SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER

Son on yılda sayısal toprak haritalamasındaki gelişmelerde birçok farklı eğilim mevcuttur. Deneysel amaçla yapılan ilk çalışmalar genellikle küçük alanlarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalarda, sayısal toprak haritalamasında kullanılan tekniklerin artmasının etkileri bariz şekilde görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çeşitli sayısal toprak haritalama yöntemlerinin uygulanabilirliğini incelemek ve ilgililerin mekânsal bilgi taleplerini karşılamak için büyük alanlarda yapılan çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Ayrıca, sayısal toprak haritalama modelleri de basitten karmaşığa doğru değişim göstermektedir. Sadece, standart toprak özelliklerini ve az sayıda çevresel faktör ihtiva eden toprak haritalarında; toprak-çevre ilişkisi doğrusaldır. Yani, doğrusal bir regresyon kullanarak bile, değişkenler (örneğin, arazi özellikleri) ve bir toprak değişkeni arasındaki ilişki açıklanabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, üç veya daha fazla faktörle toprak-çevre ilişkisini açıklamada coğrafi ağırlıklı regresyon veya karar ağaçları modelleri gibi gelişmiş algoritmalarla çalışmalar mümkündür. Dolayısıyla, toprak-çevre ilişkilerinin doğrusal ve durağan olmadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Sayısal toprak haritalama çalışmalarındaki bir diğer eğilim, toprak özellikleri hakkında eksiksiz bilgi sağlamak için haritalama yaklaşımları, 2 boyutludan 3 boyutluya doğru değişim göstermiştir.

Toprak bilimindeki gelişmeler; ekosistemlerin korunması, iklim değişikliğinin etkininin azaltılması ve tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilirliği gibi konular yeni ilgi alanlarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Toprak oluşumunun ve özelliklerinin hassas

çözünürlükte ve yüksek doğrulukta modellenmesi için daha gelişmiş teknolojilerin tasarlanmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bununla birlikte, toprak-çevre arasındaki dinamikleri en iyi şekilde ortaya koyacak ve tahmin doğruluğu yüksek modelleri belirlemek de kolay olmayacaktır.

Önümüzdeki yıllarda sayısal toprak haritalamanın çerçevesi, toprak oluşum faktörlerini tahmin etmek için daha karmaşık değişkenleri içeren modeller etrafında şekillenecektir. Sanchez ve ark. (2009), sayısal toprak haritalamanın geleceği hakkındaki tahminleri; sadece mekânsal bilginin sayısal toprak haritalamanın konusu olmayacağı, somut verilere dayalı toprak amenajmanı önerileri, toprak fonksiyon analizini, eski toprak verilerini ve sosyal değişkenleri de içeren bir bilim dalı olacağı yönündedir. Sonuç olarak, geçmişten geleceğe kavramsal toprak haritalama modelleri, dünya yüzeyindeki süreçleri tam olarak anlayarak genişlemektedir.

Poligon tabanlı klasik toprak haritaları, toprak bilgisinin ifadesi ve günümüz ihtiyaçları karşılanmasında yetersiz kalmaya başlamıştır. Toprak rengini, tekstürünü, sıcaklığını ve nemini sergilemek için toprak modellemede sanal gerçeklik ve yapay zekâ teknikleri daha da geliştirilmelidir. Sayısal toprak haritalama alanında yapılması gerekenlerden biri ise toprak fonksiyonlarını doğrudan yansıtabilecek küresel toprak haritalarının üretilmesidir. Ayrıca, bölgesel ve ulusal toprak haritaları küresel sorunların çözümü için birbirlerine uyumlu hale getirilmelidir.

3. KAYNAKÇA

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