Arap baharı sürecinde İran’ın Suriye politikası
124
0
0
Tam metin
(2)
(3) BEYAN %XWH]LQ\D]ÕOPDVÕQGDELOLPVHODKODNNXUDOODUÕQDX\XOGX÷XQXEDúNDODUÕQÕQHVHUOHULQGHQ \DUDUODQÕOPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD ELOLPVHO QRUPODUD X\JXQ RODUDN DWÕIWD EXOXQXOGX÷XQX NXOODQÕODQYHULOHUGHKHUKDQJL ELUWDKULIDW \DSÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕWH]LQ KHUKDQJLELUNÕVPÕQÕQEX QLYHUVLWH YH\D EDúND ELU QLYHUVLWHGHNL EDúND ELU WH] oDOÕúPDVÕ RODUDN VXQXOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ beyan ederim.. &QH\W'2ö586g=/h 10.07.2013.
(4) g16g= %X oDOÕúPD VUHFLQGH GHVWHN YH NDWNÕODUÕQÕ HVLUJHPH\HQ EXQXQ \DQÕQGD oDOÕúPD esnaVÕQGD EHQL \|QOHQGLUerek farNOÕ EDNÕú DoÕODUÕ ND]DQGÕUDQ GH÷HUOL GDQÕúPDQ KRFDP 'Ro 'U $OL %$/CI¶\D WHúHNNUOHULPL VXQDUÕP Tezimi okuyarak bana gereken G]HOWPHOHU NRQXVXQGD \DUGÕPODUÕQÕ HVLUJHPH\HQ KDODP )DWPD '2ö586g=/h¶\H WHúHNNU HGHULP Son olarak EX oDOÕúPD VUHFLQGH VDEÕU YH DQOD\Õú LoHULVLQGH bana \DUGÕPFÕRODQGH÷HUOLKRFDODUÕPDYHDUNDGDúODUÕPDúNUDQODUÕPÕVXQDUÕP. &QH\W'2ö586g=/h 10.07.2013.
(5) ødø1'(.ø/(5 KISALTMALAR .............................................................................................................iii *ø5øù 1 %g/h0 ø5$1',ù32/ø7ø.$'g1hùh0h ø'(2/2-ø'(1 35$*0$7ø=0( ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1. 1979- øGHRORML-3UDJPDWL]PdDWÕúPDVÕ ......................................................... 6 1.2. 'HYULPøGHRORMLVL .................................................................................................. 9 1.3. øUDQ-,UDN6DYDúÕ øGHRORMLGHQ3UDJPDWL]PH*HoLú............................................... 15 1.4. 5DIVDQFDQL'|QHPL 3UDJPDWL]PLQ*HQLúOHPHVL ................................................ 24 1.5. +DWHPL'|QHPL 3UDJPDWL]PLQ=DIHUL ................................................................ 28 1.6. $KPHGLQHMDG'|QHPL øGHRORMLN3UDJPDWL]P .................................................... 34 %g/h0 ø5$1-685ø<(ø/øù.ø/(5ø 35$*0$7ø=0g51(öø .................. 39 2.1. øUDQ-6XUL\HøOLúNLOHULQLQ.ÕVD7DULKL .................................................................... 39 2.1.1. 'HYULPgQFHVLøUDQ-6XUL\HøOLúNLOHUL ............................................................... 39 2.1.2. 1979- øWWLIDNÕQ2UWD\DdÕNÕúÕYH*HOLúPHVL ............................................ 41 2.1.3. 1985- *HULOLPOHUH5D÷PHQøWWLIDNÕQ'HYDPÕ ......................................... 44 2.1.4. 1990- øOLúNLOHULQ=RUXQOXOX÷D'|QúP .............................................. 46 2.1.5. 2001- ³9D]JHoLOPH]´%LUOLNWHOL÷H'HYDP ............................................. 48 2.2. øUDQ-6XUL\HøOLúNLOHULQL(WNLOH PH
(6) \HQ8QVXUODUÕ ................................................. 51 2.2.1. 2UWDN*YHQOLN7HKGLGL .................................................................................. 51 2.2.2. øWWLIDNÕQ0H]KHSVHO)DUNOÕOÕNODUÕ ..................................................................... 53 2.2.3. MezKHSVHO<DNÕQODúWÕUPDdDEDODUÕ ................................................................. 58 %g/h0 $5$3%$+$5, 6h5(&ø1'(ø5$1¶,1685ø<(32/ø7ø.$6, ...... 64 3.1. 6XUL\H¶GH$UDS%DKDUÕ6UHFL ............................................................................. 64 3.2. 6XUL\HgQFHVLøUDQ¶ÕQ$UDS%DKDUÕQÕ$QODPODQGÕUPDVÕ ...................................... 68 3.2.1. %DWÕ.DUúÕWÕ³øVODPL8\DQÕú´ ........................................................................... 68 3.2.2. øUDQ¶GD)DUNOÕ<RUXPODU .................................................................................. 72 3.3. øUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\H2OD\ODUÕQDøOLúNLQ7XWXPX ............................................................ 74 3.3.1. øUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\H6L\DVHWLQLùHNLOOHQGLUHQ6|\OHPL ............................................. 74 3.3.2. øUDQ¶GD6XUL\H2OD\ODUÕQD<|QHOLN0XKDOLI6HVOHU ......................................... 77 3.3.3. øUDQ¶ÕQùDUWODUøoLQGH'H÷LúHQ7XWXPX ........................................................... 79 3.3.4. øUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\H0XKDOHIHWLLOH*|UúPHdDEDODUÕ ............................................. 80 3.4. øUDQ¶ÕQ(VDG5HMLPLQH9HUGL÷L'HVWH÷LQ1LWHOL÷L ................................................ 83 3.4.1. *YHQOLN'HVWH÷L ............................................................................................. 83 3.4.2. (NRQRPL'HVWH÷L ............................................................................................. 88 3.4.3. 0HG\DGD3URSDJDQGD'HVWH÷L ......................................................................... 91 3.4.4. Diplomatik Destek .......................................................................................... 93 3.5. øUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\H3ROLWLNDODUÕQD7HSNLOHU ................................................................. 95 3.6. øUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\H3ROLWLNDVÕQÕQ7UNL\HLOHøOLúNLOHULQH(WNLVL .................................. 98 6218d ......................................................................................................................... 102. i.
(7) .$<1$.d$ ............................................................................................................... 105 g=*(d0øù ................................................................................................................. 115. ii.
(8) KISALTMALAR ABD AB AK ).g NATO NPT ø.g .ø. SSCB. : Amerika %LUOHúLN'HYOHWOHUL $YUXSD%LUOL÷L : Adalet ve .DONÕQPD Partisi )LOLVWLQ.XUWXOXúgUJW : Kuzey Atlantik $QODúPDVÕ gUJW : 1NOHHU6LODKODUÕQ<D\ÕOPDVÕQÕgQOHPH AnODúPDVÕ øVODP.RQIHUDQVÕgUJW .|UIH]øúELUOL÷L.RQVH\L 6RY\HW6RV\DOLVW&XPKXUL\HWOHU%LUOL÷L. iii.
(9) <ksek Lisans Tez gzeti. S$h Sosyal Bilimler EnstitV. 7H]LQ%DúOÕ÷Õ $UDS%DKDUÕ6UHFLQGHøUDQ¶ÕQSuriye 3ROLWLNDVÕ 7H]LQ<D]DUÕ &QH\W'2ö586g=/h 'DQÕúPDQ 'Ro'U$OL%$/&, 6D\ID6D\ÕVÕ YL |QNÕVÕP
(10) 6(tez). Kabul Tarihi: 10.07.2013. $QDELOLPGDOÕ UluslaUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU øUDQ øVODP'HYULPL¶QGHQVRQUDLGHRORMLNELUGÕúSROLWLNDROXúWXUPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕr. )DNDWEXSROLWLNDQÕQHNRQRPL YHJYHQOLNED]ÕQGDROXPVX] VRQXoODUÕøUDQ¶Õ\DYDú \DYDúLGHRORMLNGÕúSROLWLNDdan tavizler verPH\HLWPLúWLU%XQXQ\DQÕQGDEDúDJHOHQ \HQLOLGHUOHULQGQ\DJ|UúOHULQGHNLGH÷LúLP GHEXVUHFLEHVOHPLúWLU%XVUHo GHYDPÕQGDøUDQGÕúSROLWLNDVÕQGDSUDJPDWL]P, LGHRORML\HNDUúÕ]DIHUND]DQPÕúWÕU $\UÕFDøUDQ¶ÕQGÕúSROLWLNDVÕQGDn PLUDVNDODQLGHRORMLNoÕNÕúODU GDøUDQ¶ÕQ pragmatizPLQHNDWNÕVD÷ODPDNDPDFÕ\ODNXOODQÕOPD\DEDúODQPÕúWÕUøUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\HLOH LOLúNLOHULonun GÕúSROLWLNDGDNLSUDJPDWL]PLQLHQL\L|UQHNOH\HQXQVXUROPXúWXUøUDQ¶ÕQ Suriye¶\H olan stUDWHMLNLKWL\DFÕRQXYD]JHoLOPH]ELUPWWHILNKDOLQHJHWLUPLúWLU+HU QHNDGDUEX\DNÕQODúPDNLPLOHULWDUDIÕQGDQPH]KHSVHOELUSROLWLNDúHNOLQGH GH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúROVDGDLNLONHQLQ biUELUOHULKDNNÕQGDNL DOJÕODUÕEXQX \DQOÕúODPDNWDGÕU$\UÕFDLNLONHPH]KHELQLQELUELUOHULQGHQROGXNoDIDUNOÕWHRORMLN XQVXUODUÕ LoHUPHVLEXQX\DQOÕúOD\DQGL÷HUELUHWNHQROPXúWXU 6XUL\H¶QLQMHRVWUDWHMLNNRQXPXYHPWWHILNOL÷HYDUDQLOLúNLOHULGROD\ÕVÕ\ODøUDQ$UDS %DKDUÕVUHFLQGH6XUL\HNRQXVXQGDIDUNOÕELUSROLWLNDL]OHPH\H\|QHOPLúWLUøUDQLoLQ 6XUL\H¶QLQND\EÕKHP+L]Eullah¶ÕQKHPGH+DPDV¶ÕQND\EÕDQODPÕWDúÕ\DFDNWÕU$\UÕFD EXGXUXPøUDQ¶Õn elini DVOLGúPDQODUÕRODUDNJ|UG÷$%'YHøVUDLO¶H NDUúÕROGXNoD JoV]OHúWLUHFHNWLU'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODøUDQVHYLQoOHNDUúÕODGÕ÷Õ$UDS%DKDUÕ¶QGD6XUL\H¶\H NDUúÕLVWLVQDi ELUWDYÕULoLQHJLUPLúWLUøGHRORMLNRODUDNGDKD\DNÕQNDEXOHGLOHELOHFHN PXKDOLIOHUHNDUúÕODLNNDUDNWHUOL\|QHWLPHGHVWHNYHUPLúWLU%X\|QHWLPLQ GHYULOPHPHVLLoLQJYHQOLNHNRQRPLYHGLSORPDVL\|QQGHQKHUWUO\DUGÕPÕ YHUPLúWLUYHYHUPH\HGHdevam etmektedir.. Anahtar Kelimeler: øUDQ6XUL\H$UDS%DKDUÕ3UDJPDWL]PøGHRORML. iv.
(11) Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences. Abstract of Master¶V Thesis. Title of the Thesis: Iranian Foreign Policy Towards Syria During Arap Spring Author: &QH\W'2ö586g=/hSupervisor: 'Ro'U$OL%$/&, Date: 10.07.2013. Nu. Of pages: vi (pre text) + 106 (main body). Department: International Relations After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran has tried to conduct an ideological foreign policy. However, the negative results of this policy in the fields of economy and security has pushed Iran to make concessions from its ideological foreign policy. In DGGLWLRQ,UDQ¶V new leaders who had different political ideologies have contributed to this process. These leaders supported pragmatism rather than radical ideology. As a result of that, pragmatist leaders outclassed against ideologists. Furthermore, Iran has begun to use ideological discourses that inherited from its past in order to contribute its rational policy. In this context, the relations between Iran and Syria are the best elements that demonstrate Iranian pragmatism. The strategically importance of Syria for Iran made this country an indispensable ally for Iran. Although the convergence of these two states is seen as a result of sectarian policy, perceptions of the countries to each other falsify that argument. Another major factor which falsifies this argument is the difference in their theological sectarian beliefs. 6\ULD¶Vgeo-strategic location and its vital relations with Iran have led Iran to pursue a pro-status quo policy towards Syria in the process of Arab Spring. From Iranian perspective the loss of Syria would mean the loss both Hezbollah and Hamas in the Levant region. As a result of that, this develRSPHQWZRXOGZHDNHQ,UDQ¶VSRZHU against the West especially the U.S.A. and Israel. Therefore, Iran has conducted exception policy which is inconsistence with its ideology. Because Iran has supported secular government against the demonstrators who are ideologically closer to Iran than Syrian secular government. Iran tried and still tries to prevent overthrow of Syrian government by giving economic and security assistance to them.. Key Words: Iran, Syria, Arab Spring, Pragmatism, Ideology. v.
(12) *ø5øù *HQLú KDON NLWOHOHULQLQ NDWÕOÕPÕ VRQXFX ROXúDQ GHYULPOHUGH LNWLGDUÕQ HO GH÷LúWLUPHVL LOH \HQL NXUXODQ VLVWHPOHUGH LGHRORMLOHU |Q SODQD oÕNDU dLoH÷L EXUQXQGD GHYULPOHU ideolojilerini ONH LoLQGH X\JXODPDNOD NDODPD] EXQX GÕú SROLWLNDODUÕQD GD X\JXODPaya oDOÕúÕUODU1 /HQLQEXGXUXPXú|\OHDoÕNODU ³KHUGHYULPOLGHULELULGHRORML\HVDKLSROXUYH GHYULPLQL EX WHRUL\H J|UH RWXUWPD\D oDOÕúÕU´ gUQH÷LQ )UDQVÕ] 'HYULPi¶nde ³HúLWOLN |]JUON YH DGDOHW´ %ROúHYLN 'HYULPi ve dLQ 'HYULPlerinde ³Vosyalizm ve emSHU\DOL]P NDUúÕWOÕ÷Õ´ D÷ÕU EDVPÕúWÕU )DNDW ]DPDQOD EX ONHOHU \DQL GHYULP V|\OHPLQH VDKLS RODQ ONHOHU EX DPDoODUGDQ X]DNODúPD\D EDúODPÕúODU YH\D X]DNODúPD\D ]RUODQPÕúODUGÕU %XQXQ \DQÕQGD GHYULP LOH EDúD JHOHQOHU, devrimlerini VD÷ODPODúWÕUPDN DPDFÕ\OD EX V|\OHPOHULQL GHYULPLQ LON \ÕOODUÕQGD VUHNOL GLOH JHWLUPLúOHUGLU 'HYULPOHEDúD JHOHQOLGHUOHUYH\D \|QHWLPOHU, zamanla edindikleri siyDVL WHFUEHOHUve ideolojik temelli GÕú SROLWLNDQÕQ JHWLUGL÷L yalnÕ]ODúPDGÕúODQPD LOH EX SROLWLNDODUÕQGan tavL]OHU YHUPH\H EDúODUODU %X GR÷UXOWXGD JHUHN HNRQRPLQin gerilemesi (bu devrimi GHVWHNOH\HQ KDON QH]GLQGH GHYULPH RODQ GHVWH÷L D]DOWPDNWD
(13) JHUHNVH \DOQÕ]ODúPDQÕQ JHWLUGL÷L JYHQOLN HQGLúHVL, ONHOHUL GHYULPLQ GÕú SROLWLND ideolojileri konusunda revizyRQ \DSPD\D LWPHNWHGLU %X ED÷ODPGD GHYULPOH EDúD JHOHQ ve kendi devrimini GÕúDUÕ\D\D\PD\DoDOÕúDQøUDQGDD\QÕGXUXPX\DúDPÕúWÕU øUDQ øVODP 'HYULPL¶QLQ VL\DVL KXNXNL YH UXKDQL |QGHUL 5XKXOODK 0XVDYL Humeyni, devrLPGHQ VRQUD øUDQ¶ÕQ Lo VL\DVHWLQGHQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQD NDGDU KHPHQ KHU alanda GH÷LúLNlikOHUROXúWXUPXúWXU'HYULP|QFHVL PLOOL\HWoL XQVXUX LOH|QSODQD oÕNDQ YH%DWÕ \DQOÕVÕWLSLNELU2UWDGR÷X ONHVL J|UQPQHVDKLSRODQøUDQGHYULPGHQVRQUD XOXVODUDUDVÕ DUHQDGD \HS\HQL ELU NRQXPD VDKLS ROPXúWXU Humeyni, devrimden sonra \|QHWLPL WDP RODUDN NHQGL NRQWUROQH DOGÕ÷ÕQGD ders verirNHQ VUHNOL YXUJXODGÕ÷Õ LGHRORMLN VLVWHPL ROXúWXUPD\D EDúODPÕúWÕU %X GR÷UXOWXGD |QFHOLNOH Lo VL\DVHWWH GLQL NHVLPL HQ VW G]H\H \HUOHúWLUPLú ve GROD\ÕVÕ\OD GÕú SROLWLka\Õ GD GLQL NHVLPLQ HOLQH. 1. Shireen Hunter T., ³,UDQDQGWKH:RUOG &RQWLQXLW\LQD5HYROXWLRQDU\'HFDGH´, Indiana Press, 1990, s.185.. 1.
(14) YHUPLúWLU. HattDEDúÕQGDEXOXQGX÷XGLQLNHVLPLQ GÕú SROLWLNDGD LoSROLWLND\D J|UHGDKD ID]ODLQLVL\DWLIDOPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU2 øUDQ, GHYULPGHQVRQUDNLLON\ÕOODUGDGÕú politikada Humeyni ve ekibinin NRQWURODOWÕQGD ideolojik biU VL\DVHW oDEDVÕQD JLUPLúWLU %X LGHRORMLN VL\DVHWWH |Q SODQD oÕNDQ XQVXU PHYFXW GQ\D VLVWHPLQH NDUúÕ oÕNDUDN \HULQH øVODPL ELU G]HQ NXUXOPDVÕ ROPXúWXU.3 Humeyni, PHYFXWXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPGH³H]HQOHU´ ]DOLPOHU
(15) YH³H]LOHQOHU´ PD]OXPODU
(16) úHNOLQGHLNLNDPSWDQEDKVHWPLúWLUZalimler grubunda EDúÕoHNHQler ABD ve Sovyetler %LUOL÷L LNHQ GL÷HU 0VOPDQ ONHOHU |]HOOLNOH N|UIH] ONeleri izledikleri politikalarla H]HQOHUNDPSÕQDKL]PHWHWPHNWHGLU4 øUDQ GHYULPGHQ VRQUD ³1H 'R÷X 1H %DWÕ´ V|\OHPL\OH KHP 6RY\Htler %LUOL÷L KHP GH ABD LOH LOLúNLOHULQL NHVHUHN GQ\D G]HQLQH PH\GDQ RNXPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU Humeyni G|QHPLQLQ øUDQ¶Õ ]alim ONHOHU LOH LOLúNLOHULQGHQGROD\Õ ELUoRN øVODP ONHVLQLQ UHMLPLQL JD\UL PHúUX RODUDN J|UPú YH EX ONHOHUH GHYULP LKUDo HGLOPHVL gereNWL÷LQL VDYXQPXúWXU. Humeyni bununla, DGLO ROPD\DQ G]HQLQ RUWDGDQ NDONPDVÕ LoLQ GL÷HU GHYOHWOHULQGHøUDQJLELøVODPL\|QHWLPHVDKLSROPDVÕDPDFÕQÕJWPúWU. +XPH\QLG|QHPLQGHL]OHQPH\HoDOÕúÕODQ LGHRORMLNGÕúSROLWLNDøUDQ¶ÕKHPE|OJHGHKHP de uluslararDVÕDUHQDGD\DOQÕ]OÕ÷D LWPLúWLU%XG|QHPGHøUDQ,UDNLOH\ÕOVUHQ uzun bir VDYDúD JLUPLúWLU 6DYDúWD VLODK YH SDUD \DUGÕPÕQD GX\XODQ LKWL\Do øUDQ¶Õ GÕú SROLWLNDGD ideolojiGHQ WDYL]OHU YHUPH\H LWPLúWLU %X NRQXGD ODLN NDUDNWHU WDúÕPDVÕQD YH øUDQ¶ÕQ ideolRMLN GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQD WHUV GúPHVLQH UD÷PHQ Suri\H øUDQ¶D GHVWHN YHUPLúWLU. %XQXQODELUOLNWH øUDQEXQGDQVRQUDHOHúWLUGL÷LG]HQHDGDSWHROPD\DoDOÕúPÕúYHWHFULW HGLOGL÷LONHOHUOHLOLúNLNXUPD\DEDúODPÕúWÕU ùXDQPHYFXW G]HQGHøUDQ³1H'R÷X1H%DWÕ´ V|\OHPLQGHNL³'R÷X´\XEXQXQGÕúÕQGD WXWPD\DEDúOD\DUDN5XV\DLOHLOLúNLOHULQLLWWLIDNNRQXPXQDJHWLUPLúWLU%DWÕ $%'KDULo
(17) LOH RODQ LOLúNLOHULQGHki V|\OHP ED]ÕQGDNL VHUWOLN D]DOPÕú YH D\UÕFD HNRQRPLN RODUDN LOLúNLlerini GL÷HU ONHOHULQ VWDQGDUGÕQD JHWLUPLúWLU $\UÕFD ELU ]DPDQODU GHYULP LKUDFÕ SROLWLNDVÕ VDYXQDQ øUDQ NHQGLVLQLQ LGHRORMLN SROLWLNDODUÕQD IÕUVDW ROXúWXUDELOHFHN ./$IUDVÕDEÕ³$IWHU.KRPHLQL 1HZ'LUHFWLRQVLQ,UDQ¶V)RUHLJQ3ROLF\´, Boulder & San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994, s. 28. 3 *|NKDQdHWLQVD\D³5DIVDQFDQL¶GHQ+DWHPL¶\HøUDQ'Õú3ROLWLNDVÕQD%DNÕúODU´7UNL\H¶QLQ.RPúXODUÕ, Der.: 0XVWDID7UNHúøOKDQ8]JHOøPJH.LWDEHYL$QNDUDV 4 $WLOOD6DQGÕNOÕYH%LOJHKDQ(PHNOLOHU³.DRV6HQDU\RODUÕQÕQ0HUNH]LQGHøUDQ´Bilgesam, No: 40, Ocak 2012, s. 10 2. 2.
(18) 0VOPDQD\DNODQPDODUDNDUúÕVHVVL]NDOPÕúWÕU %XQXQ\DQÕQGD³%\NùH\WDQ´RODUDN WDELU HWWL÷L ABD LOH \HUL JHOGL÷LQGH ELU 0VOPDQ ONH\H NDUúÕ ELOH ortak politikaya VDKLSRODELOPLúWLU. øUDQGH÷LúHQGÕúSROLWiNDVÕQÕQYH\DSUDJPDWL]PLQHQL\L|UQH÷LQL6XUL\HLOHLOLúNLOHULQGH J|VWHUPiúWLU 6HNOHU UHMLPH VDKLS RODQ +DIÕ] (VDG \|QHWLPLQGHNL 6XUL\H LOH úDUWODUÕQ JHWLUGL÷L ]RUXQluluNODUGDQ GROD\Õ \DNÕQODúDQ øUDQ GDKD VRQUDODUÕ EX ONH\L YD]JHoHPH\Hce÷L ELU PWWHILNL RODUDN J|UPH\H EDúODPÕúWÕU %X GR÷UXOWXGD øUDQ ideolojik GÕúSROLWLNDVÕQGD E\NoDWODNROXúWXUDFDNELUVWUDWHMLL]OHPLúWLU%XVWUDWHMLGH øUDQ +XPH\QL¶QLQ WDQÕPODPDVÕQD J|UH JD\UL PHúUX RODQ 6XUL\H UHMLPLQL, RQD NDUúÕ D\DNODQDQ ³PXVWD]DIODUD´ NDUúÕ, oÕNDUODUÕ VHEHEL LOH GHVWHNOHPLúWLU 6XUL\H UHMLPLQLQ 0VOPDQODUDNDUúÕX\JXODGÕ÷ÕVHUWSROLWLNDODUøUDQ¶ÕQJQGHPLQHGDKLJHOPHPLúWLU øUDQ¶ÕQ $UDS %DKDUÕ¶QGDNL 6XUL\H SROLWLNDODUÕQD EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD WP EXQODUÕQ VRQXoODUÕQÕ J|UPHN PPNQGU øUDQ $UDS %DKDUÕ¶QÕ 6XUL\H¶\H XODúPDGDQ |QFH JHQHO RODUDN ROXPOX NDUúÕODPÕúWÕU +DWWD D\DNODQDQ $UDS KDONODUÕQÕ øUDQ¶Õ $%' GHVWH÷L\OH \|QHWHQ úDKÕ ¶GD øVODP 'HYULPL LOH GHYLUHQ øUDQ KDONÕ\OD |]GHúOHúWLUHUHN kendi devrimini E|OJHGH \DúDQPDNWD RODQ JHOLúPHOHUH ELU PRGHO RODUDN VXQPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU g]HOOLNOH øUDQ¶ÕQ 2UWDGR÷X¶GD HQ |QHPOL UDNLEL olan 0ÕVÕU¶GD \|QHWLPLQ GH÷LúPHVL YH ROD\ODUÕQ N|UIH] ONHOHULQGH de de÷LúLP JHWLUPH EHNOHQWLVL øUDQ WDUDIÕQGDQ ROGXNoD E\N ELU ND]DQÕP RODUDN DOJÕODQPÕúWÕU. Bu noktadD E|OJHGH \HQL \|QHWLPOHU øUDQ LOH LOLúNL kurmaya EDúODPÕúWÕU. OOD\ODUÕQ, RWX]\ÕOOÕNPWWHILNL6XUL\H¶\HVÕoUDPDVÕLVHøUDQ¶GDUDKDWVÕ]OÕ÷D \RODoPÕúWÕU 2OD\ODUÕQ LON DúDPDVÕQGD %HúúDU (VDG¶D KDONÕQ UHIRUP WDOHELQH NDUúÕ DGÕPODU DWPDVÕQÕ V|\OHPLúWLU )DNDW ]DPDQOD ROD\ODUÕQ GDKD ID]OD DUWPDVÕ YH J|VWHULFLOHULQ (VDG¶Õ devirmek istemeleri sonucu øUDQ ROD\ODUÕQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ ELU NRPSORQXQ HVHUL ROGX÷XQX VDYXQPXúWXU 0ÕVÕU¶GD 0VOPDQ .DUGHúOHULQ \|QHWLPH. gelmesini. olumlu. GH÷HUOHQGLUHQøUDQ6XUL\H¶GHLVHLGHRORMLNRODUDN0ÕVÕU¶GDNLQH \DNÕQYHRUDGDQGHVWHN DODQ6XUL\H0VOPDQ.DUGHúOHUL¶QLELUR\XQDDOHWROPDNODVXoODPÕúWÕU$\UÕFDøUDQEX SROLWLND LOH E|OJHGH HPSHU\DOL]PH NDUúÕ ELUOLNWH VDYDúWÕ÷Õ PWWHILNL +DPDV LOH D\UÕ GúPúWU.ÕVDFDøUDQE|OJHGHLGHRORMLNRODUDND\QÕRUWDNSROLWLNDGDEXOXúWX÷XELUoRN NHVLPGHQIDUNOÕELU\RODJLUPLúWLU. 3.
(19) 6RQXo RODUDN øUDQ WHFULW HGLOPLú ELU E|OJHGH, PWWHILNOL÷LQLQ \DQÕQGD VWUDWHMLN konumunuQ |QHPL GROD\ÕVÕ\OD 6XUL\H¶\L ND\EHWPH ULVNLQL J|]H DOPDPÕúWÕU 6WUDWHMLN oÕNDUODUÕ LoLQ EX GHUHFH |QHPOL J|UG÷ (VDG \|QHWLPLQGHNL 6XUL\H¶\L VDYXQPDN LoLQ KHUWUOoDEDLoLQHJLUPLúWLUYHKDOHQEXoDEDODUÕQÕVUGUPHNWHGLU. dDOÕúPDQÕQ$PDFÕYHgQHPL dDOÕúPDQÕQ WHPHO DPDFÕ $UDS %DKDUÕ VUHFLQGH øUDQ¶ÕQ 6XUL\H¶\H \|QHOLN RODUDN L]OHGL÷LSROLWLNDQÕQV|\OHQHQLQDNVLQHPH]KHSVHO\DNÕQOÕ÷ÕQGH÷LOoÕNDUJHUH÷LX\JXODQDQ VL\DVHWLQ ELU VRQXFX ROGX÷X WH]LQL LQFHOHPHNWLU %XQX \DSDUNHQ LON RODUDN øUDQ¶ÕQ pragmatik ELUSROLWLNDL]OH\HELOHFH÷L øUDQ¶ÕQ VRQUDVÕGÕúSROLWLNDVÕDQDOL]HGLOHUHN DQODWÕOPÕúWÕU 'DKD VRnUD 6XUL\H¶QLQ VWUDWHMLN RODUDN øUDQ LoLQ QH NDGDU |QHPOL ROGX÷X WDULKVHO LOLúNLOHU |UQHNOHUL\OH J|VWHULOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD LNL ONHQLQ me]KHSVHO RODUDN IDUNOÕ Xo QRNWDODUGD ROGX÷X LúOHQHUHN øUDQ¶ÕQ 6XUL\H¶\H \|QHOLN PH]KHSVHO ELU SROLWLND L]OHPHVLQLQ PPNQ ROPDGÕ÷Õ EHOLUWLOPHN LVWHQPLúWLU Bu WHúKLVWHQ KDUHNHWOH øUDQ¶ÕQ 6XUL\H ROD\ODUÕQD LOLúNLQ VWUDWHMLN KDUHNHWLQLQ ELU JHUH÷L olarak muKDOLIOHUHNDUúÕ(VDG\|QHWLPLQHGHVWHNYHUGL÷LVRQXFXoÕNDUWÕOPÕúWÕU dDOÕúPDQÕQ<|QWHPL %X oDOÕúPDQÕQ VD÷OÕNOÕ ELU ]HPLQH RWXUDELOPHVL YH GR÷UX VRQXoODUD XODúÕODELOPHVL LoLQ ND\QDN YH ILNLU oHúLWOLOL÷LQH |QHP YHULOPLúWLU. gQFHOLNOH EX NRQXGD øUDQ¶ÕQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD SUDJPDWL]PLQ KDNLP ROGX÷X J|VWHULOPHN DPDFÕ\OD øUDQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD HWNLQRODQNLúLOHULQV|\OHPOHULYHVL\DVHWOHULLQFHOHQPLúWLU'DKDVRQUDEXNRQXGDX]PDQ NLúLOHULQ ND\QDNODUÕ WDUDQPÕú YH EX DUJPDQÕ GR÷UXOD\DQ |UQHNOHU LúOHQPLúWLU $\UÕca oDOÕúPDQÕQ VRQ NÕVPÕQGD NRQXQXQ JQFHOOL÷LQL NRUXPDVÕ VHEHEL\OH LQWHUQHWWHNL KDEHU siteleri kullanÕOPÕúWÕU 7H]LQøoHUL÷LYH.DSVDPÕ %X WH] LoHULN RODUDN øUDQ¶ÕQ $UDS %DKDUÕ VUHFLQGH 6XUL\H¶GH X\JXODGÕ÷Õ SROLWLNDQÕQ LGHRORMLN GH÷LO VWUDWHMLN oÕNDUÕ GR÷UXOWXVXQGD úHNLOOHQGL÷LQL LQFHOH\HQ o E|OPGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU %LULQFL NÕVÕPGD øVODP 'HYULPL¶ndeQ VRQUD øUDQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQÕQ LGHRORMLGHQ SUDJPDWL]PH HYLULOGL÷L LúOHQPLúWLU øNLQFL NÕVÕPGD LVH ELULQFL E|OPGH øUDQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD YXUJXODQDQ SUDJPDWL]PLQ HQ L\L |UQH÷LQL WHPVLO HGHQ 6XUL\H LOH RODQ. 4.
(20) LOLúNLOHUHOHDOÕQPÕúWÕU%XDPDoOD LNLOLLOLúNLOHULQ|QFHOLNOHWDULKVHOER\XWXLúOHQPLúGDKD sonra iNLONHQLQ\DNÕQODúPDVÕQÕQDVÕOQHGHQOHULQLQQHOHUROGX÷XLQFHOHQPLúWLU 7H]LQVRQE|OPQGHLVHGL÷HULNLE|OPGHQoÕNDUÕODQVRQXFXQELUJHUH÷LRODUDNøUDQ¶ÕQ 6XUL\H ROD\ODUÕQGD (VDG \|QHWLPLQLQ \DQÕQGD \HU DOPDVÕ YH 6XUL\H Uejimini ayakta WXWPDNDPDFÕ\ODX\JXODGÕ÷Õ\|QWHPOHULúOHQPLúWLU. 5.
(21) %g/h0 ø5$1',ù32/ø7ø.$'g1hùh0h ø'(2/2-øDEN P5$*0$7ø=0( 1.1. 1979- øGHRORML-Pragmatizm dDWÕúPDVÕ øUDQ¶GD GHYULP LOH EDúOD\DQ GÕú SROLWLNDQÕQ QDVÕO úHNLOOHQHFH÷L WDUWÕúPDODUÕ GHYULPLQ KHPHQ DNDELQGH JHQHO RODUDN LNL IDUNOÕ DODQGD ROPXúWXU %X WDUWÕúPDODU GHYULPLQ PH\GDQDJHOGL÷L1979 ve rehine krizinLQ\DúDQGÕ÷Õ \ÕOODUÕQGDYHVRQUDVÕQGD ortaya oÕNPÕúWÕU%X\ÕOODUGDGHYULPLQDQD\DVDVÕKHQ]ROXúWXUXOPDPÕúYHGDKDVRQUDDQD\DVD LOHJFQNDQÕWOD\DFDNRODQGLQDGDPODUÕVÕQÕIÕRWRULWHVLQLWDPRODUDNNXUDPDPÕúWÕ øUDQ¶GD GHYULP |QFHVLQGH HQ JoO ILJU RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNDQ +XPH\QL EXQX GHYULP VUHFLQGH GH VUGUPú YH GHYULP VRQUDVÕQGD ONHVLQH GHYULPLQ EDúNDKUDPDQÕ RODUDN G|QPúWU+XPH\QLONHVLQHD\DNEDVDUEDVPD]RODVÕWHSNLOHUHNDUúÕÕOÕPOÕWDQÕQDQYH JHoPLúWH komunist 7XGHK 3DUWLVL¶QGH EXOXQDQ 0HKGL %D]DUJDQ¶Õ GHYULPLQ EDúEDNDQÕ olarak VHoPLúWLr.5 Bunun sonucunda, 1979- \ÕOODUÕQGD GHYULPLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQÕQ QDVÕORODFD÷ÕWDUWÕúPDODUÕEDúODPÕúYHEXWDUWÕúPDODUUHDOLVWELUGÕúSROLWLNDEHQLPVHGL÷L NDEXO J|UHQ 0HKGL %D]DUJDQ¶ÕQ WHPVLO HWWL÷L NHVLP LOH GÕú SROLWLNDGD GLQL LGHRORML\L PHUNH]HRWXUWPD\DoDOÕúDQdini kesim DUDVÕQGD \DúDQPÕúWÕU. %D]DUJDQ +NPHWL J|UHYH JHOLU JHOPH] JHQHO RODUDN LNL DPDo EHQLPVHPLúWL GHYULP VUHFLQGH HNRQRPLk YH VL\DVL DoÕGDQ WDKULS RODQ ONH\L \HQLGHQ LQúD HWPHN YH øUDQ¶Õ XOXVODUDUDVÕWRSOXPDGkKLOHWPHN6 %D]DUJDQLNLQFLDPDFÕQGDGHYULPLQGLQLOLGHUOHULLOH NDUúÕ NDUúÕ\D JHOPHN ]RUXQGD NDOPÕúWÕU %X konuda NDUúÕVÕQD LON oÕNDQ +XPH\QL¶QLQ )UDQVD VUJQQGHQ VRQUD ROXúWXUGX÷X 'HYULPFL .RQVH\ ROPXúWXU %D]DUJDn KNPHWLQLQ SROLWLNDODUÕQÕQ realist ve laik LQWLEDÕ X\DQGÕUPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ RQD NDUúÕ devrimin dini liderleri de harekete JHoPLúOHUGLU %X VHEHSOH +XPH\QL YH GL÷HU GLQL OLGHUOHUVL\DVHWWHEXWUoÕNÕúODUDNDUúÕJoOHULQLVDELWOHúWLUPHNYHDUWÕUPDNLoLQNurumsal \DSÕODQGÕUPD\D EDúYXUPXúODUGÕ gUQH÷LQ øVODP &XPKXUL\HWL 3DUWLVL¶QL NXUPXúlar ve iktidara kendi pROLWLNDODUÕ GR÷UXOWXVXQGD KDUHNHt eden JUXSODUÕ JHWLUPLúOHUGLU $\UÕFD øVODP Devrimi 0XKDIÕ]ODUÕQÕ GD NXUDUDN GHYULP NDUúÕWÕ PXKDOHIHWL RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUmaya oDOÕúPÕúODUGÕU 5 6. hQDO*QGR÷DQøUDQYH2UWDGR÷XøVWDQEXO$GUHV<D\ÕQODUÕ 2005, s. 124. *QGR÷DQ, s. 127.. 6.
(22) .ÕVDVUHQEDúEDNDQOÕ÷ÕQGD0HKGL%D]DUJDQ6R÷XN6DYDúRUWDPÕQGDLNLEORNODELUGHQ oDWÕúPDQÕQ GR÷UX ROPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ GúQPú YH EX GR÷UXOWXGD $%' LOH \DNÕQ LOLúNLOHU NXUPDN LVWHPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ .DVÕP ¶GD $PHULNDQ %DúNDQÕ¶nÕQ UlusaO *YHQOLN 'DQÕúPDQÕ Zbigniew %U]H]LQVNL LOH LOLúNLOHULQ JHOLúWLULOPHVL DPDFÕ\OD &H]D\LU¶GH ELU J|UúPH \DSPÕúWÕr.7 %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH XOXVODUDUDVÕ DUHQDGDQ VR\XWODQPD\D NDUúÕ RODUDN %D]DUJDQNRPúXODULOHGHL\LLOLúNLOHUNXUPDGúQFHVLQGH\GL +XQWHU¶HJ|re devrimin KHPHQ DUGÕQGDQ øUDQOÕ OLGHUOHU GÕú SROLWLNDGD $PHULND LOH QDVÕO ELU SROLWLND L]OHQHFH÷L NRQXVXQGDIDUNOÕJ|UúOHUYDUGÕ+XPH\QLYHRQXQWDNLSoLVLRODQGLQDGDPODUÕ$PHULND ile LOLúNLOHULQ WDPDPHQ NHVLOPHVLQL LVWHPHVLQH NDUúÕQ %DúEDNDQ 0HKGL %azargan ve 'ÕúLúOHUL %DúNDQÕ øEUDKLP <H]GL JLEL ED]Õ PLOOL\HWoLOHU $PHULND LOH GúPDQ ROXQPDPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQH YH D\UÕFD LOLúNLOHULQ NRSPDVÕ \HULQH D]DOWÕOPDVÕQÕ VDYXQPXúODUGÕr.8 *HUHN EDúEDNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ NÕVD VUPHVLQGHQ JHUHNVH GÕú YH Lo SROLWLND\Õ NHQGL LGeolojileri GR÷UXOWXVXQGD NXUPD\D oDOÕúDQ GLQL |QGHUOHULQ ROD\D PGDKLO ROPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ %D]DUJDQV|\OHPED]ÕQGDNLUHDOLVWGÕúSROLWLNDVÕQÕILLOL\DWDJHoLUHPHPLúWLU9 'LQL|QGHUOHULNDUúÕVÕQDDODQLoYHGÕúSROLWLNDGDNLUHDOLVWV|\OHPDQFDN \ÕOÕQGDki UHKLQHNUL]LQHNDGDUGHYDPHWPLúWLU%D]DUJDQ+NPHWL¶QLQVRQXQXJHWLUHQEXVUSUL] ROD\ ELU JUXS |÷UHQFLQLQ $PHULNDQ HOoLOL÷LQL EDVPDVÕ LOH EDúODPÕú YH HOoLOLN oDOÕúDQODUÕQÕ UHKLQ DOPDVÕ\OD NUL]H G|QúPúWr. Bu beklenmedik olay Amerika ile LOLúNLOHULQ GHYDPÕQÕ VDYXQDQ %D]DUJDQ +NPHWLQH E\N ELU GDUEH LQGLUPLúWLU. 5HKLQHOHULQ VHUEHVW EÕUDNÕOPDVÕQÕ VDYXQDQ %D]DUJDQ GLQL |QGHUOHULQ GH |÷UHQFLOHUL NDUúÕODUÕQD DOPDN LVWHPHPHOHUL VRQXFXQGD LVWLID HWPLúWLU.10 %X ROD\ VUSUL] ELU úHNLOGH Humeyni ve dini lLGHUOHULQ JoOHULQL SHNLúWLUPHOHUL LoLQ IÕUVDW VXQPXúWXU. Krizin uzun VUPHVL ÕOÕPOÕODUÕ YH DQWL-+XPH\QLFL NHVLPL ]D\ÕIODWPÕú YH GLQL OLGHUOHULQ JoOHULQL SHNLúWLUHUHNGLQLRWRULWH\LVD÷ODPODúWÕUDQDQD\DVDQÕQGDJHoPHVLQLVD÷ODPÕúWÕU11. 7. Ibrahim Mahmoud Yaseen Alnahas, Continuity and Change in the Revolutionary Iran Foreign Policy, The Role of International and Domestic Political Factors in Shaping the Iranian Foreign Policy, 1979 ± 2006, USA, LAP Lambert, 2011, s. 46. 8 Alnahas, s. 49. 9 'HYULPVRQUDVÕøUDQGÕúSROLWLNDVÕBelgeler, ùXEDW 10 Nikki R Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2003, s. 89. 11 R. Keddie, s. 90.´. 7.
(23) Bunun akabinde Humeyni, FXPKXUEDúNDQOÕ÷Õ VHoLPOHULQLQ \DSÕOPDVÕ LoLQ oD÷UÕGD EXOXQPXúWXU 'LQL OLGHUOHULQ DGD\ ROPDVÕQÕQ \DVDNODQGÕ÷Õ VHoLPOHUGH GLQL OLGHUOHUH QD]DUDQGDKDÕOÕPOÕRODUDNELOLQHQ(EX¶O-Hasan BenL6DGU2FDN ¶GHGHYULPLQLON FXPKXUEDúNDQÕ ROPXúWXU.12 Sadr J|UHYH JHOGL÷LQGH GHYDP HGHQ UHKLQH NUL]LQH o|]P EXOPDNLoLQUHKLQHOHULQKNPHWHWHVOLPHGLOPHVLoD÷UÕVÕQGDEXOXQPXútur. Fakat ondan IDUNOÕGúQHQ+XPH\QLEXQDWHSNLJ|VWHUPLúYHGXUXPXQPHFOLVWDUDIÕQGDQo|]OPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQL VDYXQPXúWXr. Humeyni, bu durum ile kendi pozisyonunun GL÷HU NXUXPODUGDQ GDKD JoO ROGX÷XQX RUWD\D NR\PXú YH D\UÕFD VHoLOPLú ELU EDúNDQÕQ DFL]OL÷LQLJ|VWHUPLúWLr. Beni Sadr hHUQHNDGDUWHRULNRODUDNøUDQ&umhuriyeti¶nin ikinci E\NJFRODUDNNDEXOHGLOVHGHSUDWLNWHEXJFROGXNoD]D\ÕIWÕ*|UHYGHEXOXQGX÷X yÕOODUGD ELU \DQGDQ +XPH\QL ELU \DQGDQ GD oR÷XQOX÷Xnu GLQ DGDPODUÕQÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷u PHFOLV WDUDIÕQGDQ VÕNÕúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU %X VÕNÕQWÕODU LoLQGH 6DGU UHKLQH NUL]LQL o|]PHN YH $PHULND LOH LOLúNLOHUL G]HOWPHN LoLQ RODVÕ \ROODUÕ GHQHPLúWLr )DNDW R GD NÕVD VUHQ FXPKXUEDúNDQOÕ÷ÕQGD %D]DUJDQ JLEL NHQGLVLQL ]RUD VRNDFDN VUSULz bir olay ile NDUúÕODúPÕúWÕU %XVUSUL]ROD\$PHULND¶QÕQUHKLQHOHULNXUWDUPDWHúHEEV VRQXFXQGDRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU Amerika %DúNDQÕ &DUWHU¶ÕQ WDOLPDWÕ ile rehineleULQ NXUWDUÕOPDVÕ LoLQ ELU NXUWDUPD misyonX JHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU)DNDW EXPLV\RQ EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODVRQXoODQPÕúYHEX durum GDGLQLOLGHUOHUWDUDIÕQGDQùDK¶ÕQ ¶WHNLJLEL WHNUDU \|QHWLPHJHWLULOPHVLDPDoODQDQ bir darbHJLULúLPLRODUDNDQODúÕOPÕúWÕU. BunuQ\DQÕQGDEu olay din liderlerin devrimden VRQUDNLJoOHULQLDUWÕUDQLNLQFLELUvakÕa ROPXúWXU13 5HKLQHNUL]LQGHROGX÷XJLELEXROD\ GDøUDQOÕODUÕD\QÕSD\GDGDELUOHúWLUPLúYHbunu kullanarak ROD\DVHUWWHSNLJ|VWHUHQGLQL liderlerin PHúUuL\HWL VD÷ODPODúPÕúWÕU %XQXQOD +XPH\QL YH RQXQ WDNLSoLOHUL KDON WDUDIÕQGDQVDGÕNELUDQWL-HPSHU\DOLVWRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLr. Bu olaydan sonra Beni Sadr, GHYULPLQoÕNDUODUÕQDWHUVSROLWLNDL]OHPH\HoDOÕúPDVÕQGDQ |WU devrim liderinin talebi YH øVODPL ùXUD Meclisi¶nin RQD\ODPDVÕ\OD J|UHYLQGHQ DOÕQPÕúWÕU %XQGDQ VRQUD GÕú SROLWLNDGD +XPH\QL¶\L UDKDWVÕ] HWPH\HFHN RODQ Seyit Ali +DPDQH\LúEDúÕQDJHOPLúWLU%XGDNÕVDVUHQYHX\JXODPD\DJHoLriOHPH\HQUHDOLVWGÕú. 12 13. Alnahas, 54. Alnahas, 64.. 8.
(24) SROLWLNDQÕQ VRQX YH 5DPD]DQL¶QLQ ³øGHDOLVW dDWÕúPD´ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL÷L \HQL ELU G|QHPLQEDúODQJÕFÕROPXúWXU14 1.2. 'HYULPøGHRORMLVL 'HYULPGHQ |QFH ELU øVODPL GHYOHW NXUPDN LVWHGL÷LQL VUHNOL GLOH JHWLUHQ +XPH\QL GHYULPGHQVRQUDEX \|QGHLONLú RODUDNGHYOHWLQ LVPLQL øUDQ øVODP &XPKXUL\HWLRODUDN GH÷LúWLUPLú YH D\UÕFD VL\DVHWL NHQGL GúQFHOHUL GR÷UXOWXVXQGD \|QOHQGLUHELOHFHN bir siyasi konseyini øVODPL 'HYULP .RQVH\L
(25) ROXúWXUPXúWXr. Humeyni, devrimden sonra øVODPL 'HYULP .RQVH\L¶QL NXUDUDN DVOÕQGD NHQGLVLQL EL]DWLKL VL\DVHWWHQ X]DN WXWPD\D oDOÕúPÕú YHGHYULPGHQ|QFHWDKD\\OHWWL÷L XOXVDO YHXOXVODUDUDVÕ G]H\GHNL øVODPLELU GHYOHWLQ NXUXOXúXQX EX NRQVH\ LOH \|QOHQGLUPH\L GúQPúWr. BX VUHoWH +XPH\QL NHQGLVLQL VL\DVHWWHQ X]DN WXWDUDN VDGHFH |QHPOL VRUXQODUGD ELU DUDEXOXFX gibi davranmaya oDOÕúPÕúve hatta bundan GROD\ÕEDúNHQW7ahran¶ÕWHUNHGHUHN.um kentine \HUOHúPLúWLr.15 )DNDW 7DKUDQ¶GD \HQL LNWLGDU VHoNLQOHUL DUDVÕQGDNL SUREOHPOHU |]ellikle GH øVODPL 'HYULP .RQVH\i¶QGHNL PROODODU DUDVÕQGDNL oHNLúPH
(26) RQX 7DKUDQ¶GDQ DQFDN G|UW KDIWD X]DNWD WXWDELOPLú YH EX GXUum NDUúÕVÕQGD Humeyni, politikaya bizzat GkKLO ROPDJHUHNOLOL÷LQLKLVVHGHUHNVL\DVHWLQPHUNH]L olan TahraQ¶DJHULG|QPúWU. Humeyni VL\DVHWH G|QPHNOH EWQ VL\DVL JUXSODU ]HULQGH Jo PHUNH]L KDOLQH JHOPH\H EDúODPÕúWÕU +XPH\QL EXQGDQ VRQUD NHQGL GúQFHVLQH \DNÕQ J|UG÷ UDGLNDO NHVLPL hemen her alanda desteklemeye ve dL÷HUNHVLPOHULGHGDKDÕOÕPOÕøVODPFÕODUÕ/iberal ve 0DUNVLVWOHULWDVIL\HHWPH\HEDúODPÕúWÕr.16 .ÕVDFDVÕ devrimden hemen sonra meydana gelen ROD\ODUÕQ JHOLúLPLQGH YH DNDELQGH Humeyni, oWRULWHVLQL SHNLúWLUPLú YH NDUúÕ V|\OHPL EDVWÕUDUDN NHQGL VDYXQGX÷X GÕú SROLWLND V|\OHPLQL UDNLSVL] EÕUDNPÕúWÕr. Bundan sonra øUDQ WDUWÕúPDVÕ] RODUDN ELU tHRNUDWLN GHYOHW J|UQP ND]DQPÕúWÕU. Ayetullah Humeyni, HQ \FH \RO J|VWHULFL DQODPÕQD JHOHQ Velayet-i Fakih RODUDN VHoLOPLú ve cXPKXUEDúNDQOÕ÷Õ EDúEDNDQOÕN YH PHFOLVEDúNDQOÕ÷ÕJLELVWG]H\GHYOHWJ|UHYOHUinin ELUoR÷XQD³PROODODU´JHWLULOPLúWLU.17. 14. R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge And Response In The Middle East, The John Hopkins University Press, London,1986, s.22. 15 Alnahas, 64. 16 $KPHW*OHU'HYULPP6RQUDVÕøUDQ'Õú3ROLWLNDVÕ -1997+DFFHWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU (QVWLWV\D\ÕQODQPDPÕú\NVHNOLVDQVWH]L$QNDUDV 17 *OHU, s. 77.. 9.
(27) %|\OHFH ³hoQF 'HYULP´ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ EX JHOLúPH +XPH\QLFL UDGLNDOOHULQ ÕOÕPOÕ-liberaOøVODPFÕODUD NDUúÕ]DIHULROPXúWXU18 Humeyni sahip olGX÷X GLQL GúQFH\L ELUoRN DODQD ROGX÷X JLEL GÕú politikaya da X\DUODPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU. DHYULPGHQ VRQUD NXUGX÷X \HQL UHMLP LOH GÕú SROLWLNDGD HVNL\L UHGGHGHQ YH øVODPL UHIHUDQVODUGDQ Jo DODQ \HQL GDKD ³ED÷ÕPVÕ]OÕNoÕ´ YH ³øVODP PHUNH]FL´ ELU ³LGHDOLVW´ V|\OHP JHOLúWLUPH\H oDOÕúPÕúWÕU +XPH\QL YH GLQL NHVLPLQ EHQLPVHGL÷L yeni GÕú SROLWLND V|\OHPL\OH øUDQ KHP E|OJH SROLWLNDVÕ ]HULQGH KHP GH JOREDOSROLWLND]HULQGHROGXNoD HWNLOLELUDNW|UNRQXPXQDJHOPLúWLU. Hume\QL G|QHPLQLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕ PHYFXW G]HQLQ PHúUXL\HWLQL VRUJXODPÕú YH XOXVODUDUDVÕ LOLúNLOHULQ G]HQOH\LFLVL RODQ KXNXN QRUPODUÕQÕ JHoHUVL] VD\PÕúWÕr.19 5DPD]DQL¶QLQ ³øVODPL (YUHQVHO ']HQ´ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL÷L EX G]HQGH øVODPL hukuNXQ \DúDPD JHoLULOPHViyle adil ELU G]HQLQ RUWD\D oÕNDFD÷Õ LGGLD HGLOPLúWLU. Bu GR÷UXOWXGD $\HWXOODK +XPH\QL¶QLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD LON J|]H oDUSDQ ³1H 'R÷X 1H %DWÕ´V|\OHPLROPXúWXU20 øUDQ¶ÕQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD |Q SODQD oÕNDQ |QHPOL V|\OHPOHUGHQ ELUL RODQ ³1H 'R÷X 1H %DWÕ´NDYUDPÕQDQHW ELUWDQÕPODPD \DSÕOPDPÕúROsa da +XPH\QL¶QLQV|\OHPOHULEunun iki kutba da meydan okuyan ELU \|QWHP ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPLúWLr dQN $\HWXOODK +XPH\QLVSHUJoOHULXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPHKkNLPLOOHJDODNW|UOHURODUDNJ|UPHNWHYH EX LNL VSHU JF GQ\DGD øVODPL ELUOL÷LQLQ |QQGHNL HQ |QHPOL XQVXUODU olarak WDQÕPODPDNWDGÕU21 +XPH\QL¶QLQ ³1H 'R÷X 1H %DWÕ´ NDYUDPÕQÕQ ³$QWL-HPSHU\DOLVW´ RODUDN GD WDQÕPOD\DELOHFH÷LPL]GÕúSROLWLNDSHUVSHNWLILQLNHQGLVLú|\OHDoÕNODPDNWDGÕU ³$PHULND GQ\DQÕQ PDKUXP Ye mazlum halNODUÕQÕQ ELU QXPDUDOÕ GúPDQÕGÕU øQVDQOÕN LoLQ VD\ÕVÕ] IHODNHWLQ VHEHELGLU $MDQODUÕ YDVÕWDVÕ\OD 0VOPDQ RODQ YH\D 0VOPDQROPD\DQWPONHOHUGHWPKDONODUÕNHQGLGHQHWLPOHULDOWÕQDDOPÕúODUGÕU øQJLOWHUH LVH +LQGLVWDQ¶GD 3DNLVWDQ¶GD YH GL÷HU NRORQLOHUGH E\N VXoODU LúOHPLúOHUGLU« %L]OHU $PHULND 6L\RQL]P YH øVUDLO¶LQ EDúÕQÕ oHNWL÷L NUHVHO EDWÕOÕ. *OHU, s. 78. Nasser Kahef Asl, 1979 SoQUDVÕøUDQ¶ÕQ2UWDGR÷X3ROLWLNDVÕYH%|OJHhONHOHULLOHøOLúNLOHUL*D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL Ankara, 2009, s. 54. 20 Ramazani, s. 24. 21 *QGR÷DQ s. 123. 18 19. 10.
(28) \D÷PDFÕODUOD ROGX÷X NDGDU D\QÕ ]DPDQGD XOXVODUDUDVÕ NRPQL]P LOH GH VDYDú KDOLQGH\L] $PHULND øQJLOWHUH¶GHQ N|WGU øQJLOWHUH GH $PHULNDQ¶GDQ N|WGU 6RY\HWOHU ELUOL÷L KHU LNLVLQGHQ GH EHUEDWWÕU %XQODUÕQ KHU ELUL EHUEDW YH ELUL GL÷HUOHULQGHQN|WGU´ 22. +XPH\QL¶QLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGDNL LNL NXWXS NDUúÕWOÕ÷ÕQÕQ teolojik nedenlerine bakarsak EXQGD +XPH\QL¶QLQ ELUoRN DODQD GD X\DUODQDQ ùLL LWLNDGÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQGÕ÷Õ V|\OHQHELOLU %XQD J|UH +] +VH\LQ YH Emevi halifesi Yezit PFDGHOHVLQGH Hz. +VH\LQ JoV] ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ JoO <H]LG¶H NDUúÕ DGDOHWL VDYXQPDNWDQ JHUL GXUPDPÕú KD\DWÕ SDKDVÕQD EXQX GHYDP HWWLUPLúWLU %XQD SDUDOHO RODUDN Ayetullah Humeyni¶QLQ GÕúSROLWLNDLGHRORMLVLQGHXOXVODUDUDVÕVLVWHPGHJoOYHya JoV]VDIÕQGD yer almaktan ziyadHDGDOHWLQ\DQÕQGDROXSROPDPDN |QHPDU]HGHU'L÷HUELULIDGHLOH $\HWXOODK +XPH\QL LoLQ VRQXo ]DIHU JHWLUPHVH GH |QHPOL RODQ PDQHYL DQODPGD GR÷Uu taraftD ROPDNWÕU %X ED÷ODPGD +XPH\QL¶QLQ HPSHU\DOLVW RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL÷L LNL NXWXSOXG]HQLNDUúÕVÕQDDODUDNEHGHO|GHPHNWHQNRUNPDGÕ÷ÕDQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU23 +XPH\QL¶QLQ LNL NXWXSOX GQ\DGD øUDQ¶Õ QDVÕO ELU NRQXPD RWXUWWX÷X oRN |QHP DU] etmektedir. Bu konuda kendLVLQLQV|\OHPOHULQHEDNÕOÕUVDøUDQøVODPGHYULPLQLQ6R÷XN 6DYDú RUWDPÕQGD ELUELUL\OH oDWÕúPDNWD RODQ LNL LGHRORML\H DOWHUQDWLI ROGX÷XQX GúQPHNWHGLU øNL NXWED PH\GDQ RNX\DQ +XPH\QL GHYULPGHQ VRQUD EX GR÷UXOWXGD SROLWLNDODU JWPH\H oDOÕúPÕúWÕU gUQH÷LQ devrimden ELU JQ VRQUD \DQL ùDK UHMLPLQLQ \ÕNÕOÕúÕQÕQ DoÕNODQGÕ÷Õ ùXEDW WDULKLQGH øUDQ &(172¶GDQ D\UÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ ELOGLUPLúWLr%XQDHNRODUDNNDVÕPD\ÕQGD6RY\HW-øUDQ6DYXQPDAntODúPDVÕ IHVKHGLOPLú ve 1921 tarihli Sovyet-øUDQ'RVWOXN$QODúPDVÕQÕQ ve 6. maddeleri de tek tarafOÕRODUDN LSWDOHGLOPLúWLU. %XQXQ\DQÕQGDøUDQ%DWÕLOHKHPHQKHUNRQXGDLOLúNLOHULQLNHVPLúWLU 24 'HYULP VUHFLQGH NXOODQÕODQ ³1H 'R÷X 1H %DWÕ´ V|\OHPL KHU QH NDGDU LNL NXWEX GD hedef alsa da ikisinin GH D\QÕ NHIH\H NRQXODPD\DFD÷Õ GHYULP VUHcinde dile getirilen ³ùDK¶WDQ VRQUD VÕUD $%'¶\H JHOHFHN´ VORJDQÕ LOH EHOLUJLQ KDOH JHOPLúWL. Humeyni V|\OHPOHULQGH RQXQ $PHULND¶QÕQ ³%\N ùH\WDQ´ 6RY\HWOHULQ GH ³.oN ùH\WDQ´ RODUDNQLWHOHQGLULOPHVLEXIDUNÕDoÕNoDRUWD\DNR\PDNWDGÕU. Daha úLGGHWOLRODQ$PHULNDQ NDUúÕWOÕ÷ÕQÕQ DOWÕQGDNL HQ E\N VHEHS NXúNXVX] $PHULND¶QÕQ GHYULP |QFHVLQGHNL øUDQ 22. Alhanas, s. 125. *QGR÷DQV 24 Alhanas, s. 65. 23. 11.
(29) ùDKÕ LOH RODQ PWWHILNOL÷L ROPXúWXU g]HOOLNOH GH GHYULPLQ GLQL OLGHUOHULQL 0XVDGGÕN ROD\ÕQD EHQ]HU ELoLPGH AmeULND¶QÕQ ONHGH GHYULP \DSDUDN ùah¶Õ LNWLGDUD JHWLUHFH÷L NRUNXVX VDUPÕú YH EX GD GHYULPLQ OLGHUOHULQGH $PHULNDQ NDUúÕWOÕ÷ÕQÕQ GR]XQX DUWÕUDQ |QHPOL QHGHQOHUGHQELUL ROPXúWXU%XQXQ \DQÕQGD$PHULND¶QÕQGHYULPVUHFLQGHùDKÕ GHVWHNOH\HQSROLWLNDVÕGDE|\OHELUDOJÕQÕQGL÷HUQHGHQLVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU +XPH\QL¶QLQ'R÷X NRPQL]P
(30) YH%DWÕ NDSLWDOL]P
(31) EOR÷XQDRODQWHSNLVLQLQ \DQÕQGD, bu bloklardan ED÷ÕPVÕ] KDUHNkW HGHQ ONHOHUL GH WDP DQODPÕ\OD ED÷ÕPVÕ] kabul etmemekte YH EXQODUÕQ DoÕN YH\D JL]OL RODUDN bloklara ED÷ÕPOÕ ROGXNODUÕQÕ LGGLD etmekteydi.25 AyUÕFD+XPH\QLVSHUJoOHULQLQED÷ÕPOÕVÕRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLUGL÷LøVODP ONHOHULQLQ]HULQGHVSHUJoOHULQNRPSORNXUPD\DoDOÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPLúWLU+XPH\QL¶\H J|UH \ÕOODUGDQ EHUL HJHPHQ JoOHU øVODP ONHOHUL ]HULQGH R\XQ R\QDPDNWD YH EX R\XQODUÕKD\DWDJHoLUPHNLoLQX÷UDúPDNWD\GÕODU26 Bu oyunlar ile onODUÕQWRSUDNODUÕQÕHOH JHoLUPH\H. YH R WRSUDNODUGD \DúD\DQ LQVDQODUÕ NHQGLOHULQH N|OH \DSPD\D. oDOÕúPDNWD\GÕODU øúWHEXED÷ODPGDKDONÕ N|OHNRQXPXQDJHWLULOPLú ONHOHUL%DWÕOÕODUÕQ EX\UX÷XQGDQNXUWDUPDDGÕQD Humeyni¶QLQ GÕúSROLWLNDVÕQGDLNLQFLWHPHOXQVXURODQYH X]XQ VUHQ WDUWÕúPDODUD QHGHQ RODQ |]HOOLNOH GH $UDS ONHOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ øUDQ¶ÕQ |WHNLOHúWLULOPHVLQHQeden olan) ³GHYULPLKUDFÕ´ fikri ortaya atÕOPÕúWÕU ³GHYULP LKUDFÕ´ +XPH\QL¶QLQ GÕú SROLWLNDGD LGHRORMLN \|QHOLPH VDKLS ROGX÷XQX NDQÕWOD\DQ HQ |QHPOL V|\OHPOHUGHQ ELULGLU 'HYULP LKUDFÕ +XPH\QL¶QLQ JD\UL PHúUX RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL÷L ONHOHU LoLQ úLGGHWOH DU]XODGÕ÷Õ ELU o|]P \ROXGXU +XPH\QL EX \ROOD øUDQ¶ÕQ JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷L GHYULPLQ |QFO÷QGH 0VOPDQ WRSOXPODUD \DUGÕP HWPH\LDPDoODPDNWDGÕU0XKDFLUL¶QLQGHGHGL÷LJLEL³'HYULP¶LQDKODNLGH÷HUOHULQLQYH UXKXQXQGL÷HUXOXVODUDQDNOHGLOPHVLYH øVOkPGHYULPL \ROXQXQRQODUDGDJ|VWHULOPHVL´ DPDFÕ\OD³devriPLKUDFÕ´ X\JXODQÕOPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU.27 Bu amao øUDQ $QD\DVDVÕ¶QÕQ PDGGHVLQGH GH DoÕNoD EHOLUWLOPLúWLU ³øUDQ øVODP CXPKXUL\HWLEHúHULWRSOXPODUÕQWPQGHLQVDQVDDGHWLQLJD\HVLELOLUYHLVWLNODOKUUL\HW YH KDN YH DGDOHW \|QHWLPLQL GQ\D LQVDQODUÕQÕQ WPQQ KDNNÕ RODUDN WDQÕU Binaenaleyh, di÷HUPLOOHWOHULQGDKLOLLúOHULQHKHUQHYLPGDKDOHGHQoHNLQPHNOHELUOLNWH 25. Ramazani, s.22. *QGR÷DQV 27 øVPDLO<XUdakun, 'HYULP6RQUDVÕøUDQ'Õú3ROLWLNDVÕ 6HOoXNhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QHVWLWV \D\ÕQODQPDPÕú\NVHNOLVDQVWH]L.RQ\D V 26. 12.
(32) PD]OXPODUÕQ ]DOLPOHUH NDUúÕ KDNOÕ PFDGHOHOHULQL GQ\DQÕQ QHUHVLQGH ROXUVD ROVXQ KLPD\HHGHU´28 Anayasa¶QÕQ bu PDGGHVLQGH DoÕNoD EHOLUWLOGL÷L JLEL øUDQ 0VOPDQ ONHOHUGH RODVÕ baúNDOGÕUÕODUD GHVWHN YHUPH\L KHGHIOHPLúWLU )DNDW EXQXQ LoLúOHULQH NDUÕúPDGDQ QDVÕO JHUoHNOHúWLULOHFH÷LWDUWÕúPDNRQXVXROPXúWXU$\UÕFDPDGGHKHUQHNDGDUJHQHOELUWDEOR oL]VH GH EXQXQ øVODP FR÷UDI\DVÕ GÕúÕQGDNL E|OJHOHUL NDSVDPDVÕ SUDWLNWH LPNkQVÕ]GÕU29 Bu nedenleGLU NL EX PDGGHQLQ PXKDWDSODUÕ ]DOLPOHULQ WHPVLOFLOL÷LQL \DSWÕNODUÕQÕ LGGLD HWWLNOHUL øVODP FR÷UDI\DVÕ RODFDNWÕU %LU NRQXúPDVÕQGD +DúLPL RafsancDQL EXQX ú|\OH GLOH JHWLUPLúWLU ³'Q\DQÕQ H]LOPLú LQVDQODUÕQD |]HOOLNOH GH 0VOPDQ GQ\DGDNLOHUH GHYULPLKUDoHWPHNJ|UHYLPL]GLU´30 +XPH\QL¶QLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD DQD HWNHQ RODUDN J|UOHQ ³GHYULP LKUDFÕ´ SROLWLNDVÕQÕQ KDQJL úHNLOGH RODFD÷Õ YH KDQJL DUDoODUÕQ NXOODQÕODFD÷Õ WDUWÕúÕODQ NRQXODUGDQ ELUL ROPXúWXU %X WDUWÕúPDODU EDUÕúoÕO \|QWHPL VDYXQDQ 'HYULPFL UHDOLVWOHU LOH úLGGHW \|QWHPLQL VDYXQDQ 'HYULPFL LGHDOLVWOHU DUDVÕQGD ROPXúWXU %X LNL \|QWHPGHQ EDUÕúoÕO RODQ øUDQ OLGHUOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQ V|\OHP RODUDN GDKD D÷ÕU EDVPÕúWÕU g]HOOLNOH GH GHYULP OLGHUL $\HWXOODK +XPH\QL EX NRQXGD EDUÕúoÕO \|QWHPL VUHNOL YXUJXODPÕú YH úLGGHW \|QWHmine JHQHORODUDNNDUúÕoÕNPÕúWÕU.31 %XED÷ODPGD&XPKXUEDúNDQÕ$OL+DPDQH\YH %DúEDNDQ 0XVDYL GH +XPH\QL¶\H NDWÕOPÕúODUGÕU32 Fakat daha ideolojik davranan LGHDOLVWOHU +XPH\QL¶QLQ |QFHNL V|\OHPOHULQGHQ \ROD oÕNDUDN UHDOLVWOHUGHQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN militan ELU \|QWHPL GH VDYXQPXúODUGÕU %X ED÷ODPGD GL÷HU ONHOHUGH EXOXQDQ øVODPFÕ JUXSODUD \|QHWLPHNDUúÕPFDGHOHOHULQGHVLODKYHH÷LWLPNRQXVXQGDGHVWHNYHULOPHVLQL VDYXQPXúODUGÕU33 +HUQHNDGDUOLGHUOHUYH|]HOOLNOHGH+XPH\QLWDUDIÕQdan barÕúoÕO \|QWHPGLOHJHWLULOVH GH NLPL ND\QDNODUGD øUDQ \|QHWLPLQLQ úLGGHWH EDúYXUGX÷X LGGLD HGLOPLúWLU %X ND\QDNODUD J|UH GL÷HU ONHOHUGH EXOXQDQ øUDQOÕ WHPVLOFLOHU LQVDQ NDoÕUPD YH\D Lo VL\DVHWL \|QOHQGLUPH DPDFÕ\OD NÕúNÕUWÕFÕOÕN eylemlerinde bulunPXúWXU %X NDSVDPGD UHMLP DOH\KWDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ ROXúPDVÕ LoLQ GH PDGGL LPNkQODU VD÷ODQPÕú YH hatta H÷LWLm bile øUDQøVOkP&XPKXUL\HWL$QD\DVDVLøPDP+XPH\QL, 2 Mart 2013. *QGR÷DQV 30 A.g.e., s. 124. 31 Yurdakun, s. 78. 32 A.g.e., 79. 33 A.g.e., 79. 28 29. 13.
(33) YHULOPLúWLU. $\UÕFD .XYH\W %DKUH\Q YH 6XXGL ONHOHULQLQ ELUoRN GHYOHW NXUXPODUÕQD ERPEDOÕVDOGÕUÕJHUoHNOHúWLUHQ'DYD3DUWLVL|UJWQQVLODKWHGDULNLQLøUDQ¶GDQVD÷ODGÕ÷Õ LGGLDHGLOPLúWLU34 'HYULPLKUDFÕSROLWLNDVÕøUDQGHYOHWD\JÕWÕQÕQGHVWH÷L\OHROXúWXUXODQUHVPLYH\DUÕUHVPL GHYOHW RUJDQODUÕQFD YH oHúLWOL VLYLO NXUXPODU DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD \UWOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕr.35 gUQH÷LQ 'HYULPGHQ VRQUD EX DPDoOD NXUXODQ øVODPL 7HEOL÷ 7HúNLODWÕ +FFHWL\H 0HGUHVHVL (QGLúH 9DNIÕ )DUDEL 9DNIÕ JLEL NXUXP YH NXUXOXúODU ³øVODPv GúQFH YH NOWU´ GQ\DQÕQ G|UW ELU \DQÕQD \D\PDN LoLQ oHúLWOL J|UVHO ve LúLWVHO SURSDJDQGD WHNQLNOHULQH EDúYXUPXúODUGÕr.36 $\UÕFD EX NXUXP YH NXUXOXúODUD EDVÕQ-\D\ÕQ \ROX\OD SURSDJDQGD \DSÕOPDVÕ \HUHOE|OJHVHOYHXOXVODUDUDVÕG]H\GHVHPLQHUYHNRQIHUDQVODU G]HQOHQPHVL]L\DUHWoLOHULQPDVUDIODUÕQÕQNDUúÕODQPDVÕYH0VOPDQ|÷UHQFLOHUHH÷LWLP YHEXUVYHULOPHVLLoLQGHVWHNVD÷ODQPÕúWÕU37 Humeyni G|QHPLQLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD GLNNDW oHNHQ GL÷HU ELU D\UÕQWÕ GD V|\OHPLQLQ ùLLOLNWHQ]L\DGHøVODPHYUHQVHOOL÷L]HULQHPHVDMODULoHUPHVLGLU%XED÷ODPGD+XPH\QL, GHYULP LKUDFÕ NRQXVXQGD YH GL÷HU PHVHOHOHU KDNNÕQGD VUHNOL 0VOPDQODUÕQ karGHúOL÷LQH vurgu \DSPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD GL÷HU ONHOHUGHNL 0VOPDQ KDNODUÕ LoLQ EHUDEHU KDUHNkW HGLOPHVL JHUHNWL÷Lni EHOLUWPLú YH EX oHUoHYHGH øUDQ¶GD GHYULP VUHFLQL JHQHO RODUDN øVODPL ELU GHYULP RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUPLúWLU 'HYULPLQ DNDELQGH ELUoRN DODQGD JHWLUGL÷L \HQLOLNOHUL Ge .XU¶an YH VQQHWLQ ELU JHUH÷L RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLUPLúWLU Hukuk, WLFDUHW YH HNRQRPL JLEL DODQODUGD \DSÕODQ UHIRUPODU 6QQL NHVLP WDUDIÕQGDQ GD X\JXQ EXOXQDFDN úHNLOGH G]HQOHQPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ +XPH\QL +] 0XKDPPHG VRQUDVÕ KDOLIH RODQYHùLLLWLNDGÕQGDJDVSoÕ RODUDNNDEXO HGLOHQ+](EXEHNLUYH+]gPHU¶HKDNDUHW HGLOPHVLQL \DVDNODPÕúWÕU %X GR÷UXOWXGD ùLLOHULQ 6Qnilerin arNDVÕQGD QDPD] NÕOPDODUÕQÕQFDL]ROGX÷XQXLODQHWPLúWLU$\UÕFDGHYULPVHPEROOHULRODQ+]+VH\LQ¶LQ úHhadeti ve mehdi iQDQFÕNRQXODUÕQGD 6QQLYHùLLOHUWDUDIÕQGDQPXKWHOLI olan hadisler \HULQHGDKDoRN6QnLOHULQGHNDEXOJ|UHFH÷LKDGLVOHUYXUJXODQPÕúWÕU38. 34. Ray Takeyh, Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic, Times Books, New York, 2006, s. 65. a.g.t., s. 57. 36 a.g.t., s. 57. 37 a.g.t., s. 58. 38 *QGR÷DQs. 143. 35. 14.
(34) 1.3.øUDQ-,UDN6DYDúÕ øGHRORMLGHQ3UDJPDWL]PH*HoLú øUan-,UDNVDYDúÕ+XPH\QLG|QHPL GÕúSROLWLNDX\JXODPDVÕQÕQHQVRPXW|UQH÷LROPXútur. A\UÕFD GÕú SROLWLND SHUVSHNWLILQGH GLOH JHWLULOHQ LGHRORMLN V|\OHPOHUGH GH |Qemli GH÷LúLNOLNOHU JHWLUPLú YH SUDWLNWH GH ELU oRN SUDJPDWLN NDUDUODUÕQ DOÕQGÕ÷Õ VUHo ROPXúWXU øUDQ \XNDUÕGD EDKVHWWL÷LPL] +XPH\QL¶QLQ LGHRORMLN V|\OHPOHULQGHQ YH D] GD ROVD bunlDUÕQ X\JXODPD\D NRQPDVÕQGDQ |WU EDúWD $%' YH øVUDLO ROPDN ]HUH $UDS GQ\DVÕ LOH GH SUREOHPOHU \DúDPÕúWÕU %X GXUXP øUDQ¶Õ XOXVODUDUDVÕ DUHQDGD \DOQÕ]OÕ÷D LWPLúWLU %XQX IÕUVDWD oHYLUPHN LVWH\HQ 6DGGDP +VH\LQ \ÕOÕQÕQ (\OO D\ÕQGD øUDQ¶DVDOGÕUPÕúYHVHNL]\ÕOVUHFHNELUVDYDúÕEDúODWPÕúWÕr. 6DGGDP +VH\LQ EXQXQOD NHQGL ONHVLQH VÕoUD\DFD÷ÕQÕ GúQG÷ øUDQ¶GDNL ùLL GHYULPLQKÕ]ÕQÕNHVPH\L ,UDN¶ÕQQIXVXQXQE\NE|OPùLLQIXVWDQROXúX\RUGX
(35) YH ayrÕFD EX VDYDúWDNL JDOLEL\HWLQ NHQGLVLQL E|OJHGH HQ HWNLOL Jo KDOLQH JHWLUHFH÷LQL GúQPúWU%XQXQ\DQÕQGD6DGGDP1975 Cezayir antODúPDVÕLOHEÕUDNÕODQ WRSUDNODUÕ JHUL DOPD\Õ SODQODPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD ³ùDWWODUDS´ VX\ROX ]HULQGH HJHPHQOLN NXUPDN YH øUDQ¶ÕQ .X]LVWDQ E|OJHVLQGH EXOXQDQ $UDS QIXV VD\HVLQGH GH EX E|OJHGH EXOXQDQ ]HQJLQSHWURO\DWDNODUÕQDKNPHWPHNLVWHPLúWLr.39 øUDQ¶ÕQ VDYDúD NDUúÕ ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ 6DGGDP +VH\LQ yukaUÕGD EHOLUWLOHQ DPDoODUÕQÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUPHN X÷UXQD 6DGGDP +VH\LQ \ÕOÕQÕQ (\OO D\ÕQGD øUDQ¶D VDOGÕUGÕ 6DYDúÕQ EDúODUÕQGD KÕ]OD LOHUOH\HQ ,UDN ELUOLNOHULQLQ EX LOHUOH\LúL GDKD VRQUD \HULQL JHULOHPH\HEÕUDNPÕúYHVDYDúWDQKÕ]OÕYHNHVLQELUJDOLEL\HWOHD\UÕODFD÷ÕLQDQFÕQÕWDúÕ\Dn 6DGGDP+VH\LQVDYDúWDEHNOHPHGL÷LELUJHULOHPH\DúDPDN]RUXQGDNDOPÕúWÕU40 øUDQ LoLQ DQL RODQ EX VDYDú UHMLPH VDYDúÕQ EDúÕQGD oRN E\N NDWNÕODU VD÷ODPÕúWÕU gQFHOLNOH UHMLP \DSÕVÕ LOH LOJLOL GHYDP HGHQ WDUWÕúPDODU DUND SODQD LWLOPLú YH øUDQ KDONÕQÕQ GLQL |QGHrOHU LOH WHNUDU D\QÕ DPDoWD NLOLWOHQPHOHULQL VD÷ODPÕúWÕU %X GD LVWHU istemez devrimin dLQLOLGHUOHULQLQJFQHDUWÕELUJoHNOHPLúWLU+LUR¶\DJ|UHEXVDYDú. 39 40. 7D\\DU$UÕ*HoPLúWHQ*QP]H2UWDGR÷X 6L\DVHW6DYDúYH'LSORPDVL$OID\D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV A.g.e., s. 332.. 15.
(36) VDYDúWDQ|QFHGHYULPLQGLQLOLGHUOHUi DUDVÕQGDEXOXQDQNXWXSODúPD\ÕNÕVDVUHOL÷LQHGH olsa, D]DOWÕSELUELUOLNWHOL÷LQROXúPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU.41 6DYDúÕQ EDúODPDVÕQGDQ NÕVD VUH VRQUD JLGLúDWÕQ øUDQ¶ÕQ OHKLQH G|QPHVL YH ,UDN¶ÕQ HOH JHoLUGL÷L WRSUDNODUGDQ JHUL oHNLOPHVL øUDQ¶GDNL GHYULPin GLQL OLGHUOHULQH \NVHN PRUDO VD÷ODPÕúYHEXGDøUDQ¶GDDVNHUL RODUDNJoOROGXNODUÕLQWLEDÕQÕX\DQGÕUPÕúWÕ%XGXUXP GDKDONWDUDIÕQGDQLOJLJ|UHQGevrimin dini liderlerini ,UDN¶ÕQDWHúNHVDQWODúPDVÕ|QHULVL NDUúÕVÕQGD savDúD GHYDP HWPH NDUDUÕ DOPD\D LWPLúWLU ,UDN¶ÕQ DWHúNHV DQODúPDODUÕQD ROXPOX \DQÕW YHULOPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQL VDYXQDQ ED]Õ NHVLPOHUH |]HOOLNOH NRPQLVW 7XGHK Partisi EDúNDQÕ YH HVNL EDúEDkan %D]DUJDQ¶ÕQ g]JUON +DUHNkWÕ ÕOÕPOÕODU WDUDIÕQGDQ GHVWHN JHOPLúWLU 6DYDúD GHYDP HGLOPHVLQLQ 0VOPDQODUÕQ øUDQ¶D RODQ VHPSDWLOHULQH ]DUDU YHUHFH÷LQL VDYXQDQ EX NHVLPH NDUúÕ UDGLNDO NHVLP ,UDN¶ÕQ GHYULOPHVLQLQ øUDQ UHMLPLQLQ QIX]XQXQ GL÷HU ONHOHUGH DUWDFD÷ÕQÕ GúQPúOHU YH VDYDúD GHYDP HWPLúOHUGLU%XVDYDúWDJHOHQ]DIHULOHND]DQÕODQWRSUDNODUGLQLOLGHUOHUDUDVÕQGDEXOXQDQ UDGLNDO NHVLPH NHQGL DPDoODUÕQÕ JHUoHNOHúWLUPHN LoLQ IÕUVDW VXQPXú YH E|\OHFH VDYDúD devam edilmesine QHGHQROPXúWXU42 Bu bD÷ODPGD øUDQ¶ÕQ OHKLQH GH÷LúHQ VDYDú GXUXPX UDGLNDO NHVLPLQ $UDS GHYOHWOHULQH \|QHOLNRODQ³GHYULPLKUDo´SROLWLNDVÕQGDNLV|\OHPOHULQLGHVHUWOHúWLUPLúWLU'HYDPHGHQ VDYDúWD øUDQ¶ÕQ JDOLS GXUXPD JHOPHVL LOH +XPH\QL $UDS ONHOHULQH |]HOOLNOH GH N|UIH] ONHOHULQH DUWÕN $PHULND¶QÕQ EX\UX÷XQGDQ oÕNPDODUÕQÕQ ]DPDQÕ JHOGL÷LQL GLOH JHWLUPLúWLU43 %XQXOD ELUOLNWH +XPH\QL VDYDúWD ,UDN¶D GHVWHN YHUHQ .XYH\W¶L GLUHNW RODUDN X\DUPÕú YH LGHRORMLN WRQXQX \NVHOWHUHN .XYH\W¶LQ ,UDN¶D \DUGÕPÕ nedeniyle GL÷HUONHOHULQGHYULOGL÷LJLELGHYULOHFH÷LQLLGGLDHWPLúWLU44 %HQ]HU úHNLOGH +XPH\QL 6XXGL \HWNLOLOHULQH 0VOPDQODUÕQ NXWVDO NHQWL 0HNNH YH 0HGLQH ]HULQGHNL RWRULWHOHULQLQ GL÷HU 0VOPDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ GD SD\ODúÕOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQLGLOHJHWLUPLúWLU+XPH\QL¶QLQDUWDQVHUWtonuna paralel olarak øUDQ¶GDNLGL÷HU \HWNLOLOHUGHQ GH D\QÕ VOXSWD V|\OHPOHU GLOH JHWLULOPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ %DúEDNDQ 0XVDYL. 41. Dilip Hiro, Iran Under The Ayatollahs, Routledge, Londra, 1987, s. 44. A.g.e., s.68. 43 A.g.e., s.68. 44 Alnahas, s.110. 42. 16.
(37) .|UIH] ONHOHULQLn kaderinin, Irak¶D RODQ GHVWHNOHULQGHQ GROD\Õ ,UDN¶ÕQ NDGHUL JLEL RODFD÷ÕQÕVDYXQPXúWXU45 6DYDúDL\L EDúOD\ÕS YH EXGXUXPXIÕUVDWDoHYLUPHNLVWH\HQ øUDQLoLQJLGLúDW EHNOHQGL÷L JLEL ROPDPÕúWÕU 6DYDúÕQ LON \ÕOODUÕQGD úDK G|QHPLQGHQ NDOPD DVNHUL WHoKL]DW JLGHUHN D]DOPÕú YH $PHULND¶QÕQ X\JXODGÕ÷Õ DPEDUJR LOH \HGHN SDUoD LKWL\DFÕ GDKL WHPLQ HGLOHPH]ROPXúWXU%XQXQ\DQÕQGDVDYDúÕQLON\ÕOODUÕQGDSHWUROIL\DWÕQÕQ\NVHOPHVLLOH DUWDQ HNRQRPLN JHOLUGH GH Gúú \DúDnPD\D EDúODQPÕúWÕU gUQH÷LQ \ÕOÕQGD PLO\DU GRODU RODQ øUDQ¶ÕQ SHWURO JHOLUL \ÕOÕQGD PLO\DU GRODUD \NVHOPLú IDNDW \ÕOÕQGDQVRQUDKÕ]OÕGúúLOHPLO\DUGRODUDYH \ÕOÕQda ise 6 milyar dolara JHULOHPLúWLU.46 6DYDú VUHFLQGH \DúDQDQ HNRQRPLN YH DVNHUL ROXPVX]OXNODU +UUHPúHKLU¶LQ ,UDN LúJDOLQGHQ NXUWDUÕOPDVÕQGDQ VRQUD 0D\ÕV
(38) ,UDN LoOHULQH LOHUOH\HUHN %DDV UHMLPLQL \ÕNPD YH VDYDúÕ .XGV NXUWXODQD NDGDU GHYDP HWWLUPH NDUDUÕ DODQ øUDQ¶GD SROLWLN GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X GH÷LúLNlikOHU |]HOOLNOH LON EDúODUGD V|\OHP ED]ÕQGDNL VHUW VOXSODUGD ROPXúWXU gUQH÷LQ \XNDUÕGD GH÷LQLOHQ YH N|UIH] ONHOHULQL FLGGL úHNLOGH UDKDWVÕ] HGHQ VHUW V|\OHPOHULQ DNVLQH ÕOÕPOÕ V|\OHPOHU GLOOHQGLULOPH\H EDúODQPÕúWÕU 6XXGL .UDOÕ )DKG 6XUL\H \HWNLOLOHUL DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ LOH øUDQ¶D øUDQ¶ÕQ JHUoHNWHQ VDYDúÕN|UIH]ONHOHULQHNDGDULOHUOHWPH\LGúQSGúQPHGL÷Lni VRUPXú YHEXQDøUDQ 0HFOLV %DúNDQÕ 5DIVDncani ³NHVLQOLNOH KD\ÕU´ úHNOLQGH FHYDS YHUPLúWLU.47 Bu DoÕNODPD\D GHVWHN &XPKXUEDúNDQÕ +DPDQH\ WDUDIÕQGDQ GD JHOPLúWLU +D]LUDQ WDULKLQGH \DSWÕ÷Õ DoÕNODPDGD +DPDQH\ ³EL] N|UIH] ONHOHUL LOH GH VDYDúDFD÷Õ] GHPHPL]GHNL PDNVDW JHUoHNWHQ VDYDúPDN GH÷LO VDGHFH RQODUÕQ ,UDN¶D YHUGLNOHUL GHVWHNWHQ |WU RQODUÕ NRUNXWPDNWÕ úHNOLQGH LIDGHOHU NXOODQPÕúWÕU´48 øUDQ¶Õn N|UIH] ONHOHULQH|]HOOLNOHGH6XXGL$UDELVWDQ¶DNDUúÕV|\OHPGH÷LúLNOL÷LQGHNLVHEHS, +XQWHU¶H J|UH+DFROD\ÕQGDQGROD\ÕNXOODQGÕ÷ÕVOXEXQ SuuGLOHULUDKDWVÕ]HWPLú ROPDVÕGÕU%XQD mukabil Suudiler de (1985- \ÕOODUÕQGD
(39) N|UIH] ONHOHUL LOH SHWURO IL\DWÕQGD LQGLULPH JLWPLúYHEXGDøUDQ¶ÕQSHWUROHGD\DOÕRODQHNRQRPLVLQLQFLGGL]DUDUDX÷UDPDVÕQDQHGHQ ROPXúWXU.49 .ÕVDFDVÕ øUDQ¶D FLGGL VÕNÕQWÕODU JHWLUHQ SHWURO IL\DWODUÕQGDNL Gúú øUDQ¶ÕQ 45. A.g.e., s.69. http://www.opec.org, 3 Mart 2013. 47 Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic, Routledge, Londra, 1995, s. 137. 48 A.g.e., s. 137. 49 Alnahas, s. 117. 46. 17.
(40) N|UIH] ONHOHULQH RODQ VHUW LGHRORMLN WXWXPXQGD GH÷LúLNOL÷H \RO DoPÕú YH øUDQ¶Õ GDKD UHDOLVWELUoL]JL\HND\GÕUPÕúWÕU HeUQHNDGDU.|UIH]ONHOHULLOHLOLúNLOHUGHUHDOLVWoL]JLELUD]JHoEDúODPÕúROVDGDøUDQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGDNL UHDOLVW WXWXPX GDKD |QFHOHUH J|WUHQOHU de ROPXúWXU gUQH÷LQ EX NRQXGD HQ VRPXW |UQHN RODUDN øUDQ¶ÕQ VDYDúÕQ EDúÕQGD EDúODWWÕ÷Õ YH VDYDúÕQ VRQXQD NDGDUGHYDPHWWLUGL÷LODLN%DDV3DUWLVL\|QHWLPLQGHNL6XUL\HLOHLWWLIDNÕROPXúWXU%DDVoÕ LGHRORML HNVHQLQGH ,UDN LOH UHNDEHW KDOLQGH RODQ 6XUL\H øUDQ LOH \DNÕQODúPÕú YH WRSUDNODUÕQGDQ JHoHQ ,UDN SHWURO ERUX KDWWÕQÕ NDSD\DUDN ,UDN¶Õ øUDQ¶D NDUúÕ HNRQRPLN \|QGHQ JoV] GXUXPD GúUPH\H oDOÕúPÕúWÕU 6XUL\H LOH \DNÕQODúPD VD\HVLQGH øUDQ kendisine NDUúÕROXúDELOHFHNWRS\HNQ$UDSPLOOL\HWoLOL÷LQ |QQHJHoPLúWLU50 3UDJPDWLNELUSROLWLNDRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOHQøUDQ¶ÕQ6XUL\HLOHRODQLOLúNLOHULøUDQ¶ÕQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGDNL LGHRORMLN V|\OHPLQGH oHOLúNLOHU ROXúWXUPXúWXU gUQH÷LQ \ÕOÕQGD +DPD¶GD0VOPDQ.DUGHúOHU øKYDQ
(41) gUJW¶QQEDúODWWÕ÷ÕLV\DQJLULúLPLQHøUDQEX |UJW ³&,$ LOH 0266$' DMDQÕ YH HPSHU\DOLVWOHULQ LúELUOLNoLVL´ LOkQ HGHUHN \DUGÕP HWPHNWHQNDoÕQPÕúWÕ6RQXoQHROXUVDROVXQKDNWDQ\DQDROPDNJHUHNWL÷LJ|UúQHVDKLS RODQ øUDQ HPSHU\DOL]PH NDUúÕ PFDGHOH YHUGL÷LQL EHOLUWWL÷L +DIÕ] (VDG \|QHWLPLQL øKYDQ¶DNDUúÕGHVWHNOH\LSLV\DQÕ (VDG \|QHWLPLQ NDQOÕELUúHNLOGHEDVWÕUPDVÕJLULúLPLQH J|]\XPPDNODLGHRORMLNV|\OHPLQGHQWDYL]YHUPLúWLU51 .ÕVDFDVÕGHYULPFLøUDQ¶ÕQ+DPD NDWOLDPÕQD VHVVL] NDOÕúÕ WHYKLWoL EWQONo øVODP V|\OHPLQL JHUHNWL÷LQGH VWUDWHMLN KHGHIOHULLoLQJHULSODQDDWDELOHFH÷LQLJ|VWHUPLúWLU52 øUDQ¶ÕQ LON EDúODUGDNL PHYFXW XOXVODUDUDVÕ G]HQLQ YH GHYOHWOHUDUDVÕ VLVWHPLQ PHúUXL\HWLQL VRUJXOD\ÕFÕ LGHRORMLN GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGDNL GH÷LúLPOHULQ WRKXPX +XPH\QL NRQXúPDODUÕQGD GD GLOH JHWLUilPH\H EDúODnPÕúWÕ +XQWHU¶LQ ³DoÕN NDSÕ´ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUGL÷LEXSROLWLNDGH÷LúLPLQL+XPH\QLú|\OHGLOHJHWLUPLúWLr: ³6SHU JoOHU YH |]HOOLNOH $%' øUDQ¶ÕQ \DOQÕ]OÕ÷D ]RUODQPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L ]erinde GXUGXODU )DNDW EX JHUoHNOHúPHGL YH øUDQ¶ÕQ \DEDQFÕ GHYOHWOHUOH LOLúNLOHUL JHOLúWL %XJQ RQODU GHYOHWOHUOH LOLúNL NXUPDNWDQ EDKVHWPHNVL]LQ XOXVODUOD LOLúNL NXUPDPÕ]. øKVDQ'D÷Õ2UWDGR÷X¶GDøVODPYH6L\DVHW%R\XW.LWDSODUÕøVWDQEXOV S.t. Hunter, ,UDQ¶V)RUHLJn Policy In The Post-Soviet Area Resisiting New International Order, 2010, California, s.131. 52 'D÷ÕV 50 51. 18.
Benzer Belgeler
Bölge ülkelerinin siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik geçmişi, ülkeleri bu geçmiş temelinde Arap Baharı’na götüren süreç ve Arap Baharı sonrası bölgede yaşanan kaos
Therefore, the compatibility of the system (1) is equivalent to integrability of the system of equations (3)... Therefore, if the system (1) is a compatible system, the crochet of F
Başka bir ifade ile ABD’nin uyguladığı yeni stratejinin oluşturduğu güç boşluğunun tek başına bir aktör tarafından doldurulabilme imkânının olmayışı
Başka bir ifade ile ABD’nin uyguladığı yeni stratejinin oluşturduğu güç boşluğunun tek başına bir aktör tarafından doldurulabilme imkânının olmayışı
Bu tez çalışması Tunus’ta Arap Baharı sürecinde demokrasiye geçişte sivil toplumun oynadığı rolleri konu edinmekte ve bu bağlamda Tunus’un diğer örneklere
Her kapalı aralı˘ gın bir kapalı k¨ ume oldu˘ gunun g¨ osterin5. Kapalı k¨ ume olan ama aralık olmayan bir k¨
Tespit edilen benzerliklerin başında siyasal otoritenin güç kaybı (veya gücünün azalması) gelmektedir. Yabancı devletlerin doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak iç
Gerek Tunus’ta gerekse Mısır’da meydana gelen halk isyan hareketi, kitleselliğini korumasından ve zorba rejim karşısında ölüm pahasına bile olsa değişim
