1. Kaya Mezar›
2. Lahit
3. Tap›nak Plânl› An›t Mezar
2002 y›l›nda ilk çizim ve rölöveleri yap›lan Olba tap›nak plânl› an›t mezar› 2003 çal›flma döneminde de yeniden ele al›narak, mimari detaylar› konusunda bilin-meyenler ayd›nlat›lmaya çal›fl›ld› (Res. 1). Prostylos tap›nak biçiminde yap›ld›¤› ve Korinth düzeninde oldu¤u anlafl›lan yap›n›n tümüyle y›k›lm›fl durumdaki cephesi konusunda bilgi sa¤lamak amac›yla Kültür Bakanl›¤› izniyle sondajlar aç›ld›. Sondajlar, an›t›n önün-de bafllang›çta basamakl› bir düzenlemenin söz konusu oldu¤unu ancak, ilk yap›m tarihi sonras›nda yap›n›n de¤ifliklikler yap›larak kullan›ld›¤›n› gösterdi. Ayr›ca, tap›na¤›n ön sütun dizisine ait Korinth bafll›¤› saptand›.
An›t mezar›n en iyi korunan kuzey-bat› (arka) duvar›n›n kuzey-bat› köflesinde aç›lan sondaj, yap›n›n altyap›s›
ve temelleri konusunda flimdiye dek bilinmeyen baz›
detaylar› ortaya ç›kartt›. Üç tafl s›ras›ndan oluflan ve 1.55 m. yükseklikteki podyumun alt›nda yine harçs›z ve rektagonal tafllarla örülen bir çevre duvar› belirlendi.
Podyumdan 30 cm. ç›k›nt› yapan bu duvar›n yaklafl›k 10 cm.’lik bir bölümünün toprak üzerinde görülmesi gerekir. Bunun alt›nda ise, daha düzensiz iflçilik yans›-tan 20 cm. yükseklikte tafl temel ve en altta da tafl dolgu/
1. Rock tombs 2. Sarcophagus
3. Monumental tomb with a temple layout
The first relevé and drawings of the monumental tomb with temple layout were done in 2002 and in 2003 the structure was reevaluated with the aim of filling the gaps in architecture (Fig. 1). The structure is a prostyle of the Corinthian order. As the façade is entirely in ruins, with the permission issued by the Ministry of Culture soundings were opened in order to acquire data. Soundings revealed that the structure originally had an arrangement with steps in front but that it was later altered. Besides, a Corinthian capital belonging to the row of prostyle columns was located.
The sounding opened on the northwest corner of the north-west (rear) wall of the monumental tomb revealed some unknown details about the substructure and foundations. Under the 1.55 m high podium built with three courses of stones was found an encircling wall built with rectangular stones but without mortar.
This wall protrudes about 30 cm from the podium and about 10 cm portion of it must have been visible.
Under this wall is the stone foundation 20 cm in height with quite irregular workmanship, and under that is the stone filling. Based on these details uncovered we can
Res. 1 / Fig. 1
YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS blokaj vard›r. Bu saptamalar uyar›nca, Olba tap›nak
mezar›n› Da¤l›k Kilikya’da baflta Elaiussa-Sebaste (Ayafl), Korykos (K›zkalesi) olmak üzere Imbriogon (Dösene), Kanytelis (Kanl›divane), Cambazl›, Mezgitkale ve Olba-Diokaisareia (Uzuncaburç) gibi pek çok merkezde tan›nan bir tipin temsilcisi olarak de¤erlendirebiliriz.
Benzerleri gibi Olba örne¤ini de ‹.S. 2. yy.’a tarihle-mek olas›d›r.
Tap›nak plânl› an›t mezar›n yan› s›ra 2002’de ilk sap-tama ve de¤erlendirmelerinin yap›ld›¤› iki ayr› kaya mezar›n›n da mimari ölçüm ve çizimleri 2003 araflt›r-ma döneminde gerçeklefltirildi. Bunlardan ilki, Do¤u Vadisi’ne bakan, Korinth düzeninde tetrastylos tap›nak cepheli kaya mezar›d›r (Res. 2). Vadi taban›ndan yakla-fl›k 15 m. yükseltideki mezara kayaya oyulmufl basa-maklarla ulafl›l›r. 2.7x2.9 m.’lik ölçüleriyle kareye yak›n plânl› mezar odas›n›n girifle göre sa¤ taraf›nda tafl mezar yeri, giriflin tam karfl›s›nda ise bir nifl vard›r.
Olba’daki tap›nak cepheli di¤er kaya mezar›, Güney Nekropolisi olarak adland›r›lan kesimdedir. ‹ki ‹on sütunu ve onlar›n tafl›d›¤› bafltaban ve al›nl›ktan oluflan düzenlemeye sahiptir (Res. 3). Mezar odas› 2.85x2.43 m.
boyutlar›nda, dikdörtgen plânl›d›r. En çok 1.70 m.
yükseklikteki tavan, beflik tonoz biçimindedir.
Olba’daki kaya mezar mimarl›¤›n›n en güzel örnek-lerinden biri, akropolis eteklerinde, Do¤u Vadisi’nin bat› yamac› üzerindedir. Vadi taban›ndan yaklafl›k 9 m.
yükseklikteki an›t›n kemerli cephe düzenlemesi vard›r (Res. 4). Birbirine farkl› seviyelerde aç›lan üç ayr›
mekana sahip olan bir mezar kompleksi niteli¤indedir ve Do¤u Roma topraklar›nda en görkemli örnekleri Petra’da tan›nan mezar gelene¤inin Kilikia Bölgesi temsilcisi olarak nitelenebilir.
Olba’da yerleflim alan›n›n hemen her yerinde, kimi zaman kaya mezarlar›n›n yan›bafl›nda lahitler saptan›r.
2003 araflt›rmalar›nda yerlefltirilifl biçimleri ve yap›m özellikleri bak›m›ndan Olba’daki lahitler de¤erlendi-rildi ve ölçüm ve çizimlerine baflland›. Yap›mlar›nda yerli kireç tafl›n›n kullan›ld›¤› lahitlerin süslemeli ya da süslemesiz örnekleri vard›r. Süslemesiz olanlar, sandu-kalar›n›n alt ve üstünde ç›k›nt›l› profile; k›rma çat› biçi-minde, merkez ve köfle akroterli kapaklara sahiptir.
Süslemeli lahitlerde kullan›lan bafll›ca unsurlar girland, girland tafl›yan Eros, çelenk, yaz›tl› ya da yaz›ts›z tabu-la ansata ya da düz levha (tabutabu-la) otabu-larak belirlenir.
Ba¤›ms›z olarak ifllendikten sonra uygun bir konuma, örne¤in düzlefltirilen bir kaya yüzeyine yerlefltirilen lahitlerden baflka kaya kütlesiyle birlikte yekpare
infer that the monumental temple tomb of Olba is an example well known from many sites in Rough Cilicia such as Elaiussa-Sebaste (Ayafl) and Korykos (Kızkalesi) firstly, and Imbriogon (Dösene), Kanytelis (Kanlıdivane), Cambazlı, Mezgitkale and Olba-Diocaeserea (Uzunca-burç). It is plausible to date the Olba example to the 2nd century, as are the similar ones.
Two rock tombs discovered and explored first in 2002 were measured and plans to the scale were drawn in the 2003 campaign. The first has a tetrastyle temple façade of Corinthian order and faces the East Valley (Fig. 2). Located about 15 meters above the valley floor the rock tomb is accessed via steps cut into the rock.
The burial chamber measures 2.70x2.90 m and has the stone burial bench on the right and a niche opposite the entrance.
The other rock tomb with a temple façade is in the section called the South Necropolis. This rock tomb
Res. 2 / Fig. 2
ifllenenler, “chamosorion” niteli¤i tafl›yanlar vard›r.
Ayr›ca, kimi lahitler birer kaya an›t›, ait olduklar› mezar kompleksinin bir parças› olarak ifllenirler. Olba lahitle-rinin ‹.S. 2. ve 3. yy.’a tarihlenmeleri olas›d›r.
Olba 2003 araflt›rmas›n›n temel konular›ndan biri de akropolis üzerindeki an›tsal yap›d›r. Bafllang›çta anaka-yan›n oluflturdu¤u ve k›smen biçim verilmifl podyum üzerinden yükselen prostylos plânl› bir an›t-mezar oldu¤unu düflündü¤ümüz ve sahip oldu¤u mimari ele-manlar› nedeniyle Korinth düzeninde, ‹.S. 2. yy.’a ait oldu¤u anlafl›lan yap›yla ilgili gelifltirilen incelemeler, bunun bat›ya do¤ru uzanan birimleri bulunan daha genifl kapsaml› bir plânlamaya sahip oldu¤unu göster-di. Akropolis’in tam tepesindeki ayr›cal›kl› konumu, yap›n›n yerel ya da imparatorluk kültüne adanan bir tap›nak olabilece¤ini düflündürmektedir. 2003 araflt›r-ma döneminde miaraflt›r-mari ölçüm ve çizimlerine bafllanan yap›yla ilgili önümüzdeki y›llarda çal›flmalar sürdürüle-cektir.
had two Ionian columns supporting an entablature and a pediment (Fig. 3). The burial chamber measures 2.85x2.43 m and barrel-vaulted ceiling is 1.70 m tall at the highest point.
A beautiful example of rock tombs in Olba is found on the west slope of the East Valley, on the skirts of the acropolis. The tomb located at 9 meters above the valley floor has an arched façade (Fig. 4). The tomb is a com-plex of three chambers opening into each other and can be said to be the Cilician representative of the tomb tradition, whose best examples are found at Petra.
Almost all over the settlement and sometimes by the rock tombs stand sarcophagi. In the 2003 campaign, the sarcophagi in Olba were evaluated according to their placement form and construction features, and their dimensions were measured and drawings started. Made of local limestone some sarcophagi have decoration while some do not. Those without decoration have a projecting profile at the bottom and top of the chest, and a lid in the form of a pitched roof with acroteria in the middle and at the corners. Decorated sarcophagi have mainly garlands, Erotes carrying garlands, wreaths, tabulae ansata or tabulae with or without inscriptions.
While some sarcophagi were carved separately and then placed at some suitable location, e.g. on a hewn rock terrace, there are also examples carved entirely from the bedrock, i.e. chamosorion. Besides, some sar-cophagi were worked as rock monuments, as part of the burial complex they belong to. It is plausible to date the Olba sarcophagi to the 2nd and 3rdcenturies.
One main area of focus in 2003 was the monumental structure atop the acropolis. Our preliminary observa-tion was that it was a monumental prostyle temple tomb of the Corinthian order rising on a podium carved from the bedrock and dated it to the 2ndcentury; how-ever, as our surveys progressed it was understood that the structure was part of a larger complex with units extending towards west. Its privileged location atop the acropolis suggests its identification as a temple ded-icated to a local or imperial cult. The architectural measurements and drawings begun in 2003 will con-tinue in the future.
About 10 meters above the valley floor on the west slope of the fieytan Creek Valley stretching to the south were found a rock cut monumental room, comprising chambers and alcoves, and a series of niches. We are of the opinion that this complex is a cult place dedicated to the deities of local traditions.
Res. 3 / Fig. 3
YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS 2003 araflt›rmas›nda, güneye do¤ru uzanan fieytan
Deresi Vadisi’nin bat› yamac›nda, vadi taban›ndan ortalama 10 m. yükseklikte kayaya oyulmufl oda ve girintilerden oluflan görkemli bir mekan ve nifller dizi-sine rastland›. Bunun yerel inan›fllarla ilgili, bölgede tap›n›lan tanr› ya da tanr›çalara adanm›fl bir kült yeri oldu¤unu sanmaktay›z.
Res. 4 / Fig. 4
Mersin ili, Silifke ‹lçesi’ne ba¤l› Sömek Köyü ve çevre-sinde Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤› izni, Mersin Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araflt›rma Projeleri’nin maddi deste¤iyle 2003/Kas›m ay›nda baflkanl›¤›m›zca yap›lan araflt›rmaya, Günefl Dik, Mustafa Çetgin ve Mersin Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji bölümü ö¤rencilerinden Mustafa Ö¤üt’ten oluflan bir ekip ile Bakanl›k temsilcisi Mersin Müzesi arkeologlar›ndan Zeki Akcan kat›lm›flt›r.
Silifke ‹lçesi’ne yaklafl›k 40 km. uzakl›ktaki Sömek Köyü yak›n›ndaki antik yerleflimde iki kilise d›fl›nda çok say›da ev kal›nt›s›, ifllikler, lahitler ve sarn›çlar bulun-maktad›r. Çal›flma bugüne kadar incelenmemifl ve yay›n›
yap›lmam›fl iki kilisede yo¤unlaflm›flt›r. Kiliselerin isim ve tarihini verebilecek yaz›tlar› olmad›¤› için bulun-duklar› konuma göre Bat› ve Do¤u Kilisesi olarak adlan-d›r›lm›flt›r. Daha iyi durumdaki Bat› Kilisesi’nin ölçüm ve çizim çal›flmalar› tamamlanm›fl, Do¤u Kilisesi’nin tamamen tahrip olmas› ve bat› cephesi d›fl›nda do¤ru ölçüleri al›namad›¤› için kroki plan› yap›lm›flt›r.
Antik yerleflimin yaklafl›k 200 m. bat›s›ndaki Bat› Kili-sesi birden fazla yap›m evresine sahiptir. Bölge kiliseleri ile k›yasland›¤›nda kilisenin 6. yy.’a tarihlendirilebile-cek ilk evrede üç nefli, bazilikal planl› yap›ld›¤› belir-lenir. Yap›daki korinth sütun bafll›klar› ve tafl malzeme Antik Dönem’e ait bir yap›dan sökülerek bu kilisede kullan›lm›flt›r. Güney yan nef içinde nefe sonradan yerlefltirilmifl bir kap› aç›kl›¤› ve duvar izleri yap›n›n 7. yy.’dan sonra daha küçük boyutlara indirgenerek kullan›lm›fl oldu¤unu akla getirir. Ancak bu ikinci evreye kesin bir tarih vermek olas› de¤ildir (Res. 1).
Kilisenin güneybat›s›ndaki bir yap› ya da yap›lara ait kal›nt›lar dikkat çekicidir. Bu kal›nt›lar içinde oldukça
With permission issued by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and financial support from the Mersin University’s Research Fund, research was carried out at Sömek village in 2003 by a survey team under the author’s direction. The members of the survey team were Günefl Dik, Mustafa Çetgin, and Mustafa Ö¤üt, a student from Mersin University, Faculty of Letters and Sciences, Department of Archaeology, with Zeki Akcan, the State’s representative, an archaeologist from Mersin Museum.
Sömek Village is located about 40 km from Silifke. In addition to the remains of the two churches the ancient settlement nearby has numerous remains of houses, work areas, sarcophagi and cisterns. The work focused on these two churches, which have not been studied or published to date. Due to the lack of epigraphic evidence, the churches have been named as the “West Church” and the “East Church” due to their locations.
The West Church, which is better preserved, has been documented architecturally and its plan has been drawn to scale, while the East Church, which is entirely in ruins, was drawn only as a sketch plan, as only the eastern wall could be measured accurately.
The West Church is located about 200 m to the west of the ancient settlement and provides evidence of multiple phases of construction. Like other churches in the region, in the first phase, the West Church took the form of a three aisled basilica that is datable to the 6th century. The column capitals are of the Corinthian order and the other stone material employed in the construction of the church was “spolien” gathered from an antique structure. A doorway, which had been opened later, together with the traces of walls in the southern side aisle suggest that the church served a