AT azlg 'a

Poppe 1960: 81, 94

Tsintsius I: 48

64.

AT azlg 'a

large tooth

or

tusk; canine toothi molar',

azıg

^'mo7ar', Tuv., Khak.

azıg

id.,

OAT

azu'molar', Trkm., 'l'rk,,

azı

^jd,,

NUie. eziq

id.

Yak.

afu:,

ılu:

'canine tooth'

(

*azlgı _Ç

urla id. {

*arıg+lıg (Cher.

ora-püy

^'canine

tooth' (

_Chuv.

'molar'

{

^*arıg)

=

Mo.

orago 'molari tooth

of a

cogwheel', ariya

id. (

*

Kh. ara: id., Mo aru araga ^'wisdom

tooth', aragatan, arL 'carnivorous or

wild

animal(s)'

{

*arıga+tarı

-

Ma. ürgan Tang, tooth of a saw' < ^*aflgan, Na. ^(Ranrst,) id., Ulcha pali, palu id.

=

Ko. (Ramst) pal'molar

^(tooth)'

Ramstedt I:56, l11, 139

Poppe 1960: 81, 94, I22, I33 Rösönen 1969: 33

Palatalization in Volga-Turkic Languages

by

Eıırrın

yırııız _cnyıı.ı

Ankara

I. palatalization in chuvash

pdatalization is a well-known

phonetic phenomenon

in

the Volga-Turkic languages called as Chuvash, Tatar and Bashkir, This 1ılıonetic phenomenon appeals

in chuvash more than Tatar

and l}ashkir. There are numerous

words

pa|atalized

in chuvash

which iıre preserved

in

their original forms

in Tatar

and Bashkir. white lıaving prepared a

list

of palatalized words

in

chuvash vowels were lııl<en into consideration.

Palatalization occurs mostly in vowel ^{*L (*I} ond *t)

in

vowel ^*ı.

|'tılata|ization

of original

^*

L is a feature belonging to

the

|'roto-Altaic. There

is only i in

the

first

syllable

for xı

_and

*i

_in

l(orean.

The

difference between ^*

ı

and *i was lost

in

Mongolian at ,ın earlier stage(see Ramstedt 1957: I37). Palatalization appears not

tınly in genuin chuvash words but also in the loan-words

in

( ]lıuvash.

A, Palatalization in genuin Chuvash

words

l.

Palatalization

of

the original

*i

_and *

ı

^:

l.|. öik- ^'to

thrust into, insert, introduce" <*tlq-;

MK ttq-

^''to

Emine Yilmaz Ceylan

thrust,

to fill, to

complete",

Turk. tık-, TrkrrL dıq-,

^1'ıı|,,

Kaz., I{ırg., Karak.

ttq-,

Uzb.

ttq-, Tıv.

dtvt-,

|,2. öilha "tongue, language"

<xtll

;

AT, MK fıl,

Turk., ^'

Az.,

Gag.

dil, Kaz.,I{ırg. til,

Tat., Bash.

tIl,

Uzb.

til, Tııv,

dll,

I.3.

öIn :

öIn

puği

"whip"

<

^*tln;

MK

üı7 "yular" ('l'ckin

l

176), Trkm.

din

"rope, cord", Tuv,

din

"bridle, rein".

1,4,

öirnli

'Tinger-nai1"

<*tLrlaq ; MK *tlrlaq, Turk,

^ü

Az. dtmnv,

Trkm.

dtrrıaq,

Kirg.,

Alt. tlrmaq,

^Bash.

tırmq,

tLrvax,

Tııv.

dırvaq, dtrbaq, NUig. tirmaq, tirnaq, Uzb, tirn§q,

|.5.

hir

"pale grey, steppe"

{xqlr i MK qtr

"grey, low meadow",

Trkm. ııır, Turk. kLr,

Kaz., Kirg., Tat., Bash.

qır,

K

k'tr, Tııv, qtr,

^IJzb.

qir

'Tieh plateau, sulnmer camping-grtıundıı I.6,

hIl

"ıDinter"

1 ^xqll ; MK qığ

^{Turk., Gag.}

qığ

Az., 'l

rığ

Kirg., Tat., Bash. qıĞ, Kaz., Karak., Nog.

qıs,

Kum, k'ı.{

qığ _Kha

xis, Uzb. ^qiğ

L7.

hIlham "spark"

< *qlyLlclm i Turk. kıutlcım, Yak, gl

Alt.

qtmln,

Kha.

xtbırt

I.B.

hİlİh

"hair, bristl""

1*qll; MK qtl,'[ıırk. kıl,

Az., 't'rk*l YLl, Kaz., Karak., Nog., Kirg., Tat,, Bash.

qıl,

Kha.,

Tuv. ııl, tJğ

NUig. qil,

Yak.

qtl,

_ı

I.9.

hIn

"strenght,

difficult"

{*qIn

i ^Trkm.

^qIn,

l{ırg, qlyrun

Karak. ^qlyrıaın, Tat,

qıyın, Kırn k'ıytn,

|Jzb, qiynğq 'injury"

7.I0,

hlr "girl" ( _YB hir:hiri J*

^{(Tekin 19B8b:7B)}

^<

^*qF

_l MK qlz

"daughter"(T"Urr, 1995:176),

Trkm.

vız, Turk,

kız, /ız,

Yü1 I{ırg., Kaz.. Karak., Nog.,

Tat. qız,

Bash.

kığ Tuv. qıs, Khıı, xl{

N.

Uig., Uzb.

qız, Yak. qııs.

7,1L hİr-

^"to become heated,

get angry" 1 ^(qır-i A'|'

^qıı=,

Turk kız-, Trkm. yll-,

_K7rg,, Kaz., Nog.,

Tat. qtz-,

I}ash, /cıts,

Tuv. qıs-,

Uzb. qizt-.

1.12.

hlrhlin- ^'to

spare,

grudgei

be stingy, avaricious"

(

*1131,=

van-,

MK ^qlsyan-

<

*qlzyan- 'to

become stingv,

miscrly",

^'l'ıırk,

kıskan-, Trkm ylsyan-, Kirg.,

Karak., Nog.,

'lat.

11 LzYan

,

^l|ı.eh,

Palatalization

in

Volga-Turkic

Languages

^27|

q L6van-,

Kıırrı

^{k' Lzg'an-.}

I.13.

hIrI

"edge, shore"

1 ^*qıdıv ; MK qıdıv, Tıırk.

ktyt,

|'ııv. qıdtv.

L14.

hlrih'Torty"

^<

VB xlrtx C-ı-

^{(Tekin 198Bb:8B)}

4

^*qlrtQ

, MK qtrq, Turk., Trkm qtrq Az.

Vtrx, Iürg., Kaz.,

Karak,

Nog.,

|';ıt., Bash.

qlrlq, KırrL k'trk',

Uzb. ^qirq.

I.I5.

hlrlI

'beautiful; red"

{ ^*hiril ( xqlrlli MK qlztl,

Turk.

liızLl, Az., Trkrn vıztl,Kirg.,

^Karak.,

Kaz.,Tat. qızıl,Bash,

^qt6tl,

l\ha.

xLztl, Tıv, qızıl,

Yak. ^qıhtl.

1.16.

hiğ

"sword" {ı«qtlLöi

MK

qtltĞ,

Tıırk kütö, Trkm.

^vtltĞ,

l\z. vılınö,

I{ırg.

qılıö,

Kaz., Nog., Karak.

qılığ

Bastı"

qtlts,

I{ha.

\

ı/ıs,

TuV. Jcrlığ.

].I7, hİs- 'to

press, squeeze"

1xqısi MK qıs- ^'to

^blockade;

t,ııuse

to be

pinched",

Turk. kis-, Az., Trkm. YLs-, Kirg.,

Kaz., l(airak., Tat., Bash.

qıs-, Tuv. qıs-, Kha. xts-,

Uzb, qis-.

l.|B.

hIslk

'binched, squeezed up", see hi§-.

1,I9.

hiskIö

^"paır of folding steps, vice, pincers", see

hls-.

I.20. hݧIr "lonely,

desolate"

(xqLsLri MK qısır'barren,

sterile",

Turk. kısır, Az. Trkm, rısır, Kirg.,

Karak,,

Kaz.,'Iat., l}ash. qLslr,

I{ha.

xLzlr, Tuv. qtzLr, Uzb. qıslr, Yak ^qltlrox

"ınare",

ktttt

"a young mare".

L27.

kISI

"itch; mangg" {*qLöLy, Bastı"

qısııu,

Tat. ^qtöu

7.22.

kIsrii

"mare"(*qtsraq

i MK

^qısraq,

^'[ırk.

ktsrak,

Y.

Uig.

(lLsraq, Gag. qıs traq, TrWn. vLslraq, I{ırg., Kaz, qLslraq, Alt., Tuv.

(l Lz Lraq, Hak. xtz ^trax.

1.23.

pin

"thousand"

<

^*btOi

AT

^{b tn,}

MK mlg, Az.

min, Turk, lıin, Kaz., Karak.

mıg,

Bash., Tat,

mln,

Tuv. mug, I{ha. mun', Uzb.

ming.

|.24.

pi§-

"to be cooked of baked"

1*bıĞ-i AT bığ-, MKpığ-'

"to

be

cooked;

to

maturate",

Kaz. pjs-, Kirg. bığ-

^"to maturate", 'I'at.

piğ-,

Bash.

biğ-, Trkm.

bjğ-, Turk.

piğ-, NUig. piğ,

"to get ripc, to ripen, to maturate",

Tuv.

^{b ığ-.}

I.25.

piltIr "last yeari a year ago'' { ^*btltır ; MK

(Dankoff _{III, 1985:}

73),

Turk,

bıldı4,

Trkm. bildir, Tat., K§t,,

btlttr,

I{ha

pıltır.

L26. §zim§ii "soft, mild''

(*yımfoqi MK

^yumfuq,

Truk,

yumufuq,

Kaz. jumsaq, Kjrg.

cumfuq, Tat.

yömsaq,

'[ııv.

öımfuq, Yak. sımfıaYas <*ytmöaqaĞ 7.27.

Silim

'Tishing-net"

(*yılım;

_Bash.

_yılım

Tat.

cılım.

Trkm, yömfuq,

'Tishing

1.2B. SIlıin "snake"

(xyılan; _MK,

_{Turk., Trkm., Gag,}

ylllğı

ilan,

Kım.,

Nog., Tat., Bash. ^y ılan,

Kirg.,

Karak.

cılan,

Kan,

! NUig.

cilan, Uzb. ilğn,

Tıv.,I{ha.

öılan.

7.29. §i§- "to shine, flash, lighten" (xy Lö-, <*yLlö-

;

A'I'

yaru-

ya§u- "to gleam, glitter, shine",

MK ^ya§ın

''lightening L30. §i§Im "lightning", see 5j5-;

MK

ya§tn, Tat., Bash, y Nog. ya§ın, _Kaz.

jasıl,

IJzb. yaĞin

1.31.

ğİf- 'to wear out" <*yırt-; MK ytrt- ^.to

tear,

Turk., Trkm.

yLrt-,

_Kaz.

jırt-,

1.32.

yinI

"sheath" {*qIni

MK qin ^(Tekin

1995: 1996),

Kaz., Karak,

Nog.,

Alt.,

Bash.

qın, _Tat, qını, _NUig. qin,

_Az,

Trkm.

vIn,

Tıv.,

Khz-

xln,

Yak, ^qIn

7.33.

yInIr

"saddle" 4*yinir <*yını,r <*I0ır

i

CC

yıpırfuq, tgırfuq,

Bash.

ytgırsaq, Kirg.

ı.OLrfuq,

Yak.

tgır.

I.34.

yIrlh

"a revengeful

evil

spirit'' < *Iduq

i AT

^ıclııı1,

Mt

ı6uq,

Tıv. ıdıq,

I{ha.

ızlx, Kirg. ıytq, Yak.

Ltıq, Alt. ıyıq,

2.

Palatalization

of the

origina] *2

2nğ ı,3

^:

2.L hirİğ

'hgainst"

{ ^xhirğI 1

^xqarĞL

{ ^*qqrtlöı i MR

qarĞu "opposite, opposed" (Tekin 19BBa:75),

Turk. karğı,

Az.

Kirg.

qar§ı, Uzb. qarĞı.

2.2.

his-

"to scratch" (,rqaĞ-

4*qalö- ; A'l., MK

ça,sYı

qağt-,

Trkm.

vafu-, Kaz.

qası-,

Tat.,

Kirg.

^qağı.,

,T r*

2.3.

hİrhü ^'tare,

^anxiety,

grief" (xqadqu ; MK

l<n6yu, qadvu,

|ırk.

l<nygt,

Trkm

YayYt, Tat., Kaz. ^qayYl.

2,4,

pİuiir

"the middle part of the body, bosom"

1

^*bavır ;

MK lıtıylr, Az., Turk.,

Trkm.

baYlr, Kaz., Karak.,

Bash,, Tat,, ^Nog, lxuıLr, Kirg, boor,

Tıv.

^baar,

Kln ^pmr,

Y.Uig,

paıllr,

Yak, bıar,

2.5. pürnli "finger"

4*barmaq',

Az., Trkm, barmaıl, Turk

1,rırmak, Kirg., Kaz., Karak., Tat., Bash., Nog. barmav, Uzb, barmğv 2.6.

§InI

^'hew, recen1"

{ ^*yagl , MK yalı, ^yaol, Tıırk

^ylini,

'l'rkm. yaOL, Bash. yaOL, Tat.

yaıa,

Karak., Kaz, jana,

Kirg,

mgt, '|'tıv. öan, I{ha. rıaa, NUig.

yiigı,

Uzb. ^yangi.

2.7. Süp6ii "trough, hull, bowl,

basin"

1xfupfoq,

Bash,

sapsaq,

liire.

öapfuq, Nog. fopfoq,I{ha. ^sapöax.

2,B. ğtj6

"hair" (

*saö

i MK sağ

Turk,,

Trkm,

saö,

TaL

^ĞdĞ,

l}ash.

sİs, Kirg., Alt.

foĞ,

Kıırr! dzö 'tress of

hair", Kaz., ^Katak., Nog.

ğğ Tuvv.

özğ

NUie.

fuö, Uzb. öğĞ

2.g.

§üSa ''eaves

of a

house,

fringe" {ı,safuqi Turk.

^safuq,

'['rkm. sliöiik,

Az.

saöav,Ilırg. foĞı, Kaz.,

Karak

fufuq,I{ha, ^fofux, 2.I0.

titu

"foal" 1*tay;

MK

tay, Truk.,

Trkrn

^tay,

Az,

dayfu, I(irg.,

Kaz.,

Karak.,

Tat., Bash. foy, NUig. tay,

tayöak,

Uzb,

tiy, lıiyĞa, Yak. tıy.

Z.IL

^yü5-

^'to

^become bitter"

1

^*yaĞL-

{

^*iaĞı-

( *aĞı-

_;

MK

tıĞt_, Turk,

acl_, Trkm

^ğm_,

HlĞ

^hdĞu_t_,

^Tat.

^{iiö_, Bash. jisİ,}

l{az. a§-, |{ırg,

aöt-,

Karak., Nog. ağ-.

2.I2. yü§i 'bitter, sour, sour", see yü5-.

3, Pa|at|ization

of the original

^*o

3.I. hiu,

hü

'bosom, breast pocket"

(xqört; MK

^qoyun, Turk, koyun,

Trkm.

^yoyun,

Az.

voyun,

Kaz.,

l<nrak,,

Nog, qoyln,

^I{ırg, (loyun, Tat., Bash. qLıyln, ^{|{ha. xoy} ın, Tuvv, xoy,

NUig,

^qoyun,

3.2. siui ,,cold"

(

*Soylq ;

MK

soyuq, AZ. Soyuy,

Tıırk.

soğuk,

'l'rlrııı.

_soı)Lıq,

Kirg.

suuq,

Kaz.,

Karak,,

Tat. sıJulq, Bash,

^htwtq,

rprill,

Vıır§l,

i][

274

Emine Yilmaz Ceylan Hak. soox, Tuv. sooq,

NUig.

sovuq.

3.3.

1ürii-

^"to

wolk" {*yorl-i MK yorı-,

Turk. yürü-, yörd-,

Kirg. cür-,

Karak.

cur-,

Bash.

yörö-,

Tat. yörd=, TJzb.

yur- Tuv,

Ğoru-, Ğor-,I{ha. Ğör-,

4,

Pa|atalwation

of the original

^*ü

and

^*u

4.7.

hlual ^'tun"

^(*quyq1 {*qurtal

; MK

ktıyaĞ,

Turk.

^gündğ

Tat., Bash. ^qöyağ.

4,2.

hürli

"taıl" (*h,tsyrii (*hudruq {*qudruq

(

xqL]duruq

i MK qudruq,

qu6ruq,

Tıırk.

kuyruk,

Az.

^YwrLüY,

Trkm.

Yuyruq, KaE, quyruq, Kaz.,

Karak,

Nog. quyrlq,

TaL

qöyrıq, Bash. qöyröq, I{ha

xıJzuruq,'[ııv.

^quduruq, Yak. quturuq,

4.3,

pIlIt 'tloud"

1*bulut

; MK

bulut,

bulıt. Kaz.

bult,

Iiırg,

bulut, Tat. bölıt, Trkm.,

Turk

^bulut.

4.4,

pür-

"to order";

MK bııyur- 'to

order, to command", Turk., Turkm.,

Az.

btıyur-,

Kirg. buylr-,

Kaz., Karak.

buytr-, TaL

böyır-, Bash. böyör-, Uzb. btıyur-,

4.5,

sIn- 'to put

forward, offer, present"

(*sun-i MK

sun-,

Turk. sun-,Kaz., Karak.

Ltsln-,

Kirg.

sun-, NUig. sun-.

4.6.

§im

"wool, feather, h217" {xyıüg

i

I<B,

MT

^{yug, yü9,}

Turh

yün, Trkm.

yW, Az.

yun, Kaz. jün, I{ırg. cün, Nog., Kum. yun, Kha.

öıig, NUig. cun, Uzb. cIJn, yıtq,

Tıv,

^öüp.

4.7, sühe "slender, thin"

{*!u!qa

;

AT

^yuyqa,

MK

^{yuva, yıJwYa,} yuuqa, yufqa, Turk. ^yğl<n, Trkm. yüqa, '[at., Nog. yuqo, I{ırg. cuqa, Karak. cuqa, Kaz. juqa,

Tıv,,

l{ha. öuYa, IJzb. yupqa

4,8.

ğIuI

"liquid, fluid, thin, rare"

( xsiub-ıq { ^*sab-ıq _iTrkm.

sıJDuq,

Az. sıyıy,

Kirg.,

Alt. swuq,

Kaz., Karak.

suylq, Tat. sıyıq,

Bash.

§ıyıq,

NUig., Uzb. suuuq,

Tuv.

suuq, I{ha, sutıx.

4.9.

uI§

'tip, pointer, end, frontier" 1.*ıJö;

MK ağ Trkm.

flö, Az.

uc,

Turk.

uĞ, HaI. hü"ö, Kaz., Karak.,

Nog. uğ Tat.

öö, Bash. d.s,

Kha. us,

Tuv.

uğ. NUig., Uzb. uĞ.

Palatalization

in

Volga-Turkic

Languages

²⁷⁵

4.I0,

uI6- lto fly" 1 ^*uö, ; MK

uĞ-, Trkm.,

Turk., Az,

^uĞ-, Kaz.,

Karak,

Nog. u§-,

Tat.

öĞ-, Bash. ös-,

Tuv.

^{u§-, NUig,, Uzb,}

uö-.

4.17.

ulrlin

"rope"

<

^*uryan

l Turk.

^Lırgan,

Trkm,

urYan, Az, örkdn "wide bridle"

B. Palata|ization in loan-words

L

öey "tea" < ^{^Iat,}

foy

^id,

2. öeya "cunning"

(

_Tat.

fuya "qııck,

agile", Bash, scya ^id,

3. öIlpİr'bridle,

^rein"

(

_{Tat. öLtbır} "chain, watch-chaini fetter"

4.

ĞühA-,

Ğüka- 'to

_wash,

to shake" ( _Tat,

Ğayl<n-, Bash, sayka-

5.

iirlih "wine, beer"

(

Tat., Bash.

araql

"vodka"

{ Ar, fraq

o|_r|

6.

lirnti: drndl<un'Friday" ^<.

YB ljrni ,ss| ,a*a

^{,-.ı_ıl (Tekin}

19BBb: 72,

Iil) (

_Far.

_adİnii

_",,.

sl,

Tat. atrın "week", Bash. a6na ^id,, Trkm. anrıa

"Fiday",

NIJig. azrıa id.

7.

iisrlil "the angel of death"

( _Tat.

_vazrail

1 Ar.'azra,Iı ,I|:ı

B. hiu-,

hü-

"to pour"

(

_{Tat. qoy-}

9. h1ma "fence of hurdles of brushwood"

(

Tat,, Bash, ^qöyma I0. Iğnli "great meadow, pasture"(

Tat.

Lğrn,uncultivated land"

7I.

kirpli 'boiled and

^pounded wheat"

( _{Rus, krupa}

"groats, granular Snow"

12.

kriiplö

"rake"

(

Rus. grabli

13.

kİska

"short"

(

Tat., Bash. qısqa

14.

nlihiik

"slander"

(

Tat., Bash. ^rıaxaq

( Far. + Ar,

n6-haqq

"useless,

invain" Ş

^L

15.

pIğ|

^'Toot, leg"

(

Far. pğöd "a little foot"

§L"

16,

pİuij-

^'to paint"

(

Tat., Bash. btıya- 17.

pü

"lenght"

(

Tat., Bash. buy

]

IB.

pirnö

"basket"

(

Mar. purnya (Yegor6y ]$64;

Ig.

sltal

'table"

(

Rus. stol,

Tat.

dstiil

20.

§tikll 'hook" (

Öer. saYğla

"large

hook" (Adamovid 1985:

79-81)

27, ğükka

'bir tijr

balrk"

(

_{Rus. §Ğu}<a} 'pike. garfish'' 22. §ürpii "soup"

(

_{Far. Sorba}

\s!;

Tat. §ulpa, Bash. hurpa 23. üpriim bbstinate, stubborn"

(

_{Rus. upryamıy}

24.

ulöa

'hip"

(

Tat. öĞa'hinter part behind'' 25.

uIllii

"(bee) hive"

(

_{Rus. u/ey}

26.

yön

"side, direction, district, flank" 1. Tat. yan

27. yanĞIk 'purse, small bag"

( _TaL

yanöıq, Bash. yoızsıg 28.

ylltIr "ski" < Mar. yal

"foot"

+ Mar, tar ^''ski''

^(Yegorov

1964)

29.

ytınİ

"cheap"

(

_Tat. yun' id.

30.

yürak

"winding-wheel, bobbin, spool''

(

Rus. u'yurok

c.

Loan-words

in

chuvash which are borrowed form Tatar and Bashkir had already been palatalized

7. ölirkkii

"little

glass for

water, wine-glass"

( _Tat.

_öijrkö

_{

Rıs.

öarl<n "glass of vodka"

2.

ĞIkIntIr

'beet"

(

Tat. öögindir

(

_{Far. öuyundur}

-ı*,

^Bash

söcdldör

3. iir?im

"useless,

in vain,

unprofitable"

( _{Tat. Ariim} {

Ar.

]nr*m'forbidden by

religion,

unlawful" rlr

4, aüim ^"man, person"

(

_{Tat. edtim}

_<

_Ar.

_{adiim l.İ}

5. liypat "good, beautiful, pretty"

( _Tat.

_dybiit "gut, herrlich" 1 Ar.

hiiybil'hwe, majesly" a;>

6, ir (:irsIr) ',ile,

_base, disgust"

< Tat. ar (:iirsi) _1.

Ar. "ar

"shame" _{_,1t}

7. İntI

'the present, now"

(

_{Tat. indl,}

B. miiröiin 'toral" ( _Tat.

_mzircdn

( _Ar.

_marcan

_üÇ7,

_Bash.

miiryin

9. nührljp "grana4lt, storehouse"

(

_{Tat. nöwriip}

(

_Rus. pogreb

"cellar, vault", Bash, mögliriip

I0,

piihlit

'thance, luck"

(

Tat., Bash. bahft < Far, baıct

f a

71,.

püslr

'hernia, rupture"

(

Tat., Bash.

büsir ( _Ar.

_{basar s2-L.}

12.

rahü ^'test,

ease, comfort, quiet"

( _{Tat. riihiit} { Ar,

rahat

q__>,J..i

13.

siihiit'houri

time"

(

Tat. sdyat', Bash. siigtit ^<- Ar.

sfat 'irL

14,

yağük

"chest, coffer, box"

(

Tat. yiiğöik

(

_Rus. yaĞĞik id.

15.

yİtra

"stone or ^pip of a fruit, grain, nucleus"

(

_Tat,

ylidrii { Rıs.

^yadro "kernel, nucleus"

KAYNAKÇA

Adamovi6,

M,:

19B6b, "Umstrittene tschuwaschische Etymologien",

UAJb

5, Neue Folge: 74-97.

Akabirov, S. F., Z. M. Magrufov, A, T.

Hodjahanov: 1959, U zb eksko- russkiy slouar', Moskva.

Atalay,

B.:

diuanü

Ligat-it-Türk

Tercümesi I:

TDK

^{521, 1985; II:}

TDK

52, 1986; III:

TDK

^{523, 1986;}

Dizin

1986. =

MK

Bammatova, Z. Z.| 1969,

Kumıksko-russkiy

slouar', Moskva.

Baskakov, N. A., A.İ. İnkijekova-Grekul: 1953,

Ha]<assko- rus skiy slouar', Moskva.

: 1958, Karal<alpaksko-russkiy slouar', Moskva.

Başkirsko-russkiy slouar', 1958, Moskva.

Dankoff, R.,

J. Kelly:

^1985,

Mümıd

al-Kağrarı: Compendium of the

Turkic Dialects ^(Dıwan Luvat at-Turk) III, Printed

^at

Harvard University.

Doerfer, G., S.Tezcan: 1980, Wörterbuch des Chaladsch Budapest.

Devellioğlu,

F.:

1986,

Osmanltm-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Ltıgat,

^7.

baskı, Ankara.

l

278 Emine Yilmaz Ceylan

Hamzayev,

M. A.:

7962, Türkmen dilinig sözlügi, Aşgabat.

Malov, S.

YE.:

1957, Yaztk

jyolttx

_{lJyguroD, Alma-Ata.}

Mirzabekov,

K.:

^1992,

Kazaky-Nemispe

Sözdik, Almatı.

NĞcip,

E.

N.: 7968,

Uywrsko-russkiy

slouar', Moskva.

Paasonen, H.: 1950, Çuuaş Sözlüğü,

TDK

C. IIL 7, Istanbul [=

Szljegyz€k, Budapest 1908].

Foppe,

N.:

1927, "Die türkischen Lehnwörter

im

Tschuwassischenİ

UJb

7: 151-167. Tatarsko-russkiy _slouar', Moskva 1966.

Ramstedt, G. J.: ^1957, Ei4führung

in

die altaische

I,

Lautlehre,

MSFOu

104-1, Helsinki.

Scherner,

B.:

1977,

Arabische und

neupersische Lehnwörter im T s chuw as chi s chen, Wiesbaden.

Sirotkin,

M.

Ya.: 1961, Çuuaşsko-russkiy slouar', Moskva.

Skvortsov,

M.

İ: 1985, Çuuaşsko-russkiy ^slouar', Moskva.

Sleptsov, P.

A.:

Ig72, Yakutsko-russkiy slouar', Moskva.

Steingass,

F.:

^1947,

A

comprehensiue

Persian-English

Dictiorıary, London.

Tekin, T.: ^19BBa, "Ttırkçe /ş/, Çıvaşça ^/3/ ve Moğolca /ç/",

TDAYB

1986 ^(2. baskı): 77-75,

l=Turkic ,/ş/, Chuvash

/3/

and Mongolian /Ğ/, 65-,6gJ, Ankara.

_:

^19BBb,

Volga Bulgar Kitabeleri ue Vloga Bulgaru,sı, TDK

531, Ankara.

_:

^7995,

^Türk

Dillerinde

Birincil

[Jzun Araştrmalan

Dizisi

13, Ankara.

Tenişev,

E.

R.: 1968, Tuuinsko-russkiy slouar', Yegorov,

V. G.: I9M,

Etimologiçeskiy slouar'

Çeboksan.

Yudahin,

K. K.:

1965,

Kirgizsko-russkiy

slouar', Moskva.

Ünlüler,

Ttirk

Dillerİ Moskva.

çuvaşskogo ^yazLka,

I

The East-Vest ^Relations And Azerbaijuıı -

^The second ha]f of üe XVth+he beginning of the XVlltlı

centurres

-

by

Yı,cus

M*rııunıu

Baku

Azerbaijan

and

Azerbaijani

Turks aS a

^component

of

^Altay_

,I,urk

world

took

an

active part

in

the ^process

of

world historical development,

had an

important

role in

creating and realization of relations between the East and the

west in

Middle

Ages

as

well

as

in

ancient times. But, unfor|unately, important role

of

such mighty ırıedieval

Turk

empires as the Akkoyunlu,

safavis

and the ottoman

in

Asian_European

trade and

diplomatic

relations was not

^the

subject

of

profound and objective study

in

historical science

up

^to now, Some historians, especially

from

separate Western ^countries, touching upon

the

^problem

of

interrelationship

of

Asia_Europe ⁱⁿ

Middle Ages

^speaking

from

Europocentrism position

are

^carried

away

by

the role of western countries

in

the history, justifies their expansionist

policy

against

Eastern

countries

and

peoples, while presents mighty medieval oriental states, including

Turk

empires ^as depredatory aggressor states.

such

one-sided and wrong attitude in the historiography of the Middle

Ages was

^{assumed most}

of all

in the studying of the problem of interrelations the Akkoyunlu, safavis

and the ottoman Empire and that of

these

Turk Empires

with Western European ^countries.

The

Akkoyunlu,

Safavis and the

ottoman Empire, ^occupying wide territories, had

a

significant

role in

world history ^and

in

the interrelations between

the East ^and the west

^both

in

trade and