BIOTECHNOLOGY
The name Biotechnology was first used in 1917 by a Hungarian engineer named Karl Ereky.
He defined biotechnology as all processes to produce products from various raw
materials using living things “.
Various products have been obtained by using living microorganisms for many
years. These studies were collected under
the name of industrial microbiology.
Industrial Microorganisms and Products
Industrial Microbiology is the use of
microorganisms to produce large quantities of valuable chemical products or to perform significant chemical transformations.
These studies first started with alcohol
fermentation processes such as beer and
wine making. Subsequently large quantities of pharmaceutical agents such as
antibiotics, food additives such as amino acids, enzymes and chemicals such as
butanol and citric acid were produced using
microorganisms.
Industrial Microorganisms and Products
Metabolic reactions were investigated and
microorganisms producing the desired product with high capacity were determined.
In industrial biocatalytic processes, fungi and
prokaryotes (especially Streptomyces spp.), Which are eukaryotic microorganisms, are used.
A type of microorganism capable of carrying out a specific reaction from nature is isolated and the conditions under which this microorganism yields high yields are determined.
In some productions, microorganisms yielding high
capacity products are obtained by genetic changes
such as mutations.
Industrial Microorganisms and Products
These microorganisms used in industrial
processes show quite different features from the first isolation from nature.
These microbial cultures are stored in culture collections (such as the American Type Culture Collection in the US, ATCC, and DSMZ in
Germany).
Microorganisms must grow rapidly and produce products in a short time.
It should also be able to reproduce quickly on an inexpensive medium. (whey, milk industry
waste, lactose and mineral-rich sugar factory
waste molasses and corn maseration water)
Industrial Microorganisms and Products
These microorganisms are not particularly
pathogenic to humans, animals and plants of economic value. If pathogenic
microorganisms are used, it is possible that these microorganisms will spread to the
environment and cause disease during production.
It is also desirable that these microorganisms be compatible with genetic interventions and regulations.
High yields should be obtained by mutation
and selection in microorganisms to be used.
Two types of microbial products are used.
The microbial cell itself (yeast cells used in making bread or beer) is used.
Substrates produced by cells (enzymes,
pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, food additives, alcohol, citric acid and special chemicals) are used.
In biotransformation, microbial cells are converted
from one special chemical form to another.
Color Type Area of Biotech Activities
Red Health, Medical, Diagnostics
Yellow Food Biotechnology, Nutrition Science Blue Aquaculture, Coastal and Marine Biotech
Green Agricultural, Environmental Biotechnology – Biofuels, Biofertilizers, Bioremediation, Geomicrobiology
Brown Arid Zone and Desert Biotechnology
Dark Bioterrorism, Biowarfare, Biocrimes, Anticrop warfare
Purple Patents, Publications, Inventions, IPRs White Gene-based Bioindustries
Gold Bioinformatics, Nanobiotechnology
Grey Classical Fermentation and Bioprocess Technology
COLORS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Microbial growth and product formation
The stage in which the product is produced during the development period of the
microorganism is important in industrial production.
Metabolites such as alcohol produced in the logarithmic phase, as primary
metabolites,
those produced near or at a stationary
phase of development (such as penicillin)
are called secondary metabolites.
Secondary metabolites have the following characteristics
They are not necessary for growth and proliferation.
Their formation depends on the growth conditions and the composition of the medium.
They are not produced as a single compound but as a group of similar compounds. For example, a
single strain of the genus Streptomyces can
produce 30 different antibiotics of similar structure.
Primary metabolites cannot be produced in large quantities, while secondary metabolites can
generally be produced in large quantities.
They are produced from primary metabolites in
biosynthesis and a number of specific reactions are required for their synthesis.
Fermentor (Bioreactor)
In industrial production, fermenters are used in varying volumes (5-10 liters - 500.000
liters) depending on the substrate to be produced. Substrates used in molecular
biological studies are produced in 1-20,000 liter fermentors and amino acids, wine and beer are produced in 200,000-500,000 liters fermentors.
There are two main types of fermentors, aerobic and anaerobic fermentors. In
anaerobic fermentors, cooling is performed to reduce the temperature caused by
fermentation. In aerobic fermenters,
ventilation and mixing are performed.
Scale up: In this process, production is carried out from small scale
laboratory production to large scale production.
Oxygen transfer and mixing are
difficult in large scale production. In
anaerobic production, product yield
decreases on a large scale.
Important industrial products
1. Antibiotics
2. Vitamins and amino acids 3. Enzymes
4. Vinegar production 5. Organic compounds
6.
alcoholic beverages
7.Yeast production
8.
Fungi production
9.
