TO THE PROBLEM OF TRANSFER OF TERMS
AND "RIGHT" INTRODUCTION OF THEM IN LANGUAGE TURNOVER
(based on the philosophical terminology of the Bashkir language)
Abdullina L.B., Candidate of Philology, Bashkir State University, Ufa, ul. Z. Validi, 32;
Abdullina G.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Bashkir State University, Ufa, ul. Z. Valid, 32;
Gadzhiakhmedov N.E., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, ul.Gadzhieva, 43-a;
Sanyarova R.R., Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Bashkir State University, Ufa, ul. Z.
Validi, 32;
Rakhimova E.F., Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M.Akmulla, Ufa, ul. Oktyabrskaya revolution, 3A
ABSTRACT
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the philosophical terminology of the Bashkir language, which is a very complex terminology system, still needs to defining the boundaries, systematization, standardization of terms - in ordering and integrated unification. The lack of a solid theoretical basis, naturally, contributes to the disagreement in the definition and interpretation of terms, the lack of a unified approach hinders mutual understanding. The aim of the study is to analyze the Bashkir philosophical terminology, to reveal the features of its functioning in various spheres of use of the Bashkir language. Research methods: the leading methods to research this problem are:
analytical method – in the analysis of scientific and scientific-methodological literature on the research topic; descriptive method – for the presentation of Bashkir philosophical terms as a specifically ordered system of terminography; comparative method – for comparing different phenomena in the field of terminology and in general literary language, when identifying the semantic structure of a given terminology system. Results of the research: As a result of the research, the multi-aspect of the philosophical term and the unusual latitude, abstractness of the concept denoted by it, were revealed.
Specificity of the philosophical term in the Bashkir understanding is largely due to the peculiarity of the philosophical language, the Bashkir philosophical thought. The significance of the study lies in the development and further improvement of the theory of terminology, the expansion of ideas about the features and functioning of the system of philosophical terms in the Bashkir language. The data presented in this paper can be a reliable aid in the study of terminology in comparative terms and the assimilation of educational material in educational institutions: in the practice of teaching courses on philosophy, terminology, vocabulary, lexicology and lexicography of the Bashkir language, writing educational and teaching aids for these courses.
Keywords: term, philosophical term, terminography, Bashkir linguistics, terminology, Bashkir philosophical thought, terminological homonymy, calculating.
Introduction
The problem of linguistic study of the language of science and its specialized areas in the form of vocational vocabulary systems has attracted the attention of linguistic scholars for a long time.
The identification of the entire complex of terminology that is characteristic of a particular sphere of scientific activity, the definition of the nomenclature of terms, the improvement of the terminological system of each specific branch and science are the most important areas of research in recent decades.
In connection with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the intensification of integration processes in the field of economy, politics, technology and industrial production in the languages of the world, an active process of the formation of terminological vocabulary takes place reflecting the changing realities of the modern world. Accordingly, linguists began to devote considerable attention to the development of problems of terminology, in particular, to the development and improvement of the terminology of national languages. The emergence of numerous new concepts led to the formation in the national linguistics of a new scientific direction - terminology. By the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century it was formed in linguistics as a "formally completed phenomenon" that entered the "philosophical age" (36, p. 3), and at the same time as a relatively young and rapidly developing discipline, an important component and indicator of the development of any national language.
In modern Bashkir linguistics in recent decades, a large number of works on the problems of terminology have appeared. The researches were mainly linguistic, economic, socio-political, botanical, medical, technical terminology, vocabulary of clothing and ornaments (1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29). Bilingual dictionaries were published on different branches of science. However, the philosophical terminology of the Bashkir language for a long time remained an insufficiently studied field of national terminography on the periphery of philosophy and Bashkir linguistics, although some of its aspects were reflected in the works of G.G. Kagarmanov (22, 23), G.B. Khusainova (34), L.B.
Abdullina (4, 5, 6, 7), Popova E.V. (29, 30). On the other hand, a significant part of the terms relating to the semantic field under consideration are not fixed in the available lexicographic sources and dictionaries, without which it is impossible to imagine the original contents of philosophical terms in the Bashkir understanding. All this determines the relevance of the research topic, since the philosophical terminology of the Bashkir language is an ancient and at the same time rapidly developing complex sublanguage that requires a comprehensive study, as well as ordering and systematization.
In this article we present a review of some results in the field of the Bashkir philosophical terminology.
The object of the study is the Bashkir philosophical language of the period of the formation of philosophy as a science. The subject of analysis is the national denomination of philosophical concepts in the transition of words from general vocabulary into terminological vocabulary. The aim of the study is a structural analysis of philosophical terms, as these concepts occupy a significant place in the vocabulary of the Bashkir language and deserve detailed study. Proceeding from the main goal, we set and solved the following tasks: consideration of the basic principles of ordering and standardization of the philosophical terminology of the Bashkir language, development of recommendations for its normalization when introducing into the language turnover.
Literature Review
One of the most important problems of terminology as a science is the precise definition of the meaning of the term and the identification of its semantic structure. To introduce a word or concept into a dictionary in the form of a term, its brief and exhaustive interpretation is necessary. As A.A.
Reformed, "every term is a word. But not every word is a term. From the whole "thick" of professional speech, only those terms that select any particular, qualitatively distinctive units of a given branch of industry, science, technology are selected as terms. The term is a member of a certain terminology
"(24, pp. 165-167).
It should be noted that until today there is no single definition of the term "term". For example, S.D. Shelov in his article cites more than 30 definitions of the term "term" (34, p. 799). A.V.
Superanskaya (32), N.V. Podolskaya, N.V. Vasilieva believe that the terminology of the word itself is confirmed by the fact that "in representatives of different specialties, it is associated with its specific concepts and concepts. Logic treats as a term any word, if a strict definition is given. The linguist is sometimes inclined to consider the term borrowed word, because it stands out against the backdrop of the vocabulary of its language as something alien. A sociologist sometimes treats as a term any special word, especially if it is related to science or production. The representative of professional knowledge considers all the words related to his profession in terms of terms" (32, pp. 11-12). Despite the different definitions given to the term, everyone agrees that the term should strive for uniqueness, and,
if possible, be concise, accurate, precise and systematic, full-valued, consistent with the word-forming laws of the language, etc.
In the work of terminologists, the following are the most common requirements for an
"ideal" term:
the term should:
- comply with the norms and rules of the national language;
- be included in the system of concepts of a certain area of knowledge;
- have a definition that correlates it with an appropriate scientific or technical concept;
- be full-valued; contain all the necessary identifying signs of the concept at a given level of development of a particular area of knowledge;
- be independent of the context (non-contextual);
- be unambiguous within the framework of one terminology system (the presence of the term homonyms in other areas of knowledge does not affect its use in this field of knowledge);
- be "objectively physically extended";
- be potentially ready for the derivation of derived words from it;
- should not have synonyms within a single terminology system (7, p. 45).
In our opinion, the term should also be internationally recognized, since international terms open up new horizons for the development of science and technology.
However, in our opinion,the philosophical term should not, apply the strict requirement of unambiguity within the terminology system, because. The objects of reference of the philosophical term are non-discrete non-discrete objects (for example, freedom, truth, spirit, being, meaning); The semantic scope of the philosophical term greatly exceeds the semantic scope of the term of another special area of knowledge. Some terminologists, in particular K.Ya.Averbukh (10, pp. 192-194), A.V.
Akhutin (11, pp. 352-355), A.K. Suleimanova (31, pp. 18-27), note that in practice many of the above requirements are optional, at times insolvent, unrealizable and even contradictory. At the same time K.Ya. Averbukh points out that "the majority of the requirements for the term can apparently be oriented as a kind of standard, the achievement of which is problematic, but it should strive for it" (9, p. 15).
Theoretical aspects of philosophical terms were considered in the works of Yarmolitskaya N.
(2012), A. Maldonado and D. Lewis (2016), R. Levy (2000), M. Hofinghoff (2014) and others.
Materials and methods
The material of the study was published in Bashkir, Russian and foreign languages: 1) bilingual, explanatory, as well as special dictionaries and encyclopedias; 2) various textbooks and teaching aids; 3) scientific works on terminology, monographs and theses.
In accordance with the purpose and objectives in this paper, the following methods were used: the analytical method – in the analysis of scientific and scientific-methodological literature on the research topic; descriptive method - for the presentation of Bashkir philosophical terms as a specifically ordered system of terminography; comparative method – for comparing different phenomena in the field of terminology and in general literary language, when identifying the semantic structure of a given terminology system.
Results
Philosophical terms are of particular interest to modern terminology in terms of their composition, semantic features, and require close attention from the point of view of their introduction into scientific circulation. The question of the structure of the term, its mesningisimportant in the field of problems of the modern terminology.
It should be noted that some philosophical terms related to theoretical trends in philosophy, which are sometimes included in dictionaries, are new phenomena for us, the values of which are rather difficult to understand fully. On the one hand, only at first glance, such terms seem to us very familiar, because they are similar to words that we use in everyday life, but not in the meanings that they have in philosophy. And on the other hand, these terms, from the point of view of philosophy, take a completely different concept and meaning. As an example, consider the term "рух". One of its meanings is "the inner thoughts and feelings of a person; soul, spirit "(31, pp. 145). And in the philosophical sense, it is "an immaterial beginning in the basis of everything that exists, of all
phenomena" (32, p. 145). Also, for example, an idealist is a magnanimous, honest, burning person with holy ideas, or an idealist-a person who has moved away from life and its meaning, crazy (a dreamer), two word-terms, different in meaning. Of course, one who does not have a special education in philosophy will only use the first meaning of this word.
Therefore, in our opinion, one of the main reasons restraining the development of the Bashkir philosophical terms is terminological homonymy - one of the types of the polysemy of the term; Another reason is the teaching of the course "Philosophy" for Bashkir-speaking students in higher education institutions, not in their native language, but in Russian. In addition, Bashkir philosophers write their works mainly in Russian. All these reasons lead to the inhibition of the development of Bashkir philosophical terms, as well as to the assumption of random errors when included in dictionaries. For example, consider the concepts of "philosophy" and "фəлсəфə" The word
"фəлсəфə" was borrowed from the Bashkir language (through the Arabic language) from the ancient Greek. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, this term was used as a "фəлсəфə", from the 30s as a result of the strengthening of the influence of the Russian language – as "philosophy". In modern terminological dictionaries, both versions of this word are actively used:
1) in the "Russian-Bashkir Dictionary":
Philosophy 1. (science) philosophy, philosophy; ancient philosophy of antiquity; textbook on the history of philosophy (фəлсəфə тарихынан дəреслек); 2. what is the philosophy (берəр фəндең методологик нигеҙен тəшкил иткəн методологик принциптар); philosophy of law хоҡуҡ философияһы; 3. Development, Iron. (abstract reasoning) foolsf, фəлсəфə, буш фəлсəфə; to cultivate the philosophy of Filsfyorrow, фəлсəфə ҡороу (26, p. 586);
2) in the Explanatory Dictionary of Modem Bashkir Language:
a) Philosophy и. ҡар. фəлсəфə. Фəлсəфə и.1. Тəбиғəт, йəмғиəт һəм фекерүҫешенең дөйөм ҡанундары тураһындағы фəн; philosophy (Science of the development of the general laws of nature, society and thought, philosophy) Гегель фəлсəфəһе. Боронғо фəлсəфə (Hegel's Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy). 2. Буш һүҙ, сафсата. (Empty word, nonsense). Буш фəлсəфə.
Фəлсəфə сəйнəү. (An empty philosophy.) To cultivate philosophy.
b) Фəлсəфə һатыу 1) уйлау, фекер йөрөтөү (To think, to think); 2) кəрəкмəгəн буш һүҙ һөйлəү (To be nonsense, to say empty words – to be untrue) (TSSBY, p. 443).
E.F. Ishberdin in his article "The word about dictionaries" notes: "It is impossible to approve the introduction in the dictionaries of various phonetic variants of the word, which, according to the canons (rules), has the same meaning in the literary language" (20, p. 166). However, if you carefully study the meaning of these two terms, you can see a significant difference: over time, the value of one of them expanded, and the other – narrowed.
In our opinion, when it comes to science, it is more appropriate to use the term
"philosophy". And you can not keep in mind only one "philosophy"(30, p.55). This science, being a system, itself is divided into several sections – the theory of knowledge, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, the philosophy of law, the philosophy of nature, religious philosophy, etc. Therefore, it would be more appropriate
Instead of the phrase "антик фəлсəфə" use "antique philosophy" (ancient philosophy), instead of "фəлсəфə тарихынан дəресл ек" – "философия тарихынан дəреслек" (textbook on the history of philosophy),
instead of "Гегель фəлсəфəһе" - "Гегель философияһы" (Hegel's philosophy), etc., because the term "philosophy" is an international word-term, which was fixed and established in many languages.
There are many examples related to this point. For example, the term agnostic in
"Dictionary Bashkir language" interpreted as a "объектив донъяны һəм уның закондарын танып белеү мөмкинлеген инҡар итеүсе философик тəғлимəт" (28, p. 20) [philosophical theory, which negates the possibility of knowing the objective world and its laws] and in "Russian-Bashkir dictionary socio-political terms" conceptualized as "ысынбарлыҡты һəм уның законсалыҡтарын өйрəнеү мөмкинлеген кире ҡаҡҡан идеалистик фəлсəфə тəғлимəте" (19, p. 21) [idealistic philosophical theory, which negates the possibility of studying reality and its laws]. We note here that such a phenomenon occurs in dictionaries when describing many terms.
In our opinion, the word "фəлсəфə" in the Bashkir language should be used only in the following two cases:
1) in the ordinary, unscientific sense. In this sense, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the
Russian Language, it is explained as "abstract, non-relevant reasoning" (23, p. 852). Example:
"Башҡаларҙың һүҙен тыңлау ҡайҙа, ул һаман шул үҙ фəлсəфəһен һөйлəүен дауам итте" [Where really there, to listen to what others say, he continues to push his "philosophy"] (F.
Akbulatov);
2) in idiomatic sayings. For example, "фəлсəфə һатыу" (selling philosophy) "фəлсəфə ҡороу" (build, set the philosophy) is not "philosophize" and "wise or groundless talk, philosophize"). Here are some examples of their use in the literature: a) "Тормош мəғəнəһе, донъя мəшəҡəттəре хаҡында фəлсəфə һатып ултырабыҙ əле бына" [Why, sit here philosophizing about the meaning of life, of life concerns] (G. Gizzatullina). b) "Һе, Иҙрис ҡарттың да кемгəлер кəрəге булһын, имеш!.. Ғəжəп... Аңламаҫһың, ҡыҙыҡ кеше был Тимербай.
Нимəгəлер ышана, ниндəйҙер яңы тормош, яңы бəхет көтə... Ярай, ышанһын, көтһөн...
Мин дə йəш саҡта ышана инем... Йəшлек ул бəхеткə, шатлыҡҡа ирешə алыуы менəн түгел, ə шуға һис шикһеҙ ирешермен, тип ышаныуы менəн матур ҙа...», — тип уйланып, үҙ алдына фəлсəфə һатырға ла ярата ул" [it is necessary, and the old man Idris someone may need ..
strange ... you do not understand, interesting person, this TIMERBAEV!. He believes in something, awaits some new life, a new happiness ... All right, let him believe, let him wait ... And I believed in my youth ... Youth - she is not beautiful because she can achieve happiness, joy, and that faith , that all this without a doubt can be achieved ... so he loved to philosophize about himself] (Z. Biysheva).
Observing the Bashkirian context in which the term "philosophical + noun", taken from the Russian language, is used, it is important to incorporate it correctly. In the first case, it goes as a participle (сифат ҡылым) – "фəлсəфəүи+исем" (noun). For example: фəлсəфəүи характер, (philosophical character), фəлсəфəүи һыҙаттар, (philosophical traits), фəлсəфəүи үҙенсəлектəр (philosophical features).
In the second – if he has a direct relationship to the philosophical science, then it is necessary to use the "философик+исемmodel. For example: философик төшөнсəлəр (philosophical concepts), философик категориялар (philosophical categories), etc.
These terms-phrases are duly reflected in the following example: "Ул (Р.Фəхретдин) классик философияһының корифейҙары Фараби, ИбнСина, Бируни һ.б. тураһында мəҡəлəлəр яҙа, Ғазали, Ибн Рөшд, Ибн Ғəрəби тураһында махсус тəржемəи китаптарын бағышлай.
Быларҙа ул көнсығыш философияһының боронғо грек философияһы, бигерəк тə, аристотелизм менəн тығыҙ бəйлəнешен, фəлсəфəүи үҙенсəлектəрен, көнсығыш менəн көнбайыш философияһы мөнəсəбəте, күсəгилеш мəсьəлəлəрен яҡтырта"[He (R. Fakhretdinov) writes articles about the luminaries of classical philosophy of Farabi, IbnSina, al-Biruni and others, Ghazali, IbnRushd, IbnGharabi, he dedicates his specially translated books. In them he sanctifies the close connection of Eastern philosophy with ancient Greek philosophy, especially with Aristotelianism, his philosophical characteristics, relationships and questions of continuity of eastern and western philosophies] (G. Khusainov).
In addition, very many philosophical terms, translated from the Russian language into the Bashkir language, are translated differently in different dictionaries and works. For example, the philosophical terms "thing-in-itself" and "thing for us" (meaning: the first - "things as they exist in themselves, independently of us and our knowledge," the second – "things as they reveal themselves in the process of cognition ") In the" Short Explanatory Philosophical Dictionary "were translated as
"əйбер үҙ эсендə","əйбер беҙҙең өсөн"(12, p. 15), and G.B. Khusainov in his work points out otherwise – "əйбер үҙ алдына", "əйбер беҙҙең өсөн" (34, p. 380). There are many similar examples:
Philosopher – фəлсəфəсе (25, pp. 586), фəйлəсүф (34, p. 386), философ (29, p. 78);
the unconscious – аңһыҙ рəүештə, иҫһеҙ хəлдə (25, p. 80), ихтыярһыҙ (13, p.10);
the sublime – күтəренке (25, p. 164), рухи камиллыҡ (13, p. 18);
the existence of a "ысынбарлыҡ, йəшəү рəүеше", a "йəшəйеш" (25, p. 116), a dyke (12, p.
10).
For example, the "unconscious" is translated into the Bashkir language in one case "аңһыҙ рəүештə", in the other – "ихтыярһыҙ", and in the philosophical terminological dictionary this term is given the following interpretation: "the totality of mental processes not represented in the mind of the subject" (22, 21; 37). The "Dictionary of the Bashkir language" "аңһыҙ" explains: "1. Аңлап, белеп эш итə алмаған. 2. Алдынғы ҡарашҡа эйə булмаған. 3. Көтөлмəгəн, ҡапыл килеп сыҡҡан» ["1.Unable to act consciously. 2. One who does not have advanced views.3. Unexpected,
which arose suddenly"] (28, p. 66); and "ichtyarhy?" – "«ихтыярһыҙ» – «1.Телəге, хоҡуғы сикле;
ирекһеҙ. 2. Маҡсат ынтылышы һəм рухи көсө ныҡлы» [« 1. Limited in desires, rights; not free. 2.
Having no goals, the weak-willed "] (28, p. 415). It seems to us that the term "аңдан, ихтыярҙан тыш, аңғармаҫтан ҡылынған (нəмə)" is most suitable here, and this term in the dictionary is not given an interpretation from the philosophical point of view.
Discussion
As is clear from the above examples, the terms are translated differently by different authors.
This, in turn, leads to the "destruction of the meaning of the term", which confirms the need to introduce a single term into the linguistic literary circulation. In order to exclude different translations by different authors of the same word, it is necessary to systematize terms, and this is the joint coordinated work of a separate collective in the publication of a certain dictionary, especially the translation, because the opinion of one author may not be the same as the other. Philosophical terms, in our opinion, are a common field for the study of philosophers and philologists. As the researchers rightly point out, "this is the place where a philologist and philosopher do not disperse, where they are forced to enter into a conversation. Translation of the philosophical text requires not only philological, but also philosophical work, because it involves not only translation from language to language, but also the transition from one speculative world to another. They do not exist either as things that can be pointed to by a finger (they are speculative), or as, for example, mathematical objects, the definition of which includes their construction. These true "things" exist only as "conceivable", only as figures of the "logos", directing speculation "(11, p. 356).
Conclusion
Summing up the philosophical terminology used today is a product of a long development, it was created in the process of formulating and solving philosophical problems. Significant improvements in philosophical terminology have always been made by the greatest philosophers. The use of these terms as philosophical categories and their introduction into the terminology system is primarily associated with the name of any scientist or philosopher. Therefore, we define philosophical terms as words or phrases that designate a particular phenomenon within a particular philosophical system and are included as constituent components in the terminological system. Terms can be both conventional and author's. Clear boundary between them is difficult to carry out, and in philosophical terminology it is almost impossible.
Today there is a great need for a dictionary that would fully and unmistakably reflect the original content of philosophical terms in the Bashkir understanding. At the same time, there is a hope that such a full-fledged work will evidently be published in the future and it will become a significant achievement of the Bashkir national philosophy, because dictionaries play a very important role in enriching the lexical composition of the language, giving direction both to the meaningful use of words and on a meaningful perception of the surrounding reality.
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