( Planctomyces, Pirellula, Gemmata ) Stem and budding bacteria are unusual bacterial group that challenges not only phylogenetically unique but also the definition of "prokaryote". PLANCTOMYCETES

(1)

 Stem and budding bacteria are unusual bacterial group that challenges not only phylogenetically unique but also the definition of "prokaryote".

 (Planctomyces, Pirellula, Gemmata)

(2)

 So far, all species of Planctomycetes have been found to have intracellular compartments

 In any other group of known prokaryotes, internal

compartments similar to eukaryotes were not found.

(3)

 Planctomycetes produce a structure called

pyrellulosome, which contains nucleoid, ribosome and other important cytoplasmic components and is not

surrounded by a unit membrane.

 The gemmata nucleoid is surrounded by a double-

membrane "nuclear envelope" analog to the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells.

 Another interesting partition is the relative of Planctomyces,

 It is found in Brocadia anammoxidans' anamoxosome.

(4)

 Spirocheta, Treponema,Cristispira, Leptospira, Borrelia

 Spirochet cell is morphologically unique.

 Movement is provided by one or more whips from each pole.

 The Spirochet whip is in the form of endoflagella (inner flagellum).

(5)

 Borrelia burgdorferi is the cause of Lyme disease.

 Borrelia burgdorferi also has a linear chromosome (unlike the annular), which has been found in very few of the bacteria ever known.

(6)

 Thermus aquaticus, where the enzyme Taq DNA polymerase is obtained

 Deionococci are gram-positive.

 Contains a very rare peptidoglycan containing ornithine

(7)

 Radiation Resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans

 Most deinococci are red or pink depending on their carotenoids,

 Many strains are highly resistant to ultraviolet rays (UV) and dry environment.

(8)

 DNA Repair in Deinococcus radiodurans

 DNA repair mechanism

 Regulation of DNA

 Finding cells in binary and quadruple