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ABSTRACT 0DVWHU¶V7KHVLV
Factors Affecting Operational Efficiency of Chemical Cargo Terminals: A Qualitative Approach
7ROJD$KPHW*h/&$1 'RNX](\OO8QLYHUVLW\
Graduate School of Social Sciences
Department of Maritime Business Administration Maritime Business Administration Program
7RGD\¶V JOREDO HFRQRPLFcompetitation conditions require worldwide
storage need for bulk liquid producers and customers.
Bulk liquid goods are commonly transported by Maritime mode because of its lowest cost per ton mile and amount efficiency. Also pipelines play another important role for transferring the raw materials, products between refineries and terminals, especially located in the same area or where maritime transportation not cost/effective is, like Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan pipeline.
Truck and railway modes are mostly used domestically between Terminals and manufacturers.
All these facilities require a Terminal with its Berth/Jetties for the ships and also for the barges, railway and locomotives for the wagons, roads and stations for the trucks, pipelines between the terminals and/or refineries, tank farms for the storage of the raw materials and products, hoses or pipelines between the berth/jetty, wagon and truck loading/unloading stations.
Today there are 3 kinds of terminals; the ones having their own refineries, terminals that only rent storage tanks and which include both. The logistics part of these terminals deal with loading, unloading and also transporting these products via truck, train, pipeline and ships in which Operation activities play the most important role. To become a global and UHJLRQDO WHUPLQDO WRGD\¶V SRUWV VKRXOG DOZD\V EH LQ LPSURYHPHQW SURFHVV about operational efficiency of their terminals in accordance with the regional and international rules and manuals.
Chemical cargo terminal operations are a special terminal form which has very high and international levels of safety and quality elements applied. Unlike conventional bulk cargo and container cargo operations, chemical cargo operations include own priorities, applications and the evaluation criteria. The aim of this study is to make a qualitative research to determine the factors affecting the operational efficiency of ship, berth and warehousing operations in chemical cargo ports.
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A. <NWLSOHULQHJ|UHWHUPLQDOOHUGHLFUa edilen operasyon faaliyetleri 22
1. Konteyner Terminalleri 22
a. Konteyner tipleri 22
b. .RQWH\QHUWHUPLQDORSHUDV\RQODUÕ 22
(1) 'HQL]\|QORSHUDV\RQODU 23
(2) .DUD\|QORSHUDV\RQODU 24
(3) .DUD\|QO destekleyici operasyonlar 24
(4) 'L÷HURSHUDV\RQODU 25 2. .DWÕ'|NPH<N7HUPLQDOOHUL 27 a. .DWÕG|NPH\NOHU 27 b. .DWÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDORSHUDV\RQODUÕ 28 (1) <NHOOHoOHPHRSHUDV\RQODUÕQDKD]ÕUOÕN 29 (2) <NHOOHoOHPHRSHUDV\RQODUÕ|QFHVLYHVÕUDVÕQGD
icra edilen faaliyetler 30
c. .DWÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOOHULQGH NXOODQÕODQHNLSPDQODU 33 (1) *HPL\NOHPHOHULQGH NXOODQÕODQODU 33 (2) *HPLERúDOWÕOPDVÕQGD NXOODQÕODQODU 34 3. 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOleri 35 a. 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NUQOHULQLQ\NOHPHYHERúDOWPD RSHUDV\RQODUÕQGDNXOODQÕODQGRQDQÕPODU 36 b. 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOOHULQGHLFUDHGLOHQRSHUDV\RQ faaliyetleri 39 (1) 7HUPLQDO2SHUDW|UQFHLFUDHGLOPHsi gereken faaliyetler 39
(2) Terminalde icra edilecek operasyonel faaliyetlerle ilgili
olarak GHVWHNLúOHPOHUL 40 (3) 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOLRSHUDV\RQODUÕQD\|QHOLN DOÕQPDVÕJHUHNHQH÷LWLPOHU 41 (4) 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NRSHUDV\RQODUÕQÕQIDUNOÕWDúÕPD PRGODUÕQDJ|UHLQFHOHQPHVL 43 II. /ø0$1/$5'$9(5ø0/ø/ø.(7.ø1/ø.9((7.ø/ø/ø..$95$0/$5, 49
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Tablo 1: hUQHJ|UHGQ\DGHQL]WLFDUHWLWRQ-PLOWDúÕPDPLNWDUODUÕ -2012 \DNODúÕNPLO\DUWRQ-PLOPLNWDUODUÕ
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 12
*HoWL÷LPL] ELUNDo \ÕO LoHULVLQGH /1* IRVLO \DNÕWODUD DOWHUQDWLI LOJLVL HQ oRN DUWDQ\NoHúLGLROPXúWXU-DSRQ\D¶GDGHSUHPVRQUDVÕQGDQNOHHUHQHUMLVDQWUDOLQGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ IHODNHW GH /1*¶\H RODQ WDOHELQ DUWPDVÕQD HWNHQ IDNW|UOHUGHQGLU (UNCDAT, 2012: 12). %X NDSVDPGD WRSODPGD GQ\D /1* LWKDODWÕQÕQ ¶VLQL ROXúWXUDQ$V\DONHOHULQGHOLGHUOLNLOH-DSRQ\D¶GDGÕU/1*¶QLQ¶VLJHPLOHU JHULNDODQNÕVPÕERUXKDWODUÕLOHWDúÕQPÕúWÕU
Tablo 2: \ÕOÕQGD GQ\D SD]DUÕQGD \]GHVHO RODUDN peWURO YH GR÷DO JD] ana
UHWLFLYHWNHWLFLOHULSD\ODúÕPÕ
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 15
LNG LPG
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Ticareti Cevheri Demir .|PU Hububat 'L÷HU Kuru <Nler 5 Ana '|NPH <N Petrol Ticareti <NOHU 7P hUQOHU Ham Petrol Latin Amerika Afrika Asya Pasifik Kuzey Amerika Avrupa *HOLúHQONHOHU %DWÕ$V\D %DWÕ$V\D Latin Amerika Avrupa *HOLúHQONHOHU Kuzey Amerika Asya Pasifik Afrika %DWÕ$V\D Latin Amerika Kuzey Amerika 'Q\D 'R÷DOJD] hUHWimi Afrika *HOLúHQONHOHU Asya Pasifik Avrupa Asya Latin Amerika Kuzey Amerika 'Q\D 'R÷DOJD] 7NHWimi *HOLúHQONHOHU Avrupa Afrika %DWÕ$V\D 'Q\D 3HWURO 7ketimi 'Q\D 3HWURO hUHWimi
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Tablo 3: $QDNXUX\NYHoHOLN \ÕOÕQGDGQ\DSD]DUÕQGDNLDQDUHWLFL
NXOODQÕFÕLKUDFDWYHLWKDODWoÕODUÕQÕQ\]GHVHOGD÷ÕOÕPÕ
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 17
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Tablo 4: <NWDúÕPDWLSOHULQHJ|UHJHPLWLSOHUL-2012
(dwt- ELQWRQOXNNDWVD\ÕODULWDOLNUDNDPODUGH÷LúLPOHULLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 35
7DQNHUOHUGH NXOODQÕPÕQ ELU NÕVPÕ WDúÕPDFÕOÕNWDQ ]L\DGH GHpolamaya G|QúPúWU /DWLQ $PHULND¶GDNL \NVHOHQ UHWLP PLNWDUODUÕ KDP SHWUROQ GHSRODQPDVÕ LoLQ GDKD oRN WDQNHU JHPL LKWL\DFÕQÕ RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕúWÕU %UH]LO\D 3HWUROHR %UDVLOHLUHD úLUNHWL 0DUW ¶GH GQ\DQÕQ HQ E\N LNLQFL WDQNHULQL GHSRODPDDPDoOÕRODUDNNLUDODPÕúWÕU UNCDAT, 2012: 35).
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Tablo 5: +D]LUDQWDULKLLWLEDUL\OHHQE\NILOR\DVDKLSONHOLVWHVL GZW
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 41
\ÕOÕ LoHULVLQGH LQúD HGLOHQ JHPLOHULQ ¶X dLQ ¶VL *QH\ NRUH ¶ ¶X-DSRQ\DWDUDIÕQGDQLQúDHGLOPLúWLU'Q\DJHQHOLQGHG|NPH\NJHPLOHULQLQ \DUÕVÕQGDQ ID]ODVÕ dLQ .RQWH\QHU JHPLOHULQLQ ¶L *QH\ .RUH¶GH LQúD HGLOPLúWLU *HPL VLSDULúOHULQGH NXUX\N JHPLOHUL LOH HQ E\N KDFPL ROXúWXUXUNHQ EXQX LOH NRQWH\QHU YH LOH WDQNHUOHU WDNLS HWPHNWHGLU g]HO JHPLOHU LoHULVLQGH ¶OLN SD\ LOH /1* JHPLOHULQLQ VLSDULú DUWÕúÕ GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLU (UNCDAT, 2012: 37).
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'Q\D JHQHOLQGH HQ ID]OD \N HOOHoOH\HQ OLPDQODU LoHULVLQGH dLQ OLPDQÕ EXOXQPDNWDGÕU ùDQJKD\OLPDQÕ\ÕOÕQGDGDWRSODPPLO\RQWRQLOHHQID]OD \N HOOHoOH\HQ OLPDQ ROPXú HOOHoOHPH PLNWDUÕQÕ ELU |QFHNL \ÕOD J|UH RUDQÕQGD DUWÕUPÕúWÕU (UNCDAT, 2012: 62).
Tablo 6: 'Q\DQÕQHQID]OD\NHOOHoOH\HQOLPDQODUÕ
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2009 2010 'H÷LúLP (%) 1 Shanghai dLQ 590.0 650.0 10.2 2 Ningbo-Zhoushan dLQ 570.0 627.0 10.0 3 Singapore Singapur 434.5 463.1 6.6 4 Rotterdam Hollanda 387.0 429.9 11.1 5 Tianjin dLQ 380.0 408.0 7.4 6 Guangzhou dLQ 375.0 400.0 6.7 7 Qingdao dLQ 315.5 350.1 11.0 8 Dalian dLQ 203.7 300.8 47.7 9 Hong Kong dLQ 243.0 267.8 10.2 10 Qinhuangdao dLQ 243.9 257.0 5.4 11 Busan *QH\.RUH 208.1 241.1 15.9 12 Houston ABD 155.5 225.0 44.7
13 South Louisiana ABD 195.6 223.3 14.2
14 Shenzhen dLQ 194.0 221.0 13.9
15 Rizhao dLQ 181.3 221.0 21.9
Kaynak: http://www.geohive.com/charts/ec_ports.aspx(ULúLPWDULKL 03.03.2013
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Tablo 7: 'Q\DQÕQLONNRQWH\QHUWHUPLQDOOHULYH YH LoLQ\NOHPH
PLNWDUODUÕ 7(8YH\]GHVHOGH÷LúLPRODUDN)
Kaynak: UNCDAT, 2012: 83
B. 7UNL\H'HQL]FLOLN6HNW|UQQ*HQHO'H÷HUOHQGLUPHVL:
Deniz Ticaret filosunda 1000 Grt YH ]HULQGH DGHW JHPL PHYFXW ROXS EXQODUÕQ ¶LNXUX\NG|NPH\NNLP\DVDOPDGGHWDQNHUL NRQWH\QHU YH ¶LQL SHWURO WDQNHUOHUL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 'L÷HU WLSOHUGHNL JHPLOHU ILORQXQ ¶VÕQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 'HQL] 7LFDUHW 2GDVÕ 'HQL] 6HNW|U Raporu 2011: 34)
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Tablo 8: 7UNGHQL]WLFDUHWILORVX *HPLWLSOHULQHJ|UH *(0ø7ø3/(5ø ADET % DWT .XUX\N 258 39,75 1,329,721 '|NPH\N 112 17,26 4,911,693 Kimyasal tankeri 75 11,56 659,318 Konteyner 46 7,09 656,145 Petrol tankeri 33 5,08 1,235,918 .D\QDN 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ2011: 75 \ÕOÕLoHULVLQGHNDERWDMWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕDUDoLoLQYHG|NPH\N LoLQ22,389,570 ton olarak toplam 38,001,WRQJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU-\ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGDNDERWDMWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕDUWPÕúWÕU Deniz 7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 70).
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2009
.DERWDM NDSVDPÕQGD WDúÕQDQ \NOHULQ GD÷ÕOÕPÕQGD PRWRULQ KDPSHWUROMHW\DNÕWÕSRUWODQGoLPHQWRUXORVDoYHLOHNXP RODUDNJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU ('HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 70).
Tablo 9: \ÕOÕ\NFLQVOHULLWLEDUL\OHNDERWDMWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷Õ
Kaynak: 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 70
Kabotaj tDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕQGD ø]PLW OLPDQÕ øVNHQGHUXQ OLPDQÕ YH $OLD÷D OLPDQÕ LOH LON o VÕUD\Õ SD\ODúPDNWDGÕUODU 'HQL] 7LFDUHW 2GDVÕ : 72).
\ÕOÕQGD 7UNL\H¶QLQ GHQL]\ROX\OD \DSÕODQ LWKDODWÕ WRQ LKUDFDWÕ WRQ RODUDN JHUoHNOHúPLú ROXS 7UN ED\UDNOÕ JHPLOHULQ EX SDVWDGDQDOGÕ÷ÕSD\RUDQÕQGDJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 76).
'HQL]\ROXLOH\ÕOÕQGDGÕúWLFDUHWWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕPÕ]ÕROXúWXUDQPLO\RQ tonun, 173,5 milyonu ithalat, 81,8 milyon WRQXLKUDFDWRODUDNJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU Deniz 7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 83).
\ÕOÕQGDGHQL]\ROXLOHLKUDFDWNDOHPOHULPL]LQHQE\NNDOHPLQL LOH 7(8¶OXNNRQWH\QHULOH7(8¶OXNNRQWH\QHUYHLOHG|NPH\NRODUDN SRUWODQGoLPHQWRROXúWXUPXúWXU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 83).
Tablo 10: Denizyolu LKUDFDWÕPÕ]ÕQEDúOÕFD\NOHUHJ|UHGD÷ÕOÕPÕ
Kaynak: 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 83
'HQL]\ROX LOH JHUoHNOHúHQ LWKDODWÕPÕ]ÕQ HQ E\N NDOHPLQL LOH KXUGD GHPLULOHWDúN|PUYH LOH7(8¶OXNNRQWH\QHUROXúWXUPXúWXU Deniz 7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 83).
Tablo 11: \ÕOÕGHQL]\ROXWDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕPÕ]ÕQ\NOHUHJ|UHHQID]ODLWKDOHGLOHQ\N
GD÷ÕOÕPODUÕ PLNWDUWRQ
\ÕOÕLoHULVLQGHGHQL]\ROXLOHHQID]ODLKUDFDW\DSÕODQLONoONHVÕUDVÕ\OD øWDO\D 0ÕVÕU YH 5XV\D )HGHUDV\RQX LWKDODW \DSÕODQ LON o ONH LVH VÕUDVÕ\OD 5XV\D )HGHUDV\RQX0ÕVÕUYH8NUD\QD¶GÕr ('HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 85).
7UNL\H LOH 2(&' ONHOHUL DUDVÕQGD \ÕOÕ LoHULVLQGH JHUoHNOHúHQ GÕú WLFDUHW KDFPL PLO\RQ WRQ RODUDN JHUoHNOHúPLú ROXS EX PLNWDUÕQ 104,218,194 milyon tonu ithalat-LKUDFDWWRQXLVHWUDQVLW\NOHUdir (Deniz 7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 88).
7UNL\H¶QLQ \ÕOÕQGD NRQWH\QHU WDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷Õ 7(8 RODUDN JHUoHNOHúPLúEXNDSVDPGD$PEDUOÕ7(80HUVLQ7(8*HPOLN 7(8LOHLONoVÕUD\ÕDOPDNWDGÕUODU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 94).
ùHNLO /LPDQEDúNDQOÕNODUÕLWLEDUL\OHNRQWH\QHUHOOHoOHPHVL 7(8
Kaynak: 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 95
*HPL LQúD VHNW|UQGH \ÕOÕ LoHULViQGH GZW¶OXN DGHW JHPL WHVOLPHGLOPLúWLU 'HQL] 6HNW|U5DSRUX 7UNL\H¶GHNLWHUVDQHOHU |]HOOLNOH NoNYHRUWDWRQDMOÕNLP\DVDOWDQNHULQúDODUÕQGDGQ\DoDSÕQGDPDUNDKDOLQHJHOPLú YH 2FDN \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH 7UNL\H GQ\D JHQHOLQGH WDQNHU VLSDULúL DODQ ONHOHU VÕUDODPDVÕQGD¶QFVÕUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 110) .
*HPLV|NPVDQD\LQGHPHUNH]$OLD÷D-ø]PLUROXSONHJHQHOLQGHWHVLVLOH \ÕOÕQD J|UH ¶OÕN E\PH LOH LoHULVLQGH DGHW JHPL V|NP JHUoHNOHúPLúWLU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 119) .
7UNL\H OLPDQODUÕQÕQ PHYFXW WHRULN NDSDVLWHVL \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH DúD÷ÕGD ROGX÷XJLELGLU 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 125).
Tablo 12: 7UNL\HOLPDQODUÕQÕQ\NFLQVOHULQHJ|UHNDSDVLWHVL
Kaynak: 'HQL]7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 125
'Õú WLFDUHWLPL]LQ ¶D \DNÕQÕ GHQL]\ROX LOH \DSÕOPDNWD ROXS PHYFXW OLPDQ LPNDQODUÕPÕ] LOH \ÕOÕ LoHULVLQGH WRQ \N HOOHoOHQPLúWLU Deniz 7LFDUHW2GDVÕ: 130).
<N FLQVOHUL EDNÕPÕQGDQ 7UN OLPDQODUÕQGD \ÕOÕQGD HQ ID]OD HOOHoOHQHQ \NFLQVLQLQG|NPHJHQHO\NPWHDNLEHQKDPSHWUROWDúÕPDODUÕGDKLOROPDN]HUH VÕYÕ \NOHU YH NRQWH\QHU \N ROGX÷X HOOHoOHPH \]GH GH÷HUOHUL RODUDN DúD÷ÕGD VXQXOPXúWXU
ùHNLO \ÕOÕQGD7UNOLPDQODUÕQGDHOOHoOHQHQ\NQGD÷ÕOÕPÕ
ø.ø1&ø%g/h0
.$7,9(6,9,<h./ø0$1/$R,1'$.ø23(5$6<216h5(d/(5ø
%X E|OPQ ELULQFL NÕVPÕQGD OLPDQ NDYUDPÕQÕQ OLWHUDWUdeki oHúLWOLWDQÕPODUÕ LQFHOHQHUHN RSWLPXP ELU NDYUDP ROXúWXUXOPD\D oDOÕúÕOPÕú YH OLPDQODUÕQ JQP]H NDGDU RODQ GH÷LúLPOHUL VHNW|UH VXQPXú ROGX÷X KL]PHWOHU, oDOÕúPD SUHQsipleri ve WHUPLQDONDYUDPÕQÕQROXúXPXQD GH÷LQLOHUHN
øNLQFL NÕVÕPGD NRQWH\QHU NDWÕ YH VÕYÕ G|NPH \N WLSOHULQH J|UH IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ WHUPLQDOOHUGH X\JXODQDQ RSHUDV\RQ IDDOL\HWOHUL ELU VUHo LoHULVLQGH DoÕNODQPÕúWÕU
I. 7(0(//ø0$1.$95$0/$5,
LimaQODU GHQL] WDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ HQ |QHPOL DOW \DSÕVÕ ROXS JHPLOHULQ ROXPVX] GHQL] RUWDPÕQGD VÕ÷ÕQDELOHFHNOHUL \DQDúDELOHFHNOHUL \NOHU LoLQ \NOHPH-ERúDOWPD \ROFXODU LoLQ LQGLUPH-ELQGLUPH \DSDELOHFHNOHUL IL]LNVHO RUWDPÕ VD÷OD\DQ YH EXQODUD LOLúNLQDOW\DSÕODUDoÕNNDSDOÕPHNkQODUYHWHVLVOHULOHJHPL\NYH\ROFXODUD\|QHOLN KL]PHWOHULYHUHQNRQWUROYHJYHQOLNLúOHPOHULLoLQJHUHNHQ\HUOHúLNELULPYH|UJWOHUL LoHUHQONHQLQEHOOLE|OJHVL]HULQGH DUWDODQ HNRQRPLNIDNW|UWHúNLOHGHQWDVÕPD sistemlerL PRGODUÕ DUDVÕQGDG|QúPQRNWDVÕRODQ\HUOHUGLU (VPHU 7).
*QP]GHOLPDQODU WLFDULUHNDEHWH\|QYHUHQXOXVODUDUDVÕWHGDULN]LQFLUOHUL ED÷ODQWÕODUÕQGD PRGODU DUDVÕ G÷P QRNWDODUÕ KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU %X DQOD\ÕúOD OLPDQODUÕQ ORMLVWLNVLVWHPLoLQGHNL \HQL URO UQOHULQ \DOQÕ]FD ELU WDVÕPD PRGXQGDQ GL÷HULQH DNWDUÕPÕQÕQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ \HU ROPDODUÕQÕQ |WHVLQGH NHVLQWLVL] XODúWÕUPD ]LQFLUL LoHULVLQGHEWQOHúLNORMLVWLNPHUNH]OHUROPDODUÕGÕU (VPHU 7).
*HQHO RODUDN OLPDQ WDQÕPODPDODUÕ OLPDQODUÕQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQD J|UH \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU 0F&RQYLOOH /LPDQODUJHPLOHULQ\DQDúWÕ÷ÕYHGHPLUOHGL÷L \NOHULQ JHPLGHQ NDUD\D NDUDGDQ JHPL\H WUDQVIHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL HNLSPDQODUD VDKLS DODQODUGÕU $OGHUWRQ /LPDQ JHPLOHULQ JLUHELOPHVL LoLQ \HWHUOL GHULQOL÷H VDKLSHPQL\HWOLVXDODQÕLOHEXQDED÷OÕNDUDDODQÕROXSJHPLOHULQ\NOHPHERúDOWPD WDPLU YE JLEL GL÷HU LKWL\DoODUÕQÕ JLGHUGL÷L YH WDP ELU NRUXPD RODQD÷ÕQÕQ \DQÕQGD JHUHNOL JPUN DPEDU OLPDQ |UJW YH KL]PHW WHVLVOHULQLQ EXOXQGX÷X DODQ RODUDN WDQÕPODQDELOLU <HUFDQ : 13).
/LPDQ LoLQGH \NOHULQ JHPLOHUH \NOHQGL÷L YHYH\D JHPLOHUGHQ ERúDOWÕOGÕ÷Õ JHPLOHULQVÕUDODUÕQÕEHNOHGL÷L\DGDEHNOHPHOHULQLQLVWHQGL÷LYH\DEHNOHPHN]RUXQGD
EÕUDNÕOGÕ÷Õ\HUOHULGHLoLQHDODQELUWHUPLQDO\DGDVDKDRODUDNWDWDQÕPODQDELOPHNWH YH GL÷HU XODúWÕUPD ELoLPOHULQH \|QHOLN RODQDNODUD GD VDKLS ROXS EX |]HOOL÷L LOH XODúWÕUPDPRGODUÕDUDVÕQGDEWQOHúPH\LGHVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU %UDQFK1986: 1).
/LPDQODUÕQWHPHOLúOHYOHUL
1. øUWLEDW <N VDKLSOHUL \HWNLOL PDNDPODU DUDFÕODU YH WP OLPDQ NXOODQÕFÕODUÕ DUDVÕQGDKDEHUOHúPHRUWDPÕVD÷ODPDN
6Õ÷ÕQPD )ÕUWÕQDODUGDYHROXPVX]GHQL]NRúXOODUÕQGDJHPLQLQOLPDQD VÕ÷ÕQPDVÕJHPLQLQGHPLUOHQPHVLYHSDODPDUKL]PHWOHULVD÷ODPDN
6H\LU <DUGÕPÕ *HPLOHULQ OLPDQD HPQL\HWOL ELU ELoLPGH XODúDELOPHVL LoLQ SLORWDMYH\DQDúWÕUPDLoLQU|PRUNDMJLELIDDOL\HWOHULRUJDQL]HHWPHN
øNPDO *HPLLKWL\DoPDO]HPHOHULQL\HGHNSDUoDODUÕQÕJHPL\DNÕWÕQÕWHPL] VX\XYHJHPLDGDPODUÕQÕWHGDULNHWPHN
*YHQOLN +ÕUVÕ]OÕNYHNRUVDQOÕNROD\ODUÕQDNDUVÕFDQYHPDOJYHQOL÷L VD÷ODPDN
<NOHPH-%RúDOWPD $NWDUPD /LPDQODUGD JHPLGHQ JHPL\H JHPLGHQ NDUD\DYHNDUDGDQJHPL\H\NOHPH-ERúDOWPDYH\NWUDQVIHUIDDOL\HWOHULQL\UWPHN JHPLGHQJHPL\HYHPRGODUDUDVÕDNWDUPD\ÕJHUoHNOHúWLUPHN,
'HSRODPD 'D÷ÕWÕP YH 7RSODPD <N WLSLQH X\JXQ NDSDOÕ-DoÕN GHSRODPD DODQÕQD YH KDFPLQH VDKLS \DSÕODU EXOXQGXUPDN KHU WLSWHNL IDUNOÕ \N HOOHoOH\HELOHFHNYLQoOHUH\NQYLQo-depo-NDP\RQDUDVÕQGDNLWUDQVIHULQLVD÷OD\DFDN DUDWDúÕ\ÕFÕHNipmanlara sahip olmak,
8OXVDO'HQHWLPOHU <NQJPUNLúOHPOHULQLQ\DSÕOPDVÕYHNDPXVD÷OÕ÷ÕQÕ JYHQDOWÕQDDOPDN
øQVDQ .D\QDNODUÕ /LPDQ LoL LúJF RUJDQL]DV\RQXQX VD÷ODPDN JHPLOHU LoLQ JHPL DGDPÕ WHPLQ HWPHN JHPL DGDPODUÕ VHUWLILND YH YLQo RSHUDW|UOHUL SURJUDPODUÕ RUJDQL]H HWPHN XOXVODUDUDVÕ OLPDQ \|QHWLFLOL÷L VHPLQHU YH NRQIHUDQV SURJUDPODUÕ\UWPHN 10. Sosyal-.OWUHO(WNLQOLNOHU 'HQL]FLOLNIXDUODUÕNOWUHOHWNLQOLNOHUYH H÷OHQFHOHUG]HQOHPHN RODUDNVÕUDODQDELOLU (VPHU YNWUDIL÷LDoÕVÕQGDQOLPDQODU Konteyner, 6ÕYÕ.DWÕG|NPH\N Feribot, 3DUoDHú\DYHD÷ÕU\N
<ROFXOLPDQÕ, VÕQÕIODUÕQDD\UÕOÕU
*HoPLúWH JHPLOHULQ VDGHFH EDUÕQPDODUÕ LoLQ LQúDD HGLOHQ OLPDQODU ]DPDQ LoHULVLQGH WHNQRORMLN YH HNRQRPLN JHOLúLP LOH ¶QFL \]\ÕOGD ORMLVWLN VHNW|UQGH ROXúDQ \HQL NDYUDPODUÕQ WHGDULN ]LQFLUL LoLQGH JHOLúPHVL\OH JQP]GH IDUNOÕ WDúÕPDFÕOÕNPRGODUÕLOHOLPDQODUDLQWLNDOHGHQPDOODUÕQGúNPDOL\HWOHPPNQRODQ HQ NÕVD ]DPDQ LoHULVLQGH YH HPQL\HWOL ELU ELoLPGH HOOHoOHQPHVLQH LKWL\Do GX\XOPDNWDGÕU /LPDQ \N DoÕVÕQGDQ WRSODPD YH GD÷ÕWPD \HUL XODúÕP VLVWHPOHUL DoÕVÕQGDQLVHWDúÕPDVLVWHPLQLQGH÷LúPHQRNWDVÕGÕU (Esmer, 2009: 12).
.UHVHOWLFDUHWLQ\NVHOLúLGHQL]FLOLNDODQÕQGD\DúDQDQWHNQRORMLNJHOLúLPOHULQ |QFV ROPXúWXU %X WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHU |]HOOLNOH JHPL NDSDVLWHOHULQLQ E\PHVL \NHOOHoOHPHHNLSPDQODUÕQÕQPRGHUQOHúPHVLYHELOJLWHNQRORMLOHULQLQJHOLúLPLRODUDN |]HWOHQHEilir (Chlomodis ve Pallis, 2002: %X NDSVDPGD OLPDQODUÕQ JQP]H NDGDUJHoLUGL÷LHYULPOHU NXúDNFLQVLQGHQDúD÷ÕGDDQODWÕOPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU
7DEOR¶QGHYDPÕ
/LPDQODUÕQ\ÕOODULoHULVLQGHJHoLUPLúROGX÷XJHOLúLPHED÷OÕRODUDNJQP]GH YHUPLúROGX÷XKL]PHWOHUDúD÷ÕGDROGX÷XJLELGLU
Tablo 14: Limanlarda sunulan hizmetler
Kaynak: http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/soner.esmer/ (ULúLPWDULKL
*HPLOHUYH\NOHULQ]DPDQLoHULVLQGHNLJHOLúLPLQHED÷OÕRODUDNGH÷LúLPLOLPDQ LoHULVLQGH\NOHULQWUOHULQHJ|UHHOOHoOHQHELOGL÷LYHLQFHOHPHNRQXVXQXQDQDWHPDVÕ RODQ7HUPLQDONDYUDPÕQÕROXúWXUPXúWXU³7HUPLQDO´WP\NWUOHULLoLQYHLúOHWLFLVLQH J|UH D\UÕOPÕú RODQ \NOHULQ \NOHPHERúDOWPD LoLQ KD]ÕUODQDUDN HOOHoOHPHQLQ \DSÕOGÕ÷ÕYHGHSRODQGÕ÷ÕNDUDDODQÕRODUDNWDQÕPODQDELOLU7HUPLQDOOHU DúD÷ÕGDNLJLEL VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕODELOLU Konteyner Terminalleri, '|NPH<N7HUPLQDOOHUL 6ÕYÕ<N7HUPLQDOOHUL *HQHO<N7HUPLQDOOHUL Tekerlekli <N7HUPLQDOOHUL Yolcu Terminalleri.
/LPDQ JHOLúLPL OLPDQ NXOODQÕFÕODUÕQÕQ WDOHSOHULQH LVWLQDGHQ OLPDQGDQ JHoHQ WLFDUHWKDFPLQLQJHUoHN FDUL WDULKLYHWDKPLQHGLOHQLLOH\DNÕQGDQLOJLOLGLU%D]ÕOLPDQ JHOLúWLUPHSURMHOHULWDOHSWLSLN\HúLODODQSURMHOHUL\DGDDúÕUÕVÕNÕúÕNOÕOÕNQHGHQL\OHEX KXVXVODUÕQ ELUWDNÕP GL÷HU WDUDIODU ]HULQGH ROXúWXUGX÷X SUREOHPOHU QHGHQL\OH \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU
%LU\NHOOHoOHPHHNLSPDQÕQÕQYHULPOLOL÷LDúD÷ÕGDNLIDNW|UOHUHED÷OÕGÕU Emniyet,
.DSDVLWH+Õ] Maliyet. 1. Emniyet:
6DGHFH \N HOOHoOHPHGH GH÷LO JHQHO DQODPGD GHQL] WDúÕPDFÕOÕ÷ÕQGD HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U HPQL\HWWLU gQFHOLNOL DPDo LQVDQD \NH JHPL\H YH NXOODQÕODQ HOOHoOHPHHNLSPDQÕQDKDVDUYHUPHGHQHOOHoOHPH\LJHUoHNOHúWLUPHNWLU%X\DNODúÕPOD HPQL\HWIDNW|UGL÷HUIDNW|UOHUHJ|UH|QFHOLNOLGLU
2. .DSDVLWH+Õ]
.DSDVLWH YH KÕ] NDYUDPODUÕ ELU ELUL LOH LOLúNL LoHULVLQGH LNL NDYUDPGÕU $PDFD J|UH HQ X\JXQ HNLSPDQÕQ VHoLPL EX LNL IRQNVL\RQ LQFHOHQHUHN \DSÕOÕU gUQH÷LQ GHSRODPD DODQÕQD UXOR VDo \N WDúÕQPDVÕ LoLQ VHoLOecek fork-OLIWLQ NDOGÕUPD NDSDVLWHVL YH \RO DOPD KÕ]Õ EHOLUOH\LFLGLU 8]XQ PHVDIH WDúÕPDODUÕQGD NDSDVLWHVL NoN KÕ]OÕ IRUN-OLIWOHU DYDQWDMOÕ\NHQ NÕVD PHVDIHGH ELU VHIHUGH GDKD ID]OD \N NDOGÕUDELOHQ KDQWDO IRUN-OLIWOHU GDKD DYDQWDMOÕ RODFDNWÕU $\QL SUHQVLS NUH\Q YH GL÷HU HNLSPDQODUÕQVHoLPLQGHGHEHOLUOH\LFLGLU
3. 0DOL\HW (OOHoOHPHHOHPDQODUÕ³(OOHoOHPH0DOL\HW)RQNVL\RQX´QXQ|QHPOL ELU GH÷LúNHQLGLU (NLSPDQ VHoLPLQGH PLQLPXP PDOL\HW-maksimum fayda dengesi NXUXODUDNPDOL\HWDoÕVÕQGDQRSWLPXPo|]P ROXúWXUXOPDOÕGÕU
/LPDQODU JHQHOOLNOH IDDOL\HWOHULQL RQ \ÕOODUFD VUGUG÷QGHQ JHOLúLPH DoÕN ROPDOÕGÕU /LPDQ RWRULWHOHUL LOH KNPHWOHU QHUH\H \DWÕUÕP \DSPD \DWÕUÕPÕQ JHUL\H G|QúSRWDQVL\HOLYHKHUWUOVHoHQH÷LQPDOL\HWLLOHELOLPVHOVHoHQHNOHULJ|]|QQGH EXOXQGXUPDNGXUXPXQGDGÕUODU8\JXODPDGDLNOLPVHOGH÷LúLNOLNOHU JHO-JLWROD÷DQGÕúÕ PHWHRURORMLN úDUWODU YE HOH DOÕQPDOÕGÕU $OW\DSÕ \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ XOXVODU DUDVÕ SD]DUODUGD UHNDEHW HGHELOPHVL LoLQ ILQDQVDO DoÕGDQ VUGUOHELOLU ROPDVÕ gerekmektedir.
A. <NWLSOHULQHJ|UHWHUPLQDOOHUGHLFUDHGLOHQRSHUDV\RQIDDOL\HWOHUL 1. Konteyner Terminalleri:
.RQWH\QHU WHUPLQDOOHUL NRQWH\QHUOHULQ WDúÕPD PRGODUÕQÕQ GH÷LúWLULOGL÷L DPEDODMODPD KL]PHWOHULQLQ VXQXOGX÷X NRQWH\QHUOHULQ HOOHoOHQGL÷L ve konteynerlerin JHPLGHQGHPLU\ROXYH\DNDUD\ROXQDDNÕúÕQÕQVD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ WHUVLGHRODELOLU WHVLVOHUGLU (Esmer, 2009: 33).
.RQWH\QHUOHU JHPL NDUD YH WUHQ PRGODUÕ LOH WDúÕQPDNWD ROXS PRGODU DUDVÕ GH÷LúLPOHU WHUPLQDOOHUGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU /LPDQD Lntikal eden konteyner JHPLVLQGHQ oHúLWOL HOOHoOHPH HNLSPDQODUÕ NXOODQÕODUDN NDUD \DGD WUHQ \ROXQD \DGD WDP WHUVLQH \NOHQPHNWH YH NDSÕGDQ NDSÕ\D ORMLVWLN NRQVHSWLQGH YDUÕú \HULQH XODúWÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU
a. Konteyner Tipleri:
.RQWH\QHU\NOHULLoLQGHEXOXQGXUDQELUQDNLODUDFÕQGDQGL÷HULQHDNWDUDELOHQ YHEXDUDoODUGDQNROD\FDD\UÕODELOHQ \NOHQPLúGXUXPX\OD³ELULP\N´YDVIÕWDúÕ\DQ E\NON YH GRQDQÕP EDNÕPÕQGDQ PHNDQLN \NOHPH\H HOYHULúOL WHNUDU NXOODQÕODELOLU RODQWDúÕPDNDSODUÕGÕU 6HOoXN *QP]GHNXOODQÕODQ.RQWHyQHUWLSOHULúXúHNLOGHGLU Standart, +DUG7RS hVW$oÕODELOLU )ODWUDFN $oÕN Platform, +DYDODQGÕUPDOÕ ,VÕ.RQWUROO )ULJRILULN Tank, '|NPH<N b. .RQWH\QHU7HUPLQDO2SHUDV\RQODUÕ
Konteyner terminallerinde icra edilen operDV\RQODUÕQ KÕ]Õ YH YHULPOLOL÷L WHUPLQDOLoHULVLQGHNXOODQÕOPDNWDRODQHOOHoOHPHYHLVWLIOHPHHNLSPDQODUÕLOHEXQODUÕQ NRRUGLQHOL RODUDN oDOÕúWÕUÕOPDVÕQD ED÷OÕGÕU /LPDQÕQ IL]LNL \DSÕVÕ YH E\NO÷QH UÕKWÕPLVNHOH YH VDKD \DSÕVÕQD LQWLNDO HGHQ NRQWH\QHULQ WDúÕPD UHMLPLQH LWKDODW ihracat, WUDQVLW GROXERúNRQWH\QHUDGHGLQHX\JXQRODQHoKL]HEHOLUOHQPHOLYHEXQD paralel olarak operasyon faaliyetleri desteklenmelidir.
Konteyner terminallerinde icra edilen operasyon faaliyetleri deniz ve kara NÕVPÕRODUDNLNL\HD\UÕODELOLU
ùHNLO: *HPLYHNDUD\NOHPHERúDOWPDRSHUDV\RQVUHoOHUL
Kaynak: Vis ve Coster, 2003
6|]NRQXVXRSHUDV\RQDúDPDODUÕ (1) 'HQL]\|QORSHUDV\RQODU
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Kaynak: http://www.cargotec.com (ULúLPWDULKL
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VD÷ODQPDOÕGÕU https://atlantis.denizcilik.gov.tr (ULúLPWDULKL
(ii) 7HUPLQDOWDUDIÕQGDQ
<NOHPH YH\D ERúDOWPD LúOHPOHUL LoLQ VRUXPOXOXN WDúÕ\DFDN RODQ YH NDSWDQÕQ WHPDV LoLQGH RODFD÷Õ WHUPLQDO SHUVRQHOL YH\D \NOH\LFL DFHQWDVÕQÕQ isimlerinin ve temas usullerini gemiye bildirilmesi,
<NOHPHYH\DERúDOWPDWHoKL]DWÕQÕQJHPL\HKDVDUYHUPHVLQL|QOHPHNLoLQ EWQ|QOHPOHULQDOÕQPDVÕYHKDVDUPH\Gana gelirse gemiye bildirilmesi,
Geminin meyilsiz veya LúOHWLPDoÕVÕQGDQELUPH\LO \DQD\DWPD JHUHNL\RU LVHEXQXQRODELOGL÷LQFHNÕVDWXWXOPDVÕ
*HPLQLQ ENOPHVLQGHQ VDNÕQPDN LoLQ LVNHOH WDUDIÕQGDNL ERúDOWPD LúOHPL\OH D\QÕ DPEDUGD VDQFDN WDUDIÕQGDNL ERúDOWPD LúOHPLQLQ ELUELUL\OH X\XPOX ROPDVÕ
<NVHN\R÷XQOXNOX\NOHUGHYH\DKHUNDSÕúWDDOÕQDQ\NPLNWDUÕQÕQE\N ROPDVÕ KDOLQGH |]HOOLNOH \NVHNWHQ VHUEHVW GúúOHUH PVDDGH HGLOL\RU LVH \N DPEDUÕQÕQ Lo GLS \]H\L WDPDPÕ\OD \N LOH NDSODQÕQFD\D NDGDU JHPLQLQ \DSÕVÕQGD EHOLUOL QRNWDODU ]HULQGH \NVHN GDUEH D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕ RODELOHFH÷L NRQXVXQGD JHPLQLQ X\DUÕOPDVÕ YH \NOHPH LúOHPLQLQ EDúODQJÕFÕQGD KHU \N DPEDUÕQGD |]HO WHGELU DOÕQPDVÕ
<NOHPH YH\D ERúDOWPD LúOHPOHULQLQ EWQ \|QOHUL\OH YH EWQ DúDPDODUÕQGD NDSWDQ YH WHUPLQDO WHPVLOFLVL DUDVÕQGD PXWDEDNDW ROPDVÕ YH NDUDUODúWÕUÕODQ \NOHPH RUDQÕQGDNL KHUKDQJL ELU GH÷LúLNOLN KDNNÕQGD YH \NOHQHQ D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQKHUELUG|NOPHVLQLQWDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQGDNDSWDQDELOJLYHULOPHVL
<NOHQHQ YH\D ERúDOWÕODQ \NQ D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ YH GXUXPX\OD LOJLOL ELU ND\ÕW WXWXOPDVÕ YH DPEDUODUGDNL D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕQ NDUDUODúWÕUÕODQ \NOHPH YH\D ERúDOWPD SODQÕQGDQVDSPDPDVÕQÕQVD÷ODQPDVÕ
<NOHPH YH\D ERúDOWPD HVQDVÕQGD NDSWDQÕQ JHUHNOHULQH X\JXQ RODUDN \NQGHQJHOHQPHVL
*HPLQLQNDONÕúGUDIWÕYHWULPLQHXODúPDNLoLQJHUHNOL\NPLNWDUÕ\NOHPH WDPDPODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD WHUPLQDOLQ WDúÕ\ÕFÕ EDQW VLVWHPOHULQGHNDODQ \NPLNWDUÕQÕ GD NDSVD\DFDNWÕU %X DPDoOD WHUPLQDOLQ WDúÕ\ÕFÕ EDQW VLVWHPLQGHNL QRPLQDO WRQDMÕ YH \NOHPHQLQWDPDPODQPDVÕQGDQVRQUDWDúÕ\ÕFÕEDQt sisteminin temizlenmesiyle ilgili gereklerin kaptana bildirilmesi,
%RúDOWPDGXUXPXQGDNXOODQÕODQERúDOWPDNDIDODUÕQÕQ NHSoHOHULQLQ VD\ÕVÕ DUWWÕUÕOPDN YH\D D]DOWÕOPDN LVWHQL\RU LVH EXQX YH KHU ELU DPEDUGDQ ERúDOWPD LúOHWLPLQLQQH]DPDQWDPDPODQPÕúVD\ÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕQNDSWDQDELOGLULOPHVL
*HPL GHPLUOHPH \HULQGH LNHQ JHPL ]HULQGH YH\D JHPLQLQ \DNÕQÕQGD KHUKDQJL ELU VÕFDN oDOÕúPDQÕQ DQFDN NDSWDQÕQ PVDDGHVL\OH YH \HWNLOL PDNDPÕQ JHUHNOHULQH X\JXQ RODUDN \DSÕOPDVÕ (https://atlantis.denizcilik.gov.tr (ULúLP WDULKL 20.05.2013).
c. .DWÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOOHULQGHNXOODQÕODQHNLSPDQODU (1) *HPL\NOHPHOHULQGHNXOODQÕODQODU
(i) *H]LFLJHPL\NOH\LFL ùHNLO1: *H]LFL\NOH\LFL
Kaynak: http://www.cargotec.com (ULúLPWDULKL 22.05.2013 (ii) '|QHUN|SUO\NOH\LFLOHU
ùHNLO2: '|QHUN|SUO\NOH\LFL
Kaynak: http://www.dhidcw.com (ULúLPWDULKL 23.05.2013 (iii) 5DG\DO\NOH\LFLOHU
ùHNLO3: 5DG\DO\NOH\LFL
(iv) 'L÷HU|]HOWLS\NOH\LFLOHU ùHNLO: g]HOWLS\NOH\LFLOHU
Kaynak: http://www.bulkinside.com (ULúLPWDULKL 23.05.2013 (2) *HPLERúDOWÕOPDVÕQGDNXOODQÕODQODU (i) .HSoHOHU
ùHNLO5: .HSoHOHU
Kaynak: http://www.blog.kardesler.com (ULúLPWDULKL (ii) 3Q|PDWLNVLVWHPOHU
ùHNLO6: 3Q|PDWLk sistem
(iii) 'úH\NRQYH\|UOHU ùHNLO7: 'úH\NRQYH\|U
Kaynak: http://www.bulkcarrierguide.com (ULúLPWarihi:23.05.2013 (iv) 'L÷HU|]HOWLSERúDOWÕFÕODU ùHNLO: g]HOWLSERúDOWÕFÕVLVWHP Kaynak: http://www.neuero.de(ULúLPWDULKL HOOHoOHPHHNLSPDQODUÕNXOODQÕOÕU 3. 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOOHUL 6ÕYÕG|NPH\NWHUPLQDOOHULQGH 3HWUROYHUQOHUL .LP\DVDOUQOHU LPG ve LNG, dHúLWOL\D÷ODU HOOHoOHQPHNWHGLU %\NELUNÕVPÕWHKOLNHOL\NOHUNDSVDPÕQDJLUHQUQOHULQ\NOHPHYHWDKOL\H RSHUDV\RQODUÕQGD KHU \NQ |]HOOL÷LQH J|UH IDUNOÕ SURVHGUOHU X\JXODnmakta olup JHUHN XOXVODU DUDVÕ JHUHNVH XOXVDO VHYL\HGH KHP EX \NOHULQ WDúÕ\ÕFÕODUÕ KHP GH UQOHULQGHSRODQPDVÕYHGD÷ÕWÕPÕQÕVD÷OD\DQWHUPLQDOOHULQX\PDVÕJHUHNHQNXUDOODU PHYFXWWXU6|]NRQXVXSURVHGUYHNXUDOODUÕQLoHUL÷L temel olarak,
IMDG KOD, MARPOL,
