13
AN ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY FROM YAHYALI (KAYSERİ) AND TARSUS (MERSİN)
Mehmet SAĞIROĞLU, Tuğçe TOPUZ, Kübra CEYLAN, Melike TURNA Sakarya University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Sakarya, Turkey ABSTRACT
Turkey has a rich flora in terms of great traditional folk medicine, foods and other purposes (ornament, fuel, dye, cosmetic etc.). In our study, Yahyalı (Kayseri) – Tarsus (Mersin) and surrounding area ethnobotanical properties were investigated. The study was completed by going to research area between the months of June - September (2011). 13 villages and 2 district visited in the research area and interviewed 89 resource people who have knowledge on the subject. As a result of these studies,96 taxa included in 41 families were identified.
The families, scientific names of the plants, local names, used parts, usage form and uses of plants were investigated and recorded.
Key words: Ethnobotany, Yahyalı (Kayseri), Tarsus (Mersin), Turkey
YAHYALI (KAYSERİ) VE TARSUS (MERSİN) ’ DAN ETNOBOTANİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA
ÖZET
Türkiye halk ilacı, besin ve diğer amaçlı (süs, yakacak, boya, kozmetik vb.) olarak kullanılabilecek bitkiler açısından zengin bir floraya sahiptir. Çalışmamızda Yahyalı (Kayseri) – Tarsus (Mersin) ve çevresinin etnobotanik özellikleri araştırıldı. Araştırma alanına Haziran - Eylül (2011) ayları arasında gidilerek çalışma tamamlandı. Araştırma alanında 13 köy ve 2 mahalle gezildi, konu ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olan 89 kaynak kişi ile görüşüldü. Bu araştırmalar sonucunda 41 familyaya ait 96 takson tespit edildi. Bitkilerin familyaları, bilimsel ve yöresel adları, kullanılan kısımları, kullanım şekilleri ve amaçları incelendi ve kaydedildi.
Anahtar kelimeler: Etnobotanik, Yahyalı (Kayseri), Tarsus (Mersin), Türkiye
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1. INTRODUCTION
The term ‘ ethnobotany ’ was first coined in 1896 by the American botanists John Harshberger as the study of plants used by primitive and aboriginal people. Since then it has been defined as the traditional knowledge of indigenous commuties of the surrounding plant diversity and the study of how the people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous plants [1].
Ethnobotany includes all types of relationships between people and plants. The definition of ethnobotany can be summed up in four words:
people, plants, interactions and uses [1].
People have used plants for their own purposes(especially food, folk medicine, instruments and equipment, manufacturing, dye, ornaments etc.) for centuries. Various properties of plants, information to be used as medical and food transferred from generation to generation [2].
Turkey, which has hosted many civilizations, in terms of cultural wealth and rich floristic composition constitute a very rich research area for ethnobotanical studies [3].
Turkish people are quite interested in wild plants, due to the high proportion of people living in rural areas, and also for economic reasons [4]. In recent years, the plants – used traditionally for curative purposes – have attracted attention of the researchers such as: [5] , [6], [7], [8], [9] ,[10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23] .
The use of plant species that are naturally available in the flora as food, teas, spices, dyes, insecticides, resin or gum, for medicinal purposes and treating animal diseases, using their essential oils, or using them in beverage or cosmetics industry has been a part of the traditional and cultural prosperity in Turkey as well as in other parts of the world [24].
However, this concept is sinking into oblivion in parallel to an increase in urbanization.
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Aim of this study, detection of scientific and local names of plants and determination of the ethnobotany properties that grow naturally in the districts of Yahyalı (Kayseri) - Tarsus (Mersin), located in the south of Turkey.
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
Yahyalı (Kayseri) – Tarsus (Mersin) are located in the south of Turkey.
Yahyalı - Tarsus is in C5 according to grid square classificationn system developed by Davis (1965-1985). Geographical location of study area was given in Fig. 1. Yahyalı was established south of the province of Kayseri, is surrounded by Develi in the north, Feke (Adana) in the southeast, Çamardı (Niğde) and Yeşilhisar (Kayseri) in the southwest and South. It has a 1546 km2 surface area and altitude is 1210 m. The climate in the Yahyalı district is continental climate. Tarsus is surrounded by Pozantı and Karaisalı (Adana) in the east, Mersin in the west, Mediterranean in the south. It has 2240 km2 surface area and altitude is 23 m. The climate in the Tarsus district is typical of the Mediterranean.
Fig.1. Geographical location of the study area.
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Field studies were completed by going to research area between the months of June – September in 2011. The related information and documentation was compiled and samples of the plants in public use were collected simultaneously. For this purpose, 7 villages (Kaleburcu, Hacıhamzalı, İhsaniye, Dedeler, Kamber Höyüğü, Çavuşlu and Zeytin) , 3 district (Fevzi Çakmak, Tozkoparan and 82 Evler) and 1 plateau( Tekir) in Tarsus, 6 villages (Derebağ, Kapuzbaşı, Mustafabeyli, Kocahacılı, Göynük and İlyaslı) and 2 district (Fethullah and İsmet) in Yahyalı were visited and interviewed 89 resource people who have knowledge on the subject.
The local names, utilizations, used parts and usage forms of the plants growing in the district were inquired from these interviewes. The informations about plants were compiled as a result of face to face interwiews with local markets and actars.
“Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” by P. H. Davis [25], [26],
‘’Botanical Latin’’ [27], ‘’Türkçe Bitki Adları sözlüğü’’ [28] and ‘’Tohumlu Bitkiler Sistematiği‘‘[29] were used as reference in the identification of the plant samples. The collected specimens were processed as herbarium vouchers and are currently stored in Sakarya University Herbarium.
3. RESULTS
The traditional use of plants plays a significant role in human life in Turkey. It is shown that local people use plants especially for food, medicine, ornaments, fuel and other purposes in Yahyalı (Kayseri) and Tarsus (Mersin). Eighty nine people were interviewed in this survey. At the end of the field studies, 96 taxa included in 41 families ethnobotanical features were identified. According to results, 47 taxa were used for food, 78 taxa for medical and 24 taxa for different purposes respectively. In the region a taxon used for more than one purpose.
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Local people consumed plants in several areas. Plants were used as animal feed, meal, food, fruit, jam, syrup and spices. As animal feed Trifolium purpureum Lois. var. purpureum, Trifolium repens L., Morus alba L., Onopordum acanthium L., Hordeum bulbosum L., Zea mays L., As meal Rumex conglomeratus Murray., Capparis spinosa L., Malva neglecta Wallr., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik , Cicer anatolicum Alef., Urtica dioica L., as food Vitis vinifera L., Pyrus syriaca Boiss., Prunus divaricata Ledeb., Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Miller, Onopordum acantihum L., Olea europaea L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Solanum tuberosum L., Capsicum annuum L., Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Hordeum bulbosum L., Triticum aestivum L., Zea mays L., Cucurbita pepo L., Cucumis sativus L., Anethum graveolens L., Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill, Daucus carota L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Juglans regia L., as fruit Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc.
ex. DC. , Morus alba L., Vitis vinifera L., Prunus armeniaca L., Persica vulgaris Miller, Cydonia oblonga Miller, Malus sylvestris Miller, Pyrus communis L., as spices Rhus coriaria L., Mentha arvensis L., Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. longifolia, Mentha piperita L., Ocimum basilicum L., as pine resin Pinus nigra J.F. Amold, as coffee Pistacia terebinthus L., as jam Rubus sanctus Schreb., Prunus avium (L.) Moench, Prunus armeniaca L., as syrup Ceratonia siliqua L., Vitis vinifera L., Morus alba L., as snack Helianthus annuus L., Cyperus rotundus L.
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Table 1. Plant used for medicinal propose in Yahyalı – Tarsus
Family Botanical
name
Local name Plant part used
Usage form
Uses Village number
Aceraceae Acer platanoides L.
Akçaağaç Levaes and flowers
Decoction and gargle
Gingiva diseases
8
Anacardiaceae Rhus coriaria L.
Sumak, somak
Fruits Powdered fruits mixed with tobacco and applied
Bleeding wounds
3
Apiaceae Ammi
visnaga (L.) Lam.
Diş otu, Hıltan
Aerial parts
Infusion Vascular opener
15
Apiaceae Anethum
graveolens L.
Dereotu Leaves Seeds
Chew Decoction and mixed honey
Halitosis Digestion
14
Apiaceae Daucus
carota L.
Havuç Roots Fresh
Fresh
Eyes Diarrhea
14
Apiaceae Eryngium glomeratum Lam.
Boğaz dili Aerial parts
Decoction Animal drug
9
Apiaceae Petroselinu m crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill
Maydanoz Leaves Decoction Decoction Decoction and sit on
Body inflammat ion Slim Cystitis
13
Araceae Arum
italicum P.
Mill.
Avı Tubers
Tubers Aerial parts
Shredded tubers crushed and pomade to the piles Shredded tubers crushed and snuff Decoction and mash
Hemorrho id
Hepatitis Muscle pain
3
19
Asteraceae Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch
Civan perçemi
Aerial parts
Infusion
Decoction
Migraine Anorexia Regular operation of kidney Gynecolo gical diseases
9, 15
Asteraceae Anthemis austriaca Jacq.
Papatya Flowers Flowers
Decoction Decoction and kept in the sun 1-2 hours.
Cough Hairs
2
Asteraceae Bellis perennis L.
Papatya Aerial parts
Decoction Sedative 14
Asteraceae Centaurea coronopifoli a Lam.
Peygamber çiçeği
Aerial parts
Decoction Cold 13
Asteraceae Helianthus annuus l.
Ayçiçeği Flowers Decoction and mixed with honey
Cold 10
Asteraceae Helichrysu m chionophilu m Boiss. &
Bal
Altın çiçek Flowers Dried and decoction
Diuretic Kidney stones
8
Asteraceae Helichrysu m stoechas (L.) Moench.
Altın otu Aerial parts
Dried and Decoction Decoction and mixed with Hypericum sp. oil
Kidney Stone Stomacha che
15
Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium L.
Pıtrak otu Root Mixed with olive oil and applied to the scalp
Alopecia and scurf
1
Boraginaceae Anchusa stylosa Bieb.
Sığırdili Aerial parts
Burned, ash mixed with honey and gargle
Gingiva diseases and tooth decay
18
Brassicaceae Capsella bursa- pastoris (L.) Medik
Çoban çantası
Aerial parts
Meal Intestine 9
Brassicaceae Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.
Kedi otu Roots Roots
Decoction Sleep disorder, sedative Anorexia
14
20
Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller
Lap inciri, Dikenli incir, Kaynanadil i, Frenk inciri
Fruits Leaves
Eaten Leaves were cut into two and boiled, placed back in the warm
İntestine Crick
2
Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L.
Keber Fruits Seeds
Decoction Eaten
Skin tonic Abdomin al pain
15
Cistaceae Cistus creticus L.
Pamuk otu, Laden çiçeği
Leaves Decoction Expectora nt, diarrhea
8
Cistaceae Helianthem um stipulatum (Forsk) C.
Chritonsen
Güneş gülü Aerial parts
Mixed with lemon, mint, dill, sugar and heated
Sickness 8
Crassulaceae Sedum sempervivoi des Bieb.
Taş koruğu, Taş çiçeği
Aerial parts
Decoction and pomade
Piles and callus
2
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L.
Salatalık Fruits Sliced and placed to the skin Mixed with cold milk and applied to the face
Skin diseases Freckle
14
Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo L.
Kabak Fruits Cooked
and placed to the tonsil with cloth Cooked and wrapped in inflamed areas
Tonsillitis, mumps
İnflammat ory pain
14
21
Cucurbitaceae Ecballium elaterium ( L.)A.
Rich.
Cırt atan Fruits Fruits
Fruit juice is taken with a syringe, nasal sprey were prepared Crushed and milk is removed, mixed with flour, eaten
Sinusitis
Hemorrho id
16
Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L.
Topalak, Kara topalak
Tubers Tubers Tubers
Fresh Powdered and mixed with sugar Fresh
Halitosis Abdomin al pain Heartburn
1
Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
İğde Fruits
Flowers Eaten Decoction and mixed with honey
Sickness and vomit Eczema
14
Fabaceae Ceratonia siliqua L.
Harnup, Keçi Boynuzu
Fruits Grape molasses
Cough 17
Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce
Kırmızı kantaron
Flowers Mixed with olive oil and applied to the wounds
Wounds 19
Geraniaceae Geranium divaricatum Ehrh.
Turnagagas ı
Aerial parts
Boiled or fresh and wrapped to the wound
Eczama, tonsillitis, diarrhea, intestinal inflammat ion
13
22
Guttiferae Hypericum perforatum L.
Kantaron, Sarı kantaron
Flowers Flowers
Decoction Mixed with olive oil in the airtight jar and kept outside for two week in the summer.
And produced hypericu m oil.
Hypericu m oil externally
Sedative and diabetes Ulcer
Burn 2
Hypolepidaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Eğrelti otu Roots Dried Intestinal parasites
1
Juglandaceae Juglans regia L.
Ceviz Leaves Decoction Decoction and applied to the joints
Cancer Joint pain
14
Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis L.
Nane Flowers Decoction Indigestio n
14
Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp.
longifolia
Tüylü nane Leaves Decoction with lemon
Stomach diseases and cold
15
Lamiaceae Ocimum
basilicum L.
Fesleğen Reyhan
Leaves Aerial parts
Decoction Decoction
Stomacha che Intestinal gas and oral mucositis
14
Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Püren Leaves Decoction Appetizin g, diuretic
3
Lamiaceae Sideritis phlomoides Boiss. &
Bal.
Adaçayı Aerial parts
Decoction Tonsillitis, cold
12
23
Lamiaceae Ziziphora capitata L.
Dağ reyhanı
Aerial parts
Decoction Cough, sore throat Hypertens ion, diuretic, intestinal worms, regulating the operation of the heart
12
Lauraceae Laurus nobilis L.
Defne Flowers Flowers Flowers
Decoction and applied to the hairs Decoction Mixed with bath water
Hairs Hoarsenes s Acne
2
Liliaceae Allium cepa L.
Soğan Pivaz
Leaves and stems
Decoction Baked or boiled Decoction
Constipati on, weight loss Body inflammat ion Gynecolo gical diseases
14
Liliaceae Allium sativum L.
Sarımsak Stems Swallowe d Applied to the hairs Crushed and mixed with olive oil Swallowe d
Hypertens ion Ringwor m and alopecia Worm İnflammat ion and hair bleaching
14
Liliaceae Asphodeline prismatocar pa J.Gay ex Baker
İtsiğe çiçeği Fruits Crushed Warts 10
Liliaceae Asphodeline taurica (Palas) Kunth.
Dede değneği
Roots Decoction Kidney Stone
8
Liliaceae Smilax aspera L.
Saperne Fruits and leaves
Decoction Constipati on Eczema
3
24
Malvaceae Alcea pallida Waldst&
Kit
Hatmi çiçeği
Aerial parts Flowers
Infusion Crushed and placed to the tooth
Ophthalm ia Toothache
14, 15
Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr.
Ebegümeci Kömeç, Kömbeç
Aerial parts Leaves Leaves
Decoction and mixed with honey Decoction
Decoction and matured for a day
Cough Tonsillitis and Gynecolo gical diseases Kidney stones
14
Moraceae Morus alba L.
Beyaz dut Stems, fruits
Decoction Anemia 2, 13
Myrtaceae Myrtus communis L.
Mersin, Murt
Leaves Flowers
Decoction for 1-2 hours and mixed water Infusion
Diabetes Intestine
15
Oleaceae Olea
europaea L.
Zeytin, Delice
Leaves Chew Hypertens ion
7
Platanaceae Platanus orientalis L.
Çınar Bark
Leaves Leaves
Bark boiled with vinegar and gargle Leaves and bark boiled Decoction Boiled and sit on a vapor
Toothache Alopecia and scurf Kidney Stones Piles
1, 14
Poaceae Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers.
Ayrık otu Roots Decoction Kidney Stones Constipati on
1
Poaceae Triticum
aestivum L.
Buğday, Beyaz çomak
Stems Decoction and bathe
Hernia 2
Poaceae Zea mays L. Mısır Darı, Koçan
Aerial parts Tassel
Decoction Decoction
Renal pains, kidney Stones Weight loss
5
25
Polygonaceae Rumex conglomerat us Murray.
Labada, Kuzukulağı
Aerial parts
Mash Decoction and poured on the cloth, wrapped the throat
Eczema Goitre
15
Ranunculaceae Anemone coronaria L.
Dağ lalesi Flowers Aerial parts
Decoction Crushed and mixed with olive oil, applied on wounds
Expectora nt, diuretic Purulent wound
14
Resedaceae Reseda lutea L.
Eşek turpu Flowers Cataplas m
Psoriasis and skin diseases
14
Rhamnaceae Paliurus spina-christi Miller
Çaltı, Çalı dikeni
Fruits Decoction Menstrual cramps
2
Rosaceae Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex DC.
Alıç Fruits Fresh Hypertens
ion
2
Rosaceae Cydonia
oblonga Miller
Ayva Leaves
Fruit
Decoction Leaves boiled with apple peel and lemon, mixed with honey
Diarrhea Cough
10
Rosaceae Malus
sylvestris Miller
Elma Aerial
parts
Decoction Abdomin al pain and indigestio n
10
Rosaceae Persica vulgaris Miller
Şeftali Leaves Decoction Cough and intestinal worms
14
Rosaceae Prunus
armeniaca L.
Kayısı Fruits Seed
Fresh Intestine Cancer
10
26
Rosaceae Prunus
avium (L.) Moench Meth.
Kiraz Fruits Bark Peduncl e
Fresh Blood- forming Constipati on and antipyreti c Diuretic
10
Rosaceae Pyrus
communi s L.
Armut Fruits Fresh Sickness 19
Rosaceae Pyrus
syriaca Boiss.
Taş armudu
Leaves Decoction Goitre 2
Rosaceae Rosa
canina L.
Kuşburnu Fruits Decoction Cold, cough and irritation
5
Scrophulariaceae Digitalis cariensis Boiss. ex.
Jaub.
Yüksük otu Aerial parts
Decoction Hemorrho ids
12
Scrophulariaceae Verbascu m hadschine nse Freynin
Sığır kuyruğu
Aerial parts Flowers
Decoction with thyme Decoction
Expectora nt and cough Migraine
12
Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L.
Biber Aerial parts
Dried and decoction
Cold 14
Solanaceae Lycopersi con esculentu m L.
Domates Aerial parts
Fresh Digestion 14, 15
Solanaceae Solanum tuberosu m L.
Patates Tuber Sliced tuber are placed upon the eyes
Eyes 5
Urticaceae Urtica dioica L.
Isırgan Leaves Whole plant Seeds
Dried and mixed with honey Decoction and put on the wound Decoction and hair washed
Bronchitis Burn wound Scurf
14
Vitaceae Vitis
vinifera L.
Üzüm, Tarsus beyazı
Fruits Dried and eaten with core
Anemia 4
27
Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L.
Üzerlik, Nazar otu
Seeds Burned and ash applied
Abscess 3
Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L.
Çoban çökeleği
Aerial parts
Decoction Kidney Stones and hypertensi on
1
Village numbers: 1: Kaleburcu, 2: Hacıhamzalı, 3: İhsaniye, 4: Dedeler, 5: Kamberhöyüğü, 6:
Zeytin, 7: Çavuşlu, 8: Derebağ, 9: Kapuzbaşı, 10: Mustafabeyli, 11: Kocahacılı, 12: Göynük, 13: Fethullah District, 14: İsmet District, 15: Fevzi Çakmak District, 16: Tozkoparan District, 17: 82 Evler District, 18: İlyaslı, 19: Tekir Plateau.
Fig.2. The most common families in the research area 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of plant species
The most common families
28
Fig.3. The number of the plant parts that are commonly used.
Fig.4. The methods for the preparation of the plants and the number of their uses.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Aerial parts
Leaves Fruits Flowers Roots Seeds Tubers Stems
Number of plant species
Commonly used plant parts
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Numbers of plant species
Commonly used preparation methods
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Table 2. Plant used as ornaments, tools, fuel and other purpose in Yahyalı- Tarsus
FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME
LOCAL NAME
PART USED
USES Village Number Anacardiaceae Pistacia
terebinthus L.
Çitlembik, Melengiç, Menengiç
Fruits Soap Nest construction
6
Apiaceae Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.
Diş otu, Hıltan
Flowers and pedicel
Toothpick 15
Asteraceae Artemisia annua L.
Kabe süpürgesi Peygamber süpürgesi, Yavşan
Whole plant
Ornaments Whisk
15
Asteraceae Echinops viscosus DC.
Kirpidikeni Whole plant
Fuel 2
Brassicaceae Fibigia eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss.
Süs bitkisi Aerial parts
Ornaments 2
Caryophyllaceae Dianthus barbatus L.
Çin karanfili Aerial parts
Decoration 2
Caryophyllaceae Minuartia juniperiana (L.) Marie &
Petitm
Hanımyastığı Aerial parts
Ornaments 14
Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L.
Keber Flowers
Fruits Dye
Pharmaceutical industry
15
Cistaceae Cistus creticus L.
Pamuk otu, Laden çiçeği
Flowers Cosmetic 2
Dipsacaceae Scabiosa rotata M.Bieb.
Uyuz otu, Yaz süpürgesi
Whole plant
Whisk Ornaments
2
Fagaceae Quercus
infectoria Oliv.
Pelit Aerial
parts
Fuel Dye
3
Lamiaceae Ocimum
basilicum L.
Reyhan Whole
plant
Decoration 14
Liliaceae Lilium candium L.
Beyaz zambak
Whole plant
Ornaments 7
Malvaceae Alcea pallida Waldst. &Kit.
Eşe Fatma, Gül Fatma, Gül hatmi
Whole plant
Ornaments 2, 14
Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum L.
Pamuk Stem
Fruits Fuel Textile
2
30
Meliaceae Melia azedarach L.
Tespih ağacı Fruits Ornaments 2
Oleaceae Olea europaea L.
Zeytin, Delice
Stems Fuel 7
Pinaceae Pinus nigra J.F Amold.
Karaçam Stem Fuel
Wood material 4
Platanaceae Platanus orientalis L.
Çınar Stems Fuel 14
Poaceae Triticum
aestivum L.
Buğday, Beyaz çomak
Whole plant
Basket 1, 2
Resedaceae Reseda lutea L. Eşek turpu Aerial parts
Wool dyeing 14
Rhamnaceae Paliurus spina- christi Miller
Çaltı, Çalı dikeni
Fruits Amulet 2
Rosaceae Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex. DC.
Alıç Stem
and branch
Fuel 2
Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L.
Üzerlik, Nazar otu
Seeds Amulet 3
Village numbers: 1: Kaleburcu, 2: Hacıhamzalı, 3: İhsaniye, 4: Dedeler, 5: Kamberhöyüğü, 6:
Zeytin, 7: Çavuşlu, 8: Derebağ, 9: Kapuzbaşı, 10: Mustafabeyli, 11: Kocahacılı, 12: Göynük, 13: Fethullah District, 14: İsmet District, 15: Fevzi Çakmak District, 16: Tozkoparan District, 17: 82 Evler District, 18: İlyaslı, 19: Tekir Plateau.
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Ethnobotanical studies were carried out in Yahyalı (Kayseri) – Tarsus (Mersin). In the research areas, it is found that local people use 96 taxa included 41 families for different purposes. These plants which are used in the treatment of many diseases, as food and other purposes (ornament, fuel, dye etc.). According to results 47 taxa were used for food, 78 taxa for medical and 24 taxa for different purposes respectively. Details were given in Table 1 and 2.
In region, the plant species are commonly used for medical purposes.
Local people used medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments.
The most frequently used parts were aerial parts such as leaves, fruits,
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flowers, roots and seeds (Fig. 3). Sometimes local people also used other ingredients, such as sugar, honey, flour and lemon to prepare herbal medicine. Decoction and pomade are the methods mostly used for the preparation of the herbal medicines in Yahyalı and Tarsus (Fig. 4). Many plants are used for treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, mouth and gum diseases, hemorrhoids, skin diseases (eczema, wound, acne etc.), cancer, kidney stones and urinary inflammations, colds, as sedative and blood stopper. Details about plants used for medical propose were given in Table 1. Also, the most common families were Rosaceae and Asteraceae in the region (Fig. 2).
Another area of plants used as food and local people consumed plants in cooking, like vegetables, fruits, spices, jams, as fresh and rousted. In addition to that, local people used plants as fuel, dye, ornament, decoration, cosmetic etc. Details were given in Table 2.
The present study was compared with the previous studies which were conducted in different regions in Turkey. There were several differences in the use of several plants. The following differences were observed between the present study and the study by Bağcı [30] conducted in Aladağlar (Yahyalı - Kayseri): The flowers of Alcea pallida boiled with Urtica sp. for the treatment of cough and stomache diseases in Aladağlar (Bağcı)[30] whereas flowers crushed and placed to the tooth for the treatment of toothache in Yahyalı in our study. While Sideritis phlomoides used in the treatment of abdominal pain in Aladağlar, whole plant used for boiling in the treatment of tonsillitis and cold in Yahyalı in our study.
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The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis were reported to be decocted to be used treatment of cholosterol and hypotension in the study by Güneş [31]
conducted in Karaisalı (Adana) and its villages whereas in this study, were used as an appetizing and diuretic. In the same study, the fruits of Vitis vinifera were reported, treatment of cough and iflamed wounds, as analgesic in buckling of hand and foot while in our study, fruits were used in the treatment of anemia. While Olea europaea leaves were used the treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders, diabetes and cholosterol in the study by Güneş [31], leaves were used in the treatment of hypertension in our study.
In the study by Everest and Öztürk (2005) [15] conducted in Mersin and Adana, the flowers of Capsella bursa- pastoris were reported to be decocted as antirheumatic and diaphoretic, in the treatment of arthritis and hemostatic arteriosclerosis whereas in our study aerial parts of plant were used in the treatment of intesinal diseases in this study. Ocimum basilicum leaves were reported to be infused as purgative and antidepressant while in present study were used in the treatment of stomachache.
The fruits of Cucumis sativus were eaten in the treatment of constipation in the study by Vural, Karavelioğulları and Polat [32] conducted in Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir) and around whereas in our study, were sliced and placed to the skin for skin diseases and freckle.
In the study by Abay and Kılıç[33] conducted in Pürenbeleni and Yanıktepe (Mersin), the leaves of Laurus nobilis were boiled for rheumatism
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and myalgia, however in this study, were decocted treatment of hoarseness.
The fruits of Paliurus spina- christi were reported to be decocted as diuretic in Tetik, Civelek and Çakılcıoğlu ‘s [34] study that was conducted in Malatya while, were used for menstrual cramps in this study.
Achillea wilhelmsii aerial parts against herpes infections in mouth and toothache in the study by Özkan and Koyuncu (2005) [16] in Pınarbaşı Area (Kayseri), whereas, were infused for migraine, anorexia, regular operation of kidney decocted for gynecological diseases in Yahyalı- Tarsus.
While, in the study that conducted in Andırın (Kahramanmaraş)[35] by Demirci and Özhatay (2012), Crataegus aronia fruits were swallowed for cardiac diseases, fruits were used for hypertension in our study.
Juglans regia leaves were infused for urethritis in Urgüp - Nevşehir (Tuzlacı and Şenkardeş, [36], whereas were decocted in the treatment of cancer, also were used for joint pain in this study.
Roots of Reseda lutea were chew for abdominal pain in the study which conducted in Nizip (Aksaray) by Öztürk and Dinç [37], flowers were used for psoriasis and skin diseases in our study.
With this study, we believe that we will contribute to future studies regarding the use of plants to helping our biological richness be known and be protected more.
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