Joints of the head
Joints of the spine
Joints of the thorax
Joints of the axial skeleton
Temporomandibular joint
Mandibular symphysis
Joints of the hyoid apparatus
Sutures
Joints of the head
Os temporale – Mandibula
Ginglymus
Discus articularis
Lig.laterale
Lig.caudale (Ru, eq)
Temporomandibular joint
Right and left half of the mandible are fused on the midsagittal plane. The conjunction is strong in carnivores for biting their prey, however weaker in omnivores.
Symphysis of Mandible
Hyoid apparatus consists of the number of bones that are connected with each other by synovial joints.
Hyoid apparatus is also articulated with the larynx by a synovial joint
Hyoid apparatus is attached to the tympanicum of the temporal bone by a fibrous joint
Joints of the Hyoid Bones
Suture is a type of fibrous joint between the skull bones.
Sutures of the head
Art.atlantooccipitalis
Art.atlantoaxialis
Joints between the vertebral body - Symphysis intervertebralis
Discus intervertebralis
Anulus fibrosus / Nucleus pulposus
Joints between the vertebral arches - Artt.processus articularium
- Artt.intertransversariae lumbales (eq) - Art.intertransversaria lumbosacralis (eq)
Joints between the vertebrae and ribs - Artt.costovertebrales
- Art.capitis costae
Coto
Joints of the spine
Atlanto-occipital joint is a condyloid (ellipsoidal) type of a synovial joint.
It is called as «YES» joint. It allows to nod the head and provides on the flexion, extension and slightly lateral motions of the head.
The joint has two joint capsules for each condylus of occipital bone.
The joint has dorsal and ventral membranes which prevent excessive movement of the joint
Atlantooccipital joint
Atlanto-occipital joint is a pivot (throcoid) type of a synovial joint.
It is called as «NO» joint. It provides on the rotational lateral motions of the head.
The joint has a capsule and is supported by several ligaments
Atlantoaxial joint
Symphysis intervertebralis is a type of cartiloginous junction between adjacent vertebral bodies allows the slight movement of vertebrae. It is designed for weight bearing and strenght. The articulating surfaces of the adjacent vertebrae are covered with hyaline cartilage and are connected by a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc and ligaments.
Intervertebral disc consist of an outer fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) and an inner gel-like center (nucleus pulposus). It separetes the vertebrae, it also holds the vertebrae like a ligament. It functions like a shock-absorber.
Joints of vertebral body
These joints are found between the cranial and caudal facets of adjoining vertebral arches. They are a gliding type of the synovial joint. The flat surfaces of the articular facets are covered with hyaline cartilage and surrounded by as thin, loose articular capsule
Joints of vertebral arches
Short Ligaments of the Spine;
Lig.flava: is a broad, elastic band joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
Lig.interspinalia: is a weak band fills the space between spinous processes
Lig.supraspinale: is a strong cord shaped band joins the top of spinous processes
Lig.intertransversaria: connects the adjacent transverse processes. It is membranous and well-developed in lumbar portion
Ligaments of the Spine
Ligaments of the Spine
Long Ligaments of the Spine;
Lig.longitudinale dorsale : This is a narrower, weaker band runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal. It lies from the axis to the sacrum. It helps to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus of the disc.
Lig.longitudinale ventrale : This is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the ventral aspects of the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. It extends from the atlas to the pelvic surface of the sacrum. This strong ligament helps to maintain the stability of the joints between the vertebral bodies and helps prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column
Lig.nuchae***
- It is a strong elastic band located at the back of neck.
- It helps bearing the head so it is well- developed in long necked animals.
- The nuchal ligament extends from the
external occipital protuberance on the skull to the spinous process of the seventh
cervical vertebra and is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.
Absent in cat and pig
Weak in dog and man
Ligamentum Nuchae
FUNICULUS NUCHAE
- Protuberantia occipitalis ext. (ru, eq) - Axis, dens (ca)
LAMINA NUCHAE (ru, eq)
- It is a two layered sheet like band located
between the funiculus nuchae and spinous processes of cervical vertebras.
- The strong neck muscles attaches to the lamina.
*** Supraspinous bursa : is a constant pad located inside the nuchal cord under the skin at the withers
Ligamentum Nuchae
Artt.costovertebrales (gliding joint) - Art.capitis costae
- Art.costotransversaria
Artt.costochondrales (synchondrosis)
Artt.sternocostales (synchondrosis)
Synchondrosis sternales
- Synchondrosis manubriosternalis - Synchondrosis xiphosternalis
Joints of thorax
ARTICULATIONES MEMBRI THORACICI
Articulatio humeri
Articulatio cubiti
Articulationes manus
*Art.carpi
*Artt.metacarpophalangeae
*Artt.interphalangeae prox. manus
*Artt.interphalangeae dist. manus
Coto
Articulatio humeri (Shoulder joint)
Scapula - Humerus
Art.simplex
Art.spheroidea
Labrum glenoidale
Lig.coracohumerale
Ligg.glenohumeralia
Scapula - Humerus
Art.simplex
Art.spheroidea
Labrum glenoidale
Lig.coracohumerale
Ligg.glenohumeralia
Coto
Articulatio humeri
(Shoulder joint)
Scapula - Humerus
Art.simplex
Art.spheroidea
Labrum glenoidale
Lig.coracohumerale
Ligg.glenohumeralia
Articulatio humeri
(Shoulder joint)
Scapula - Humerus
Art.simplex
Art.spheroidea
Labrum glenoidale
Lig.coracohumerale
Ligg.glenohumeralia
Coto
Articulatio humeri
(Shoulder joint)
Scapula - Humerus
Art.simplex
Art.spheroidea
Labrum glenoidale
Lig.coracohumerale
Ligg.glenohumeralia
Hareketler:
- Flexion - Extension
*abduction - adduction
Articulatio humeri
(Shoulder joint)
Humerus – Radius – Ulna
Art.composita (compound joint)
*Art.humeroradialis
*Art.humeroulnaris
*Art.radioulnaris prox. (car)
Ginglymus (hinge joint)
Lig.collaterale cubiti laterale
Lig.collaterale cubiti mediale
Coto
Articulatio cubiti
(Elbow joint)
Humerus – Radius – Ulna
Art.composita
*Art.humeroradialis
*Art.humeroulnaris
Ginglymus
Lig.collaterale cubiti laterale
Lig.collaterale cubiti mediale - Flexion
- Extension
Articulatio cubiti
(Elbow joint)
Antebrachium – Carpus – Metacarpus
Art.composita (compound joint)
*Art.antebrachiocarpeae
*Artt.mediocarpeae
*Art.carpometacarpeae
*Artt.intercarpeae
Art.plana
Lig.collaterale carpi laterale
Lig.collaterale carpi mediale
Ligg.intercarpea dorsalia
Ligg.intercarpea palmaria
Coto
Articulatio carpi
(Carpal joint)
Antebrachium – Carpus – Metacarpus
Art.composita
*Art.antebrachiocarpeae
*Artt.intercarpeae
*Art.mediocarpeae
*Artt.carpometacarpeae
Art.plana
Lig.collaterale carpi laterale
Lig.collaterale carpi mediale
Ligg.intercarpea dorsalia
Articulatio carpi
(Carpal joint)
Metacarpus – Phalanx proximalis – Ossa sesamoidea prox.
Art.composita (compound joint)
Ginglymus (hinge joint)
Ligg.collateralia
Coto
Articulatio metacarpophalangea
(Fetlock joint)
Articulationes interphalangeae proximales manus (Pastern joint)
Phalanx proximalis – Phalanx media
Art.simplex
Art.sellaris
Lig.collaterale laterale
Lig.collaterale mediale
Articulationes interphalangeae distales manus (Coffin joint)
Phalanx media – Phalanx distalis
Art.simplex
Art.sellaris
Lig.collaterale laterale
Lig.collaterale mediale
***Bursa podotrochlearis (Bursa navicularis)
Coto
Bursa podotrochlearis (Bursa navicularis)
Navicular Syndrome: It most commonly describes an inflammation or degeneration of the navicular bone and its surrounding tissues