Names of clothing items:

A cultural referent can sometimes be in the form of an item of clothing.

EXAMPLE 24:

SOURCE TEXT

IRVINE WELSH

Ugh ... a spotty fucker in a Hearts scarf. . . yes, the cunts are at home today. Look at him; the ultimate anti-style statement. Ah’d rather see ma sister in a brothel than ma brother in a Hearts scarf n that’s fuckin true ...

ay oop, another strapping lass ahead . . . backpacker, good tan .. . mmmm . . . suck, fuck, suck, fuck ... we all fall down . . .

(p. 30)

TARGET TEXT 1 SABRİ KALİÇ

TARGET TEXT 2 AVİ PARDO

NO TRANSLATION

Aman... Hearts atkısı takmış sivilceli suratlı bi göt... Evet, bugün kendi sahalarında oynuyor amcıklar. Şuna bak; zevksizliğin doruk noktası. Erkek kardeşimi Hearts atkısıyla görmektense kız kardeşimi genelevde görmeyi yeğlerim, şaka etmiyorum...

Hearts is the nickname given to the fans of the Edinburgh-based football club Heart of Midlothian (MacLeod 98). The Hearts are Protestants and they are pro-UK; therefore, they are anti-Irish freedom. Moreover, Hibernian Football Club is Heart’s rival team. The fans of the Hibernian Football Club are called Hibs, who are Catholics and pro-Irish freedom due to their Irish origins. Therefore, there is a constant competition between these two clubs and their fans, i. e. between Hearts and Hibbies. In Trainspotting, the Hearts are always treated with disdain by the Hibbies, and are mentioned notoriously on every possible occasion. The above excerpt constitutes a very good example of this kind of vilification: Simon, a Hibby personally, sees a Hearts and he starts talking infamously about him. He even takes it to extremes by claiming that he would rather witness his sister to have turned out to be a streetwalker than to see his brother wearing a scarf on which the emblem and the name of the team Heart is imprinted. This abject denigration is illustrative of the degree of contempt Hibbs demonstrate for Hearts. Therefore, the word Hearts and everything regarding this word becomes a culture-specific item, showing the gap between these two groups, hence, the feeling of otherness the Scots are left with.

When the translation of a Hearts scarf, Heart takımı taraftarı atkısı in Turkish, is considered, Kaliç diverts to a road of total deletion, and he does not translate two successive paragraphs of the source text including the one in which the Hearts scarf is mentioned:

“. . . the socialists go on about your comrades, your class, your union, and society. Fuck all that shite. The Tories go on about your employer, your country, your family. Fuck that even vay vay vay, kısrak gibi bi hatun daha... sırt çantalı... bronzlaşmış...

hmmm...em, göm, em, göm...hepimiz yıkılırız...

(p. 39) DAVIES’

STRATEGY

Omission of a Hearts scarf

-

Preservation of a Hearts scarf

-

VENUTI’S

APPROACH Domestication - Foreignization -

mair. It’s me, me, fucking ME, Simon David Williamson, NUMERO FUCKING UNO, versus the world, and it’s a one-sided swedge. It’s really so fucking easy . . . Fuck them all. 1 admire your rampant individualishm, Shimon. I shee parallelsh wish myshelf ash a young man. Glad you shed that Sean. Others have made shimilar comments.

Ugh ... a spotty fucker in a Hearts scarf. . . yes, the cunts are at home today. Look at him;

the ultimate anti-style statement. Ah’d rather see ma sister in a brothel than ma brother in a Hearts scarf n that’s fuckin true ... ay oop, another strapping lass ahead . . . backpacker, good tan .. . mmmm . . . suck, fuck, suck, fuck ... we all fall down . . .” (Welsh, Trainspotting 30).

Therefore, Kaliç prefers to benefit from the strategy of omission for translating the culture-specific item a Hearts scarf, and causes his translation to domesticate itself.

However, Pardo gives the direct translation of this culture-specific item, a Hearts scarf, as Hearts atkısı. Thus, Pardo preserves the culture-specific item in his translation, which leads to a foreignizing translation.

Thus, in terms of recreating the Scottish otherness in the Turkish translations, Pardo is successful at recreating the Scottish otherness in his translation due to preserving the culture-specific item in his translation by directly translating it into Turkish, hence, doing a foreignizing translation.

EXAMPLE 25:

SOURCE TEXT

IRVINE WELSH

Wir in the vicinity ay some unsound lookin cats. Some ur skinheids, some umae. Some huv Scottish, others English, or Belfast accents. One guy’s goat a Skrewdriver T-shirt oan, another’s likesay wearin an Ulster is British toap. They start singin a song aboot Bobby Sands, slaggin him off, likesay. Ah dunno much aboot politics, but Sands tae me, seemed a brave dude, likes, whae never killed anybody. Likesay, it must take courage tae die like that, ken?

(p. 127)

Ulster is the name given to the northern part of Ireland, which is largely populated by the Protestants. This piece of land currently belongs to the United Kingdom, and the part left under the Irish state is Catholic. Therefore, Ulster remains to be a debatable topic since both the British and the Irish claim rights on it. For that reason, the pro-UK ones want to have this region for the UK herself; thus, they believe that Ulster is British, and they show their opinion by, for instance, wearing t-shirts that write on them the above-mentioned sentence, just like the one above. Hence, Ulster makes up a crucial culture-specific item for both of the parts in terms of its attachment and it is also mentioned in Trainspotting within the same context when the characters coming from the two separate ideas start arguing among themselves.

TARGET TEXT 1 SABRİ KALİÇ

TARGET TEXT 2

AVİ PARDO Pek tekin görünmiyen bazı

kedilerin bölgesindeydik. Bazıları dazlaktı, bazıları diil. Bazılarının İskoç, bazılarının İngiliz, ba-zılarının da Belfast aksam vardı.

Bi herifin üzerinde tornavida tipi bi tişört vardı. Bi başkasının tişörtünde Ulster İngilizlerindir!

yazıyodu. Bobby Sands’i aşşalayan bi şarkı söylemeye başladılar.

(p. 149)

Hiç tekin görünmeyen bazı kedilere fazla yakınız. İçlerinde bikaç tane dazlak var. Kiminin aksam İskoç, kiminin İngiliz, kimininse Belfast. Bi tanesinin üzerinde ırkçı grup Skrevvdriver’m tişörtü var, bi başkası üzerinde Ulster İngiliz’dir yazan bi tişört giymiş. Bobby Sands*’i yerin dibine batıran bi şarkı söylemeye başlıyorlar.

(p. 133)

DAVIES’

STRATEGY

Preservation of

Ulster is British

-

Preservation of

Ulster is British

-

VENUTI’S

APPROACH Foreignization - Foreignization -

Wearin an Ulster is British toap, wearing an Ulster is British t-shirt in Standard English, becomes “üzerinde Ulster İngiliz’dir yazan bir tişört giymiş” in Turkish. First, Kaliç translates this as tişörtünde Ulster İngilizlerindir! yazıyodu, and Pardo as üzerinde Ulster İngiliz’dir yazan bi tişört giymiş.

Therefore, it is obvious that both translators translate the sentence in question in accordance with the translation strategy of preservation as they conserve the source-text culture-specific item in their translations. Thus, both translators benefit from the translation approach of foreignization, which enables both Kaliç and Pardo to make the Scottish otherness quite visible to the Turkish readers.