BDB 301-302 Dilbilim Temel Kavramları I
(Introduction to Linguistics)
Dr. Mustafa Güleç
Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi (DTCF)
Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Bölümü,
Hollanda Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı
What is Morphology?
• Morphology- the internal structure of words
• Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today.
• The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning ‘shape, form’, and -ology which means ‘the study of something’.
• Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words.
• https
://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morpholog y/what-is-morphology/
Morphemes?
•Smallest independent units of language.
•do not depend on other words.
•can be separated from other units
•can change position.
•Example:
•The man looked at the horses.
•s is the plural marker, dependent on the noun horse to receive meaning
•Horses is a word: can occur in other positions or stand on its own
https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/wha t-is-morphology/
Free Morpheme/ Bound Morpheme?
• Free morpheme: a simple word, consisting of one morpheme eg house, work, high, chair, wrap. They are words in themselves.
• Bound morpheme: morphemes that must be attached to another morpheme to receive meaning.
• UN- and -NESS are the bound morphemes, requiring the root KIND to form the word.
• These are also called affixes as they are attached to the stem. There are two types as outlined below:
• https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistic s/morphology/what-is-morphology/
Words
Words are thus both independent since they can be separated from other words and move around in sentences, and the smallest units of language since they are the only units of language for which this is possible.
Words have internal structure: built of even smaller pieces
SIMPLE WORDS: Don’t have internal structure (only consist of one morpheme) eg work, build, run. They can’t be split into smaller parts which carry meaning or function.
COMPLEX WORDS: Have internal structure (consist of two or more morphemes) eg worker: affix -er added to the root work to form a noun.
https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/
Prefix
• A prefix is a word part that is added to the front of a base word to change the meaning of that word. More than one prefix may mean the same thing.
Examples: the prefixes dis-, non-, and un- mean "not," or "the opposite of».
There are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing);
a suffix at the end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act-ion); and an infix occurs in the middle.
https
://www.google.com/search?q=Prefix+(front+of+the+base)%3D+Un&rlz=1
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Suffix
• In linguistics, a suffix (sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the word. For example, the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.
https://www.thoughtco.com/common-suffixes-in-english-1692725 https://
www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1OKWM_trTR859TR859&ei=sOs7XpfZE4eSrgSmk4 mABw&q=suffix+linguistic+meaning&oq=Suffix+lingu&gs_l
What is an affix in linguistics?
• In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
• Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed.
• They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
• https://
www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1OKWM_trTR859TR859&ei=UO07XuigI sPbwALN7amgCA&q=prefixes+linguistics&oq=prefixes+lin&gs_l=p
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How do you use affixes?
• An affix may be attached to the beginning or the end of a root or stem word.
• If an affix is attached to the beginning of a word, it is called a prefix. If an affix is attached to the end of a word, it is called a suffix.
• https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1OKWM_trTR859TR859&ei=UO07Xuig IsPbwALN7amgCA&q=prefixes+linguistics&oq=prefixes+lin&gs_l=psy-ab.
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References:
• Bassy, Alain-Marie. 1985. Morphologie du livre contemporain, Paris:
École pratique des hautes études.
• Kıran, Zeynel & Ayşe Kıran. 2001. Dilbilime Giriş. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Huot, Hélène.2006. La morphologie Forme et sens des mots du français 2e édition, Broché.
• https
://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/mor phology/what-is-morphology
/
• https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1OKWM_trTR859TR859&ei=UO07Xuig IsPbwALN7amgCA&q=prefixes+linguistics&oq=prefixes+lin&gs_l=psy-ab.
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