ByAssoc. Prof. Dr. Çağdaş OTO MYOLOGIA

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MYOLOGIA

By

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağdaş OTO

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Musculus; Myo-; Sarco-

 Muscle comes from Mis (in Greek)

 Mus; Myo; Myos (Gr.) : Mouse

 Musculus (lt): Little mouse

 Sarco- (Gr): Prefix for muscle

 Sarx = Meat

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Musculus; Myo-; Sarco-

 Provide the motion of the body

 Support the wall of body cavities

 Form of the body shape and participate in maintaining the posture of the body

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The Role of The Muscles;

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Functional and structural organisation of the muscles;

3 types of muscles are classified;

 Striated muscles (Skeleton muscles - voluntary movement)

 Smooth muscles (organ muscles - involuntary movement)

 Cardiac muscle (Myocardium - involuntary movement)

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Skeletal Muscles

 Muscle cells are seen striated appearance under microscope

 Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. (with the exception of mm.cutanei, mm.orbicularis and mm.linguae)

 They work with voluntary innervation of nervous system

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Smooth Muscles

 Cells are smooth. They have a nucleus

 Generally, ıt is independent from skeleton and forms the wall of organs which have a cavity (except m.retrococcygeus)

 They work with involuntary innervation of nervous system (excepy m.retractor penis in cow

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Cardiac Muscle

 The striated muscles that have only one nucleus in cells.

 Muscle fibers connect each other with intecalate disc.

 Involunteer movement.

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Structure of Muscle

 Muscle cell (fiber) Endomysium

 Fasicle Perimysium

 Muscle Epimysium

Tendon (Origo – Intertio) Aponeurosis

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Pennatio

In skeletal muscles, different connection can be seen between muscle fibers and tendons.

 Fusiform (long and wide contraction)

- Paralel

- Convergent

 Penniform (power)

- Unipennate - Bipennate - Multipennate

 Circular

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Musculi cutanei (The cutaneous muscles)

Gövde Deri Kası;

 These are thin sheet of muscles located under the skin

 They play an active role in moving (vibrating) and streching the skin

 They are divided regionally into those of the trunk, the neck and the head

 M.cutaneus trunci :

-M.cutaneus omobrachialis

 The Platysma (car, su)

 M.cutaneus colli (eq, ru)

 M.cutaneus faciei

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Musculi faciales (Muscles of the face)

 The group of the muscles covers the face.

 They are also known as mimetic (mimic) muscles

 The are generally innervated by the facial nerve

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 M.orbicularis oris

Location: enclose the rima oris, forms the lips Action: to close the mouth

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 M.orbicularis oculi

Location: surround the orbita, supply the eyelids Action: to reduce interpalpebral space and to close

the eyelids

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 M.zygomaticus

Location: Very thin band of muscle extends from zygomatic arch region to commisure of the lips Action: to retract and raise the angle of the mouth

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Musculi faciales

 M.levator nasolabialis

Location: flat and broad muscle which extends from nasal region to upper lip and nostrils

Action: to elevate the upper lip and to dilate the nostrils

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 M.levator labii superioris (the levator of the upper lip)

Location: extends from maxilla (below the eye) to upper lip and wing of nostril

Action: to lift and retract the upper lip

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 M.caninus

Location: below the levator muscle of upper lip, it extends from the nostrils end the upper lips Action: to pull back the upper lip and to dilate the

wing of nostril

-M.depressor labii superioris (ru) (the depressor of the upper lip)

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 M.depressor labii inferioris (absent in carnivores) (the depressor of the lower lip)

Location: below the buccinator muscle, it extends forward from the massater (ourside of the mandible) and attach to the lower lip

Action: to pull the lower lip downwards and backwards

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 M.buccinator

Location: forms the basis of the cheek. Its a broad, flat muscle forming the lateral wall of the oral cavity

Action: during feeding, press and push the foods from the vestibule of the mouth between the teeth to the mouth

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 M.malaris

Location: well developed especially in the ox (thin and small muscle in others) Action: to depress the lower eyelid

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 M.parotidoauricularis

Location: a long, thin muscular band which extends from the parotid region (below the auricle), to the ramus of mandible

Action: to pull the ear downwards

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Musculi masticatores (Muscles of mastication)

The group of powerful muscles are situated in the mandibular and temporal region. They effect the movements of the lower jaw and take an active role in mastication

M.massater

M.temporalis

M.pterygoideus lateralis et medialis

M.digastricus

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Musculi colli (Muscles of the neck)

 M.splenius

 M.brachiocephalicus

 M.sternocephalicus

 These are the superficial muscular layer of the neck mass. They are positioned bilaterally.

 When they strain, They are fixed the head and the neck or turn on the laterally these body parts. They also play an essential role for carrying the head.

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M.splenius

 M.splenius capitis

 M.splenius cervicis (absent in carnivores) Location: It is a powerfull, flat, strap-like muscles

located in nuchal region.

It extends between the withers and dorsal part of the neck.

It is covered by trapezius, rhomboid and brachiocephalic muscles laterally.

Action: Thay can act uni or bilaterally

It extends the neck, elevates the head and the neck It flexes the neck

It helps maintain the balance of the head when running and jumping

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 It is a thin, flat and powerfull muscle of the lateral wall of the neck.

Location: originates from the arm, extends over the head along with the neck

Action: Thay can act uni or bilaterally It pulls back the head and the neck It pulls limb forward

It flexes the neck

It helps maintain the balance of the head when running and jumping

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M.brachiocephalicus

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 The clavicular intersection (fibrous remnant -mark of clavicula) divides the muscle into the cleidocrachialis and cleido cephalicus. The

cleidocephalicus is further divided in all species according to insertions

 M.cleidobrachialis

 M.cleidocephalicus

*M.cleidomastoideus (Eq, Ru, Su, Car)

*M.cleidooccipitalis (Ru, Su)

*M.cleidocervicalis (Car)

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-Eq-

 M.cleidocephalicus M.cleidomastoideus

-Ru-, -Su-

M.cleidomastoideus M.cleidooccipitalis

-Car-

M.cleidomastoideus M.cleidocervicalis

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 It is a thick, belt-like muscle of the ventral part of the neck. Together with the

brachiocephalic muscle it forms margins of the jugular groove.

Location: originates from the manubrium of

sternum and the first rib, runs cranially along the ventral aspect of the neck to the head

Action:stabilize and depress the head and the neck.

*Jugular groove: the long channel between the neck muscles. The vessels and nerves range in the channel between head and body

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M.sternocephalicus

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-Eq-

 M.sternomandibularis -bo-, -cap-

 M.sternomandibularis

 M.sternomastoideus -ov-

 M.sternomastoideus -Ca-

 M.sternomastoideus

 M.sternooccipitalis -Su-

 M.sternomastoideus

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M.sternocephalicus

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Musculi dorsi (Muscles of the back)

 M.omotransversarius

 M.trapezius (pars cervicalis,pars thoracalis)

 M.latissimus dorsi

 M.rhomboideus - capitis (ca, su) - cervicis

- thoracis

 M.serratus ventralis -cervicis

 M.iliocostalis

 M.longissimus

 M.spinalis

 M.semispinalis

 M.serratus dorsalis - cranialis (inspirasyon) - caudalis (ekspirasyon)

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Musculi dorsi

 M.omotransversarius From head to spine of scapula

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Musculi dorsi

 M.trapezius - pars cervicalis - pars thoracalis From dorsomedial neck to spine of scapula

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Musculi dorsi

 M.latissimus dorsi

From thoracolumbar region to medial of humerus

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Musculi dorsi

 M.rhomboideus - capitis (car, su) - cervicis

- thoracis

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Musculi dorsi

 M.serratus ventralis -cervicis -thoracis Hang on the forelimb to the trunk, located in the

medial side of the scapula, attaches to the rough surface of the bone

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Musculi dorsi

 M.serratus dorsalis - cranialis (inspirasyon) - caudalis (ekspirasyon)

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Musculi dorsi

 M.iliocostalis

 M.longissimus

 M.spinalis

 M.semispinalis

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