Çekim/Güç Merkezler - Çekim Modeller - 5HJUHV\RQ'HQNOHPLQL'H÷HUOHQGLUPH

5HJUHV\RQ'HQNOHPLQL'H÷HUOHQGLUPH

3.3.4.5. Çekim Modeller

3.4.1.3.6. Çekim/Güç Merkezler

6RQ\ÕOODUGDAmerikan perakende eNRQRPLVLQGHNLHQ|QHPOL\DSÕVDOGH÷LúLNOLN büyük kolilerde ürün satan(big box) veya kategori öldüren olarak isimlendirilen yeni SHUDNHQGH ELoLPOHULQLQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ ROPXúWXU Tipik olarak bu perakendeciler güç PHUNH]OHUL RODUDN ELOLQHQ \HQL ROXúXPODUGD ELUOHúLU %X JHQLú NDSVDPOÕ SHUDNHQGH RSHUDV\RQODUÕORMLVWLNVWRNNRQWUROVLSDULúNDWHJRUL\|QHWLPLUQWDUDPDLOLúNLVHl SD]DUODPDYHUHNODPFÕOÕ÷ÕQGDKLOROGX÷XSHUDNHQGH\|QHWLPLQLQ|QHPOLDODQODUÕQGD oHúLWOL ELOJL WHNQRORMLOHULQL ELUOHúWLULU Bu teknRORMLOHULQ EWQOHúWLULOPHVL YH X\JXODQPDVÕELJ-ER[SHUDNHQGHPD÷D]DODUÕQÕQKDODNDEXOHGLOHELOLUELUNDUG]H\LQL NRUXUNHQGDKDGúNUQIL\DWODUÕEHOLUOHPHOHULQHLPNDQYHULU2 *HQHOELULIDGH\OHELJER[¶ODUE\NO÷WLSLNRODUDN.500-15.000 m² ve daha ID]ODRODQE\N|OoHNOLPD÷D]DODUGÕU%XQXQODELUOLNWH³E\N´WDQÕPÕJ|UHFHOLGLU YHV|]NRQXVXUQNDWHJRULVLLOHLOLúNLOHQGLULOPHOLGLU%XUDGDDQDKWDUQRNWDELJ-box, NDWHJRUL |OGUHQ PD÷D]DODUÕQ NHQGL NDWHJRULOHULQGHNL JHOHQHNVHO ELU PD÷D]DGDn birkDoNDWE\NONWHROPDVÕGÕU3

Büyük kolilerde(big-box) ürün satan perakendeciler hem kategori öldürenleri |UQH÷LQ +RPH 'HSRW, Circuit City, Office Depot, Sports Authority), indirim PD÷D]DODUÕQÕ (Wal-Mart, Kmart, Target) hem de depo kulüpleri (Sam’s Club, Price Costco) YH E\N HQGVWUL\HO WDU]OÕ ELQDODUGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ GL÷HU GH÷HU RGDNOÕ perakendecileri kapsar. Big-ER[SHUDNHQGHFLOHUGHVDWÕODQUQOHU, genellikle bölgesel DOÕúYHULúPHUNH]LPD÷D]DODUÕQGDVDWÕODQUQOHUNDGDUPRGDRGDNOÕGH÷LOGLU.4

1_{Georgia Lee, “Bal Harbour’s New Breed”, Women’s Wear Daily, Vol.24(Ocak 1990), ss: 8-9’dan}

aktaran Levy and Weitz, Retailing Management, s.330.

2_{Ken Jones and Michael Doucet, “Big-box Retailing and The Urban Retail Structure: The Case of}

The Toronto Area”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol 7(2000), s.233.

3_{Ibid, s.234.} 4_{Hahn, a.g.m., s.224.}

Big-bo[SHUDNHQGHFLOHULQWRSODúÕPÕ çekim (güç) merkezi olarak bilinir. Çekim

merkezleri (power centers), çR÷XNH]E|OJHVHOELUDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]L\DNÕQÕQGD, büyük ELUúHULWPHUNH]GHNRQXPODQDQDoÕNKDYDDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]OHULGLU%|OJHVHODOÕúYHULú merkezinLQ oHNLP JFQGHQ ID\GDODQPDN DPDoODQÕU Tipik olarak 3-10 ana PD÷D]D\DVDKLSRODQEXPHUNH]OHULQSRWDQVL\HODQDPD÷D]DNLUDFÕODUÕGúNIL\DWOÕ JL\VL SHUDNHQGHFLOHUL E|OPO PD÷D]DODU 7R\V ³5´ 8V JLEL oRFXN PD÷D]DODUÕ EDúOÕFDHOHNWURQLNUQ]LQFLUOHULHYJHOLúWLUPHPHUNH]OHULYHHF]DQHOHUGLU1

dHNLPPHUNH]OHULQLQE\NO÷-PðDUDVÕQGDGH÷LúLU0XD]]DP E\NON YH NDWHJRUL |OGUHQPD÷D]DODUÕQ\NVHN RUDQÕ EX PHUNH]OHULQ HQ |QHPOL |]HOOL÷LGLU dHNLP PHUNH]OHUL DGÕQÕ NDWHJRUL |OGUHQ PD÷D]DODUÕQ YH GL÷HU GúN IL\DWOÕ PD÷D]DODUÕQ ELUOHúWLULOPLú JFQGHQ DOÕU Çekim merkezlerinin standart bir WDQÕPODPDVÕROPDPDNODELUOLNWHJHQHORODUDNúX|]HOOLNOHUEHOLUWLOHELOLU2

• 25.000 m²den fazla brüt kiralanabilir alan

• En az 95.500 m² brüt kiralanabilir alana sahip olan en az bir süper ana PD÷D]D

• Her biri 1.500-2.000 m²lik brüt kiralanabilir alana sahip olan daha NoNHQD]G|UWDQDPD÷D]D • PðGHQGDKDD]EUWNLUDODQDELOLUDODQVDKLSD]VD\ÕGDGDKDNoN dükkanlar • *HQHOOLNOHELUDoÕNKDYDPHUNH]i • %|OJHVHOELUDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]LQHEHQ]HUELUWLFDUHWE|OJHVL • %LUOHúWLULOPLúELUDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]L\|QHWLPL

øONoHNLPPHUNH]L, 280 Metro Center, California, Colma’da ¶GDDoÕOPÕúWÕU. %X PHUNH]OHU ¶OÕ \ÕOODU ER\XQFD oRN KÕ]OÕ ELU E\PH ND\GHWPLúWLU. \ÕOÕ VRQXQGDJoPHUNH]OHULPLO\DU¶OÕNDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]LVDWÕúODUÕQÕQQHUHGH\VH

1_{Lewison, Op.Cit., s.340.}

2_{M.D. Beyard, Power Centers: A Development and Investment Perspective, Washington: Urban}

¶LQL ROXúWXUPDNWD\GÕ. 1997 sonunda Amerika’da bu merke]OHULQ VD\ÕVÕ ¶H XODúPÕúWÕU.1

'L÷HU DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L WUOHUL\OH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD úX IDUNOÕOÕNOar dikkat çekmektedir:2 *HOHQHNVHO ELU E|OJHVHO \D GD VSHU E|OJHVHO DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]LQL SODQODPDNYHLQúDHWPHNSDKDOÕGÕUYHJHQHOOLNOHELUNDo\ÕODOÕU%XQDNDUúÕOÕNoHNLP PHUNH]LSODQODPDVÕYHLQúDVÕGDKDXFX]YHNROD\GÕU%LUoHNLPPHUNH]LLNL-üç ayda SODQODQÕSLQúDHGLOHELOLUD\QÕ]DPDQGDoHNLPPHUNH]LQGHELUPD÷D]DQÕQG|úHQPHVL görece ucuzdur.

%|OJHVHODOÕúYHULúPHUNH]OHULJHQHOOLNOHPRGDRGDNOÕGÕUR\VDoHNLPPHUNH]OHUL genel UQOHUGH X]PDQODúÕU %|OJHVHO PHUNH]OHUGHNL PD÷D]DODU IL\DW RGDNOÕ oDOÕúÕUNHQ oHNLP PHUNH]OHUL GH÷HU RGDNOÕGÕU YH UQ YH KL]PHWOHU JHQHOOLNOH VÕQÕUOÕGÕU

Big-ER[ PD÷D]DODU YH oHNLP PHUNH]OHULQLQ $PHULND¶GD EDúDUÕOÕ ROPDVÕQD NDUúÕQ $YUXSD¶GD D\QÕ \|QGH JHOLúLPLQ RODFD÷Õ V|\OHQHPH] $YUXSD SD]DUÕ $PHULNDQ SD]DUÕQGDQ ROGXNoD IDUNOÕGÕU YH ONHGHQ ONH\H GH IDUNOÕOÕN J|VWHULU $PHULND LOH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD |UQH÷LQ $OPDQ\D¶GDNL Eig-ER[ PD÷D]DODU $PHULND¶GDNLOHUGHQGDKDNoNWU$OPDQ\D¶GDQIXV\R÷XQOX÷XKHPEDQOL\|OHUGH KHP GH NHQWOHUGH oRN GDKD \R÷XQGXU EX QHGHQOH DUVDODU oRN GDKD SDKDOÕGÕU %X GXUXP GL÷HU $YUXSD ONHOHUL LoLQ GH JHoHUOLGLU $\UÕFD E|OJHVHO SODQODPD oRN güçlüdür. 0HYFXW \DVDODU EHOLUOL E|OJHOHULQ GÕúÕQGD DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L YH ELJ-box PD÷D]DODUÕQLQúDVÕQÕ|QOHUgUQH÷LQ$PHULND¶GDNL¶GHQID]ODDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]L

1_{W.P. O’Mara, M.D. Beyard and D.M. Casey, Developing Power Centers, Washington, 1996ss: 5-}

22’den aktaran Ibid, s.225.

LOH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD $OPDQ\D¶GD VDGHFH FLYDUÕQGD DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L YDUGÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD$YUXSD¶GDoHNLPPHUNH]OHULLoLQoRNUDKDWELUJHOLúPHRUWDPÕROGX÷X söylenemez.1

3.RQXOX)HVWLYDO$OÕúYHULú0HUNH]OHUL

.RQXOXIHVWLYDO DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]OHUL WKHPHIHVWLYDO FHQWHUV), özel bir mimari WDVDUÕPDVDKLSRODQYHLoGHNRUDV\RQXQGDoR÷XQOXNODWDULKLELUNRQXQXQNXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ merkezlerdir.2

%XPHUNH]OHUWLSLNRODUDNELUH\VHOGNNDQODUÕQPLPDULGL]D\QODUÕYHVDWWÕNODUÕ UQOHUOHEWQOHúHQRUWDNELUWHPDNXOODQÕUODU(QE\NoHNLFLOL÷LWXULVWOHULoLQGLU 5HVWRUDQODU YH H÷OHQFH \HUOHUL DQD PD÷D]DODU RODELOLU Konulu/festival merkez JHQHOOLNOH NHQW E|OJHVLQGH NRQXPODQÕU YH GDKD HVNL ED]HQ WDULKL ELU ELQDGDQ X\DUODPD\DSÕOÕU3

.RQXOXIHVWLYDO ELU DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L genellikle 7.500-24.500 m² JHQLúOL÷LQGHGLU*HQLúELUSHUDNHQGHFLoHúLWOLOL÷LQLELUOHúWLUHQRUWDNPLPDULPRWLIOHUH sahiptir.4_{%XPHUNH]OHUWLSLNELUELoLPGH|]HOOLNOLPHUNH]OHUGHNLQHEHQ]HUNLUDFÕODU} LoHULUDQFDNJHQHOOLNOHE\N|]HOOLNOLPD÷D]DODU\DGDE|OPOPD÷D]DODU\RNWXU5

Konulu/festival merkezler, yeni merkezlerin LQúDVÕ\OD HOGH HGLOHPH\HQ ELU HúVL]OL÷L LIDGH HGHU (VNL ELQDODU YH \DSÕODU QRVWDOML YH \HUHO WDULK KLVVL QHGHQL\OH özellikle ilginçtir. Bu merkezlere örnek olarak Boston’da Faneuil Hall, San Francisco’da Ghirardelli Square, California-Mountain View’de Old Mill Center ve Denver’da Larimer Square verilebilir.6

1_{Ibid, ss: 230-231.}

2_{Jerry M. Rosenberg, 3HUDNHQGHFLOLN6|]O÷øQJLOL]FH-Türkçe,oHY0HUDO7]HO$OÕúYHULú}

0HUNH]LYH3HUDNHQGHFLOHU'HUQH÷LøVWDQEXO%='<D\ÕQFÕOÕNV¶GHQDNWDUDQ.HQDQ$\GÕQ

Perakende Yönetiminin Temelleri, s.154.

3_{Hasty and Reardon, Op.Cit., s.236.} 4_Ibid.

5_{Levy and Weitz, Retailing Management, s.235.} 6_{Lewison, Op.Cit., s.341.}

3.4.1.3.8. )DEULND6DWÕú0D÷D]DVÕ0erkezleri

)DEULND VDWÕú PD÷D]DVÕ PHUNH]L IDFWRU\ RXWOHW FHQWHU), tarihsel olarak, üreticLQLQ VDKLEL ROGX÷X UHWLPLQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ IDEULNDGD EXOXQDQ YH IL\DWODUÕQ son GHUHFHGúNWXWXOGX÷XVDWÕúPD÷D]DVÕGÕU*QP]GHVWQGH÷HUELoLOHQUQOHULQ de GDKLO ROGX÷X YH oR÷X ]DPDQ ELUGHQ ID]OD UHWLFLQLQ PDOODUÕQÕ VDWDQ PD÷D]D GD IDEULNDVDWÕúPD÷D]DVÕRODUDNWDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU1

)DEULNDVDWÕúPD÷D]DODUÕ üreticilerin LNLQFLNDOLWH|UQHNYHUHWLPID]ODVÕPDUND ürünlerini önemli indirimlerle (yüzde 30- GR÷UXGDQ WNHWLFL\H VDWWÕ÷Õ oHNLFL PRGHUQXODúÕODELOLUELUSHUDNHQGHRUWDPÕVD÷ODU%D]Õüreticiler, yeni ürün dizilerini test etmek için perakende outletlerini kulODQÕU ED]ÕODUÕ RXWOHW GNNDQODUÕ LoLQ |]HO RODUDNNDOLWHOLUQOHUUHWLUYHVDWDUED]ÕODUÕGDNHQGLUQ\HOSD]HVLLOHX\JXQYH\D WDPDPOD\ÕFÕRODQEDúNDUHWLFLOHULQUQOHULQLVDWÕQDOÕSPD÷D]DODUÕQGDVDWDU Temel UQGL]LOHULJL\LPD\DNNDEÕWDEDNoanak ve evle ilgili ürünlerdir.2

2XWOHW PHUNH]OHU VDWÕúODUÕQ DUWÕúÕ JHQLúOH\HQ GD÷ÕWÕP D÷Õ GD÷ÕWÕP PDOL\HWOHULQLQD]DOPDVÕYH\HQLNDUOÕPHUNH]OHULQNXUXOXúXJLELQHGHQOHUOH üreticiler LoLQ ID\GDOÕ RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU %X PHUNH]OHULQ RUWDODPD E\NO÷ Pð FLYDUÕQGDGÕUIDNDWHQE\NOHULPLO\RQVTXDUHIHHWHXODúDELOLU3

%LUoRN SHUDNHQGH \HQLOL÷LQGH ROGX÷X JLEL IDEULND VDWÕú PHUNH]OHUL LON RODUDN $PHULND¶GD RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU Eski bir fabrikada kurulan ilk merkez Vanity Fayre WDUDIÕQGDQ 5HDGLQJ 3HQQV\OYDQLD¶GD ¶WH DoÕOPÕúWÕU 1980’lerden itibaren bu PHUNH]OHULQ VD\ÕVÕ oDUSÕFÕ ELU ELoLPGH DUWPÕú YH GDKD KRú ELU DOÕúYHULú DWPRVIHUL VXQXOPXúWXU \ÕOÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH LQGLULPOL PD÷D]D\Õ NDSVD\DQ FLYDUÕRXWOHWPHUNH]YDUGÕve 500 üreticLSHUDNHQGHSD]DUÕQDJLUPLúWL4_Tüketiciler DoÕVÕQGDQEDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDIDEULNDVDWÕúPD÷D]DODUÕNODVLNDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]OHULQHSRSOHU ELU DOWHUQDWLIWLU 0DUNDOÕ UQOHUL GúN IL\DWODUGD WRSOX DOÕúYHULú LPNDQÕ LOH VXQDU

1_{5RVHQEHUJ2S&LWV¶WHQDNWDUDQ$\GÕQPerakende Yönetiminin Temelleri, s.153.} 2_{Peter Jones, “Factory Outlet Shopping Centres and Planning Issues”,}_{International Journal of}

Retail&Distribution Management, Vol.23, No:1(1995), s.13.

3_Ibid. 4_Ibid.

$\UÕFD JHQHOOLNOH DQD\RO YH WXULVWLN PHUNH]OHUH \DNÕQ NRQXPODQGÕ÷ÕQGDQ ELUoRN PúWHULLoLQELUH÷OHQFHúHNOLGLU1

)DEULND VDWÕú PD÷D]DVÕ PHUNH]OHUL J|UHFH NoN ELU DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L LOH IL]LNVHORODUDNEHQ]HUGLUIDNDWDQDPD÷D]DPHYFXWGH÷LOGLUTemel olarak indirimli ürünler satan bu merkezler genellikle üretim veya WRSWDQ VDWÕú RUJDQL]DV\RQODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ\|QHWLOLU2 _{2XWOHWPHUNH]OHUGHDoÕNoDUúÕHQ\D\JÕQG]HQOHPHELoLPLGLU} \LQHGHED]ÕODUÕ NDSDOÕDOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L úHNOLQGH RODELOLU0úWHULELOHúLPL RUWD YH daha alt gelir grubundaki tüketicilerdir.3

2XWOHW PHUNH]OHU JHQHOGH E|OJHVHO DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]OHULQGHQ ELUD] X]DNWD NRQXPODQÕU E|\OHFH PHUNH]GHNL PD÷D]DODU E|OJHVHO DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]OHULQGHNL E|OPOYH|]HOOLNOLPD÷D]DODULOHGLUHNWUHNDEHWHWPH] Bu merkezler güçlü turistik bölgelerde deNXUXOXUgUQH÷LQDOÕúYHULúLQIDYRULELUWDWLOH÷OHQFHVLROPDVÕYH1HZ <RUN¶WDNL 1LDJDUD )DOOV¶ÕQ KHU \ÕO PLO\RQ WXULVW oHNPHVL QHGHQL\OH, Niagara Falls’daki 120.000 m²’OLN)DEULND6DWÕú0HJD0HUNH]LRXWOHWPHUNH]OHULoLQGR÷DO ELU PD÷D]D \HULGLU %D]Õ DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]L JHOLúWLULFLOHUL \]OHUFH PLO X]DNOÕNWDQ PúWHULJHWLUPHNLoLQRWREVWXUODUÕG]HQOHUOHU4

7UNoH¶\H IDEULND VDWÕú PD÷D]DlarÕ PHUNH]L RODUDN oHYLUHELOHFH÷LPL] ³RXWOHW FHQWHU´ GLOLPL]H \HUOHúPLú GXUXPGDGÕU øON RODUDN .RFDHOL¶GH \ÕOÕQGD DoÕODQ ³RXWOHW FHQWHU´GDQ VRQUD dRUOX $YDQWDM YH =H\WLQEXUQX 2OLYLXP GD EX DQOD\ÕúOD KL]PHWH DoÕOPÕúODUGÕU \ÕOÕ VRQXQGD LVH $QNDUD¶QÕQ LON ³RXWOHW FHQWHU´Õ RODUDN 2SWLPXP 2XWOHW &HQWHU DoÕOPÕúWÕU %XQXQ GÕúÕQGD ED]Õ PDUNDODUÕQ NHQGL RXWOHW PD÷D]DODUÕGDYDUGÕU'L÷HU\DQGDQED]ÕILUPDODUGDVDGHFHRXWOHWOHUGHVDWÕOPDN]HUH özel ucuz ürünler üretmektedirler.5

1_{Kristy E. Reynolds, Jaishankar Ganesh and Michael Luckett, “Traditional Malls vs. Factory Outlets:}

Comparing Shopping Typologies and Implications for Retail Strategy”, Journal of Business

Research, Vol.55(2002), s.687.

2_{Clifford M. Guy, “Classifications of Retail Stores and Shopping Centers: Some Methodological}

Issues”, GeoJournal, Vol.45(1998), s.260.

3_{“Factory Outlet Centers Keep Their Distance: Manufacturers Prefer to Avoid Competition with}

Regional Malls”, Chain Store Age Executive, Nisan 1990, ss: 39-42’den aktaran Hasty and

Reardon, Op.Cit., s.236.

4_{Levy and Weitz, Essentials of Retailing, ss: 137-138.} 5_{$\GÕQPerakende Yönetiminin Temelleri, s.153.}

3'L÷HU3HUDNHQGH<HU)ÕUVDWODUÕ

<XNDUÕGD DoÕNODQDQ PD÷D]D \HUL WUOHULQH DOWHUQDWLI RODUDN ELU SHrakendeci büfe(kiosk), NDUPD NXOODQÕPOÕ \HUOHUPL[HG-use developments-MXDs) veya JHOHQHNVHOROPD\DQPHNDQODUÕtercih edebilir:1

• Büfeler (kiokslar), DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]OHUL LoHULVLQGH SRSOHU ELU \HU VHoHQH÷LGLU7LSLNRODUDNNDWOÕoDUúÕODUÕQRUWDNDODQODUÕQGDEXOXQDQVDWÕúPHNDQODUÕGÕU %X VDWÕú DODQODUÕ WLSLN RODUDN 4- Pð DUDVÕQGDGÕU 'L÷HU PD÷D]DODUOD NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDJ|UHFHOLRODUDNGDKDXFX]GXU*HQHOOLNOHNÕVDVUHOLNLUDODQÕUODU $OÕúYHULúPHUNH]L\|QHWLFLOHULEXQODUÕJHOLUOHULDUWÕUPDGDELUIÕUVat olarak görür.

• .DUPD NXOODQÕPOÕ \HUOHr, ELU NRPSOHNVLQ LoHULVLQGH DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]OHULRILVNXOHOHULRWHOOHULNDPHWHD\UÕOPÕúNRPSOHNVOHUNHQtsel merkezler ve VHUJLPHUNH]OHULJLELIDUNOÕDPDoOÕ\HUOHULQELUDUD\DJHOPHVL\OHROXúXU

• Geleneksel olmayan mekanlar: Perakendeciler ve hi]PHWVD÷OD\ÕFÕODU D\QÕ]DPDQGDSD]DUSD\ODUÕQÕJHQLúOHWPHNLoLQ\HQL\ROODUDUDUODU8OXVDOSHUDNHQGH ]LQFLUOHULLoLQ|QHPOLELUELoLPGHSRSOHURODQ\HUOHUGHQELULGH\D\DWUDIL÷LQLQ\R÷XQ ROGX÷X KDYD DODQODUÕGÕU gUQH÷Ln, vakit geçirmek için yolcular çay, kahve almak isteyeceklerdir. +DYDDODQODUÕQGDNLDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]OHULQGHPHWUHNDUHEDúÕQDVDWÕúODU GL÷HUDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]OHULQHJ|UH\DGDNDWGDKD\NVHNWLU$QFDNNLUDODUGDHQD] yüzde 20 daha yüksektir. $\QÕ ]DPDQGDPDOL\HWOHU GDKD \NVHN RODELOLU gUQH÷LQ oDOÕúPD VDDWOHULQLQ X\JXQVX]OX÷X oDOÕúDQODUÕQ PDOL\HWOHULQLQ GDKD \NVHN ROPDVÕQD neden olabilir.

3*HQHO%LU0D÷D]D<HULQLQ6HoLPL

3HUDNHQGHFL \XNDUÕGD HOH DOÕQDQ o WHPHO PD÷D]D \HULQLQ DYDQWDM YH de]DYDQWDMODUÕQÕ GLNNDWOL ELU úHNLOGH GH÷HUOHQGLUHUHN NHQGL VWUDWHMLVLQH X\JXQ RODQ PD÷D]D \HULQL VHoPHOLGLU %X VHoLPGHQ VRQUD GDKD D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELU WDQÕPODPD

1_{Michael Levy and Barton A. Weitz, Retailing Management, International Edition, New York:}

\DSPDOÕGÕUgUQH÷LQVHUEHVWELUPD÷D]D\DNDUDUYHUPLúVHDQD\RO]HULQGHPL\RNVD \DQVRNDNWDPÕNRQXPODQFD÷ÕQDNDUDUYHUPHOLGLU3HUDNHQGHFLSODQODQPDPÕúELULú E|OJHVL LVWL\RUVD PHUNH]L Lú E|OJHVL LNLQFLO Lú E|OJHVL \HUHO Lú E|OJHVL YH\D úHULW PHUNH] DUDVÕQGD WHUFLK \DSDFDNWÕU 3ODQOÕ ELU DOÕúYHULú PHUNH]LQH NDUDU YHUHQ ELU perakendeci ise bölgesel, \|UHVHO\DGD\HUHOELUDOÕúYHULúPHUNH]LQGHPL\RNVDJo merkezi, ihtisas merkezi gibi merkezlerde mi koQXPODQDFD÷ÕQDNDUDUYHUPHOLGLU1

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1_{Berman and Evans, Op.Cit., s.255.} 2_{Ibid, s.256.}

3_{Davidson and Brown, Op.Cit., s.76.}

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1_{Ibid, s.335.} 2_{Ibid, s.336.} 3_Ibid.

4_{Hasty and Reardon, Op.Cit., s.240.}

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1_{Barker, Anderson and Butterworth, Op.Cit., ss: 99-100.} 2_Ibid.

3_{Davidson and Brown, Op.Cit., ss: 77-78.} 4_{Berman and Evans, Op.Cit., s.256.}

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Belgede Perakendecilikte mağaza yer seçimi ve Kocaeli'de örnek bir uygulama (sayfa 136-147)