Organik katkılı toprakta yıllanmış DDT’nin kabakgillerde birikiminin incelenmesi

SAKARYA ÜNøVERSøTESøT.C.

FEN B øLøMLERø ENSTøTÜSÜ

ORGAN øK KATKILI TOPRAKTA YILLANMIù

DDT’N øN KABAKGøLLERDE BøRøKøMøNøN øNCELENMESø

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øÇøNDEKøLER

7(ù(..h5... ii

ødø1'(.ø/(5... iii

6ø0*(/(59(.,6$/70$/$5/ø67(6ø... v

ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø... vi

TABLOLAR /ø67(6ø... viii

ÖZET………...………...……….ix

SUMMARY ... x

BÖLÜM 1. *ø5øù …………... 1

BÖLÜM 2. MATERYAL VE METOT... 15

2.1.''7LOH.LUOHQPLú$ODQ... 15

2.2.'HQH\6HWOHULQLQ+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ... 17

2.2.1. 6DKDoDOÕúPDODUÕ ... 19

2.2.2. 6DNVÕODUÕQKD]ÕUODQPDVÕ... 19

2.3.Bitkiler…………. ... 20

2.4.%LWNLOHULQ+DVDGÕYH1XPXQHOHULQ7RSODQPDVÕ ... 23

2.4.1. %LWNL|]VX\XQXQWRSODQPDVÕ ... 23

2.4.2. %LWNLQXPXQHOHULQLQWRSODQPDVÕ... 24

2.5.Numunelerinin Ekstraksiyonu ... 25

2.5.1. Toprak numunelerinin ekstraksiyonu ... 26

2.5.2. Bitki numunelerinin ekstraksiyonu ... 26

2.6.Bitki Özsuyundan DDX Ekstraksiyonu ... 27

2.7.Numunelerin GC-µECD ile Analizi ... 29

2.8.øVWDWLVWLNL$QDOL]... 30

BÖLÜM 3.

DENEYSEL BULGULAR ... 31

3.1.EKKMI Maddesinin Karakterizasyonu ... 31

3.2.6DNVÕ'HQH\OHUL... 32

3.3.6DNVÕ'HQH\OHUL... 36

3.3.1. EKKMI maddesinin biyokütle verimine etkileri ... 36

3.3.2. 6DNVÕWRSUDNODUÕQGDNL'';NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕ ... 37

3.3.3. EKKMI maddesinin DDX birikimine etkisi... 38

3.3.4. EKKMI maddesinin biyolojik birikim ve translokasyon faktörüne etkileri ... 46

3.4.2014 Kavanoz Deneyleri... 49

3.4.1. EKKMI maddesinin biyokütle verimine etkileri ... 50

3.4.2. .DYDQR]WRSUDNODUÕQGD'';NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕ... 51

3.4.3. EKKMI maddesinin DDX birikimine etkisi... 51

3.4.4. EKKMI maddesinin biyolojik birikim ve translokasyon faktörüne etkileri ... 56

3.5.2013 Saha Deneyleri... 59

3.5.1. EKKMI maddesinin biyokütle verimine etkileri ... 59

3.5.2. 6DKDWRSUDNODUÕQGDNL'';NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕ... 62

3.5.3. EKKMI maddesinin DDX birikimine etkisi... 63

3.5.4. EKKMI maddesinin biyolojik birikim ve translokasyon faktörüne etkileri ... 68

BÖLÜM 4. 6218d/$59(7$57,ù0$ ... 71

KAYNAKLAR ... 76

g=*(d0øù ... 85

S øMGELER VE KISALTMALAR LøSTESø

DDT : Dikloro difenil trikloroethan DDD : Dikloro difenil dikloroethan DDE : Dikloro difenil dikloroetilen

DDX : DDT+DDE+DDE

IS :øç Standart

PCB : Poliklorlu bifeniller BBF : Biyolojik birikim faktörü

TLF :7UDQVORNDV\RQ\HUGH÷LúWLUPHIDNW|U

Kow :2NWDQROVXHWNLOHúLPNDWVD\ÕVÕ

v

ù(.øLLER LøSTESø

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ùHNLOdDOÕúPDQÕQ*HQHO3ODQÕ... 18

ùHNLOdLPOHQGLULOHQ%LWNLOHU ... 21

ùHNLO6DNVÕODUD(NLOHQ%LWNLOHU... 21

ùHNLO6DKD\D.XUXODQ6HUDYH'DPOD6XODPD6LVWHPL ... 22

ùHNLO(NLOHQ%LWNLOHU$6DNVÕ%.DYDQR]4) ... 23

ùHNLO6DNVÕODUGDQ%LWNLg]VX\X7RSODPD ... 24

ùHNLO6DKDGDQ%LWNLg]VX\X7RSODPD ... 24

ùHNLO630(0HWRGXQXQ6ÕFDNOÕ÷D%D÷OÕ2SWLPL]DV\RQX... 27

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ùHNLO8\JXODQDQ.)0(0HWRGX%DVDPDNODUÕ... 28

ùHNLO(..0,(NOHQHQYH(NOHQPH\HQ5DYHQ%LWNLOHUL... 33

ùHNLO(..0,(NOHQHQYH(NOHQPH\HQ=HSK\U%LWNLOHUL... 33

ùHNLO(..0,(NOHQHQYH(NOHQPH\HQ3DWW\SDn Bitkileri ... 34

ùHNLO(..0,(NOHQHQ%LWNLOHULQ(NOHQPH\HQOHUH*|UH1RUPDOL]H(GLOPLú%LWNL Biyokütleleri... 35

ùHNLO6DNVÕ7RSUDNODUÕQGDNL'';0LNWDUÕ... 38

ùHNLO5DYHQELWNLOHULQLQJ|YGHDQDOL]NURPDWRJUDPODUÕ$(..0,HNOHQPH\HQ B) EKKMI eklenen... 40

ùHNLO 3.7. Zephyr Bitkilerinin Gövde Analiz .URPDWRJUDPODUÕ $ (..0,

eklenmeyen B: EKKMI eklenen ... 41

ùHNLO6DNVÕGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ*|YGH.ÕVPÕQGDNL7RSODP'';*LGerim 0LNWDUODUÕ... 43 ùHNLO6DNVÕGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ*|YGH.ÕVPÕQGDNL7RSODP'';*LGHULP

0LNWDUODUÕ... 44

ùHNLO6DNVÕGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%LWNLg]VX\XQGDNL7RSODP'';PLNWDUODUÕ ... 45

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%LWNLg]VX\XQGDNL.LUOHWLFL$NÕú0LNWDUODUÕ ...46

ùHNLO6DNVÕGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ7UDQVORNDV\RQ)DNW|UOHUL... 49

ùHNLO  .DYDQR]ODUGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ *|YGH .ÕVPÕQGDNL  7RSODP ''; *LGHULP0LNWDUODUÕ ... 53

ùHNLO  .DYDQR]ODUGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ .|N .ÕVPÕQGDNL 7RSODP ''; *LGHULP0LNWDUODUÕ ... 54

ùHNLO  6DNVÕGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ %LWNL g]VX\XQGDNL 7RSODP ''; 0LNWDUODUÕ ... 55

ùHNLO  .DYDQR]ODUGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ %LWNL g]VX\XQGDNL .LUOHWLFL $NÕú 0LNWDUODUÕ ...56

ùHNLO.DYDQR]ODUGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ7UDQVORNDV\RQ)DNW|UOHUL ...58

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNiler ...61

ùHNLO6DKD7RSUDNODUÕQGDNL'';0LNWDUÕ ...62

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ*|YGH.ÕVPÕQGDNL7RSODP'';*LGHULP 0LNWDUODUÕ ...64

ùHNLO  6DKDGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ .|N .ÕVPÕQGDNL 7RSODP ''; *LGHULP 0LNWDUODUÕ ...65

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%LWNLg]VX\XQGDNL7RSODP'';PLNWDUODUÕ ...67

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%LWNLg]VX\XQGDNL.LUOHWLFL$NÕú0LNWDUODUÕ ...68

ùHNLO6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ7UDQVORNDV\RQ)DNW|UOHUL...70

vii

TABLOLAR L øSTESø

7DEOR  6WRFNKROP 6|]OHPHVL LOH <DVDNODQDQ .DOÕFÕ 2UJDQLN .LUOHWLFLOHU YH

Kimyasal Özellikleri...1

7DEORdDOÕúPD6UHVLQFH.XOODQÕODQ%LWNLOHU...22

7DEOR(..0,0DGGHVLQLQ$QDOL]6RQXoODUÕYH<|QHWPHOLN3DUDPHWUHOHUL ...32

7DEOR6DNVÕODUGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%L\RNWOHOHUL ...34

7DEOR6DNVÕODUGD<HWLúWirilen Bitkilerin Biyokütleleri ...37

7DEOR6DNVÕGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHUGHNL.LUOHWLFL0LNWDUODUÕ ...38

7DEOR  6DNVÕGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ %L\RORMLN %LULNLP )DNW|UOHUL %%) YH 7RSUDNWDNL'';0LNWDUODUÕ...47

7DEOR.DYDQR]ODUGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%L\RNWOHOHUL...50

7DEOR.DYDQR]ODUGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHUGHNL.LUOHWLFL0LNWDUODUÕ ...52

7DEOR  .DYDQR]ODUGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ Biyolojik Birikim Faktörleri (BBF) YH7RSUDNWDNL'';0LNWDUÕ ...57

7DEOR6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHULQ%L\RNWOHOHUL...60

7DEOR6DKDGD<HWLúWLULOHQ%LWNLOHUGHNL.LUOHWLFL0LNWDUODUÕ ...63

7DEOR  6DKDGD <HWLúWLULOHQ %LWNLOHULQ %L\RORMLN %LULNLP )DNW|UOHUL %%) YH 7RSUDNWDNL'';0LNWDUODUÕ...69

viii

ÖZET

Anahtar kelimeler:''7WRSUDNELWNLVHODUÕWÕP, biyolojik birikim

Klorlu organik pestisit olarak bilinen DDT (2,2-bis(klorofenil)-1,1,1-trikloroethan) toprak matriksinde abiyotik ve abiyotik reaksiyonlar sonucu bozunma ürünleri olan DDD (2,2-bis(klorofenil)-1,1–dikloroethan) ve DDE (2,2-bis(klorofenil)-1,1–

dikloroetilen) \H G|QúPHNWHGLUOHU +HP ''7 KHP GH ER]XQPD UQOHUL NDOÕFÕ

RUJDQLNNLUOHWLFL.2.RODUDNWDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU<DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUCucurbita pepo ssp. pepo (Zucchini) bitkisinin p,p’-DDE, poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB) ve klordan gibi NDOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLOHULOHNLUOHQPLúWRSUDNODUGDNLNLUOHWLFLOHULEHOLUJLQELUúHNLOGH

\NVHN PLNWDUGD ELULNWLUPH SRWDQVL\HOLQLQ ROGX÷XQX D\QÕ IDPLO\DGDQ JHOHQ VX

NDED÷ÕYHNDUSX]WUOHULQLQE|\OHELU\HWHQH÷LQLQROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúWLU

EKKMI, HYVHO DWÕN VX DUÕWPD WHVLVOHULQLQ DNWLI oDPXUODUÕQGDQ UHWLOHQ yeni bir PDO]HPHGLU%XoDOÕúPD (..0,HNOHQPLú YHHNOHQPHPLúp,p’-DDT’li topraklarda

\HWLúWLULOHQ Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo (Raven) ve Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera (Zephyr) ELWNL WUOHULQLQ ''; ELULNLP PLNWDUODUÕQGDNL GH÷LúLP LQFHOHQPLúWLU

(..0,PDGGHVLQLQHNOHQPHVL\OHWRSUDNWDQELWNL\DSÕVÕQDJHoHQ\ÕOODQPÕúp,p’-DDE PLNWDUÕQÕEHOLUOHPHNDPDFÕ\ODVDNVÕYHVDKDGHQH\OHUL\UWOPúWU 114-471 ng/g DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD ''; ''7 ''' YH ''( WRSODPÕ LoHUHQ WRSUD÷D  NRQWURO 

YHZZRUDQODUÕQGD(..0,HNOHQGLNWHQVRQUDCucurbita pepo. (Raven YH =HSK\U WU ELWNLOHU HNLOPLúWLU (NLOHQ ELWNLOHU  JQON \HWLúWLUPH SHUL\RGX

VRQXQGD KDVDW HGLOPLúWLU 7RSUDN YH ELWNL QXPXQHOHULQGHNL ''; PLNWDUODUÕ GC/µ- ECDNXOODQÕODUDNDQDOL]HGLOPLúWLU

%10 EKKMI eklenerek sDNVÕODUGD \HWLúWLULOHQ 5DYHQ ve Zephyr bitkileri EKKMI eklenmeyen NRQWURO ELWNLOHULQH J|UH VÕUDVÕ\OD 3 ve 6 kat daha fazla biyokütle

UHWPLúOHUGLU.RQWUROVDNVÕODUÕQGD\HWLúWLULOHQ5DYHQYH=HSK\UELWNLOHULQLQRUWDODPD

biyolojik birikim faktörleri 9.63 ve 1.89 iken %25 EKKMI eklenen bitkilerdeki bu GH÷HUOHUVÕUDVÕ\ODYH¶HNDGDUGúPúWU*HQHORODUDNKer iki bitki türünde de EKKMI eklenen bitkilerin p,p’-DDE birikWLUPH PLNWDUODUÕ NRQWURO ELWNLOHULQH

NÕ\DVODRUDQÕQGDD]DOPÕúWÕU%XoDOÕúPDLOHLONGHID\ÕOODQPÕúp,p’-DDE ile kirli topraklara EKKMI HNOHQPHVL LOH =XFFKLQL ELWNLOHULQGHNL NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕQÕQ FLGGL

RUDQODUGD D]DOWWÕ÷Õ J|VWHULOPLúWLU .DOÕFÕ RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHU LOH NLUOHQPLú DODQODUGD

(..0,X\JXODQPDVÕLOHGDKDD]NLUOLPH\YHOHULQHOGHHGLOHELOHFH÷LEHOLUOHQPLúWLU.

ix

INVESTIGATION OF WEATHERED DDT ACCUMULATION IN CUCURBITACEAE GROWN IN SOIL AMENDED WITH

ORGANIC MATTER SUMMARY

Keywords: DDT, soil, phytoremediation, bioaccumulation

DDT (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1- trichloroethane) known as organochlorine pesticide in soil can be biotically and abiotically converted to 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)- 1,1–dichloroethane (p,p’-DDD) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1–dichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) residues. Both p,p’-DDT and its metabolites are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Previous studies have shown that Cucurbita pepo ssp.

pepo (Zucchini) has a significant and unique potential to accumulate weathered POPs such as p,p’-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlordane from contaminated soil, but that other plants, including closely related squash and melon species, do not have this ability.

EKKMI is a new material produced from activated sludge of domestic wastewater treatment plants. This research focuses on p,p’-DDE accumulations in Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo (cv Raven) and Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera (cvZephyr) plants grown in both p,p’-DDT contaminated soil and DDT contaminated soil amended with EKKMI. Pot and field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of EKKMI amendment on the phytoextraction of weathered p,p’-DDE from soil by plant systems. Soil contaminated with 114-471 ng/g DDX (sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE) was amended with EKKMI at 0% (Control), 1%, 10%, and 25% (w/w) levels and Cucurbita pepo (cv Raven and Zephyr) was then planted. The plants were harvested after 39-day of growth and p,p’-DDE concentrations in soil and plant samples were measured by GC/µ-ECD.

Raven and Zephyr plants grown in 10% of EKKMI amended pots were produced 13 and 6 times more average biomass than their control plants grown in EKKMI unamended pots. While average bioaccumulation factors for Raven and Zephyr plants grown in control pots were 9.63 and 1.89, the values for Raven and Zephyr were dropped down to 0.26 and 0.1 with 25 % EKKMI amendment. The overall accumulated p,p’-DDE levels in the plants grown in EKKMI amended soil were decreased approximately 96% relative to control plants. It is the first time the results have shown that p,p’-DDE accumulations in zucchini plants had been dramatically decreased by EKKMI amendments, resulting in application of EKKMI in POPs contaminated sites to have less contaminated fruits.

x

BÖLÜM 1. G øRøù

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\DVDNODQPÕú RODQ PDGGHOHUGLU  \ÕOÕQGD ONHPL]LQ GH LoLQGH ROGX÷X  GHQ

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KøRLETøCø ADI Molekül

Formülü

Molekül

$÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ g mol^í

Suda d|]QUO÷

ü µg/L (25^oC)

Henry Sabiti atm m³/mol (25^oC)

Log Kow

Aldrin C12H8Cl6 364.91 33.3 3.87x10^-4 6.06

Klordan C10H6Cl8 409.78 12.99 7.03x10^-5 6.22

Dieldrin C12H8Cl6O 380.91 145.5 6.81x10^-8 5.20

Endrin C12H8Cl6O 380.92 145.5 5.41x10^-7 5.20

Heptaklor C10H5Cl7 373.32 95.26 1.76x10^-4 5.47

Heksaklorbenzen C6Cl6 284.78 192.2 8.92x10^-4 5.73

Mireks C10Cl12 545.5 0.48 1.28x10^-6 6.89

Toksafen C10H10Cl8 413.82 0.32 3.82x10^-5 8.08

Poliklorbifeniller (PCBs) C12H5Cl5 326.43 9.39 9.24x10^-5 6.98

DDT C14H9Cl5 354.49 7.31 1.53x10^-5 6.91

Poliklorlu dibenzo-p-dioksinler Poliklorlu dibenzofuranlar

C12H4Cl4O2

C12H4Cl4O

321.98 305.98

1.10 2.33

3.53x10^-5 1.54x10^-5

6.80 6.53 Į- Heksaklorbenzen C6H6Cl6 290.8 4044 2.56x10^-4 4.14 ȕ- Heksaklorbenzen C6H6Cl6 290.8 4044 2.56x10^-4 4.14

Klordekan C10Cl10O 490.64 19.71 1.76x10^-10 5.41

Heksabromobifeniller C12H4Br6 627.58 1830 1.65x10^-6 9.10 Lindan (J-Heksaklorbenzen) C6H6Cl6 290.8 4044 2.56x10^-4 4.14 Pentaklorobenzen C6HCl5 250.34 905.5 1.20x10^-3 5.17 Endosülfan C9H6Cl6O3S 406.93 1487 9.03x10^-8 3.83 Heksabromosiklododekan C12H18Br6 641.7 0.02 1.72x10^-6 7.74

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\R÷XQODúPDIDNW|UOHULKHUELUWURSLNVHYL\HLoLQ-DUDVÕQGDROGX÷XEHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU

%XQDED÷OÕRODUDNNXWXSGHQL]OHULQGHSartikül maddelerde ölçülen p,p-''(PLNWDUÕ

LOHJÕGD]LQFLULQGH7URSLNVHYL\HGHNLNXWXSD\ÕODUÕQÕQ\D÷GRNXODUÕQGD|OoOHQSS- DDE (560 ng/g) RUDQÕQD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ELULNLP IDNW|U ⁵  NDWÕQD NDGDU

oÕNDELOGL÷LJ|UOPHNWHGLU [5].

<DUÕ XoXFX RODQ NDOÕFÕ RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHU DWPRVIHUGH WDúÕQDELOPH |]HOOL÷LQH

VDKLSWLUOHU $OoDN HQOHPOHUGH WRSUDN PDWULVLQGHQ EXKDUODúDUDN KDUHNHWOL KDYD

NWOHOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH \NVHN HQOHPOHUH WDúÕQPDNWDGÕUODU .LP\DVDOODU NX]H\H GR÷UX

KDUHNHW HWWLNoH \R÷XQODúDUDN NXWXSODUD NDGDU WDúÕQDELOLUOHU [6,7] .DOÕFÕ RUJDQLN

NLUOHWLFLOHULQ NDOÕFÕOÕ÷Õ EL\RORMLN ELULNLP SRWDQVL\HOL YH WDúÕQDELOLUOL÷L J|] |QQH

DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD WP oHYUHVHO RUWDPODUGD EXOXQPDVÕ YH |OoOHELOLU OLPLWOHUGH ROPDVÕ

úDúÕUWÕFÕ ELU GXUXP GH÷LOGLU 7UNL\H¶GH \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUGD EX YHULOHUL GHVWHNOHU

QLWHOLNWHGLU hONHPL]GH  \ÕOÕQGD NXOODQÕPÕ VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕú YH  \ÕOÕQGD

WDPDPHQ \DVDNODQPÕú [8] ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ oHúLWOL E|OJHOHUGHQ WRSODQDQ EDO [9], sediment [10], midye [11],su [12,13] ve toprak [14] numunelerinde halen DDT ve ER]XOPDUQOHULQHUDVWODQPDNWDGÕU

.DOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLOHUGHQELULRODQ''7Dikloro difenil trikloroethan) ilk olarak

=HLGOHUWDUDIÕQGDQ\ÕOÕQGDVHQWH]OHQPLú [15] ROXSLQVHNWLVLW|]HOOL÷L\ÕOÕQGD

0OOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ NHúIHGLOPLúWLU [16]. økinci dünya VDYDúÕQGD E|FHN ND\QDNOÕ

KDVWDOÕNODUÕQNRQWUROOQGHNXOODQÕOPDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHGQ\DdaNLNXOODQÕPÕQda ciddi bir

3

DUWÕúJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLU [17]. DDT, 1960 yÕOODUÕQÕQRUWDODUÕQDNDGDUGQ\DoDSÕQGDHQ

\D\JÕQNXOODQÕOPÕúRODQSHVWLVLWOHUGHQELULGLUDünya genelinde LOH\ÕOODUÕ

DUDVÕQGD  PLO\RQ WRQ ''7¶QLQ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ WDKPLQ HGLOPHNWHGLU [18]. Çevre ve 2UPDQ %DNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ NDOÕFÕ RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHUH LOLúNLQ VWRFNKROP V|]OHúPHVL LoLQ

KD]ÕUODPÕú ROGX÷X XOXVDO X\JXODPD SODQÕQGD ''7 GL÷HU ONHOHUGH ROGX÷X JLEL

7UNL\H¶GH GH  LOH  \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD oRN \D\JÕQ ELU úHNLOGH NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ

belirWLOLUNHQNXOODQÕODQ PLNWDU LOH LOJLOL ELUND\ÕW YHULOPHPLúWLU [8]''7WDUÕP LODFÕ

RODUDN ELWNLOHUGH NXOODQÕOPDVÕQÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD VLYULVLQHN YH NDUDVLQHN LODoODPDVÕQGD

KD\YDQFÕOÕNWD YH KDWWD HYOHUGH ]DUDUOÕODUOD PFDGHOHVL JLEL oRN JHQLú X\JXODPD

DODQODUÕ EXOPXúWXU [16,17]  \ÕOÕQGD 0OOHU’H IL]\RORML YH WÕS DODQÕQGD 1REHO

ödülü kazandÕUDQ''7¶\HVLYULVLQHNYHE|FHNOHULQ]DPDQODGD\DQÕNOÕOÕNND]DQPD\D

EDúODPDVÕQÕQ [16] \DQÕ VÕUD KHGHI RODUDN NXOODQÕOPD\DQ WUOHULQ GH ROXPVX]

HWNLOHQGL÷LIDUNHGLOPLúWLU [19]. ABD’ GH86(3$WDUDIÕQGDQ\ÕOÕQGDNXOODQÕPÕ

\DVDNODQPÕúRODQ''7LOHUOH\HQ]DPDQODUGD ELUoRNONHGH \DVDNODQPÕú YHHQVRQ

6WRFNKROP V|]OHúPHVL LOH NUHVHO RODUDN EWQ GQ\DGD NXOODQÕPÕ \DVDNODQDQ

NLP\DVDOODUGDQELULROPXúWXU [1].

6WRFNKROP V|]OHúPHVL NDSVDPÕQGD .2. RODUDN WDQÕPODQPÕú RODQ ''7 X]XQ

\DUÕODQPD |PU \NVHN EL\RORMLN ELULNLP SRWDQVL\HOL JHQRWRNVLN |]HOOL÷L NUHVHO

WDúÕQÕP |]HOOL÷L\OH oHYUHVHO LOJL RGDNODUÕQGDQ ROPXúWXU [2,20]. KOK’lar fizikokimyasal özelliklerine göre sÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕUODU ''7 VXGD o|]QUO÷

GúNRODQPJO KLGURIRELN\DSÕVÕQGDQGROD\ÕDSRODURUJDQLNo|]FOHUGH\NVHN

o|]QUO÷HVDKLSELUELOHúLNWLU [16][21]%LOHúLNOHULQVXGDNLo|]QUONOHUL2NWDQRO- VXD\UÕOÕPNDWVD\ÕVÕQD.ow) göre belirlenmektedir. K_owGH÷HUL_ܥ^ܥ݋

ܽݍ RODUDNWDQÕPODQÕU

Burada ܥ_݋ RUJDQLN ID]GDNL o|]OPú PRODU GHQJH ܥ_ܽݍ VXGDNL o|]QUO÷ WHPVLO

etmektedir. Bu denklemde oktanol faz amfilik organik maddenin hidrofobik bölgeleriQH ED÷ODQDQ PLNWDUÕ WHPVLO HGHU ÖUQH÷LQ RUWDPGDNL GR÷DO RODUDN RUWD\D

oÕNDQWRSUDNNROORLGOHULJLELNDEXOHGLOLU [5]%XGH÷HUJHQHOOLNOHORJDULWPLNskalada YHULOGL÷LQGHQ NDOÕFÕ RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHULQ ORJ .ow GH÷HUOHUL JHQHOOLNOH -13 DUDOÕ÷ÕQGDGÕU [22] ve ''7 LoLQ \DNODúÕN RODUDN ¶GÕU [23]. Bozulma ürünleri olan DDD ve DDE’nin ise DDT’ye göre log K_ow GH÷HUOHUL (DDE 6.51, DDD 6.02) daha GúNWU [24]. Yüksek log Kow GH÷HUOHUL\OHEXNLUOHWLFLOHUDOÕFÕQÕQOLSLWIUDNVL\RQXQGD

ELULNHUHNEHVLQ]LQFLULQHNDWÕOÕUODUYHEL\RORMLNELULNLPHQHGHQROXUODU [25]. Bunlara HN RODUDN ''7 EXKDU EDVÕQFÕ [^-5ž& RODQ \DUÕ XoXFX ELU NORUlu organik ELOHúLNWLU [26] $\UÕFD \DUÕODQPD |PU RUWDP úDUWODUÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN  LOH  \ÕO

DUDVÕQGD ROGX÷X LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU 0HWDEROLN ER]XOPD UQ RODQ ''( YH

'''¶QLQ\DUÕODQPD|PUQQLVHoRNGDKDX]XQROGX÷XWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU[26].

7RSUDNWDNL ''7 NDOÕQWÕ ND\ÕSODUÕQÕQ G|UW IDUNOÕ PHNDQL]PD\OD JHUoHNOHúWL÷L |QH

VUOPúWU %X PHNDQL]PDODU EXKDUODúPD VX LOH DNÕú ELWNLOHUOH JLGHULOPH YH

NLP\DVDO G|QúP RODUDN VÕUDODQDELOLU [27]. Bunlardan ilk üçü transfer PHNDQL]PDODUÕVRQXQFXVXLVHEL\RWLNYHDEL\RWik süreçlerin sonucudur. DDT biyotik ve abiyotik olarak bozularak DDD (dikloro difenil dikloroethan) ve DDE (Dikloro difenil dikloroetilenPHWDEROLNWUHYOHULQHG|QúPHNWHGLU [28]. Toprak yüzeyindeki YH\D VHGLPHQW WDUDIÕQGDQ DEVRUEH HGLOPLú GXUXPGDNL ''7¶QLQ IRWRRNVLGDV\RQ LOH

ER]XOGX÷XELOLQPHNWHGLU [29]. Topraktaki DDT’nin DDE’\HG|Qúüm deneylerinde

JQJQHúÕúÕ÷ÕQDPDUX]EÕUDNÕODQWRSUDNWDNL''7¶QLQ¶L''(¶\HG|QúUNHQ

EX RUDQ NDUDQOÕNWD EÕUDNÕODQ WRSUDNWD  RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLúWLU [30]. Biyolojik ER]XOPDLVHDHURELNYHDQDHURELNúDUWODUDOWÕQGDEDNWHULPDQWDUYHDOJOHUJLELWRSUDN

PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕ YDVÕWDVÕ\OD JHUoHNOHúHELOPHNWHGLU [31]. %L\RORMLN ER]XOPDVÕ

VÕUDVÕQGD ''( YH ''' PLNWDUODUÕ WRSUD÷ÕQ \DSÕVÕQD YH PLNUREL\DO NRPSR]LV\RQD

ED÷OÕGÕU''7¶QLQE\NELUNÕVPÕDHURELNRUWDPGD''(¶\HG|QúUNHQDQDHURELN

RUWDPGD '''¶\H G|QúPHNWHGLU [31] 7RSUDN RUWDPÕQGDNL ''7 D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN

''(\HG|QúUYHEX ROXúDQUQ''(''7\HJ|UHoRNGDKDNDUDUOÕYHX]XQ

\DUÕODQPD|PURODQELUELOHúLNWLU [32].

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

p,p`-DDT

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

p,p`-DDD

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

p,p`-DDE

ùHNLO1.1''7YH%R]XQPDhUQOHULQLQ.LP\DVDO<DSÕVÕ

5

Rizosferde görülen p,p´-''( PLNUREL\DO DNWLYLWH VRQXFX YH\D GLUHN ED]Õ HQ]LPOHU

\DUGÕPÕ\OD''7¶QLQEL\RORMLNSDUoDODQPDVÕVRQXFXROXúDELOLU=D\HGYHDUNDGDúODUÕ ''7¶QLQ ''(¶\H G|QúPQQ - D\ LoLQGH  RUDQÕQGD ROGX÷XQX UDSRU

HWPLúWLU [33] %HQ]HU úHNLOGH $QGUHD YH DUNDGDúODUÕ radyoaktif DDT’yi toprak numunelerine eklediklerinde 48 hafta sonunda toprak numunelerinde DDE ölçmeye EDúODGÕNODUÕQÕEHOLUWPLúOHUGLU [34]7RSUDNWLSLYHNDUDNWHULQHED÷OÕRODUDNSDUoDlanma KÕ]ÕGH÷LúPHVLQHUD÷PHQ''(WDUÕPVDOWRSUDNODUGD\ÕOODUFDNDODELOPHNWHGLU<DSÕODQ

oDOÕúPDODUÕQELUoR÷XWRSUDNWDVXGDYHGDKDELUoRNRUWDPGDEXNLP\DVDOODUÕQKDOHQ

YDUROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU*UXEXPX]XQ6DNDU\DE|OJHVLQGHNLWDUÕPVDODODQODUGD

DDT YH WUHYOHULQL DUDúWÕUGÕ÷Õ ELU oDOÕúPDGD E|OJHGHQ WRSODQDQ  WRSUDN

QXPXQHVLQLQ KHSVLQGH  QJJ WR  QJJ NXUX WRSUDN RODUDN ''7 EXOXQGX÷X

WHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU%XQXQ\DQÕVÕUDQJJ¶DNDGDU'''YHng/g’ a kadar DDE

|OoPOHQPLúWLU [14].

''7 LOHNLUOHQPLúWRSUDNODUÕQDUÕWÕODELOPHVL LoLQ VRQ \ÕOODUGD ELOLP insanODUÕGúN

VÕFDNOÕNODUGDWHUPDOER]XOPD [35]PLNURGDOJDLOHÕVÕWPD [36], yüzey aktif maddelerle

\ÕNDPD [37] VSHU NULWLN VÕYÕ HNVWUDNVL\RQX [38] VOIULN DVLW LOH DUÕWÕPÕ [39] ve biyolojik giderim [40] JLELELUoRNPHWRW]HULQGHoDOÕúPDNWDGÕUODU%XHNVWUDNVL\RQ

YH L\LOHúWLUPH \ROODUÕ\OD''T topraktan ekstrakte HGLOPLúWLU7RSUDNWDQDUÕWÕPÕ oRN

]RU RODQ EX NLUOHWLFLOHULQ JLGHULPL LoLQ JHOLúWLULOHQ EX NDGDU \|QWHPH NDUúÕQ KDOHQ

GDKDXFX]NROD\X\JXODQDELOLUYHHWNLOLELU\|QWHPJHOLúWLUPHNLoLQoDOÕúPDODUGHYDP

HWPHNWHGLU %X \|QGH JHQLú DODQODUD X\JXODQDELOLUOL÷L YH GúN PDOL\HWOHUL\OH

ILWRUHPHGL\DV\RQHQHWNLOL\|QWHPOHUGHQELULROPD\DDGD\GÕU

)LWRUHPHGL\DV\RQ WRSUDN \HUDOWÕ VX\X KDYD VHGLPHQW YH \]H\ VX\XQGDNL

NLUOHWLFLOHULQ DUÕWÕPÕQGD [41], bitkilerin fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal yeteneklerini NXOODQDQ \HULQGH X\JXODQDELOHQ ELU DUÕWÕP ve L\LOHúWLUPH PHWRGXGXU [42]. Bitkiler oHYUH úDUWODUÕQD YH JHQ WLSOHULQH J|UH RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHUL GHSROD\DELOLU

VÕQÕUODQGÕUDELOLU  XoXFX KDOH JHWLUHELOLU YH oHúLWOL RUDQODUGD G|QúWUHELOLUOHU (mineralize edebilir) [43]. Çevredeki organik kirletici yükünü giderebilmek için birçok fitoremediyasyon yöntemi tanÕPODQPÕúWÕU gUQHN RODUDN fitoekstraksiyon (kLUOHWLFLOHULQ ELWNL WDUDIÕQGDQ HPLOHUHN GRNXODUÕQGD ELULNWLUPHVL fitodegredasyon (kirleticilerin kLP\DVDO PRGLILNDV\RQ LúOHPLQGHQ JHoHUHN GDKD ]DUDUVÕ] KDOH

JHWLULOPHVLVRQUDVÕQGDGHSRODQPDVÕ\DGDEHUWDUDIHGLOPHVL fitovolitizasyon (toprak veya su RUWDPÕQGDQDOÕQDQNLUOHWLFLQLQWHUOHPH \ROX\ODDWPRVIHUH EÕUDNÕOPDVÕ \DGD

GDKDXoXFXELOHúLNOHUKDOLQHG|QúWUOPHVL) ve fitostabilizasyon (kirleticinin bloke HGLOHUHN YH\D VXEVWUDW PDWULVLQH ED÷ODQDUDN NLUOHWLFL PDGGHOHULQ EL\RORMLN RODUDN

NXOODQÕODELOLUOL÷LQL D]DOWPDVÕ) verilebilir [44]. Remediyasyon için seçilen hedef NLUOHWLFL\HYHELWNLVLVWHPLQHED÷OÕRODUDNELWNLOHUoHúLWOLPHNDQL]PDODUODRUWDPGDNL

kirletici\L]DUDUVÕ]KDOHJHWLUHELOmektedirler.

%LWNLOHUGH JHUoHNOHúHQ IL]\RORMLN VUHoOHU LQVDQ ND\QDNOÕ NLP\DVDOODUÕQ ELWNLOHU

WDUDIÕQGDQDOÕPÕLoLQWHPHOGLU.|NQ-PPoHYUHVLQGHEXOXQDQERúOXNVX\XYH

o|]QPúbesinler ELWNLN|NOHULWDUDIÕQGDQHPLOLU%RúOXNVX\XQGDEXOXQDQ''7JLEL

antropojenik (insan kökenli) NLP\DVDOODUÕQ oR÷XQOX÷X EX NÕVÕPGDQ HPLOPHNWHGLU

7RSUDN ERúOXN VX\XQGDNL NXOODQÕODELOLU KLGURIRELN NLUOHWLFL RUDQÕ GR÷DO D\UÕúPD

VUHoOHUL GDKLO ELU GL]L IDNW|U WDUDIÕQGDQ NRQWURO HGLOLU 'R÷DO ÕVlanma ve kuruma oHYULPL\OH WRSUDN RUJDQLN PDGGHVLQH \DSÕúDQ KLGURIRELN RUJDQLN NLP\DVDOODUÕQ

adsorpsiyonu zamanla DUWPDNWDGÕU [45]<D÷ÕúLOHELUOLNWHWRSUDNPDWULNsine giren su molekülleri toprak organik maddesinde bulunan hidrofobik kirleticilerin daha NXYYHWOL ELU ELoLPGH RUJDQLN PDGGH\H ED÷ODQPDVÕQD VHEHS ROXU  <HQL NLUOHQPLú

WRSUDNODUD J|UH EX HWNLOHUH PDUX] NDOPÕú RODQ NLUOHWLFLOHU GDKD D] WRNVLN D\QÕ

zamanda ELWNLVHO RODUDN NXOODQÕODELOLUOLN DoÕVÕQGDQ GDKD ]D\ÕI KDOH JHOLU gUQH÷LQ

6FULEQHUYHDUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕELUoDOÕúPDGD\ÕOER\XQFDELUKHUELVLWRODQ

VLPLGD]LQ NXOODQÕOPÕú RODQ WRSUDNWD \HWLúWLULOHQ úHNHU SDQFDUÕQÕQ LQKLEH ROPDGÕ÷Õ

J|UOPúWUA\QÕWRKXPODU\HQLVLPLGD]LQHNOHQPLúWRSUD÷DHNLOGL÷LQGHILWRWRNVLVLWH

EHOLUWLOHULJ|]OHQPLúWLU [46].

/LWHUDWUH EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ELWNLOHULQ NDOÕFÕ RUJDQLN kirleticilerin giderimi ve VWDELOL]DV\RQXQGD NXOODQÕODELOHFH÷L LOH LOJLOL LON LSXFX +OVWHU YH DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ

VDODWDOÕN YHLNLIDUNOÕNDEDN WU]HULQGHGLRNVLQYHIXUDQODUÕQELULNLPPLNWDUODUÕYH

\ROODUÕ ]HULQGH \DSWÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDGD RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU. BX oDOÕúPDGD VDODWDOÕN ELWNLVLQLQ EX NLUOHWLFLOHUL HWNLQ RODUDN KDYD \ROX\OD DOGÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHPLúOHUGLU Kabak türleri olan zXFFKLQLYHSXPSNLQELWNLOHULQGHLVHNLUOHWLFLELULNLPLQLQN|NDUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD

ROGX÷XQX LIDGH HWPHNOH ELUOLNWH VDODWDOÕ÷D J|UH GDKD ID]OD kirleticiyi bünyesinde

7

ELULNWLUGL÷LQL RUWD\D NRnulmXútur [47]. Isleyen ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ DúÕOÕ ELWNLOHU

]HULQGH \DSWÕ÷Õ oDOÕúPDODUGD HOGH HWWLkleri verilerde bunu destekler niteliktedir.

%DKVLJHoHQoDOÕúPDGDNXOODQÕODQDúÕVÕ]NDEDNYHNDUSX]ODUGD'';PLNWDUÕVÕUDVÕ\OD

QJJYHQJJRODUDN|OoOUNHQNDEDN]HULQHNDUSX]DúÕODQPÕúELWNLOHUGH

QJJ RODUDN |OoOPúWU 6RQXo RODUDN ELULNWLULFL RODQ NDEDN ELWNLVLQLQ N|N DOÕFÕ

ROPD\DQNDUSX]ELWNLVLQGHNLELULNLPPLNWDUÕQÕ\DNODúÕNNDWÕQDoÕNDUPÕúWÕU [48].

<DSÕODQ IDUNOÕ ELU oDOÕúPDGD LVH N|N DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD DOÕQDQ kirleticilerin sadece kök

\]H\LQHDGVRUSVL\RQLOHGH÷LOD\QÕ]DPDQGDDEVRUSVL\RQLOHELWNLQLQVWNÕVÕPODUÕQD

GD HULúWL÷L J|VWHULOPLúWLU Bahsedilen oDOÕúPDGD NORUGDQ LKWLYD HGHQ RUWDPGD

\HWLúWLULOHQ ELWNLOHU VRQLILNDV\RQ LúOHPLQH WDEL WXWXODQ YH WXWXOPD\an olarak NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ELWNLOHUGHNL ELULNLP PLNWDUÕQGD LVWDWLVWLNVHO RODUDN IDUNOÕOÕN

ROPDGÕ÷ÕJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLU [49].

*HQHOOLNOHNLUOHWLFLNRQVDQWUDV\RQX ELWNLQLQN|NNÕVPÕQGDGDKD \NVHNROXSWRSUDN

VWNÕVÕPGDQ ELWNLQLQ XFXQDGR÷UXJLWWLNoHD]DOPDNWDGÕU.LUOHWLFLNRQVDQWUDV\RQX

ELWNLQLQOLSRILOLN\DSÕODUÕQDGD÷ÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD\DSUDNJLELKDYDLOHWHPDV\]H\LID]ODRODQ

GRNXODUGD GDKD GúN ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ ELWNLGHNL NLUOHWLFL GD÷ÕOÕPÕ WRSODP

EL\RNWOH\HJ|UHQRUPDOL]HHGLOGL÷LQGHELWNLQLQWRSUDNVWGRNXODUÕ|QHPOLNLUOHWLFL

ELULNLP NÕVPÕ KDOLQH JHOLU :KLWH ELWNLQLQ WRSODP EL\RNWOHVLQGHNL N|N KDFPLQLQ

VDODWDOÕNNDYXQYHNDEDN VTXDVKYHSXPSNLQ¶WDROGX÷XQXoDOÕúPDVÕQGDLIDGH

etmektedir [50]/XQQH\WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQ ELU EDúNDoDOÕúPDGD''7 LOHNLUOHQPLú

WRSUDNWD\HWLúWLULOHQNDEDN (zucchini) bitkilerinde kökün, toplam biyokütlenin %7 sini ROXúWXUXUNHQWRSUDNVWNÕVPÕQÕQLVHEL\RNWOHQLQ¶QNDSVDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPLúWLU

Buna göre kök dokusunda 2270 ng/g olarak ölçülen toplam''7¶QLQQJ¶ÕN|N

WDUDIÕQGDQ J|YGH GRNXVXQGD 2290 QJJ¶ÕQ  QJ’ PÕ ELWNLQLQ WRSUDN VW

NÕVPÕQGDELULNWL÷LJ|]OHPOHPLúWLU [51].

Zucchini ve pumpkin’in ikisi de Cucurbitaceae (kabakgiller) ailesinin, cucurbita cinsinin Cucubita pepo WUQQ\HOHULGLU<DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUDJ|UHCucurbita pepo ssp. pepo ED]ÕWUOHUL]XFFKLQLSXPSNLQVTXDVK''7ELULNLPLQGH|QHPOLELUUROH

VDKLS ROGXNODUÕ [50–53] YH EX |]HOOLNOHUL VHEHEL\OH WRSUDNWDQ .2. DUÕWÕPÕQGD

fitoremediyasyon bitkisi olarak görev alabilecekleUL GúQOPHNWHGLU Bu türlerin WRSUDNVWNÕVPÕQÕQ EL\RNWOH E\NO÷GH KHVDEDNDWÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ILWRUHPHGL\DV\RQ

LoLQ X\JXQ ELWNLOHU ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU /XQQH\ YH DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕ÷Õ ELU

oDOÕúPDGD ]XFFKLQL YH SXPSNLQ ELWNLOHULQLQ WRSUDN VW NÕVÕPODUÕQÕQ \RQFD oDYGDU

oLPL YH X]XQ ER\OX oD\ÕU RWXQD NÕ\DVOD -40 daha fazla toplam biyokütlesi ROGX÷XQX EHOLUOHPLúOHUGLU [51]. Cucurbita FLQVL ELWNLOHULQ \DSUDNODUÕ E\N \]H\

DODQÕQD VDKLS ROGX÷XQGDQ WHUOHPH PLNWDUÕ LOH GR÷UXGDQ LOLúNLOLGLU %DúND ELWNLOHUH

oranla EXELWNLOHUGHNL\NVHNWHUOHPHRUDQÕ\NVHNRUDQODUGDELWNL|]VX\XKDUHNHWLQH

VHEHSRODELOHFH÷LJLEL ELWNL|]VX\X LoLQGH o|]QUNLUOHWLFLOHULQWDúÕQÕPRUDQÕQÕGD

DUWDELOHFH÷L GúQOPHNWHGLU %XQD NDUúÕQ Isleyen ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ

oDOÕúPDGD benzer IL]\RORMLN \DSÕGD RODQ YH D\QÕ IDPLO\DGDQ JHOHQ DOÕFÕ ROPD\DQ

NDUSX]ELWNLVLQGHNLNLUOHWLFLDNÕúÕ QJKRODUDN LIDGHHGLOLUNHQDOÕFÕRODQNDEDN

WUQGHNL EX DNÕú  QJK RODUDN KHVDSODQPÕúWÕU [54]. Zucchini ve pumpkin gövdesindeki yüksek miktarlardaki DDT birikimi bu türlerin biyolojik birikim ve WDúÕQÕP IDNW|U KDNNÕQGD EL]H ELOJL YHUPHNWHGLU %L\RORMLN ELULNLP IDNW|U %%) WRSUDNWDNLNLUOHWLFLPLNWDUÕQÕQELWNLGHNLN|NJ|YGH\DSUDNYHPH\YHNÕVÕPODUÕQDQH

NDGDUÕQÕQWDúÕQGÕ÷ÕQÕ LIDGHHWPHNWHGLU ELWNLGHNL NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕWRSUDNWDNLNLUOHWLFL

PLNWDUÕ <DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ]XFFKLQL YH SXPSNLQ ELWNLOHUL için

%%)¶QQ GL÷HU ELWNLOHUH J|UH ID]OD ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU [47,51,52,54]. Bunlara UD÷PHQ cucurbita \DSUDN PRUIRORMLVL YH \NVHN WHUOHPH PLNWDUÕ WDP RODUDN EX

ELWNLOHULQDOÕúSRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQVHEHELQLWDPRODUDNDoÕNODPD\D\HWHUOLGH÷LOGLU

Kabakgiller (cucurbitacaea) ailesinden olan cucumis cinsi bitkiler, cucurbita cinsi ile

\DSÕVDO RODUDN oRN EHQ]HU ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ NORUOX RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHUL ELULNWLUPH

NRQXVXQGD D\QÕ EHQ]HUOL÷L J|VWHUPH]OHU <DSÕODQ ELU oDOÕúPDGD ''( LOH NLUOHQPLú

WRSUDNODUGD\HWLúWLULOHQVDODWDOÕNNDYXQ, VXNDED÷Õve bDONDED÷ÕELWNLOHULQLQKHUELUL

LoLQIDUNOÕDOWWULQFHOHQPLúWLU%XoDOÕúPD\DJ|UHWPCucurbita türleri (7,3-2900 QJJ DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD Cucumis türlerinden (1,2- QJJ DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD GDKD ID]OD ''(

ELULNWLUPLúWLU %L\RORMLN ELULNLP IDNW|UOHULQH (kök/toprak) EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ELU NDYXQ

WUQQ %%)  LNHQ NDEDN WUOHUL LoLQ EX GH÷HU ¶\D NDGDU oÕNDELOPHNWHGLU

%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH FXFXUELWD WU ELWNLOHU NHQGL DOWWUOHULQGH GH IDUNOÕOÕNODU

J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %DKVL JHoHQ EX oDOÕúPDGD WP DOWWUOHU DUDVÕQGD %&)  LOH 16 DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúPHNWHGLU [50] %XQD HN RODUDN VDKD NRúXOODUÕQGD ''( LOH NLUOHQPLú

DODQGD \HWLúWLULOHQ NDEDN ]XFFKLQL YH VDODWDOÕ÷ÕQ ILWRHNWUDNVL\RQ \HWHQHNOHULQLQ

NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕIDUNOÕbLUoDOÕúPDGD]XFFKLQLELWNLVLQLQWRSUDNWDNL''(QLQQ

9

ELULNWLUGL÷L EXNLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕQÕQ¶LWRSUDNVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGDROGX÷XVDODWDOÕN

ELWNLVLQLQ LVH WRSUDNWDNL ''(¶QLQ ¶XQX HNVWUDNWH HWWL÷L YH EX NLUOHWLFL

PLNWDUÕQÕQ¶QQ\LQHWRSUDNVWNÕVÕPODUÕQGDELULNWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU [55].

White tarDIÕQGDQ  \ÕOÕQGD \D\ÕQODPÕúROGX÷XoDOÕúPDGDCucurbita türlerindeki

%&)¶OHUL VÕUDVÕ\OD  YH  RODQ ]XFFKLQL YH VTXDVK WUOHULQL NXOODQDUDN oDSUD]

SROHQOHPH LOH  \ÕO ER\XQFD ''( ELULNLPLQLQ NDOÕWÕPVDO RODUDN GH÷LúLPLQL

LQFHOHPLúWLU øON \ÕO UHWWL÷L melezlerin (F1) DDE biriktirme potansiyellerinin anaç bitkilerden ]XFFKLQL YH VTXDVK IDUNOÕROGX÷XQX J|]OHPOHPLúWLU $OÕFÕROPD\DQWU

RODUDN NXOODQÕODn VTXDVK¶ÕQ SROHQOHUL LOH G|OOHQPLú RODQ ]XFFKLQL ELWNLVLQGHQ HOGH

edilen hibritlerin anaç zucchini bitkisine göre %34- GDKD D] ''( ELULNWLUGL÷L

EHOLUWLOPLúWLU $OÕFÕ WU RODQ ]XFFKLQL ELWNLOHUL\OH SROHQOHQPLú RODQ VTXDVK

bitkilerinden elde edilen bitkilerin ise anaç bitkiye oranla %490-370 daha fazla DDE ELULNWL÷LJ|]OHQPLúWLUhUHWLOHQEX)ELWNLOHULnin tekrar anaç bitkilerle polenlenmesi ile üretilen üçüncü jenerasyon (F1 BC) bitkilerinin ise DDE biriktirme SRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQ)ELWNLOHULQHEHQ]HUROGX÷XJ|UOPúWU [56]%HQ]HUúHNLOGHKLEULW

bitkilerle \DSÕODQ ELU oDOÕúPDGD DOÕFÕ RODQ YH ROPD\DQ WUOHULQ LNL WU ELUELUOHUL\OH

G|OOHQGL÷LQGH DQDo RODQ ]XFFKLQL ELWNLVLQGHNL ELWNL |]VX\XQGDNL NLUOHWLFL DNÕúÕ 

ng/sa olarak hesaplanPÕúWÕU%XELWNLQLQDOÕFÕROPD\DQVTXDVKLOHG|OOHQPHVLLOHHOGH

edilen F1 hibritlerindeki miktar ise 8,5 ng/sa, tekrar zucchini ile polenlenen F1 ile ELWNLVLQGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ ) %& ELWNLVLQGH  QJVD RODUDN EHOLUWLOPLúWLU [57].

Isleyen ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ DOÕFÕRODQNDEDN]HULQH DúÕODGÕNODUÕ DOÕFÕROPD\DQNDUSX]

bitkileriyle \DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGDEL\RORMLNELULNLPIDNW|UOHUL (BBF), kabak için 16,6, NDUSX]  DúÕOÕ NDUSX]XQ NL  RODUDN KHVDSODQPÕúWÕU $\QÕ oDOÕúPDGD ELWNL

|]VX\XQGDNL NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕQÕ NDEDN DQDFÕ\OD DúÕOÕ NDUSX] ELWNLVLQLQ  Pg/l, DúÕODQPDPÕú NDUSX]ODUGD  PJO DúÕODQPDPÕú NDEDNODUGD  Pg/l olarak

|OoPúOHUGLU %X GH÷LúLPLQ \DSÕODQ DúÕODPD LOH RUWD\D oÕNDQ ELWNL IL]\RORMLVLQGHNL

GH÷LúLPGHQHWNLOHQGL÷LQLYHEXGXUXPGDELWNLGHNLN|NYHELWNLVL|]VX\XDUDVÕQGDNL

LOLúNLQLQ ELWNLGHNL NLUOHWLFL ELULNPH PLNWDUÕQGD |QHPOL URO R\QDGÕ÷ÕQD GLNNDW

çekilPLútir%DKVLJHoHQEXLOLúNL2WDQLYH0DWWLQDWDUDIÕQGDQ\D\ÕQODQoDOÕúPDODUGD

GDWXWDUOÕOÕNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU [58,59]2WDQLYH6HLNH¶QLQDúÕOÕELWNLOHUGHNLN|NDQDFÕQÕQ

GLHOGULQYHHQGULQELULNLPL]HULQGHHWNLOHULQLLQFHOHGLNOHULoDOÕúPDGDD\QÕN|NDQDFÕ

VWQHDúÕODQPÕúIDUNOÕVDODWDOÕNWUOHULQLQWRSUDNVWGRNXODUÕQGDNoNGH÷LúLPOHU

görülüUNHQ IDUNOÕ N|N DQDFÕ VWQH DúÕODQDQ WHN WUQ NLUOHWLFL ELULNWLUPH

PLNWDUODUÕQGDNLGH÷LúLPLQoRNGDKDID]ODROGX÷X J|UOPúWU [58]%HQ]HUúHNLOGH

Mattina ve arkadaúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGDVDODWDOÕN]HULQHNDEDNDúÕOÕELWNLOHULQ

ELWNL|]VX\XQGDNLNORUGDQPLNWDUÕQÕQNDEDN]HULQHNDEDNDúÕODQPÕúYHDúÕODQPDPÕú

NDEDN ELWNLOHUL\OH EHQ]HU PLNWDUGD ROGX÷XQX J|]OHnPLúWLU $\QÕ oDOÕúPD D\QÕ

]DPDQGD VDODWDOÕN ]HULQH DúÕODQDQ NDUSX] ELWNLOHULQLQ WRSUDN VW GRNXODUÕQGD YH

ELWNL|]VX\XQGDNLNORUGDQELULNLPPLNWDUÕQÕQN|NDQDFÕRODQVDODWDOÕNELWNLVL\OHD\QÕ

ROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPLúWLU [59].

<DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODU]XFFKLQLYHSXPSNLQJLELED]ÕNDEDNWUOHULQLQ topraktaki PCB ve ''7JLELNDOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLOHUL|QHPOL PLNWDUGDELULNWLUPH \HWHQH÷LROGX÷XQX

J|VWHUPLúWLU [51,55,60] $\UÕFD EX NDEDN WUOHULQLQ N|NOHULQGHQ GL÷HU WUOHUe göre daha yüksek PLNWDUGDGúNPROHNOOorganik asit VDOJÕODQGÕ÷Õ \DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUOD

beOLUOHQPLúWLU [59,61]. Mattina ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ ELU oDOÕúPDGD PLQL

UKL]RWURQODU NXOODQÕODUDN UKL]RVIHU E|OJHVLQGHNL WRSUDN ERúOXN VX\X WRSODQDUDN

kirletici ve malonik asit, süksinik asit, malik asit, tartarik asit, sitULNDVLWJLELGúN

PROHNOHUD÷ÕUOÕNOÕRUJDQLNDVLWPLNWDUODUÕEHOLUOHQPLúWLU%HOLUOHQHQGúNPROHNOO

RUJDQLNDVLWOHULQNLUOHWLFLELULNLPPLNWDUÕQGDPLQRUHWNLVLQLQROGX÷XJ|]OHPOHQPLúWLU

7RSUDNERúOXNVX\XQGDNLklordan PLNWDUÕQÕQUKL]RVIHU E|OJHVLQGHNLGúN PROHNO

D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RUJDQLN DVLWOHULQ NDUERNVLO JUXSODUÕ HWNLVL LOH DUWDELOHFH÷L EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU [59]. Yine de White ve Whitfield ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ VDKD oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD

HOGH HWWLNOHUL VRQXoODU WRSUDNWDNL GúN EL\R\DUDUODQÕP PLNWDUÕQD GLNNDW oHNHUHN

CucurbitaWUOHULQLQNDOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLILWRUHPHGL\DV\RQIDNW|UQNÕVÕWODQGÕ÷ÕQD

LúDUHW HWPHNWHGLUOHU [50,62] 7RSUDN PDWULVLQGHNL ''7¶QLQ EL\R\DUDUODQÕPÕQÕ EX

VD\HGH ELWNLOHUOH DOÕPÕQÕ DUWWÕUÕOPDVÕ\OD ILWRUHPHGL\DV\RQX GDKD HWNLOL YH

X\JXODQDELOLUELUDUÕWPDPHWRGXGXUXPXQDJHWLULOHELOLU 7RSUD÷DHNOHQHQ\]H\DNWLI

PDGGHOHU PLNRUR]DO PDQWDUODU DNWLI NDUERQ JLEL ÕVODK PDGGHOHUL LOH NLUOHWLFL DOÕú

PLNWDUÕQÕQDUWWÕUÕODELOHFH÷LGúQOPHNWedir.

<]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHU JHQHOOLNOHU ELU NÕVPÕ KLGURIRELN ELU NÕVPÕ KLGURILOLN \DSÕGD

RODQ RUJDQLN PROHNOOHUGLU +LGURILOLN NÕVÕPODUÕ VXGDNL o|]QUO÷Q DUWWÕUÕUNHQ

KLGURIRELN NÕVPÕ DUD \]OHULQGH NRQVDQWUH ROPD H÷LOLPLQGHGLUOHU %X |]HOOLNOHUL

topUDN PDWULVLQGHNL ''7 LOH LOLúNLOHQGLULOHELOLU [63] 'úN NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD

11

yüzey aktif madde molekülleri toprakta monomerler olarak mevcuttur. Ara yüzey DODQODUÕQÕQ\]H\DNWLIPDGGHPROHNOOHUL\OHGR\JXQKDOHJHOPHVLJLELVXOX\]H\

DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ NRQVDQWUDV\RQ DUWÕúÕ\OD KLGURIRELN oHNLUGHN YH KLGURILOLN

NDEXNODUÕ\OD\]H\DNWLIPDGGHPROHNOOHULPLVHOOHULQLoLQHNPHOHQLU [63–65].

.DOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLPROHNOHPOVL\RQGDPODFÕNODUÕROXúWXUDQYHVXED]OÕo|]HOWL

LoLQGH o|]OHQ KLGURIRELN oHNLUGH÷LQ LoLQH GDKLO ROXU 0LVHOOHULQ LON ROXúPD\D EDúODGÕ÷Õ bu konsatrasyon kritik misel konsantrasyonu (KMK) olarak bilinir ve

\]H\DNWLI PDGGH\HVÕFDNOÕ÷DS+YH L\RQLNNXYYHWHED÷OÕ RODUDNGH÷LúLU [63,65].

'úN .0.GH÷HUOHULQGHo|]QUONWHXIDNDUWÕúODUJ|]OHQPLúWLU YH yüksek KMK GH÷HUOHULQGHVXGDNLo|]QUO÷QDUWÕúÕVDIVXOXELUVLVWHPLoLQGH\]H\DNWLIPDGGH

NRQVDQWUDV\RQXLOHGR÷UXRUDQWÕOÕGÕU [66]0LVHOROXúXPXYH''7¶QLQo|]QPHVLLoLQ

JHUHNOL RODQ \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHU  LOH  P0 DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúHQ GúN .0.

GH÷HUOHULQH VDKLSWLU [65,67]. Yüzey aktif madde molekülleri, organik kirleticilerin WRSUDNWDQ D\UÕúPDVÕQD HWNL HGHU YH WRSUD÷ÕQ LoHULVLQGHNL VXGD o|]QPHVLQL VD÷ODU [63] gUQH÷LQ  ƒ&¶GH  P0 o|]QHQ WULNORURHWLOHQ  P0¶OÕN \]H\ DNWLI

madde (sodyum dodesil sülfato|]HOWLVLQGHD\QÕVÕFDNOÕNWDP0o|]QPHNWHGLU

<]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHUOH NLUOHWLFLOHULQ o|]QGUPH LúOHPL \üzey aktif maddenin FLQVLQH YH PLNWDUÕQD NLUOHWLFLQLQ KLGURIRELNOL÷LQH WRSUDN YH \]H\ DNWLI PDGGH

HWNLOHúLPLQH YH NLUOHWLFLQLQ WRSUDNOD WHPDV VUHVLQH ED÷OÕGÕU [68]. Remediyasyon X\JXODPDODUÕQGD JHQHOOLNOH DQ\RQLN YH QRQL\RQLN \]H\ DNWif maddeler NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU %X \]H\ DNWLI PDGGH JUXSODUÕ DUDVÕQGD WRSUDNWDNL

PLNURRUJDQL]PDODU ]HULQGH WRNVLN HWNLOHUL YH IDUNOÕ NLUOHWLFLOHUL o|]PH \HWHQH÷L

RODUDN IDUNOÕOÕNODU EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 1RQL\Rnik yüzey aktif maddeler bakteriler üzerindeki aktiviWHVL GDKD D] LNHQ DQ\RQLN \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ GúN S+

GH÷HUOHULQGHWRSUDNEDNWHULOHUL]HULQGHWRNVLNHWNLHGHELOHFH÷LGúQOPHNWHGLU [63].

.LOH YH FKLRX QRQL\RQLN \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ GúN .0. GH÷HUOHULQGH ELOH

''7¶QLQ o|]QUO÷Q DUWWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ, anyonik yüzey aktif maddelerin ise etkisinin ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ\DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGDJ|VWHUPLúOHUGLU [37]$\QÕoDOÕúPDGDEX\]H\DNWLI

PDGGHOHULQ KLGUDV\RQ NUH LOH L\RQLN JUXSODUÕQ DSRODU ELWLúLN ]LQFLULQ E\N ELU

NÕVPÕQD XODúDELOGL÷L EX VD\HGH ''7 YH \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ DSRODU JUXSODUÕ

DUDVÕQGDNLPROHNOHUNXYYHWOHULD]DOWWÕ÷ÕKLSRWH]LQL|QHVUPúOHUGLU [37]. Despande ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDGD LVH QRQL\RQLN \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHULQ

KLGURNDUERQODUÕ o|]PH NDSDVLWHVLQLQ DQ\RQLN \]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHUGHQ GDKD GúN

ROGX÷XQXEHOLUWPLúOHUGLU [64]/XYH=KX¶QXQ3$+LOHNLUOHQPLúWRSUDNODUGDNDW\RQLN

\]H\ DNWLI PDGGHOHUOH \DSWÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDGD ELWNLOHUGHNL NLUOHWLFL RUDQÕQÕQ  4-71 arDOÕ÷ÕQGDD]DOWWÕ÷ÕJ|]OHQPLúWLU [69].

%XQODUÕQGÕúÕQGDELRFKDUYHDNWLINDUERQJLELNDUERQLoHUL÷L\NVHNRODQPDGGHOHULQ

VHGLPHQW YH WRSUD÷ÕQ \DSÕVÕQGDNL RUJDQLN NLUOHWLFLOHULQ \HULQGH DUÕWÕPÕ LOH LOJLOL

oDOÕúPDODUVRQ]DPDQODUGDUHYDoWDGÕU [70–74]. Organik maddelerin pirolizi ile elde HGLOHQEXPDGGHOHULQWRSUD÷DHNOHQPHVL\OHNDOÕFÕRUJDQLNNLUOHWLFLOHULQELWNLOHUHJHoLú

PLNWDUÕQÕD]DOWWÕ÷ÕJ|UOPúWU [70,75]. Denyes ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ 3&%LOHNLUOHQPLú

WRSUDNODUD ELRFKDU HNOH\HUHN KD]ÕUODGÕNODUÕ VDNVÕODUGD NDEDN YH WRSUDN VROXFDQÕ

WUOHULQGHNL3&%ELULNLPPLNWDUODUÕQÕLQFHOHPLúOHUGLU%ahsedilen oDOÕúPDGDȝJJ

PCB içeren topraklarda biochaU HNOHQHQ YH HNOHQPH\HQ WRSUDN VROXFDQODUÕ

LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH GRNXODUGD  RUDQÕQGD D]DOPD ROGX÷X J|]OHPOHQPLúWLU $\QÕ

oDOÕúPDGD  ȝJJ YH  ȝJJ PCB içeren topraklarda biochar eklenen ve HNOHQPH\HQ WRSUDNODUGD \HWLúWLULOHQ NDEDN ELWNLOHULQLQ N|N GRNXODUÕQGD \NVHN

konsantraV\RQGD \HWLúWLULOHQOHUGH  GúN NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD LVH  D]DOPD

ROGX÷XEHOLUWLOPLúWLU$\QÕELWNLOHULQJ|YGHGRNXODUÕQGDLVHN|NOHUHJ|UHGDKDD]ELU

HWNL J|VWHUHUHN VÕUDVÕ\OD  YH  D]DOPD J|]OHPOHQPLúWLU [70]. Benzer olarak Jakop ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕ ELU EDúND oDOÕúPDGD LVH WR] YH JUDQO KDOLQGHNL

DNWLI NDUERQXQ WRSUD÷D HNOHQPHVL LOH WRSUD÷ÕQ \DSÕVÕQGDNL 3$+¶ODUÕQ ELWNLOHUGH YH

WRSUDN VROXFDQODUÕQGDNL EL\RORMLN ELULNLP PLNWDUODUÕQD HWNLVL LQFHOHQPLúWLU

%LWNLOHUGHNLEL\RORMLNELULNLPPLNWDUODUÕDNWLINDUERQHNOHQPH\HQWRSUDNODUDNÕ\DVOD

granül haldeki aktif karbon eklenenlerde %46, toz aktif karbon eklenenlerde ise %53 RUDQÕQGDD]DOPÕúWÕU. Bahsedilen oDOÕúPDGD3$+ LOHNLUOLWRSUD÷DHNOHQHn granül ve WR] KDOLQGHNL DNWLI NDUERQXQ WRSUDN VROXFDQODUÕQGDNL EL\RORMLN ELULNLP IDNW|UQ

VÕUDVÕ\ODYHRUDQÕQGDD]DOWWÕ÷ÕJ|]OHQPLúWLU[75].

$NWLINDUERQYHELRFKDUÕQKHULNLVLGHNLP\DVDO\DSÕODUÕ\NVHNJ|]HQHNOLOLNRUDQÕYH

JHQLú \]H\ DODQODUÕ LOH \NVHN VRUSVL\RQ |]HOOL÷LQH VDKLS PDGGHOHUGLU %LUoRN

oDOÕúPD DNWLI NDUERQXQ \NVHN VRUSVL\RQ NDSDVLWHVLQLQ HWNLVLQLQ VÕ]ÕQWÕ VX\XQGDNL

hidroIRELN NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕQÕ YH WDEDQ RUJDQL]PDODUÕQGDNL EL\RDNPODV\RQ

PLNWDUÕQÕD]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúWLU [73,74,76–79].

13

%HQ]HUELUoDOÕúPDGDWRSUD÷DHNOHQHQNRPSRVWJEUHOHUin organik kirleticileri tutarak EL\RORMLN \DUDUODQÕODELOLUOLNOHULQL D]DOWPD \ROX\OD ]HKLUOL HWNLOHULQL D]DOWDELOHFH÷L

RUWD\DNRQXOPXúWXU-LDQJYHDUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ\DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGDPJNJSURPHWULQH

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D]DOPD YH KDVDUOÕ PHPEUDQ OLSLWGRNXODUÕJ|]OHPOHPLúOHUGLUBu grup a\QÕWRSUD÷D

HNWLNOHUL ELWNLOHUH ¶OLN NRPSRVW KDOLQH JHWLULOPLú domuz gübresi eklediklerinde ELWNLOHUGHSURPHWULQH¶QLQWRNVLNHWNLVLQLQD]DOGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUOHPLúOHUGLU[80].

/LWHUDWUH EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD WRSUD÷D HNOHQHQ RUJDQLN PDGGHOHULQ GHVRUSVL\RQ HWNLVLQL

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SHVWLVLWOHULQ VRUSVL\RQ YH GHVRUSVL\RQODUÕ E\N |OoGH Htkilenebilir. Celis ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ\DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGDNHVLNOLGHQJHWHNQLNOHULQLNXOODQDUDNWUDUÕWPD

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o|]QPHPLúRUJDQLNPDGGHLoHUHQVXODUÕQÕQWRSUDNWDNLDWUD]LQ]HULQGHVRUSVL\RQYH

desorpsiyon etkilerini incelemiúOHUGLU $UÕWPD oDPXUX HNOHQPHVL\OH WRSUDNWDNL

atrazin sorpsiyonunun kompost $d!NDWÕ$d!VÕYÕ$d!NLUHoOHQPLú$dRODUDN

VÕUDODQGÕ÷Õ J|UOPúWU 6HOOVWU|P YH DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕ÷Õ IDUNOÕ ELU oDOÕúPDGD

Polibromürlü difenileterler (PBDE) ile kirlenmiúWRSUDNODUD \ÕOER\XQFDGúN

ton/hektar) ve yüksek (60 ton/hektar GR]ODUGD DUÕWPD oDPXUX X\JXODQDQ DODQODUGD

WRSUDN YH VROXFDQODUGDNL NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUODUÕQGDNL GH÷LúLNOLNOHUL LQFHOHPLúOHUGLU

7RSUDNWD|OoOHQ%'( PLNWDUODUÕUHIHUDQVGúNYH \NVHNGR]DMOÕDUÕWPDoDPXUX

X\JXODQDQ DODQODU LoLQ VÕUDVÕ\OD    QJJU RODUDN |OoOPúWU $\QÕ

oDOÕúPDGDWRSUDNVROXFDQODUÕQÕQ\D÷GRNXODUÕQGD|OoOHQNLUOHWLFLPLNWDUODUÕUHIHUDQV

QXPXQHOHUH J|UH GúN YH \NVHN GR]DMOÕ DUÕWPD oDPXUX X\JXODQDQ alanlarda VÕUDVÕ\ODYHNDWDUWPÕúWÕU [81].

%X oDOÕúPD NDSVDPÕQGD LON GHID |]HO ELU PHWRW X\JXODQDUDN HYVHO DWÕN VX DUÕWPD

WHVLVLQGHQDOÕQDQDUÕWPDoDPXUXQGDQ(..0,DGÕYHULOHQPDGGHUHWLOPLúWLU(..0,

teriminin EKK NÕVPÕ Türkçedeki ‘ekmek’ fiilinden, MI NÕVPÕ ise maddenin patent EDúYXUX VDKLEL 0HKPHW øúOH\HQ¶QLQ EDú KDUIOHULQGHQ JHOPHNWHGLU 2UJDQLN PDGGH

LoHUL÷L \NVHN RODQ EX PDGGHQLQ WDUÕPVDO DODQODUGD NXOODQÕODELOLUOL÷LQLQ NDQÕWODQD-

biOPHVL LOH DUÕWPD WHVLVOHULQLQ E\N SUREOHPOHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ DUÕWPD oDPXUX LoLQ

\HQLELUNXOODQÕPDODQÕDoÕOPDVÕKHGHIOHUGHQELULGLU

)LWRUHPHGL\DV\RQXQ X\JXQ ELU DUÕWPD VHoHQH÷L RODELOPHVL LoLQ NLUOHWLFLQLQ ELWNL

LoHULVLQGHNL KDUHNHWLQLQ DQODúÕOPDVÕ YH optimize edilmesi en önemli noktalardan ELULGLU <DSÕODQ |QFHNL oDOÕúPDODUD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD EX LOLúNLQLQ N|N ELWNL |]VX\X YH

J|YGH LOH \DNÕQGDQ LOLúNLOL ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU %XQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN \DSÕODQ EX

oDOÕúPDGD(..0,PDGGHVLQLQLODYHVLVRQXFXQGDELWNLOHUGHNLE\PHYH'';DOÕP

PLNWDUÕQÕ LQFHOHPHN oDOÕúPDQÕQ WHPHO DPDoODUÕQGDQGÕU (OGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUÕ N|N

ELWNL|]VX\XYHJ|YGHLOHLOLúNLOHQGLUHUHNOLWHUDWUGHNLGL÷HUoDOÕúPDODUODNÕ\DVODPDN

YHDQODPODQGÕUPD\DoDOÕúPDNoDOÕúPDQÕQWHPHOLQLROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU.

BÖLÜM 2. MATERYAL VE METOT

2.1. DDT LOH.LUOHQPLú$ODQ

dDOÕúPDPÕ]GD YHULOHQ SS-DDT ve metabolik ürünleri olan p,p-DDD ve p,p-DDE NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQ nJJNXUXWRSUDNRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU$\UÕFDSS-DDT, p,p- DDD ve p,p-''(¶QLQ WRSODPÕ ''; RODUDN YHULOPHNWHGLU ,VOH\HQ YH DUNDGDúODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ  \ÕOÕQGD \DSÕODQ ELU DUDúWÕUPDGD 6DNDU\D¶GD WDUÕPVDO DPDoOÕ

NXOODQÕODQDODQODUGDQWRSUDNQXPXQHOHULWoplanarak bu alanlardaki DDT ve metabolik

UQOHULQLQ NDOÕQWÕODUÕ DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU %DKVL JHoHQ EX oDOÕúPDGD 7UNL\H¶QLQ NDEDN

UHWLPLQLQ ¶ON ELU NÕVPÕQÕQ JHUoHNOHúWL÷L 6DNDU\D E|OJHVLQGH WDUÕP DUD]LOHUGHQ

toplanan toprak numuneleri ile bölgenin DDX kirlilik profiliniQ oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ DPDoODQPÕúWÕU 6DNDU\D JHQHOLQGH EWQ LOoHOHUL NDSVD\DFDN úHNLOGH WDUÕP

arazilerinden  DGHW WRSUDN QXPXQHVL WRSODQDUDN DQDOL] HGLOPLúWLU (ùHNLO 2.1).

<DSÕODQDQDOL]OHULQFHOHQGL÷LQGH bütün toprak numunelerinde |OoOHQHQGúN'';

GH÷HUL1.15 QJJLOH+HQGHNLOoHVLQGHHQ\NVHN'';GH÷HULLVH428 ng/g ile Karasu LOoHVLQGHJ|]OHQPLúWLr [14].

<DSÕODQoDOÕúPDGD yüksek kirletici konsantrasyonu ile dikkat çeken Karasu ilçesinin IDUNOÕQRNWDODUÕQGDQDOÕQDQWRSUDNQXPXQHOHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH|]HOOLNOHELUQRNWDGDQ

DOÕQDQ QXPXQHQLQ p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD ve p,p-''7 NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQÕQ GL÷HU

noktalara göre çok daha yüksek olGX÷X EHOLUOHQPLúWLU (OGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUD

GD\DQDUDN EX DODQGD \DSÕODQ GHWD\OÕ ''; |OoPOHUL LOH E|OJHGHNL NLUOLOL÷LQ ELWNL

\HWLúWLUPH DPDoOÕ NXOODQÕPD ED÷OÕ RODUDN GH÷LúWL÷L J|]OHPOHQPLúWLU  \ÕOÕQGDQ

EHUL DNWLIRODUDNHNLP \DSÕODQ QRNWDGDNL''; PLNWDUÕQJJRODUDN|OoOUNHQ

HNLP\DSÕOPD\DQQRNWDODUGDQDOÕQDQWRSUDNQXPXQHOHULQGHNLUOHWLFLNRQVDQWUDV\RQX

YHQJJRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLútir.

ùHNLO2.1. Sakarya øOoHOHULQGHQ$OÕQDQ1XPXQHOHULQ/RNDV\RQODUÕ

<DNODúÕN  \ÕOGÕU EDKoH RODUDN NXOODQÕODQ EX DODQÕQ IDUNOÕ QRNWD YH GHULQOLNOHUGHQ DOÕQDQtoprak numunelerinGHNL''; PLNWDUÕ D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELU úHNLOGH LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH

cm GHULQOL÷H NDGDUNLUOHWLFLEXOXQGX÷XWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU (ùHNLO2.2). østatistikLDoÕGDQ

ELUELULQGHQ IDUNOÕ PLNWDUGD NLUOHWLFL LKWLYD HGHQ EX QRNWDODUGDQ $ % & YH (

QRNWDODUÕ |]HOOLNOH ( QRNWDVÕQÕQ GL÷HUOHULQH J|UH oRN GDKD \NVHN ROGX÷X

J|UOPúWU YH EX QRNWDQÕQ  \ÕOÕQGDQ EHUL NDEDN HNLOHQ NÕVÕP ROGX÷X

EHOLUWLOPLúWLU %X oDOÕúPDGDQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN 0DWWLQD YH DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ klordan ile NLUOHQPLúIDNDWX]XQ\ÕOODUGÕUHNLP\DSÕOPD\DQDODQGD\DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGD-30 cm dHULQOL÷LQGHNLNLUOHWLFLPLNWDUÕQÕQ-FPDUDOÕ÷ÕQDNÕ\DVODoRNGDKDGúNVHYL\HGH

ROGX÷XJ|UOPúWU [2]. Mattina ve DUNDGDúODUÕQÕQ oDOÕúWÕ÷ÕDODQ LOH Eahsi geçen bu alan DUDVÕQGDNLWHPHOIDUN.DUDVXGDNLDODQGDDNWLIRODUDNHNLP\DSÕOPDVÕEXQXQOD

ELUOLNWHKHU \ÕODODQGD WRSUDNVUPH LúOHPLJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVLGLUKarasu bölgesinde bulunan bu DODQ KHU \ÕO WDUÕP DPDoOÕ VUOG÷ LoLQ GHYLU GDLP \DSDQ WRSUD÷ÕQ

yüzeyindeki DDX’lerinFPGHULQOL÷HNDGDULQPLúROGX÷XGúQOPHNWHGLU

17

ùHNLO2.2. .DUDVX%|OJHVL7DUÕP$PDoOÕ.XOODQÕODQ$ODQÕQ'HULQOL÷H%D÷OÕ'';3URILOL

0- FP GHULQOL÷LQGHNL ''; NRQVDQWUDV\RQX QRNWDODUD ED÷OÕ RODUDN LVWDWLVWLNVHO

IDUNOÕOÕNODU J|VWHULUNHQ NRQVDQWUDV\RQ PLNWDUODUÕ  QJJ LOH  QJJ DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD

GH÷LúPHNWHGLU %X GHULQOLNWHNL NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUODUÕ SS-DDE, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDT RODUDN D\UÕ D\UÕ GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL÷LQGH ( QRNWDVÕ KDULFLQGH WRSUDN NLUOLOL÷L NRQWURO

\|QHWPHOL÷LQGHEHOLUWLOHQVÕQÕUGH÷HUOHULQDOWÕQGDNDOPDNWDGÕU''(LoLQQJJ

''' YH ''7 LoLQ  QJJU RODUDN EHOLUWLOPLúWLU [82] ( QRNWDVÕQÕQ -20 cm GHULQOL÷LQGHNLSS-DDE, p,p-DDD, p,p-''7PLNWDUODUÕVÕUDVÕ\ODQJJQJJ

QJJRODUDN|OoOPúWU\ÕOÕQGDQEHULD\UÕQWÕOÕELUúHNLOGHNLUOLOLNSURILOL

oÕNDUÕOPÕú EX DODQGD VUGUOHQ oDOÕúPDODU NDSVDPÕQGD \DSÕODQ VHUD YH VDKD

GHQH\OHULQLQ VRQXoODUÕ XOXVODUDUDVÕ ELOLPVHO PDNDOHOHU úHNOLQGH \D\ÕQODQPÕúWÕU [14,48,54,83] %X WH] NDSVDPÕQGD VDKD YH VDNVÕ oDOÕúPDODUÕ EX DODQGDQ DOÕQDQ

topraklarNXOODQÕODUDN\DSÕOPÕúWÕU

2.2. 'HQH\6HWOHULQLQ+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ

%XoDOÕúPDNDSVDPÕQGDDUÕWPDoDPXUODUÕQGDQ|]HOELUSURVHVOHüretilen ve EKKMI DGÕ YHULOHQ PDGGHQLQ ELWNLOHULQ ELRNWOH UHWLPL YH NLUOHWLFL ELULNLP SRWDQVL\HOOHUL

IDUNOÕúDUWODUDOWÕQGDLQFHOHQPLúWLU

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm

7RSODP'';.RQVDQWUDV\RQXQJJNXUXD÷ A B C E

ùHNLO 2.3¶WH \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDQÕQ JHQHO ELU |]HWL YHULOPLúWLU (..0, PDGGHVLQLQ

UHWLOPHVLDUGÕQGDQLON\DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODU\ÕOÕQGD\DSÕODQVDNVÕGHQH\OHULGLU%X

oDOÕúPD NDSVDPÕQGD (..0, QLQ ELWNLOHULQ EL\RNWOHOHUL ]HULQH HWNLVL LQFHOHQPLú

olup bitkilerin kök, gövde, yaprak vH WRSODP EL\RNWOHOHUL ]HULQGHNL DUWÕúODUÕ

J|]OHPOHQPLúWLU

(..0,h5(7ø/0(6ø

6DNVÕ'HQH\OHUL (Raven, Zephyr, Pattypan) x Kök

x Gövde x Yaprak

x Toplam Biyok ütle 2013

Saha Deneyleri (Raven, Zephyr) EKKM I Biyokütleye

etkisi x Kök x Gövde x Yaprak x Toplam

Biyok ütle

EKKM I DDX Birikimine etkisi

x Kök x Gövde x Bitk i özsuyu 2013

2014 2014

SAKSI'(1(</(5ø5DYHQ=HSK\U(%25)

EKKM I DDX Birikimine etkisi

x Kök x Gövde x Bitk i

özsuyu EKKM I

Biyokütleye etkisi x Kök x Gövde x Yaprak x Toplam

Kütle

.$9$12='(1(</(5ø(..0,

EKKM I DDX Birikimine etkisi

x Kök x Gövde x Bitk i özsuyu EKKM I

Biyokütleye etkisi x Kök x Gövde x Yaprak x Toplam

Kütle

ùHNLO2.3. dDOÕúPDQÕQ*HQHO3ODQÕ

19

6DNVÕ GHQH\OHULQLQ DUGÕQGDQ VDKD\D HNLOHQ ELWNLOHUGH EKKMI’nin bitkilerin EL\RNWOHOHULQLQ\DQÕVÕUDN|NJ|YGHYHELWNL|]VX\XQGDNLNLUOHWLFLELULNLPLQHHWNLVL

GHLQFHOHQPLúWLU6DKDGDQDOÕQDQVRQXoODUDED÷OÕRODUDN(..0,¶QLQ'';ELULNLPLQH

HWNLVLQLLQFHOHPHNLoLQVDNVÕODUGDYHNDYDQR]ODUGDHNLPOHU\DSÕODUDNLQFHOHQPLúWLU

2.2.1. 6DKDoDOÕúPDODUÕ

6DKDoDOÕúPDODUÕQGDLONRODUDN NXOODQÕODFDN'';LOHNLUOHQPLúRODQHNLPDODQÕWDúYH

RWODUGDQDUÕQGÕUÕODUDNHNLPHX\JXQELUKDOHJHWLULOPLúWLU%LWNLOHULQHNLOHFH÷LR\XNODU

30cmx30cmxFP ER\XWODUÕQGD KD]ÕUODQPÕú YH QRNWDVDO RODUDN NLUOHWLFL PLNWDUÕQÕ

EHOLUOHPHNLoLQKHUELUR\XNWDQWRSUDNQXPXQHVLDOÕQPÕúWÕU$oÕODQR\XNODUoJUXS

KDOLQGH VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU Birinci gruba 500 gr EKKMI, ikinci gruba 1000 gr (..0, HNOHQPLú ROXS oQF JUXED herhangi bir HNOHPH \DSÕOPDPÕúWÕU Bu oDOÕúPDGD NXOODQÕODFDNRODQUDYHQYH]HSK\UELWNLWUOHULLoLQYHKHUELUDUÕtma grubu 5WHNUDUOÕRODFDNúHNLOGHWRSODP DGHWR\XNHNLPLoLQKD]ÕUKDOHJHOPLúWLU

2.2.2. 6DNVÕODUÕQKD]ÕUODQPDVÕ

<DSÕODFDNRODQVDNVÕHNLPOHULLoLQ.DUDVXLOoHVLQGHNLNLUOHWLFLSURILOLoÕNDUÕOPÕúRODQ

DODQGDQ DOÕQDQ \DNODúÕN  NJ WRSUDN laboratuara JHWLULOPLúWLU Getirilen toprak HOHQHUHNWDúYH ot JLELPDGGHOHUGHQDUÕQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU.

(NLP LoLQ KD]ÕUODQDQ VDNVÕODUÕQ KHU ELULQGHQ HNLP \DSÕOPDGDQ |QFH EDúODQJÕoWDNL

'';NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQÕEHOLUOHPHNLoLQWRSUDNQXPXQHVLDOÕQPÕúWÕU

%LWNLOHUVDNVÕODUDHNLOLUNHQ''; içeren WRSUDNODUÕQ\DQÕVÕUDKHUELUELWNLWULoLQ-5 WHNUDUOÕ RODFDN úHNLOGH ''; LoHUPH\HQ WRSrakODUGDQ ROXúDQ NRQWURO JUXSODUÕ

ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU.RQWUROJUXSODUÕQÕQROXúWXUXODUDN bitkilHULQD\QÕúDUWODUDOWÕQGD'';

içeren YH''; LoHUPH\HQWRSUDNODUGDNLJHOLúLPOHULQLNDUúÕODúWÕUDELOPHQLQ \DQÕVÕUD

D\QÕRUWDPGDNLNRQWDPLQDV\RQúDUWODUÕQÕEHOLUOH\HELOPHN YHDQDOL]OHUGHNXOODQÕOacak olan DDX ioHUPH\HQQXPXQHOHULHOGHHWPHNDPDoODQPÕúWÕU.

 \ÕOÕQGD LON \DSÕODQGHQH\OHUGH \NVHNGHUHFHGHDOÕFÕ UDYHQRUWDG]H\ DOÕFÕ

]HSK\UYHDOÕFÕROPD\DQSDWW\SDQoIDUNOÕELWNLWUNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU+HUELUELWki WULoLQWHNUDUOÕRODFDNúHNLOGHWDúYHRWODUGDQWHPL]OHQHQ DDX içeren WRSUDN¶úHU

NJRODFDNúHNLOGH %0 ve %10 EKKMI eklenmesi ile VDNVÕODUDGROGXUXOPXúWXU

 \ÕOÕQGD \DSÕODQ GHQH\OHUGH raven ve zephyr olmak üzere iki kabak türüyle oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕr. /DERUDWXYDUD JHWLULOLS \DEDQFÕ PDGGHOHUGHQ DUÕQGÕUÕOPÕú ''; içeren WRSUD÷DNWOHFHRUDQÕQGD(..0,HNOHQPLú YHNDUÕúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU.DUÕúÕP LOHher biriNJRODFDNúHNLOGHDGHWVDNVÕHNLP LoLQKD]ÕUKDOHJHWLULOPLúWLU

.DYDQR]ODUOD\DSÕODQGHQH\OHUGH\ÕOÕVDNVÕODUÕQGDROGX÷XJLEL raven ve zephyr kabak türleri NXOODQÕOPÕú olup eOHQPLú RODQ '';¶OL WRSUDN kütlece %0 ve %1 (..0,LOHNDUÕúWÕUÕODUDNNJ¶OÕNNDYDQR]ODUDWHNUDUOÕRODUDNGROGXUXOPXúWXU

2.3. Bitkiler

dDOÕúPalarda kirletici biriktirme potansiyeli yüksek tür olarak raven (Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo), orta düzey kirletici biriktirme potansiyeli olan zephyr (Cucurbita pepo ssp ovifera) YH NLUOHWLFL ELULNWLUPH |]HOOL÷L oRN D] RODQ SDWW\SDQ (Cucurbita pepo var.

clypeata) olarak 3 tür kabak NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU g]HO RODUDNUHWLOPLúRODQ EXWRKXPODU

Johnny’s Selected6HHGVILUPDVÕQGDQWHPLQHGLOPLúWLU7RKXPODUoRNJ|]OYL\ROOHUH WRUI GROGXUXODUDN KD]ÕUODQDQ oLPOHQGLUPH RUWDPÕQD HNLOHUHN laboratuarda kontrollü úDUWODUDOWÕQGDoLPOHQGLULOPLúOHUGLU (ùHNLO2.4). Tablo 2.1’de te]NDSVDPÕQGD\DSÕODQ

HNLPOHUGHNXOODQÕODQDUÕWPDoHúLWOHULYHNXOODQÕODQELWNLOHU|]HWOHQPLúWLU

21

ùHNLO2.4. Çimlendirilen Bitkiler

 \ÕOÕQGD LON GHID UHWLOHQ (..0, LOH VDNVÕODUGD \DSÕODQ GHQH\OHUGH ''X’li WRSUD÷D HNOHQHQ  (..0,   (..0, YH ''; LoHUPH\HQ WRSUDNODUOD

KD]ÕUODQPÕúRODQNRQWUROJUXEXRODUDNDUÕtma grubunda raven, zephyr ve pattypan ELWNL WUOHUL\OH oDOÕúÕOPÕú ROXS WRSODP  DGHW ELWNL HNLPL \DSÕOPÕúWÕU  JQON

\HWLúWLUPHSHUL\RGXVRQXQGDELWNLOHUN|NJ|YGHYH\DSUDNRODUDNNÕVÕPODUDD\UÕODUDN

KDVDW HGLOPLúWLU %X QXPXQHOHUGH VDGHFH (..0, ELWNLVLQLQ ELWNLOHULQ EL\RNWOH PLNWDUODUÕQGDNLHWNLVLLQFHOHQPLúWLU (ùHNLO2.5).

ùHNLO2.56DNVÕODUD(NLOHQ%LWNLOHU

Tablo 2.1.dDOÕúPD6UHVLQFH.XOODQÕODQ%LWNLOHU

$UÕWPD7U %LWNL7UWHNUDUVD\ÕVÕ dŽƉůĂŵŝƚŬŝ^ĂLJŦƐŦ Raven Zephyr PattyPan

2013 saha

500 gr EKKMI 5 5 -

1000 gr EKKMI 4 5 - 29

0 gr EKKMI 5 5 -

VDNVÕ % 0 EKKMI 6 6 6

% 10 EKKMI 6 6 6 48

Kontrol^* 4 4 4

VDNVÕ %0 EKKMI 5 5 -

%25 EKKMI 5 5 - 26

Kontrol 3 3 -

2014 kavanoz

%0 EKKMI 6 6 -

36

%1 EKKMI 6 6 -

Kontrol 6 6 -

*kontrol : DDX içermeyen toprakta ekilen bitkiler

Sahada (2013) raven ve zephyr olarak iki tür kabak bitkisiyle; EEKMI eklenmeyen, 500 gr EKKMI ve 1000 gr EKKMI eklenenROPDN]HUHJUXSDUÕWPDoHúLGLYHKHU

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sonucu sahaya sera kurularak bitkileULQ LNOLP NRúXOODUÕQGDQ NRUXQPXúWXU YH VHUD

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VD÷ODQPÕúWÕU (ùHNLO2.6). Kurulan serada, \DSÕODQ LONHNLPGHNLD\QÕúDUWODUGDHNLOHQ

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bitki özsuyu numuneleri toplanarak analizler için laboratuaraJHWLULOPLúWLU

ùHNLO2.6. Sahaya Kurulan Sera ve Damla Sulama Sistemi