Começaremos com a etimologia do Portão
242, que no mundo semítico está
ligado: a fenda, abertura, quebrar, destruir, e pode ter ligações com calcular, medir, e até
refere-se ao guardião do Portão.
242A tradução foi feita pelo autor desta dissertação. G. Johannes BOTTERWECK et Helmer RINGGREN and Heinz-Josef Fabry (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 15, pp. 359-367, I. Etymology. Heb. sa’ar (I), “gate” is a nondeverbal primary noun vocalized as a segholate; the plural is sarîm. It belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Semitic language group. Ugar, tġr, “gate” >
“gatekeeper” has preserved the original form of the noun. In one of the Amarna letters from Megiddo, Akk. abullu, “city gate” is glossed by the Northwest Semitic loanword (tġr>) sahru (representation of g
by h in syllabic script). As a West Semitic loanword in Egyptian, we find s‘r and, with metathesis of g
and r, sr‘. In Moabite the word appears in the Mesha Stele in the form s‘ryh (pl. with fem. sg. suf.).
The shift of t to s is regular. The noun appears in Phoenician and Punic as s‘r. In Aramaic the ġ/r
metathesis is embodied in the nominal forms (targ>) tara‘, emph. tar‘a, anarthrous tra‘, attested from
Imperial Aramaic through Biblical Aramaic (Dnl. 2:49; 3:26) down to Jewish Aramaic; Syr. tar‘a,
“gatekeeper” (Ezr.7:24). Other derivatives of tġr, finally, include OSA t‘r, “gate”; Arab. taġr, “mouth, harbor”; tuġra , “opening, cleft”.The noun tġr is cognate with the vb. (*tġr > tġr>) Syr. tera‘, “cleave”;
Arab. taġara, “break up, destroy”; and Eth. sa‘ara/se‘era, “slash, destroy”; as well as Akk. sa’aru (m) II,
“coquer, annihilate”. No nouns corresponding to tġr occur in Akkadian or Ethiopic. Instead, Akkadian uses babu(m) (Arab. bab), abullu(m), “gate”; and Ethiopic uses hohet, ‘anqas(d), dede, or barr. This evidence is insufficient to disprove the connection between the noun and the vb. tġr; it does, however,
call into question a direct derivation of the appellative from the verb.A homonymous Hebrew root s‘r, “calculate”, appears in the OT as a verb in Prov. 23:7 and as a noun meaning “measure” (pl. se‘arim) in Gen. 26:12. (An inscription on an Iron II. A jar from Kinnereth redas kd hs‘r, “measuring jar.”) In Middle
Hebrew the vb. s‘r (piel), “distribute, measure, calculate”, anda the nouns sa’ar, “estimative, measure,
market price”; si‘ur/sî‘ur, “quantity, limit”, are widely attested. The original form of the root is represented by Ugar. t‘r II, “measure, arrange”. In Jewish Aramaic we find the vb. s‘r (pael), “measure, calculate”, and the noum si‘r, “price”, anda a denominative vb. sa‘ara II, “set a price”; the root appears also in the Egyptian loanword sa‘r(a), “calculate, speculate” (but. Cf. s‘r III), as well as in Demotic and
Coptic. The line between s‘r II anda the allophonic Hebrew root s‘r III (<Heb. s‘r ; Middle Heb. s‘r) is historically fluid.The derivation of the Jewish Aramaic instances of s‘r II as Hebrew loanwords from s‘r I
is contradicted by the two distinct Ugaritic lexemes tġr and t‘r, which cannot reasonably be traced to a
common root. The historical association of the Hebrew lexemes from s‘r I with Ugar. tġr also contradics
the treatment of these lexemes as shaphel forms of ‘rh (piel).The is, however, an Akkadian analogy that
would support semantic interweaving of the lexemes from s‘r I and II. Besides the Akkadian lexeme babtu(m) I, “ward (of a city), family association”, there is also babtu(m) II, “merchandise (to be delivered), loss, deficit”. Whereas AHw assigns the semantic spectrum of babtu(m) to two homonymous lemmas, saying that their relationship is unclear, CAD enters the whole spectrum under a single lemma, since Sum. DAG.GI4.A represents babtu(m) I and II. Personal property may include money (kaspum), real assets ([grain in] a silo, (naspakum), and goods awaiting delivery (babtum). The gate is marketplace, bank, and bourse, so that babtum can also denote the opposite of cash and property in hand. Akk.
abullu(m) denotes both the gate and the tax collected there. Egyp. sb3 and r3, “door, gate”, also mean “possessions”. “ύate” and “market price” go together, since the price of merchandise is negotiated at the gate. Standard measures are posted at the gate. Gates are often built according to fixed measurements (cf. Ezk. 40:5-46). Gates, units of measurement, and market prices are intimately associated; to the ancient mind, this association was further underlined by the paretymological homonymy. “I. Etimologia. Heb.
ša‘ar (I), “portão” é um substantivo primariamente não verbal vocalizado com segôl, o plural é s‘arim.
Ele pertence ao ramo ocidental semita do grupo das línguas semíticas. Ugar, tgr, “portão”> “guardião do portão” conservou a forma original do substantivo. Em uma das cartas de Amarna Megido, Akk. abullu, “portão da cidade” é falado correspondentemente pelo semita do noroeste (tgr>) sahru (representação de g por h em escrita silábica). Como correspondência no oeste semítico no Egito, encontramos s'r e, com metástase (transposição) de g e r, sr. Em Moabita a palavra aparece no Estela de Messa em forma s'ryh (pl. com fem. sg. suf.). A mudança de t para s é regular. O substantivo aparece em fenício e púnico como
s'r. Em aramaico, o g/r se transpõe é incorporado na forma nominal (targ>) tara‘, emph. tar'a, anarto tra‘, atestada através do Aramaico Imperial através do Aramaico Bíblico (Dn. 2:49, 3:26) até aramaico
judaico; Syr. tar'a, “guardião do portão” (Ed. 7:24). Outros derivados da tgr, finalmente, incluir OSA t'r, “portão”; árabe. taġr, “boca , porto”; tugra, “abertura,fenda”. O substantivo tgr é aparentado com o vb. (*tgr> tgr>) Sir. tra‘, “fender”; árabe. taġara, “quebrar, destruir”, e Etm. sa'ara/se'era, “fender,
destruir”, bem como Akk. sa'aru (m) II, “conquistar, aniquilar”. Nenhum dos substantivos correspondentes a tgr ocorrem em Acadiano ou Etiópico. Em vez disso, o Acadiano usa babu(m) (Arab. bab), abullu(m), “portão”, e o Etiópico usa “hohet anqas” (d) dede, ou barr. Esta prova não é suficiente para refutar a ligação entre o substantivo e o vb. tgr, que, no entanto pode colocar uma derivação direta do nome pelo verbo. A raiz s'r homônimo hebraico, "calcular", aparece no Antigo Testamento como um verbo em Pv. 23:7 e como um substantivo que significa “medida” (pl. s'arîm) em Gn. 26:12. (Uma inscrição no Ferro II. Um frasco de Kineret redas kd hs'r, “medida de frasco”). No Meio Hebreu o vb. s'r (piel), “distribuir, medir, calcular”, e o substantivo ša‘ar, “estimativa, medida, preço de mercado”;
si'ur/sî'ur “quantidade, limite”, são amplamente comprovadas. A forma original da raiz é representada em Ugar. t'r II, “medida, arranjo”. Em aramaico judaico encontramos o vb. s'r (pael), “medida, cálculo”, e o substantivo sª‘ara, “preço de mercado”; si‘ûra/sî‘ûra , “quantidade, limite” também fazem o pl. saª‘rîm