Nicknames of people:

translation; hence, the degree of Scottish otherness made visible to the Turkish readers is higher in Kaliç due to his use of two foreignizing translation strategies together.

Wog, which means İngiliz argosunda “Siyahi/Asyalı kimse” in Turkish, is an offensive slang

“term used by the British to refer to people of color from Africa or Asia”

(Wordnetweb.princeton.edu). Moreover, porridge wog, which means in Turkish “İskoçyalı”

(İngiliz argosunda), refers to a Scottish person in English slang (Encyclo.co.uk). Therefore, porridge wog proves itself to be a very humiliating swearword used to refer to the Scots by the English. Thus, even though this cussword does not belong to the Scottish language, it is

savaştılar ve ülkelerini geri aldılar, en azından ülkelerinin büyük bö-lümünü. Londra’da Nicksy’nin kardeşi İskoçlara “yulaf çorbası solucanları” dediği zaman alınmıştım. Şimdi bu lafin ne kadar doğru olduğunu anlıyom. Herkes bilir ki İskoçlar iyi asker olurlar.

Abim Billy gibi.

(p. 219)

oluşmuş bir kent. Avrupa’nın beyaz pisliğinin İrlandalılar olduğunu söyleyenler var. Halt etmişler. İskoçlardır Avrupa’nın beyaz pisliği. İrlandalIlar ülkelerini geri kazanma cesaretini sergilemişlerdir, çoğunu en azından. Londra’dayken Nicki’nin kardeşinin İskoçları “lapa zencileri” diye tarif ettiğinde kızdığımı hatırlıyorum. Şimdi anlı-yorum ki bu deyişteki tek gücendirici şey siyahüere karşı ırkçı bir söylem içermesi. Onun dışında, gayet isabetli bir tespit.

İskoçlardan iyi asker çıktığını herkes bilir. Abim Billy, örneğin.

(p. 196)

DAVIES’

STRATEGY

Preservation of porridge

Transformation of Wogs

Preservation of

porridge wogs -

VENUTI’S

APPROACH Foreignization Domestication Foreignization -

utilized by the English to mention the Scots, and this fact makes it anywise a culture-specific item for the Scottish culture reflecting its otherness due to being humiliated by the English.

In Trainspotting (190), Renton says “Ah remember gettin wound up when Nicksy’s brar, down in London, described the Scots as ‘porridge wogs’.” He means that he recalls the time once when he was in London, his friend Nicksy’s brother swore heavily while depicting the Scottish people by means of using the word “porridge wog”. Renton also remembers being offended and resented by this vulgarity due to being a Scotsman himself, too. Hence, Renton’s reaction justifies the sacrilege of this word, delineating to what a large extent the English seem to despise the Scots.

As for the translation of “porridge wogs”, both Kaliç and Pardo keep the first and less severe part of the swearword, i. e. porridge, which means lapa, yulaf lapası in Turkish, in their translations by literally translating it as yulaf çorbası and lapa respectively, which are examples of the strategy of preservation used for the translation of culture-specific items.

However, as regards the more important and the more severe part of this swearword, which is wog, Kaliç prefers to translate it as solucanlar(ı), i. e. worms in English, which cannot even be compared to the word “wog” and to its harsh connotations when its mildness is considered.

Hence, Kaliç resorts to the translation strategy called transformation, which is used to benefit from less unpleasant referents while translating in order to smooth the reading procedure of target-text readers. Thus, this is what Kaliç does here since he euphemizes the underlying unkind reference made to the Black people with the word “wog”, and transforms it into a much more tolerable word, such as worm.

On the contrary, Pardo resorts to the strategy of preservation by maintaining wog in his translation in terms of translating it literally into Turkish as zenci. However, this should also be noted that the word zenci in Turkish does not have a degrading meaning as it has in the English word wog. This is because of the Turkish history, culture, and even religion, in which causes célèbres, such as colonization and the subsequent enslavement of the African people, never subsist, causing the Turkish language not to have demeaning vocabulary for the Black people. Therefore, the word Pardo prefers to use, zenci, is the seemliest choice to be made for the translation of wog.

Thus, by using the preservation strategy, Pardo makes use of foreignizing translation.

Nevertheless, interestingly enough, Kaliç employs two contrary translation approaches at the same time for the translation of a noun phrase: he foreignizes the attributive adjective porridge as yulaf çorbası, but he domesticates the noun wogs as solucanları in the noun

phrase of porridge wogs, which he translates as yulaf çorbası solucanları. In effect, the phrasal stress in this noun phrase falls on the noun, i. e. wogs, for the aim of using the noun wogs here is to offend the Scottish people and to eventually marginalize them. Thus, the strategy which is used for the translation of the noun wog should determine the translation approach of the whole noun phrase. Therefore, by foreignizing porridge as yulaf çorbası, but by domesticating wogs as solucanları, Kaliç splits, hence in a way, damages the phrasal stress in the said noun phrase; hence, he inconveniences the translation approach he mainly uses to be detected by the researcher. Nonetheless, as it is already posited above, since the strategy employed for the translation of a noun should determine the translation approach of a noun phrase, this study will presume the translation approach used by Kaliç for this noun phrase to be a domesticating one as he domesticates the noun in the noun phrase in question.

Finally, when the degree of Scottish otherness made visible to the Turkish readers is considered, Pardo is much more successful than Kaliç, who domesticates the translation on the whole, in displaying the Scottish otherness in the target text thanks to not veiling the coarseness of the word wog, which is in fact used in the source text to scorn the Scots, by foreignizing his translation.