LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Down Sampling Compression Process...37
Table 3.2.a Averaging Resize Process with Down Sampling Value = 4...38
Table 3.2.b Averaging Resize Process with Down Sampling Value = 5...38
Table 3.3 Value of Learning Rate and Momentum Factor...42
Table 4.1 Training Parameters and Time Cost of 1st Quarter for 1st Experiment...51
Table 4.2 1st Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 1...52
Table 4.3 Training parameters and time cost 2nd Quarter for Experiment 1...53
Table 4.4 2nd Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 1...54
Table 4.5 Training Parameters and Time Cost 3rd Quarter for Experiment 1...55
Table 4.6 3rd Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 1...56
Table 4.7 Training Parameters and Time Cost 4th Quarter for Experiment 1...57
Table 4.8 4th Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 1...58
Table 4.9 Training Parameters and Time Cost 1st Quarter for Experiment 2...60
Table 4.10 1st Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 2 ...61
Table 4.11 Training Parameters and Time Cost 2nd Quarter for Experiment 2 ...62
Table 4.12 2nd Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 2 ...63
Table 4.13 Training Parameters and Time Cost 3rd Quarter for Experiment 2...64
Table 4.14 3rd Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 2 ...65
Table 4.15 Training Parameters and Time Cost 4th Quarter for Experiment 2...66
Table 4.16 4th Quarter Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Experiment 2...67
Table 4.17 Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy for Extra Experiment...67
Table 4.18 Overall Training and Testing Identification Rate and Accuracy...68
Table 4.19 Total Correct Identification Rate and Accuracy for Each Experiment...68
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Full Mouth Dental Radiography...9
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram Representing Nervous System...13
Figure 2.2 Neurons Mathematical Model...14
Figure 2.3 Neurons Network Elements...15
Figure 2.4 Threshold Activation Function...16
Figure 2.5 Piecewise Linear Activation Function...17
Figure 2.6 Sigmoid Activation Function ...18
Figure 2.7 The Perceptron ...18
Figure 2.8 Single Layer Perceptron...19
Figure 2.9 Multi Layer Perceptron with Two Hidden Layers...19
Figure 2.10 Recurrent Networks...20
Figure 2.11 Back Propagation Network Architecture ...26
Figure 2.12 Feed forward Neuron Structure...27
Figure 2.13 Block Diagram of Back Propagation Network ...30
Figure 2.14 Back Propagation Flow Chart ...31
Figure 3.1 Example of Dental Radiography Images ...34
Figure 3.2 Example of Original Image and Its Noisy Versions...34
Figure 3.3 Example of a Segmented Full Mouth Image ...35
Figure 3.4 Down Sampling Process...36
Figure 3.5 Averaging Process...37
Figure 3.6 Image Compression Using Down Sampling and Averaging Process ...39
Figure 3.7 Neural Network Design...43
Figure 3.8 Block Diagram of Dental Identification System ...44
Figure 3.9 Flow Chart Diagram of The System (Training Process)...45
Figure 3.10 Dental Identification System Design (First Experiment)...46
Figure 3.11 Dental Identification System Design(Second Experiment)...47
Figure 3.12 Example of Testing Image ...48
Figure 3.13 Flow Chart Diagram of The System (Testing Process)...48
Figure 4.1 Samples of 1st Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 1...51
Figure 4.2 1st Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 1...52
Figure 4.3 Samples of 2nd Quarter Training and Testing Images For Experiment 1...53
Figure 4.4 2nd Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 1...54
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Figure 4.5 Samples of 3rd Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 1...55
Figure 4.6 3rd Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 1...56
Figure 4.7 Sample of 4th Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 1...57
Figure 4.8 4th Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 1...58
Figure 4.9 Samples of 1st Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 2...59
Figure 4.10 1st Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 2...60
Figure 4.11 Samples of 2nd Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 2...61
Figure 4.12 2nd Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 2...62
Figure 4.13 Sample of 3rd Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 2...63
Figure 4.14 3rd Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 2...64
Figure 4.15 Sample of 4th Quarter Training and Testing Images for Experiment 2...65
Figure 4.16 4th Quarter Training Performance Curve for Experiment 2...66
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DIS Dental Identification System
PM Post-Mortem
AM Ante-Mortem
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
BP Back Propagation
CJIS Criminal Justice Information Services
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
DTF Dental Task Force
NCIC National Crime Information Center
MUP Missing and Unidentified Persons
ANNs Artificial Neural Networks
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MLP Multi Layer Perceptrons
SLP Single Layer Perceptrons
MSE Mean Squared Error
LMSE Least Mean Squared Error
BPNNs Back Propagation Neural Networks
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