Sema DO⁄AN
YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
ile Bizans Dönemi’ne aittir. Afla¤› Yerleflim ise, kentin en alt düzlemdeki bölümüdür; yaklafl›k 104.50x39.00 m.
boyutlar›ndad›r. Surlar›n kuzeybat› köflesinde bir kilis-eye ait apsis duvar› ayaktad›r; yap›n›n di¤er bölümleri mevcut de¤ildir. Bu y›l, Autocad program›nda plân ve çizimleri tamamlanan Hamam yap›s›, duvarlar›n›n malzeme ve teknik niteliklerine göre, bölgedeki Bizans Dönemi’nin ünik bir örne¤idir. Yerleflimin d›fl›nda geçen y›l belgelenen tonozlu bir yap›n›n, bu y›l tamamen ve kireç oca¤›n›n k›smen çevredeki sera sahipleri taraf›n-dan y›k›lm›fl oldu¤u görülmüfltür. Bu durum, bir rapor ve görsel belgelerle Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’ne tara-f›m›zdan bildirilmifltir.
Gagae’den sonraki 10 günlük sürede, afla¤›da söz etti¤i-miz yerleflim ve yap›larda çal›fl›lm›flt›r:
Finike ‹lçesi Asarönü Köyü’ndeki Asar Tepe’de Bizans Dönemi’ne tarihledi¤imiz olas›l›kla yerleflime ait duvar kal›nt›lar› ile iki sarn›ç yap›s› bulunmufltur. Köyün bat›-s›nda Gülmezasar olarak tan›mlanan tepenin yamac›n-da ise bir di¤er Bizans yerleflimi belirlenmifltir. Burayamac›n-da yerleflime girifl oluflturan yap›dan geçilerek ulafl›lan bazilikal plânl› bir kilise ve mimariye ait tafl ö¤eler envanterlenmifltir. Finike ‹lçesi’nde Asarönü Köyü’nün do¤usunda bulunan Kefllik Da¤, bu mevkiideki en yük-sek da¤ olarak dikkati çekmektedir ve zirvesinde bir Bizans yerleflimi bar›nd›rmaktad›r. Bu yerleflime ait duvarlar›n ve bir sarn›ç yap›s›n›n yan›s›ra, 3 nefli, güneydo¤usunda ek yap›lar›n yer ald›¤›, duvar resim-leriyle bezenmifl oldu¤u kimi izlerden anlafl›lan, bazi-likal plânl› bir kilise saptanarak kroki plân çizimi yap›lm›flt›r. Ayn› zamanda kilisenin liturjik ifllevli elemanlar›na ait tafl ö¤eler envanterlenmifltir.
basilica and has an apse of semicircular form, both on the interior and exterior. The Lower Fortress is located at a lower point on the same hill and it covers an area of approximately 136.50 by 42.00 square meters.
The masonry and the materials employed in the con-struction, date these walls to the Byzantine Period.
The Lower City is to be found at the lowest level and it covers an area of approximately 104.50 by 39.00 square meters. In the northwest corner of the walls there is an apse wall of a church, the rest of this build-ing is no longer extant. This year, the plans and draw-ings of the baths, were completed, using AutoCad.
These baths are a unique example from the Byzantine Period in the region due to the masonry technique and the materials employed in its walls. Regrettably a vault-ed structure outside the settlement, that was studivault-ed the previous year, had been entirely ruined by the time of our visit in 2003; while a lime kiln had been partially ruined by the actions of greenhouse owners in the area.
This situation was reported in writing, with additional visual documentation, to the Antalya Museum.
In the 10 days remaining, following our work at Gagae, the following settlements and structures were surveyed:
The remains of walls and two cisterns that were dated to the Byzantine Period were discovered at Asar Tepe, in the Asarönü village of Finike township. Another Byzantine settlement was discovered on the slopes of Gülmezasar hill to the west of the village. Here, a basilical church that was accessed through a structure serving as a vestibule and the visible elements of stone architecture were inventoried. Mount Kefllik to the east of Asarönü village is the tallest peak in the region and has a Byzantine settlement on its summit. The walls of this settlement and a cistern were documented,
Res. 2 / Fig. 2 Res. 1 / Fig. 1
Kumluca ‹lçesi Alt›nyaka/Gödene Beldesi’ne ba¤l›
Güneflli Mahallesi’nde yer alan Gedelma antik yerlefli-mindeki Kale’nin arkas›ndaki tepede yo¤un bitki örtüsü aras›nda izlenebilen duvar kal›nt›lar› ile k›smen ayakta kalan Kilise, yerleflimin Bizans Dönemi’ne iliflkin veri-lerdir. Tek nefli, do¤usu Likya’n›n bölgesel özelli¤i olan üç yaprakl› yonca (trichonchos) plânl› kilise, güney-do¤usunda farkl› bir evreye ait tek nefli bir flapel ile s›n›rlan›r. Burada da yap› kompleksinin kroki plân çizimi yap›lm›flt›r. Kumluca ‹lçesi Alt›nyaka/Gödene Beldesi’nde Kotanna antik ad›yla bilinen yerleflim, beldenin bat›s›ndaki tepe üzerinde yer al›r. Tepenin en üst düzleminde bir TV vericisinin yerlefltirilmesi, tepeye ç›k›fl› sa¤layan genifl bir yolun aç›lmas›na neden olmufltur. Uydunun bulundu¤u alan da dikenli tellerle çevrilmifl ve aç›lan yol düzlenmifltir; bu çal›flma s›ras›nda y›k›lm›fl olan yerleflime ait duvarlar›n molozlar› ve hatta üzeri resimli duvar s›valar› yol kenar›nda gözlen-mektedir. Yamaçta kalan duvar kal›nt›lar› olas›l›kla bir savunma yap›s›na aittir. Tepenin alt k›sm›nda 1955 tarihli Alt›nyaka Merkez Camii’nin avlusunda ise kentten al›nm›fl mimari ifllevli ve Bizans Dönemi’ne tarihledi¤i-miz 3 tafl ö¤enin, devflirme ve bahçe düzenlemesinde kullan›ld›¤› saptanarak envanterlenmifltir. Kumluca
‹lçesi Gölcük Köyü’ndeki Kale - Yerleflim (Kitanaura?), düzlükte yer alan köyün hemen yan›nda yükselen tepenin üst düzlemindeki genifl alanda yer almaktad›r.
Surlarla çevrili yerleflimdeki yap› kal›nt›lar›, duvar malzeme-tekni¤i ve an›tsal nitelikleriyle Roma Dönemi’-ne ait olmal›d›r. Burada herhangi bir çal›flma yap›lma-m›flt›r.
Elmal› ‹lçesi’nde Karam›k Köyü’nün güneydo¤usunda-ki Podalia Kale, yüksek bir tepenin üst düzlemi ile yamac›nda iç ve d›fl kaleden oluflmaktad›r. ‹ç Kale yaklafl›k 0.60-0.70 m.’lik bir alan› kaplamaktad›r.
Yamaçtaki D›fl Kale’de sura bitiflik mekan düzenlemesi yap›lm›flt›r. Duvar malzeme ve tekni¤i Roma özellikle-rini yans›tmaktad›r. Elmal› ‹lçesi’nin Çobanisa Köyü’nde, karayolunun hemen kenar›ndaki üç bölümlü tepenin güney k›sm›nda yer alan Gilevgi Kale, surlarla çevrili kent görünümündedir. Kente kuzeydo¤uda bir kap› ile girilmektedir. Bat› cephede dörtgen kulelerle destekle-nen surlar›n içinde kimi yap› kal›nt›lar› yer al›r. Yerlefli-min düzgün, kesme tafl örgü duvarlar›n›n malzeme ve teknik özelli¤i, Roma Dönemi niteliklerini yans›t›r.
Elmal› ‹lçesi’nde Zümrütova Köyü’ndeki kale, köyün yan›nda yer alan tepe üzerindedir. Yaklafl›k 0.70 - 0.80 m.
boyutlar›ndaki alanda kale duvarlar› do¤u, bat›, güney yönlerde yap›lm›fl; kuzeyde ise kayal›klara yaslanm›flt›r.
together with a three aisled basilical church with some annexes to the southeast, the church originally was decorated with wall paintings as can be understood from the remaining traces and a sketch plan of this church was drawn. Moreover, those stone elements related to the liturgy were inventoried.
The walls that are discernible through the dense vege-tation and the remains of a still partially standing church on the hill behind the fortress, comprise the Byzantine data that is presently available from the ancient site of Gedelma, in the Güneflli neighborhood of the Alt›nyaka/Gödene district of Kumluca township.
The single aisled church, having a triconch apse to the east, a type peculiar to Lycia, is bordered by a single aisled chapel, constructed at a different date, to the southeast. A sketch plan of this complex was prepared.
The ancient settlement of Kotanna extends over a hill to the west of Alt›nyaka/Gödene district of Kumluca. A wide road was opened when a television transmitter was erected on top of this hill, and the area around the transmitter is fenced off and the road was stabilized.
This road construction resulted in the destruction of some structures, as the traces of wall plaster with paint-ing and the rubble from the walls can be observed along the road. The wall remains on the slope probably belong to a defensive structure. In the courtyard of the Alt›nyaka Merkez Mosque that was built in 1955, three stone elements that had obviously been taken from the ancient site were inventoried. The fortress settlement (Kitanaura?) in the Gölcük village of Kumluca township is situated on a wide flat area on top of the hill, adja-cent to the lower lying village on the plain. These building remains are encircled with walls and belong to the Roman Period based on the masonry employed, the material features of the walls and their monumen-tality. No work was done here.
Podalia Fortress, lying to the southeast of Karam›k village of the Elmal› township, has both an inner and an outer fortress, with the inner fortress located on the flat area on top and the outer fortress on the slope. The Inner Fortress covers an area of approximately 60 by 70 m. The Outer Fortress on the slope has an arrange-ment of rooms adjoining the walls. The masonry technique and the materials employed have Roman characteristics. The Gilevgi Fortress on the southern part of the tripartite hill by the road in the Çobanisa village of Elmal› township seems to have been a forti-fied city. The entrance to the city was through a gate to the northeast. Inside the western wall, which is
rein-YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS
Bat›da duvarlar kayalar üzerine oturtulmufltur. Surlar›n güneyinde sura bitiflik iki kare plânl› mekan, kale mima-risinde ço¤unlukla görülen bir özelliktir. Elmal› ‹lçesi’nin Avdan Köyü’ndeki Kale, tepenin do¤u k›sm›ndaki düzlükte yer alan yaklafl›k 200x0.80 m. boyutlar›nda surlar ile içinde pek çok yap› içermektedir. Duvarlar›n malzeme ve tekni¤inin yan› s›ra yerleflimde envanterle-di¤imiz mimari ifllevli bir tafl eser, kalenin Bizans Dönemi’ne ait oldu¤una iflaret etmektedir. Elmal›
‹lçesi’nin Ovac›k Köyü’ndeki Kale, yaklafl›k 0.70x0.80 m. lik bir alanda yer alan sur duvarlar› ile içinde güney ve bat› surlara bitiflik mekanlardan oluflmaktad›r.
Duvarlar harçs›z, y›¤ma tekni¤inde, tafllar oldukça düzgün ifllenmifltir. Elmal› ‹lçesi’nin Yuva Köyü’ndeki Asar Tepe, tepenin bat›s›ndaki alçak düzlükte yer alan küçük bir savunma yap›s› içermektedir. Kayalar üzer-ine oturan duvarlar olas›l›kla sur niteli¤indedir. Bat›
kayal›klardaki oyma bir nifl, boyutlar› nedeniyle mezar nifli olmal›d›r. Duvarlar›n ve bu niflin niteli¤i, yerleflimin Bizans Dönemi’ne ait oldu¤unu düflündürmektedir.
Likya’n›n kuzeyinde, özellikle Elmal› çevresinde belir-ledi¤imiz büyük boyutlu olmayan bu yap›lar›n, olas›l›k-la savunma ve gözlem amaçl› yap›ld›kolas›l›k-lar›n› ve küçük topluluklar› bar›nd›rd›klar›n› düflünüyoruz. Tepelerin üst noktalar›na kurulmufl bu yerleflimlerde, k›y› bölge-lerden farkl› bir malzeme ve duvar tekni¤i izlenmek-tedir. Gilevgi Kale ise, boyutlar›yla, içindeki çeflitli yap›larla ve surlar›n özenli malzeme ve tekni¤i ile bu gruptan ayr›lmaktad›r.
Bu y›l araflt›rma program› plânland›¤› gibi uygulanm›fl;
incelenen 13 yerleflimin 8’inde Bizans Dönemi’ne ait dinsel, savunma ifllevli ve günlük yaflama iliflkin yap›lar
forced with rectangular towers, are the remains of some buildings. The fine dressed stone masonry technique and the materials employed at this site suggest a Roman date. The fortress of Zümrütova village of Elmal› town-ship is on a hill next to the village. The fortress encloses an area of 70 by 80 square meters and has man-made walls to the east, the south and the west while on the north side are rocks. On the west side the walls stand upon rocks. To the south of the walls, two square rooms that adjoin the walls, are quite a common feature of fortress architecture. The fortress in the Avdan village of Elmal› township has walls that enclose an area of 200 by 80 square meters on the flat part of the east of the hill, this wall encircles many structures.
The materials and masonry technique employed in the walls, plus a stone architectural element, suggest a Byzantine date for this fortress. The fortress situated in the Ovac›k village of Elmal› township encloses an area of 70 by 80 square meters and has rooms adjoining the western and southern walls on the inside. The walls do not have mortar and the stones are fine worked. Asar Tepe, in the village of Yuva, in Elmal› township, has a small defensive structure on the lower flat area to the west of the hill. The walls standing on rocks were prob-ably built for fortification purposes. A carved niche in the western rocks, from its dimensions, should be a burial niche. The walls and the niche suggest a Byzan-tine date for this settlement.
We are of the opinion that these small structures that we have surveyed in northern Lycia, especially those around Elmal›, were probably built for defensive and observation purposes and seem to have housed only
Res. 4 / Fig. 4 Res. 3 / Fig. 3
belirlenmifltir. Bölgedeki araflt›rmalar›m›z sürdürülür-ken, proje kapsam›nda Likya’n›n Bizans tafllar› üzerine bir kitap haz›rlanmaktad›r (Res. 3-4).
small groups of inhabitants. Those settlements that are located on hilltops are constructed from materials and employ masonry techniques different from those employed along the coasts. The Gilevgi Fortress distin-guishes itself from this group because of its size, the structures inside, and fine workmanship and materials employed in this fortress-settlement.
The program for 2003 was accomplished as planned, with those Byzantine period religious, defense and habitation structures recorded at 8 sites out of a total of 13. As our surveys of the Byzantine remains in the region continue, we are preparing a book of our find-ings concerning the Byzantine stone repertory of Lycia, within the framework of this project (Fig. 3-4).
T.C Kültür Bakanl›¤› Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü taraf›ndan verilen izinle, Pednelissos antik kentinde gerçeklefltirilen üçüncü sezon çal›flmalar›
01.09.2003 ve 28.09.2003 tarihleri aras›nda, aynen geçen seneki gibi genifl ve farkl› uzmanlardan oluflan bir ekiple Köln Üniversitesi Klasik Arkeoloji Bölümü’n-ce gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Dr. L. Vandeput’un baflkanl›¤›n-da ve Veli Köse’nin vekaletinde yürütülen araflt›rmabaflkanl›¤›n-da Alman, Belçika ve Türk bilimadamlar› ile ö¤renciler görev alm›fllard›r.
Topografik Harita
2003 sezonunda Kuzey Nekropolü’nün bulundu¤u kentin kuzeyindeki kesim bitirildi. Bu alanda kentin bulundu¤u tepenin hemen yan›nda bulunan ve daha alçak olan bir di¤er tepenin üzerinde çiftlik ya da malikane oldu¤u san›lan ve henüz kesin fonksiyonu bilinmeyen yeni bir yap› kompleksinin kal›nt›lar› bulun-du ve bu mevkii topografik haritaya dahil edildi.
Detayl› ‹ncelenen Bafll›ca Yap›lar Kent surlar› ve kap›lar›:
2003 kampanyas› ile birlikte kentin sur ve kap›lar›n›n detayl› incelenmesine baflland›. Kentin kuzey surlar›-n›n, kap›n›n hemen bat› kanad›ndan itibaren bat›ya do¤ru uzanan kesimi, bosajl› ve kal›n bloklar›yla en erken yap›m evresine aittiler. ‹kinci bir yap›m evresin-de, bu kap›n›n do¤u ve bat› kanad›n›n uzant›s›, kentin bat› ve güney kap›s›n›n oldu¤u kesimle birlikte tekrar infla edilmifllerdir. Kap›lar›n hemen yanlar›na,
beraber-With the permission granted by the General Director-ate of Cultural Heritage and Museums, the third season of surveys in ancient Pednelissos was carried out from the 1stthrough to the 29thof September by the Depart-ment of Classical Archaeology at Köln University with a large group of scholars, comprising specialists from many disciplines. This survey was under the direction of Dr. L. Vandeput, director, and Dr. V. Köse, the deputy director, and was carried out by both scholars and stu-dents from Turkey, Germany and Belgium.
The Topographical Map
The topographical mapping of the northern part of the city, where the North Necropolis lies was completed in the 2003 season. The part of the northern fortifications extending west from the gate, has bossed and thick blocks and belongs to the oldest constructional phase.
In a second phase, the extensions to the eastern and western wings of this gate were rebuilt, together with the section including the western and southern gates of the city. Just next to the gates an adjoining tower was built. Probably in this period too, a new fortification wall was built in the Lower City, thus enlarging the city towards the west (Fig. 1). The third phase includes ancient repairs here and there to the walls and gates.
An inscribed block dated to the 2nd century A.D. was reused in the western jamb of the North Gate and provides a dated reference point for these repairs.
Similarly, repairs are observed, made especially to the South gate and at points on the walls. Further, probably in this period, an arched doorway was opened in the