provided by for-profit corporations has increased from about $ 9.6 billion in 1999 to $ 12.19 billion in 2002. United States corporations that are involved in CSR activities according to a survey conducted by KPMG have increased from 35 percent in 1999 to 45 percent in 2002.
Another global trend currently occurring is the inclusion of considerations for companies implementing CSR in capital market activities. For example, the New York Stock Exchange has the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) for company stocks that are categorized as having corporate sustainability values with one of the criteria being the implementation of CSR (Sita Supomo, 2007). The DJSI has been practiced since 1999. Likewise with the London Stock Exchange which has the Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) Index and the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) which has owned FTSE4Good since 2001. This initiative has begun to be followed by stock exchange authorities in Asia, such as the Hangseng Stock Exchange. and the Singapore Stock Exchange. The consequence of these indices has prompted global investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, to invest in companies that already have the said index.
Although there have been very positive developments in the adoption of CSR programs by various global companies in all parts of the world, until now there is still controversy regarding the implementation of CSR programs by various companies in the world. In this case, there are groups that are pro to CSR implementation and on the other hand there are groups that are contra with CSR implementation.
Group Opinions That Support CSR Implementation.
According to the opinion of groups that support the implementation of CSR, they argue that social responsibility managers do not only generate profits, but they also have an obligation to protect and improve the welfare of society in a broad sense. Robbins and Coulter (2003: 114) call this perspective on expanded social obligations The Socioeconomic View of Social Responsibility.
This group believes that people's expectations of business have changed. Today, a corporate company is seen as no longer an independent entity that is only responsible to shareholders. They also have a broader responsibility where society at large has helped shape the laws and laws that regulate the business behavior of corporate companies and it is the community that supports the existence of corporate companies by becoming buyers of goods and services produced. In addition, supporters of CSR activities believe that corporate companies are not merely economic institutions. The community at large accepts it well and even supports it if business people are involved in various social problems.
To respond to community expectations regarding the role of companies that are thought to have experienced these companies, various corporate companies have formulated various forms of CSR programs that are tailored to the needs of the community and are thought to be good for the company. This CSR activity is, for example, reflected in the activities of Chevron, one of the largest energy companies in the United States. formulated in the form of The Chevron Way.
Opinion of Groups Opposing the Implementation of CSR.
Criticism of the implementation of CSR activities can basically be grouped into two categories: • CSR can hinder the operation of the free market system (free market)
One of the CSR critics who argues that CSR can hinder free market operations is the Nobel laureate economist, Milton Friedman. According to Friedman, the free market mechanism will determine the optimal allocation of
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1285
scarce resources. Friedman calls this mechanism market capitalism. The same applies to managers who act as agents of shareholders, so that the main task of these managers is to allocate resources owned by the company optimally. Thus, like the market, managers carry out a managerial capitalism mechanism (Baron, 2006). Friedman only justifies the implementation of CSR if the allocation of company resources for the CSR program contributes to the optimization of company profits in the same way that the activities of allocating company resources for other activities. If the resource allocation made by the company does not contribute proportionally to the allocation of resources for other activities that can contribute to maximizing the company's profit, then in this case the company manager has taken actions that are contrary to the interests of the shareholders.• CSR is considered only cynical and selfish.
This group criticizes the implementation of CSR by various corporate companies in the world which only aims to improve their reputation in the eyes of the public and government and not to improve the welfare of society at large. The following are some examples of companies that implement CSR programs but receive sharp criticism from the public regarding the mismatch of their business behavior.
• Shell companies receive great publicity for their CSR activities, in addition to that Shell companies are the pioneers in triple bottom line reporting. But in 2004 the company was embroiled in a scandal over reporting its oil reserves which damaged the company's reputation and caused the public to think of the company as a hypocrite. • “Nike shoe company,” says labor activist Jeff Ballinger, “only incurs CSR costs of $ 10 million - $ 12 million per year”. Such a large cost, said Jeff (Source Watch, 2007), has resulted in very low-cost public relations activities (cost effective). Whereas what Nike should have done is to increase the wages of workers in shoe factories that produce Nike licenses (which have been earning very low wages so far) and the costs are estimated at 75 cents per pair of shoes. If this activity were carried out by Nike, then Nike would have to spend approximately $ 210 million per year.
• “Nearly one-fifth of the UK's top companies are still unable to submit a full report on the economic, environmental and social impacts of their business,” reports Andy Favell for The Independent (Source Watch, 2007). Further analysis also found that the CSR reports of 18 companies in the UK that were on the FTSE 100 Index, were inadequate. Nine companies that are categorized as “poor performers” are also on the FTSE4Good list, which means that these companies are unable to carry out investment activities in the field of social responsibility. With the significant number of companies in the FTSE 100 that still fail to deliver their CSR reports satisfactorily, Andy Favell questions whether the public will benefit from CSR activities?
By looking at various forms of CSR implementation that only aim to improve the company's reputation in the eyes of the public and not to seriously improve the welfare of constituents, critics of CSR programs think that CSR programs implemented by companies are only cynical.
2.2 Sustainable Development
At the end of the 1980s, to be precise in 1987, The World Commission on Environment and Development, better known as The Brundtland Commission (according to the name of the chairman of the commission, Gro Harlem Brundtland) issued a report published by Oxford University Press entitled Our Common Future. One of the important points in the report is the introduction of the concept of sustainable development, which The Brundtland Commission defines as follows:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilitiy of future generations to meet their own needs”
The concept of sustainable development itself contains two main ideas in it (Donaldson & Preston, 1995), namely:
1. To protect the environment, economic development is needed. Poverty is a cause of environmental degradation. People who lack food, housing and basic necessities for life tend to abuse natural resources for the sole purpose of survival. Therefore protection of the environment requires a standard of living that is adequate for all people of the world.
2. Nevertheless, economic development must pay attention to sustainability, namely by protecting the earth's resources for future generations. Economic growth cannot be justified by destroying forests, agricultural land, water and air where these resources are urgently needed to support human life on this planet. We must be the best inhabitants of this earth
The Brundtland Commission was formed to respond to the growing concerns of world leaders especially regarding the increasing damage to the environment and natural resources. In addition, this commission was also formed to examine the impact of damage to the environment and natural resources on the economy and social
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1286
development. Therefore the concept of sustainable development is built on three pillars that are interconnected and mutually supportive of one another. The three pillars are social, economic and environmental, as reaffirmed in The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document.The introduction of the concept of sustainability development has a major impact on the development of the next CSR concept. For example, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines CSR as, “business's contribution to sustainable development and that corporate behavior must not only ensure returns to shareholders, wages to employees, and products and services to consumers, but they must respond to societal and environmental concerns and value ”. In 2000 the OECD revised the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which were then used by countries that were members of the OECD. In relation to the implementation of CSR activities, these guidelines mainly aim to promote transparency and accountability of the company, especially regarding the following areas:
Disclosure of material information; Employment and industrial relations; Environmental management; Bribery; Competition; Consumer interests; Science and technology diffusion; Taxation
Another institution that provides CSR formulations in line with the concept of sustainable development is The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (or what is currently called Business Action for Sustainable Development). According to this organization, CSR is, "the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large ".
The priority of CSR activities according to this organization includes: Human rights; Employee rights; Environmental protection; Supplier relations; Community involvement; Stakeholder rights; CSR performance monitoring and assessment.
Another formulation regarding CSR that is in line with the concept of sustainable development is the formulation of CSR provided by The Commission for European Communities. This organization views CSR (which is conveyed in The Green Paper document), as, "essentially a concept whereby companies voluntarily decide to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment. This organization considers that a company that is socially responsible is not a company that solely fulfills its obligations according to the law but a company that exceeds legal compliance and invests more in the fields of human capital, the environment and relations with stakeholders.
2.3 Triple Bottom Line
As an adoption of the concept of sustainable development, currently companies voluntarily compile reports annually known as sustainability reports or several companies (for example Microsoft) use the name corporate citizenship report. The report describes the impact of the company's organization on three aspects, namely the impact of the company's operations on the economy, social and environment. One of the initial models used by companies in preparing their sustainability reports is by adopting a new accounting method called the triple bottom line. According to John Elkington (1997), the triple bottom line concept is an extension of the traditional accounting concept which contains only a single bottom line, namely the financial results of the company's economic activities. In more detail, Elkington describes the triple bottom line as follows:
“The three lines of the triple bottom line represent society, the economy and the environment. Society depend on the global ecosystem, whose health represents the ultimate bottom line. The three lines are not stable; they are in constant flux , due to social, political, economic and environmental pressures, cycle and conflicts”
Whether or not the corporate sustainability reporting prepared by companies using the triple bottom line accounting method will affect the company's index in the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index (DJGSI) (Hedberg and Malmborg, 2003: 154). Currently, the preparation of company sustainability reports mostly refers to the guidelines for preparing sustainability reports from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). GRI was founded in 1997 by companies and various organizations that are members of the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES).
Based on the guidelines for preparing the sustainability report from the GRI (GRI Guidelines Version 3, 2000-2006), companies must explain the impact of their operations on the economy, environment and social aspects in the standard disclosures section. In this section, the social impact of the company's operations is further divided into four different aspects, namely: labor practices and decent work; human rights, society and product responsibility.
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1287
Another important development that is happening at this time is the plan to implement ISO 26000 which regulates social responsibility standards. Based on ISO 26000, what is meant by social responsibility is: "the responsibility of a company for the impact of their various decisions and activities on society and the environment through an open and ethical behavior, which:- Consistent with sustainable development and community welfare. - Taking into account the expectations of stakeholders
- Subject to applicable laws and consistent with international norms of conduct - Integrated into all parts of the organization
The various issues covered by social responsibility are illustrated in Figure 1 below.
As shown in Figure 1, there are 7 subjects which are the description of the social responsibility of a company. The seven subjects are further translated into several sub-subjects. For example, Fair Operating Practices as a subject are further translated into five sub-subjects as follows: Anti-corruption and anti-bribery; Responsible political involvement; Fair competition; Promoting social responsibility through the supply chain; Respect for property right.
Source: www.iso.org/sr
Figure 1 Fundamental Subjects of Social Responsibility According to ISO 26000 3. Research Methodology
This study uses a descriptive research method (Babbie, 2009) which describes the contribution of using a triple bottom line business model to solve problems in creating business fields, improving the quality of human resources and maintaining the quality of the environment.
Indicators for the creation of business fields are seen through an increase in the volume of hydroponic businesses throughout Indonesia during 2020. Indicators for improving the quality of human resources of
Socially
Responsible
Organizational
Governance
Fair Operating
Practices
Consumer
Issues
Environment
Labour
Practices
Human Rights
Social
Development
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1288
hydroponic business actors are seen through the increase in the number of hydroponic business actors involved in hydroponic business in Indonesia during 2020. Meanwhile, environmental quality indicators seen from the amount of plastic waste that has been successfully reduced through the application of hydroponic businesses using plastic waste throughout Indonesia during 2020.4. Result and Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on changing people's lifestyles. One of them is the high people's need to consume vegetables and fruit. To meet this need, some of them choose to grow their own fruit and vegetables by taking advantage of limited land. Urban farming is a solution to meet the needs of vegetables and fruit independently. Even if it is in excess, the results of urban farming can be sold at an economic value that is not inferior to conventional farming. In other regions, especially developed countries, urban farming is no longer a stranger. The COVID-19 pandemic is further increasing the trend of urban agriculture. Farming in narrow land is one of the choices for urban communities in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Indonesia, slowly urban farming is becoming known to the public.
The current population growth is in line with the increase in settlements which ultimately results in less agricultural land. If this is not handled immediately, it will result in a lack of food supply, so new farming techniques are needed to overcome it. Currently, a plant planting technique has emerged that can be done outside the ground, namely hydroponically (Natalia et al., 2017).
Hydroponics itself is taken from the Greek word Hydro which means water and ponos which means power. So that when the two words are combined, it will form the meaning of plant cultivation by utilizing water without using soil to become a planting medium (soiless) (Roidah, 2014; Syaefa et al., 2014). Even though it is planted in water, plants cultivated with this technique require less water, so this hydroponic naming is very suitable to try in areas with minimal water supply. This makes parameters such as nutrition, pest control and lighting more manageable. Hydroponics does not require the use of poisonous herbicides and pesticides so that it is more environmentally friendly and the vegetables produced will be healthier (Herwibowo and Budiana, 2014).
The method of cultivating plants using hydroponic techniques has been known in France since the 17th century. However, this method was only popularized in Indonesia in the 1980s by entrepreneur Bob Sadino (https://www.kemilaudesa.com/blog/perkembangan-hidroponik- in Indonesia/).
Planting in hydroponics will produce good quality plants that are chemical free and healthy for all of us and the children. The growth rate of hydroponic plants can be up to 50% faster than plants grown on the ground under the same conditions. The reason for this is because hydroponic plants get their food directly from nutrient-rich water (Kusuma, 2014). This condition also makes plants do not need large roots to find nutrients. And because less energy is needed for root growth, the remaining energy can be channeled to other parts of the plant. Hydroponic plants grow healthy, strong, and clean and are rarely attacked by pests (Handayani et al., 2018). This is because hydroponics does not require watering at all. The planting media used were used aqua bottles, coconut husk, charcoal, sand, gravel, silicates, foam and nutrients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some people cannot freely engage in activities outside the home. This is due to the implementation of the PSBB set by the government. This makes residents look for other ways to make a living by utilizing existing yards. Hydroponic cultivation by utilizing plastic waste can be one solution. The materials used are mostly used goods. So planting this simple hydroponic model besides we can get healthy and fertile vegetable plants, we can also take advantage of used goods. So that used bottles, used jerry cans and used plastic cups that should have been thrown away and turned into waste can still be benefited.
Hydroponic cultivation using used plastic waste is a business that uses a triple bottom line business model. The three types of problems that can be solved by hydroponic cultivation are: 1, Creation of jobs through hydroponic cultivation business opportunities.
Along with the Covid 19 pandemic, there has also been a decrease in employment due to the number of companies that have gone bankrupt or have reduced business activities. Based on data from the 2020 Central Bureau of Statistics, the TPT (Open Unemployment Rate) reached 7.07 percent of the 138.22 million workforce. This means that there are 9.77 million open unemployed people (https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/).
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1289
Of the existing sectors, the agricultural sector is the only sector that has grown positively during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 (https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi/390364/sektor-pertanian-tetap-jadi-primadona-di-masa- pandemic-covid-19). During 2020 the agricultural sector grew to 1.75%. The contribution of agriculture to gross domestic product (GDP) also grew positively and increased significantly, while other sectors declined relatively.The distribution of labor for agriculture as a whole has increased from 27.53% in 2019 to 29.76% in 2020. This is because some people affected by the pandemic have migrated from cities to villages and worked in agriculture (https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi / 390364 / agricultural-sector-remains-to-be-prima donna-during-the-covid-pandemic-19).
Hydroponic cultivation is currently one of the business options in the agricultural sector because of the large demand for hydroponic cultivated vegetables, which grows by 20% per year. Meanwhile, from the supply side, currently all hydroponic business actors can only meet 60% of market demand for hydroponic vegetables.
Taking the example of hydroponic cultivation business actors that have been running since 2014, for every 1000 m2 of land that is owned every day, hydroponic cultivators are able to produce 80-100 kilograms of hydroponic vegetables that are sold with prices ranging from IDR 35,000-IDR 78,000 / kg depending on the variety of vegetables being marketed. Even though the break event point price for the vegetables it produces is only in the range of IDR 13,500 / kg. This means that these entrepreneurs have the opportunity to gain a minimum profit of IDR 21,500 per kg.
2. Increasing the Quality of Human Resources for Hydroponic Business Actors
The majority of hydroponic business actors in the 1980s initially started their hydroponic business as small businesses and were based more on their hobby of farming. This reality has begun to change since the 2010s due to the number of hydroponic businesses that have changed in scale from small businesses to medium and large businesses.
In 2010, large-scale hydroponic businesses began to emerge such as Kem Farm (Apinino, 2020), Parung Farm (Azhar, T ,, 2020), Villa Duta Farm (https://youngster.id/headline/reyhan-hadisaputra-pindah- quadrant-so-farmer-hydroponics /). The three hydroponic companies were originally small-scale businesses which later grew into medium and large businesses. The growth of these three companies cannot be separated because of the attractiveness of the hydroponic cultivation industry in the last 10 years.
Changes in the scale of the business from small scale enterprises to medium and large enterprises will be followed by an increase in the quality of business management, which includes improving the quality of human resources. For example, the Parung Farm company was originally only a small business. Parung hydroponic garden was founded in 1998 by Subagyo Karsono, he wants to devote himself as a technology-based farmer not a conventional farmer. In 2000 the hydroponic garden developed its business to cultivate ornamental plants, namely orchids.
On January 1, 2001 the hydroponic garden changed its name to Parung Farm. This garden was originally established as a hobby for horticultural cultivation, which was later developed for plant production and hydroponic training. In 2002, Subagyo decided to grow vegetables using commercially patterned hydroponic techniques using the trademark PARUNG FARM. Parung is the place name of the agricultural company he owns. These vegetable commodities are sold to supermarkets and hypermarkets in Bandung and Jakarta.
In line with the development of the size of the organization, this company needs a larger organizational structure and must be filled with human resources who meet the qualifications of knowledge, skills and attitude required by the company.
3. Hydroponic business using plastic waste contributes to environmental preservation
The production of plastic waste in Indonesia reaches 5.4 million tons per year and makes Indonesia the second largest producer of plastic waste in the world. (https://www.antaranews.com/berita/417287/production-sampah-plastik-indonesia-54-juta-ton-per-tahun). Various efforts have been made by the government to reduce the amount of plastic waste.
One of the efforts that can contribute to reducing plastic waste is hydroponic business using plastic waste. Currently, there are approximately 15% of hydroponic business actors who use plastic waste in hydroponic business activities. Plastic waste that is widely used in hydroponic cultivation is plastic mineral water waste, mineral water bottle waste and PVC pipe.
The hydroponic cultivation capacity is calculated from the number of points owned by hydroponic farmers to grow vegetables or horticultural crops. The container used to store plant seeds to be cultivated using hydroponic
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1290
techniques and counted as planting points is a plastic cup of mineral water. The larger the business scale owned by the hydroponic entrepreneur, the more points he owns. For example, Villa Duta Farm currently has 10,000 planting points, originally only 500 planting points. Thus it takes 10,000 plastic cups of mineral water to produce 10,000 planting points.Apart from plastic cups, other plastic wastes that are widely used in hydroponics are used plastic bottles that are used as water channels from paralon pipes to water recycling channels. Other plastic waste used in the hydroponic business is a paralon pipe which is a place for planting points. Thus the reduction in the amount of plastic waste that hydroponic business can do is directly proportional to the scale of the hydroponic business undertaken by hydroponic entrepreneurs.
5. Conclusion
1. The hydroponic business is a business that can create jobs during the Covid 19 Pandemic
2. A profitable hydroponic business contributes to the development of the quality of the company's human resources due to an increase in the scale of the business and the size of the organization.
3. The hydroponic business can contribute to the reduction of plastic waste in the form of mineral water glass plastic, mineral water plastic bottles and PVC pipe, where the size of the reduction in plastic waste is directly proportional to the scale of the hydroponic business.
Refferences
1. Andryanto S. D., 2020. Tingkat Pengangguran Sampai 2, 56 Juta Orang, Kepala BPS: Imbas Pandemi Covid-19. https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1444706/tingkat-pengangguran-sampai-2-56-juta-orang-kepala-bps-imbas-pandemi-covid-19/full&view=ok
2. Apinino, R., 2020. Ini Dia Beberapa Bisnis Milik Bob Sadino (https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/2163531/ini-dia-beberapa-bisnis-milik-bob-sadino#)
3. Babbie, E., 2009. The Practice of Social Research, tenth edition, Sage Publishing, USA
4. Baron, David P. 2006, Business and It’s Environment, fifth edition, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
5. Carroll, Archie B. 1979 , A Three Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4, October
6. ________________ 1999 , Corporate Social Responsibility, Business and Society, Chicago, Vol. 38, September
7. Donaldson, T., and Preston, L.E. 1995 , “The Stakeholder Theory of Corporation : Concepts, Evidence and Implications”, Academy of Management Review, January.
8. Elkington, J. 1997 , Cannibals with Forks : The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Capstone, Oxford.
9. Epstein, Edwin M . 1989 , Business Ethics, Corporate Good Citizenship and the Corporate Social Policy Process : A View from the United States, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 8, No. 8, August. 10. ________________ 1999 , The Continuing Quest for Accountable , Ethical and Humane Corporate
Capitalism, Business and Society, Vol. 38, No. 3, September.
11. Handayani, F., Sapri, & Ansyori, A. K. (2018). Pelatihan Budidaya Sayur Organik dan Tanaman Herbal Organik Berbasis Teknik Hidroponik. Jurnal Abdimas Mahakam, 2(2), 57–64.
12. Hedberg, Carl-Johan and Malmborg, Fredrik von . 2003 , The Global Reporting Initiative and Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Swedish Companies, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol. 10, No. 3.
13. Herwibowo, K., & Budiana, N. S. (2014). Hidroponik Sayuran untuk Hobi dan Bisnis. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
14. Kusuma, G. B. (2014). Bertanam Sayuran Hidroponik. Retrieved September 8, 2018. Diakses dari https://tarunatanikutaliman.wordpress.com/2014/05/21/bertanam-sayuran- hidroponik/.
15. Kotler, Philip and Lee, Nancy. 2005 , Corporate Social Responsibility : Doing The Most Good for Your Company and Your Cause, John Wiley & Sons.
16. Maman, M., 2020. Peluang Bisnis Tanaman Hidroponik, Keuntungannya Semakin Ciamik (https://www.serambibisnis.com/2019/12/peluang-bisnis-tanaman-hidroponik-keuntungannya-semakin-ciamik.html)
17. Natalia, C., Kusumarini, Y., Poillot, J. F., Studi, P., Interior, D., Petra, U. K., & Siwalankerto, J. (2017). Perancangan Interior Fasilitas Edukasi Hidroponik di Surabaya. Jurnal INTRA, 5(2), 97–106. 18. Post, Lawrence and Weber, 2002. Business and Society : Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics,
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.11 (2021), 1282-1291
Research Article
1291
19. Robbins, S., P., and Coulter, M.. 2003, Management, seventh edition, Prentice Hall, Upper SaddleRiver, New Jersey.
20. Roidah, I. S. (2014). Pemanfaatan Lahan Dengan Menggunakan Sistem Hidroponik. Jurnal Universitas Tulungagung BONOROWO, 1(2), 43–50. Diakses dari https://doi.org/2339-0352 21. Azhar, T. (2020) . Perkembangan Hidroponik di Indonesia
(https://www.kemilaudesa.com/blog/perkembangan-hidroponik-di-indonesia/)
22. Azhar, T., 2020. Inilah Salah Satu Perusahaan Hidroponik di Indonesia (https://www.kemilaudesa.com/blog/inilah-salah-satu-perusahaan-hidroponik-di-indonesia/) 23. United Nation Organization, 1987, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press.
24. www.iso.org/sr, Subjek-Subjek Fundamental dari Tanggung Jawab Sosial Menurut ISO 26000 25. https://youngster.id/headline/reyhan-hadisaputra-pindah-kuadran-jadi-petani-hidroponik/ 26.
