ANEXO 1
Critérios para julgamento dos domínios da ferramenta de avaliação
do risco de viés.
Table 8.5.d: Criteria for judging risk of bias in the ‘Risk of bias’ assessment tool
RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION
Selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate generation of a randomised sequence.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. The investigators describe a random component in the sequence generation process such as: • Referring to a random number table;
• Using a computer random number generator; • Coin tossing;
• Shuffling cards or envelopes; • Throwing dice;
• Drawing of lots; • Minimization*.
*Minimization may be implemented without a random element, and this is considered to be equivalent to being random.
Criteria for the judgement of ‘High risk’ of bias.
The investigators describe a non-random component in the sequence generation process. Usually, the description would involve some systematic, non-random approach, for example:
• Sequence generated by odd or even date of birth;
• Sequence generated by some rule based on date (or day) of admission;
• Sequence generated by some rule based on hospital or clinic record number.
Other non-random approaches happen much less frequently than the systematic approaches mentioned above and tend to be obvious. They usually involve judgement or some method of non-random categorization of participants, for example:
• Allocation by judgement of the clinician; • Allocation by preference of the participant;
• Allocation based on the results of a laboratory test or a series of tests;
• Allocation by availability of the intervention. Criteria for the judgement
of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias. Insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’.
79 Selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate concealment of
allocations prior to assignment.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Participants and investigators enrolling participants could not foresee assignment because one of the following, or an equivalent method, was used to conceal allocation:
• Central allocation (including telephone, web-based and pharmacy- controlled randomization);
• Sequentially numbered drug containers of identical appearance; • Sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.
Criteria for the judgement of ‘High risk’ of bias.
Participants or investigators enrolling participants could possibly foresee assignments and thus introduce selection bias, such as allocation based on:
• Using an open random allocation schedule (e.g. a list of random numbers);
• Assignment envelopes were used without appropriate safeguards (e.g. if envelopes were unsealed or nonopaque or not sequentially numbered);
• Alternation or rotation; • Date of birth;
• Case record number;
• Any other explicitly unconcealed procedure. Criteria for the judgement
of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias. Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’. This is usually the case if the method of concealment is not described or not described in sufficient detail to allow a definite judgement – for example if the use of assignment envelopes is described, but it remains unclear whether envelopes were sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed.
BLINDING OF PARTICIPANTS AND PERSONNEL
Performance bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by participants and personnel during the study.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• No blinding or incomplete blinding, but the review authors judge that the outcome is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;
• Blinding of participants and key study personnel ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.
Criteria for the judgement
of ‘High risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• No blinding or incomplete blinding, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;
• Blinding of key study participants and personnel attempted, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.
Criteria for the judgement of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias.
Any one of the following:
• Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’;
• The study did not address this outcome.
BLINDING OF OUTCOME ASSESSMENT
Criteria for a judgement of ‘Low risk’ of bias.
Any one of the following:
• No blinding of outcome assessment, but the review authors judge that the outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;
• Blinding of outcome assessment ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.
Criteria for the judgement
of ‘High risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• No blinding of outcome assessment, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;
• Blinding of outcome assessment, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.
Criteria for the judgement
of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’;
• The study did not address this outcome.
INCOMPLETE OUTCOME DATA
Attrition bias due to amount, nature or handling of incomplete outcome data.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• No missing outcome data;
• Reasons for missing outcome data unlikely to be related to true outcome (for survival data, censoring unlikely to be introducing bias);
• Missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups; • For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes
compared with observed event risk not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate;
• For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on observed effect size;
• Missing data have been imputed using appropriate methods. Criteria for the judgement
of ‘High risk’ of bias. Any one of the following:
• Reason for missing outcome data likely to be related to true outcome, with either imbalance in numbers or reasons for missing data across intervention groups;
• For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk enough to induce clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate;
• For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes enough to induce clinically relevant bias in observed effect size;
• ‘As-treated’ analysis done with substantial departure of the intervention received from that assigned at randomization; • Potentially inappropriate application of simple imputation. Criteria for the judgement Any one of the following:
81
of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias. • Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’ (e.g. number randomized not stated, no reasons for missing data provided);
• The study did not address this outcome.
SELECTIVE REPORTING
Reporting bias due to selective outcome reporting.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Any of the following:
• The study protocol is available and all of the study’s pre-specified (primary and secondary) outcomes that are of interest in the review have been reported in the pre-specified way;
• The study protocol is not available but it is clear that the published reports include all expected outcomes, including those that were pre-specified (convincing text of this nature may be uncommon). Criteria for the judgement
of ‘High risk’ of bias.
Any one of the following:
• Not all of the study’s pre-specified primary outcomes have been reported;
• One or more primary outcomes is reported using measurements, analysis methods or subsets of the data (e.g. subscales) that were not pre-specified;
• One or more reported primary outcomes were not pre-specified (unless clear justification for their reporting is provided, such as an unexpected adverse effect);
• One or more outcomes of interest in the review are reported incompletely so that they cannot be entered in a meta-analysis; • The study report fails to include results for a key outcome that would
be expected to have been reported for such a study. Criteria for the judgement
of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias. Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’. It is likely that the majority of studies will fall into this category.
OTHER BIAS
Bias due to problems not covered elsewhere in the table.
Criteria for a judgement
of ‘Low risk’ of bias. The study appears to be free of other sources of bias. Criteria for the judgement
of ‘High risk’ of bias. There is at least one important risk of bias. For example, the study: • Had a potential source of bias related to the specific study design
used; or
• Has been claimed to have been fraudulent; or • Had some other problem.
Criteria for the judgement of ‘Unclear risk’ of bias.
There may be a risk of bias, but there is either:
• Insufficient information to assess whether an important risk of bias exists; or
• Insufficient rationale or evidence that an identified problem will introduce bias.
APÊNDICES APÊNDICE 1
1. cerebrovascular disorders/ or exp basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease/ or exp brain ischemia/ or exp carotid artery diseases/ or exp cerebral small vessel diseases/ or exp intracranial arterial diseases/ or exp "intracranial embolism and thrombosis"/ or exp intracranial hemorrhages/ or stroke/ or exp brain infarction/ or stroke, lacunar/ or vasospasm, intracranial/ or vertebral artery dissection/ or brain injuries/ or brain injury, chronic/
2. (stroke$ or poststroke or apoplex$ or cerebral vasc$ or brain vasc$ or cerebrovasc$ or cva$ or SAH).tw.
3. ((brain or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or vertebrobasil$ or hemispher$ or intracran$ or intracerebral or infratentorial or supratentorial or middle cerebral artery or MCA$ or anterior circulation or posterior circulation or basilar artery or vertebral artery or space-occupying) adj5 (isch?emi$ or infarct$ or thrombo$ or emboli$ or occlus$ or hypoxi$)).tw.
4. ((brain$ or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or intracerebral or intracran$ or parenchymal or intraparenchymal or intraventricular or infratentorial or supratentorial or basal gangli$ or putaminal or putamen or posterior fossa or hemispher$ or subarachnoid) adj5 (h?emorrhag$ or h?ematoma$ or bleed$)).tw. 5. hemiplegia/ or exp paresis/
6. (hemipleg$ or hemipar$ or paresis or paretic or brain injur$).tw. 7. or/1-6
8. exp upper extremity/
9. (upper limb$ or upper extremit$ or arm or arms or shoulder or shoulders or hand or hands or axilla$ or elbow$ or forearm$ or finger$ or wrist$).tw.
10. 8 or 9
11. observation/ or psychomotor performance/ or imitative behavior/
12. motion perception/ or visual perception/ or learning/ or observational learning.tw 13. anticipation, psychological/ or photic stimulation/ or mirror neurons/
14. (action observation or action-observation or AO or AOT).tw.
15. ((observ$ or watch$) adj10 (action$ or movement$ or reach$ or activit$ or task$ or motion$ or motor train$ or perform$ or gestur$ or demonstrat$ or video$ or TV screen or television screen or computer screen)).tw.
16. ((visual or action or motion) adj5 perception).tw. 17. visual-motor matching.tw.
18. mirror neur$.tw.
19. 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 20. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/
21. random allocation/
22. Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/ 23. control groups/
24. clinical trials as topic/ or clinical trials, phase i as topic/ or clinical trials, phase ii as topic/ or clinical trials, phase iii as topic/ or clinical trials, phase iv as topic/
25. double-blind method/ 26. single-blind method/ 27. Placebos/
28. placebo effect/
29. randomized controlled trial.pt. 30. controlled clinical trial.pt.
31. (clinical trial or clinical trial phase i or clinical trial phase ii or clinical trial phase iii or clinical trial phase iv).pt.
32. (random$ or RCT or RCTs).tw. 33. (controlled adj5 (trial$ or stud$)).tw. 34. (clinical$ adj5 trial$).tw.
35. ((control or treatment or experiment$ or intervention) adj5 (group$ or subject$ or patient$)).tw. 36. ((control or experiment$ or conservative) adj5 (treatment or therapy or procedure or manage$)).tw.
37. ((singl$ or doubl$ or tripl$ or trebl$) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw. 38. (placebo$ or sham).tw.
39. trial.ti.
40. (assign$ or allocat$).tw. 41. controls.tw.
42. or/20-41
43.7 and 10 and 19 and 42 44. exp animals/ not humans/ 45. 43 not 44
APÊNDICE 2
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciências da Saúde- CCS
Departamento de Fisioterapia
Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia
Formulário para extração dos dados
Informações gerais(título, autor, ano e ID)
Métodos
(Design, instrumentos, duração, tipo de randomização, alocação secreta, cegamento dos avaliadores, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, local do estudo, perdas).
Participantes
(Descrição da população, tamanho da amostra, idade, sexo, déficit inicial de MS, grau de severidade do AVC, tipo e fase do AVC, critério diagnóstico, presença de déficit cognitivo e de comunicação).
Intervenção
(terapias usadas em associação e em comparação, tipo de tarefa, número e duração das sessões, métodos usados no controle, profissão do pesquisador que aplicou a terapia).
Resultados
(desfechos primários e secundários de cada avaliação e reavaliação; métodos e instrumentação para avaliação, tempo da avaliação e reavaliação e efeitos adversos).
(Informação obtida ou não dos autores, linguagem do artigo, financiamento, conflito de interesse dos autores).
APÊNDICE 3
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciências da Saúde- CCS
Departamento de Fisioterapia
Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia
Formulário para avaliação do risco de viés
Risco de viés Julgamento Justificativa
Randomização Sigilo de alocação
Cegamento dos participantes Cegamento dos avaliadores Dados incompletos
Descrição seletiva do desfecho Outras fontes de viés