Joints of the axial skeleton

 Joints of the head

 Joints of the spine

 Joints of the thorax

Joints of the axial skeleton

 Temporomandibular joint

 Mandibular symphysis

 Joints of the hyoid apparatus

 Sutures

Joints of the head

 Os temporale – Mandibula

 Ginglymus

 Discus articularis

 Lig.laterale

 Lig.caudale (Ru, eq)

Temporomandibular joint

 Right and left half of the mandible are fused on the midsagittal plane. The conjunction is strong in carnivores for biting their prey, however weaker in omnivores.

Symphysis of Mandible

 Hyoid apparatus consists of the number of bones that are connected with each other by synovial joints.

 Hyoid apparatus is also articulated with the larynx by a synovial joint

 Hyoid apparatus is attached to the tympanicum of the temporal bone by a fibrous joint

Joints of the Hyoid Bones

 Suture is a type of fibrous joint between the skull bones.

Sutures of the head

 Art.atlantooccipitalis

 Art.atlantoaxialis

 Joints between the vertebral body - Symphysis intervertebralis

Discus intervertebralis

Anulus fibrosus / Nucleus pulposus

 Joints between the vertebral arches - Artt.processus articularium

- Artt.intertransversariae lumbales (eq) - Art.intertransversaria lumbosacralis (eq)

 Joints between the vertebrae and ribs - Artt.costovertebrales

- Art.capitis costae

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Joints of the spine

 Atlanto-occipital joint is a condyloid (ellipsoidal) type of a synovial joint.

 It is called as «YES» joint. It allows to nod the head and provides on the flexion, extension and slightly lateral motions of the head.

 The joint has two joint capsules for each condylus of occipital bone.

 The joint has dorsal and ventral membranes which prevent excessive movement of the joint

Atlantooccipital joint

 Atlanto-occipital joint is a pivot (throcoid) type of a synovial joint.

 It is called as «NO» joint. It provides on the rotational lateral motions of the head.

 The joint has a capsule and is supported by several ligaments

Atlantoaxial joint

 Symphysis intervertebralis is a type of cartiloginous junction between adjacent vertebral bodies allows the slight movement of vertebrae. It is designed for weight bearing and strenght. The articulating surfaces of the adjacent vertebrae are covered with hyaline cartilage and are connected by a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc and ligaments.

 Intervertebral disc consist of an outer fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) and an inner gel-like center (nucleus pulposus). It separetes the vertebrae, it also holds the vertebrae like a ligament. It functions like a shock-absorber.

Joints of vertebral body

 These joints are found between the cranial and caudal facets of adjoining vertebral arches. They are a gliding type of the synovial joint. The flat surfaces of the articular facets are covered with hyaline cartilage and surrounded by as thin, loose articular capsule

Joints of vertebral arches

Short Ligaments of the Spine;

 Lig.flava: is a broad, elastic band joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches

 Lig.interspinalia: is a weak band fills the space between spinous processes

 Lig.supraspinale: is a strong cord shaped band joins the top of spinous processes

 Lig.intertransversaria: connects the adjacent transverse processes. It is membranous and well-developed in lumbar portion

Ligaments of the Spine

Ligaments of the Spine

Long Ligaments of the Spine;

 Lig.longitudinale dorsale : This is a narrower, weaker band runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal. It lies from the axis to the sacrum. It helps to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus of the disc.

 Lig.longitudinale ventrale : This is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the ventral aspects of the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. It extends from the atlas to the pelvic surface of the sacrum. This strong ligament helps to maintain the stability of the joints between the vertebral bodies and helps prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column

 Lig.nuchae***

- It is a strong elastic band located at the back of neck.

- It helps bearing the head so it is well- developed in long necked animals.

- The nuchal ligament extends from the

external occipital protuberance on the skull to the spinous process of the seventh

cervical vertebra and is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.

 Absent in cat and pig

 Weak in dog and man

Ligamentum Nuchae

 FUNICULUS NUCHAE

- Protuberantia occipitalis ext. (ru, eq) - Axis, dens (ca)

 LAMINA NUCHAE (ru, eq)

- It is a two layered sheet like band located

between the funiculus nuchae and spinous processes of cervical vertebras.

- The strong neck muscles attaches to the lamina.

*** Supraspinous bursa : is a constant pad located inside the nuchal cord under the skin at the withers

Ligamentum Nuchae

 Artt.costovertebrales (gliding joint) - Art.capitis costae

- Art.costotransversaria

 Artt.costochondrales (synchondrosis)

 Artt.sternocostales (synchondrosis)

 Synchondrosis sternales

- Synchondrosis manubriosternalis - Synchondrosis xiphosternalis

Joints of thorax

ARTICULATIONES MEMBRI THORACICI

 Articulatio humeri

 Articulatio cubiti

 Articulationes manus

*Art.carpi

*Artt.metacarpophalangeae

*Artt.interphalangeae prox. manus

*Artt.interphalangeae dist. manus

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Articulatio humeri (Shoulder joint)

 Scapula - Humerus

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum glenoidale

 Lig.coracohumerale

 Ligg.glenohumeralia

 Scapula - Humerus

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum glenoidale

 Lig.coracohumerale

 Ligg.glenohumeralia

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Articulatio humeri

(Shoulder joint)

 Scapula - Humerus

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum glenoidale

 Lig.coracohumerale

 Ligg.glenohumeralia

Articulatio humeri

(Shoulder joint)

 Scapula - Humerus

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum glenoidale

 Lig.coracohumerale

 Ligg.glenohumeralia

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Articulatio humeri

(Shoulder joint)

 Scapula - Humerus

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum glenoidale

 Lig.coracohumerale

 Ligg.glenohumeralia

 Hareketler:

- Flexion - Extension

*abduction - adduction

Articulatio humeri

(Shoulder joint)

 Humerus – Radius – Ulna

 Art.composita (compound joint)

*Art.humeroradialis

*Art.humeroulnaris

*Art.radioulnaris prox. (car)

 Ginglymus (hinge joint)

 Lig.collaterale cubiti laterale

 Lig.collaterale cubiti mediale

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Articulatio cubiti

(Elbow joint)

 Humerus – Radius – Ulna

 Art.composita

*Art.humeroradialis

*Art.humeroulnaris

 Ginglymus

 Lig.collaterale cubiti laterale

 Lig.collaterale cubiti mediale - Flexion

- Extension

Articulatio cubiti

(Elbow joint)

 Antebrachium – Carpus – Metacarpus

 Art.composita (compound joint)

*Art.antebrachiocarpeae

*Artt.mediocarpeae

*Art.carpometacarpeae

*Artt.intercarpeae

 Art.plana

 Lig.collaterale carpi laterale

 Lig.collaterale carpi mediale

 Ligg.intercarpea dorsalia

 Ligg.intercarpea palmaria

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Articulatio carpi

(Carpal joint)

 Antebrachium – Carpus – Metacarpus

 Art.composita

*Art.antebrachiocarpeae

*Artt.intercarpeae

*Art.mediocarpeae

*Artt.carpometacarpeae

 Art.plana

 Lig.collaterale carpi laterale

 Lig.collaterale carpi mediale

 Ligg.intercarpea dorsalia

Articulatio carpi

(Carpal joint)

 Metacarpus – Phalanx proximalis – Ossa sesamoidea prox.

 Art.composita (compound joint)

 Ginglymus (hinge joint)

 Ligg.collateralia

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Articulatio metacarpophalangea

(Fetlock joint)

Articulationes interphalangeae proximales manus (Pastern joint)

 Phalanx proximalis – Phalanx media

 Art.simplex

 Art.sellaris

 Lig.collaterale laterale

 Lig.collaterale mediale

Articulationes interphalangeae distales manus (Coffin joint)

 Phalanx media – Phalanx distalis

 Art.simplex

 Art.sellaris

 Lig.collaterale laterale

 Lig.collaterale mediale

***Bursa podotrochlearis (Bursa navicularis)

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Bursa podotrochlearis (Bursa navicularis)

 Navicular Syndrome: It most commonly describes an inflammation or degeneration of the navicular bone and its surrounding tissues

Anatomy;Os sesamoideum distale (os naviculare) + tendon of m.flex.dig.prof.

Bursa navicularis + Lig.impar

ARTICULATIONES MEMBRI PELVINI

 Articulatio sacroiliaca

 Articulatio coxae

 Articulatio genus

 Articulatio pedis

*Art.tarsi

*Artt.metatarsophalangeae

*Artt.interphalangeae proximales pedis

*Artt.interphalangeae distales pedis

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Articulatio sacroiliaca (Sacroiliac joint)

 Sacrum – Os ilium

 Art.simplex

 Art.plana - Amphiarthrosis

 Lig.sacrotuberale latum (lig.sacroischiadicum)

 Lig.sacrotuberale (ca)

 For.ischiadicum majus

 For.ischiadicum minus

 Os coxae – Femur

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum acetabulare

 Lig.transversum acetabuli

 Lig.capitis ossis femoris

 Lig.accessorium ossis femoris (Eq.)

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Articulatio coxae

(Hip joint)

 Os coxae – Femur

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum acetabulare (acetabular rim)

 Lig.transversum acetabuli

 Lig.capitis ossis femoris (round ligament)

 Lig.accessorium ossis femoris (Eq.)

Articulatio coxae

(Hip joint)

 Os coxae – Femur

 Art.simplex

 Art.spheroidea

 Labrum acetabulare (acetabular rim)

 Lig.transversum acetabuli

 Lig.capitis ossis femoris (round ligament)

 Lig.accessorium ossis femoris (Eq.)

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Articulatio coxae

(Hip joint)

 Movement;

 Flexion – Extension

 Abduction – Adduction

Articulatio coxae

(Hip joint)

Hip dysplasia

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 One of the most common skeletal diseases seen in dogs. It is the failure of the hip joints to develop normally (known as malformation) and leading to loss of function.

The caput of the femur is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a snug fit, it is a loose or a partial fit. The development of disease is determined by an interaction of genetic (large breeds) and environmental factors (obesity).

 X-rays are crucial for visualizing the signs of hip dysplasia

 Pain. Reluctance to run, jump, or climb stairs (Bunny-hooping). Intermittent or persistent hind-limb lameness

 Teight control, exercise control, medication (reducing pain and inflamation) and

surgery (TPO)

 Femur – Patella – Tibia Fibula + Fabellae (car)

 Art.composita (compound joint)

*Art.femoropatellaris - *Art.femorotibialis

Articulatio genus

(Stifle joint)

Articulatio femoropatellaris

 Femur – Patella

 Art.simplex

 Art.delabens

 Lig.femoropatellare laterale

 Lig.femoropatellare mediale

 Lig.patellae (su, car, ov, cap)

In the horse and ox, the distal tendon of quadriceps is divided into three parts.

*Lig.patellae laterale

*Lig.patellae intermedium

*Lig.patellae mediale

***Patellar luxation***

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 Patellar luxation;

- Small breeds predispose to luxation (Yorkshire terrier...) - Deviation occurs in medial side generally.

- Surgery

Articulatio femoropatellaris

 Femur – Tibia

 Art.simplex

 Art.bicondylaris (Incoungrent ginglymus)

 Lig.collaterale laterale

 Lig.collaterale mediale

 Menuscus lateralis

 Menuscus medialis

 Lig.cruciatum craniale

 Lig.cruciatum caudale

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Articulatio femorotibialis

 Lig.collaterale laterale

 Lig.collaterale mediale

 Menuscus lateralis

* Lig.meniscofemorale

 Menuscus medialis

 Lig.cruciatum craniale

 Lig.cruciatum caudale

Articulatio femorotibialis

 Menisci are C-shaped pieces of cartilage which sit between the medial and lateral chondyles of the femur and the tibial plateau. They provide the adjustment of the joint surface as cushion function.

 There are two meniscotibial ligaments for each meniscus and a meniscofemoral lig.

for the caudal end of lateral meniscus.

Menisci also connect via intermeniscal lig.

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Articulatio femorotibialis

 Cruciate ligaments: The joint is stabilized by paired cruciate ligaments which act to prevent rotation at the joint. They extend from the tibial plateu to the intercondylar fossa of the femur.

Articulatio femorotibialis

The cranial cruciate resists over-extension and inward rotation, and is the most commonly damaged stifle ligament in dogs.

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Rupture of Cranial Cruciate Ligment

Articulatio tarsi

 Crus – Tarsus – Metatarsus

 Art.composita

*Art.tarsocruralis

*Artt.intertarseae

*Artt.tarsometatarseae

 Ligg.collateralia

 Articulationes metatarsophalangeae (fetlock joint)

 Articulationes interphalangeae proximalis pedis (pastern joint)

 Articulationes interphalangeae distales pedis (coffin joint)

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