ISSN 2717-6134 | e-ISSN 2717-610X
ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣو يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﺪﻨﻋ “ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا” مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
İmâm Birgivî’nin Bid‘at Anlayışı ve Bid‘atlere Karşı Tavrı The Perception of Innovation (Bid‘at) of Imam Birgivī’s and His
Attitude Towards Innovations
Salim SANCAKLI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Yalova Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Kelam Ana Bilim Dalı Yalova | Türkiye salim.sancakli@yalova.edu.tr
Asst. Prof., Yalova University Faculty of İslamic Sciences Department of Kalam Yalova | Turkey
orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0117-1288 Makale Bilgisi | Article Information
Makale Türü | Araştırma Makalesi Geliş Tarihi | 13 Nisan 2021 Kabul Tarihi | 15 Haziran 2021 Yayın Tarihi | 30 Haziran2021 Bu makale, el-Imamu’l-Birgivî ve cuhûduhû fî mukavemeti’l-bide’ fî Turkiyâ adlı doktora tezinden üretilmiştir. Mekke: Ümmü’l-Kurâ Üniversitesi, 2001.
Article Types | Research Article Received | 13 April 2021 Accepted | 15 June 2021 Published | 30 June 2021
This article, was produced from the doctoral thesis Imam al-Barkawi and his efforts in resisting heresies in Turkey.
Mecca: Ummu’l-Qurā University, 2001.
(Mekke: Ümmü’l-Kurâ Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2001)
Atıf | Cite as:
Sancaklı, Salim. “ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣو يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﺪﻨﻋ “ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا” مﻮﻬﻔﻣ, [İmâm Birgivî’nin Bid‘at Anlayışı ve Bid‘atlere Karşı Tavrı & The Perception of Innovation (Bid‘at) of Imam Birgivī’s and His Attitude Towards Inno- vations]”. Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi | Tokat Journal of Ilmiyat 9/1 (Haziran | June 2021), 281-299.
https://doi.org/10.51450/ilmiyat.915215
İntihal | Plagiarism:
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| This article, has been scanned by iThenticate and no plagiarism has been detected.
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Published by Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Islamic Sciences. Tokat | Turkey.
https://dergipark.org.tr/ilmiyat
The Perception of Innovation (Bid‘at) of Imam Birgivī’s and His Attitude Towards Innovations
Abstract: Allah (s.w.t.) has sent down the Qur’an as a source of the true path for people with respect to all matters pertaining to the world and the timeless existence, and has assigned the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) to explain the Qur’an and implement its pro- visions. Therefore, the explanations and the implementations of our Prophet constitute the sunnah. Hence, the sunnah is an indispensable and extremely significant source of Islam from the aspect of the Qur’an. Almighty Allah has commanded true believers to refer and adhere to sunnah along with the Qur’an by emphasizing the significance of it in many versicles of the Qur’an. Imam Birgivī, compiled more than fifty studies in al- most entire subject of Islamic sciences, mostly in Arabic. He was one of the most famous scholars of the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century. Imam Birgivī states in his works that the way to bring happiness and reach peace in the world and the timeless ex- istence can only be achieved by following the Qur’an and the Sunna. Birgivī, on the one hand, tried to base his entire arguments with respect to religious issues on the Qur’an and the sunnah, on the other hand, placed emphasis on to the words of predecessors of Islam. Because his companions (al-Sahabah), their successors (the Tabi‘ūn) were the ones who knew the sunnah best, therefore adhering to the sunnah could be achieved by following them. Thus, Birgivī’s strong devotion to the sunnah increased his struggle against innovations. Yet, the most prominent characteristics of Birgivī was his inabil- ity to tolerate mistakes regarding religious matters and tried to correct these mistakes within the framework of “al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar”. Birgivī, whose only desire was to maintain his life within the standards of the Qur’an and the sunnah, determined many wrong practices that became prevalent in the society he lived in con- trary to the Qur’an and the sunnah and qualified them as innovations and made every effort to correct these practices. Birgivî reflected his activities of “reviving the sunnah’s and destroying the innovations” in the period in which he lived through said efforts.
Birgivī, who considered the things that had appeared as a decrease or increase in the issues of belief and practice after our Prophet Mohammad and Hulefā-i Raşidīn, (the 4 Khalifah) as innovations, did not acknowledge the things brought up later on matters related to customs and traditions which were not contrary to the sharī‘ah (religious law), as innovations, since they were not related to religion. Birgivī also shed light on the confusions regarding the relationship between sunnah and innovation and helped to resolve this confusion through said perception. Birgivī’s sensitivity about sunnah, his efforts to defend sunnah in every field, his attitude against innovations and his struggle against innovations have been compared to Ibn Taymiyyah’s attitude on this issue and it has been argued that Birgivī was influenced by Ibn Taymiyyah. In fact, although said attitudes of Birgivī were similar to those of Ibn Taymiyyah, they were not the same and the conclusions drawn by both were considerably different. This article is about Imam Birgivī’s attitude towards innovations and superstitions. We have tried to explain Birgivī’s attitude towards innovations from various aspects through this article which were compiled from the tracts and books risen to prominence both in Turkey and in Is- lamic countries. This valuable scholar, who influenced his period and after through his wisdom, perception, asceticism and piousness (taqwa), his sensitivity towards religion and advising people, focused mostly on studies regarding the explanation of the true Islam and the clarifying the confusions related to the innovations and superstitions at- tributed to the religion and attached special importance to the issue of innovations.
Keywords: Kalām, Sunnah, Bidʿah, Islam, Birgivī
İmâm Birgivî’nin Bid‘at Anlayışı ve Bid‘atlere Karşı Tavrı
Öz: Allah Teâlâ Kur’an-ı Kerim’i dünya ve ahirete ait bütün konularda insanlar için bir hidâyet kaynağı olarak indirmiş, Peygamber Efendimiz’i (s.a.v.) de Kur’an’ı açık- lamak ve hükümlerini uygulamakla görevlendirmiştir. Dolayısıyla Peygamberimizin açıklama ve uygulamaları sünneti teşkil etmektedir. Bu yüzden Kur’an-ı Kerim açı- sından sünnet, İslam dininin vazgeçilmesi mümkün olmayan fevkalade önemli bir kaynağıdır. Yüce Allah birçok âyet-i kerîmede sünnetin önemine vurgu yaparak mü- minlerin sünnete başvurmalarını, Kur’an-ı Kerim’le beraber sünnete de uymalarını emretmiştir. İslâmî ilimlerin hemen her dalında, elliyi aşkın ve çoğu da Arapça olmak üzere birçok eser telif etmiş olan İmam Birgivî, 14. asır Osmanlı Devleti’nin en meşhur âlimlerinden birisidir. İmam Birgîvî eserlerinde, dünya ve ahiretin saadet ve selame- tine ulaşmanın yolunun ancak Kur’an ve sünnete tabi olmakla gerçekleşebileceğini ifade eder. Birgivî, dinî konulardaki bütün görüşlerini Kur’an ve sünnete dayandır- maya çalışırken, bir taraftan da Selef-i Salihinin sözlerine de çok ehemmiyet verir.
Çünkü Sahabe ve Tabiin sünneti en iyi bilenlerdir. Dolayısıyla sünnete uymak, onlara uymak ile gerçekleşecektir. Böylece Birgivî’nin sünnete olan kuvvetli bağlılığı onun bid‘atlerle olan mücadelesini artırmıştır. Zira Birgivî’nin en önemli özelliği, dini konu- larda yanlışlıklara tahammül edememesi ve bu yanlışlıkları “emr-i bil-marûf, nehy-i
‘anil-münker” çerçevesinde düzeltmeye çalışmasıdır. Yegâne arzusu, Kur’an ve sünnet ölçüleri içerisinde yaşamak olan Birgivî, yaşadığı toplumda yaygın hale gelen pek çok yanlış uygulamayı Kur’an ve sünnete aykırı bulup bunları bid‘at olarak nitelendirmiş ve bu uygulamaların düzeltilmesi için bütün gayretini sarf etmiştir. Bu mücadelesiyle Birgivî, “sünnetleri ihya, bid‘atleri yok etme” faaliyetlerini yaşadığı döneme aksettir- miştir. Peygamberimizden ve Hulefâ-i Râşidinden sonra, itikadi ve ameli konularda eksiltme veya artırma niteliğinde ortaya çıkan şeyleri bid‘at olarak kabul eden Birgivî, şeriata aykırı olmayan örf ve adetler ile ilgili konularda sonradan icat edilen şeyleri din ile alakalı olmadığı için bid‘at olarak görmemiştir. Bu anlayışıyla Birgivî, sünnet- bid‘at ilişkisiyle ilgili karışıklıklara da ışık tutmuş, bu karışıklığın çözümlenmesinde yardımcı olmuştur. Birgivî’nin sünnet konusundaki hassasiyeti, her alanda sünneti müdafaası, bid‘atler karşısındaki tavrı ve bid‘atlerle mücadelesi, İbn-i Teymiye’nin bu konudaki tutumuna benzetilmiş ve Birgivî’nin İbn-i Teymiye’den etkilendiği öne sürülmüştür. Aslında Birgivî’nin bu tavırları, İbn Teymiye’nin tutumu ile benzerlik gösterse de aynı değildir ve her ikisinin vardıkları neticeler de oldukça farklıdır. Bu makale, İmam Birgivî’nin bid‘at ve hurâfelere karşı olan tavrı hakkındadır. Makalede Birgivî’nin bid‘atlere karşı olan tutumunu çeşitli yönleriyle gerek Türkiye’de gerekse İslâm ülkelerinde büyük şöhrete ulaşan risale ve kitaplarından derleyerek açıklamaya çalıştık. İlmi, görüşleri, zühd ve takvâsı, dine karşı olan hassasiyeti, insanlara nasihat etmedeki duyarlılığı ile, yaşadığı dönemi ve sonrasını etkileyen bu değerli âlim, yoğun ilgisini gerçek İslâm’ın açıklanması ve dinin kendisine izafe edilen bid‘at ve hurafe- lerden temizlenmesi ile ilgili çalışmalara yöneltmiş, bid‘at konusuna özel bir önem atfetmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kelâm, Sünnet, Bid‘at, İslâm, Birgivî.
ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣو يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﺪﻨﻋ “ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا” مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
ﻪﺒﺘﻛ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ،ﻩﻮﺟو ةﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ نأ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺖﻟوﻮﺣ ،تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ :ﺺﺨﻠﻤﻟا . ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا دﻼﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو ،ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻲﻓ سﺎﻨﻟا يﺪﻳﺄﺑ ﺔﻟواﺪﺘﻣ ﺖﺤﺒﺻأو ،ﺔﻤﻴﻈﻋ ةﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ تﺮﻬﺷا ﺪﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻠﺋﺎﺳرو دﺎﺒﻌﻟ ﺢﺼﻨﻟاو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺮﻴﻐﻟاو ،ىﻮﻘﺘﻟاو ،عرﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻒﺼﺗا ﺎﻣو ،ﻪﺋارآو ﻪﻣﻮﻠﻌﺑ ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ﻞﻐﺷ يﺬﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺠﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻮﻫ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا نإ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﻟوأو ،تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﺼﻟأ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﺑو ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا بﻮﺟوو ،مﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﻪﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫا ﻪﺟو ﺪﻗ :ﻪﻠﻟا .ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ةزرﺎﺑ تاﺰﻴﻤﻤﺑ ﻩدﻮﻬﺟ تﺰّﻴﻤﺗو ،ﺎﻬﻠﻫأو عﺪﺒﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ اوزﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﻣ نﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻪﻴﻓ تﺮﻛذ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟا ﺎﻣﺄﻓ .ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧو ،ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻌﺑرأو ،ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗو ،ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ لﺎﻘﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﺪﻗو ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟاو ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻮﻬﻓ لوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ﺎﻣأو ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺘﻟا ﺎﻣأو ،ﻪﺗﺎﻳﻮﺘﺤﻣو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا .ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﻢﻫأ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺨﻟاو .عﺪﺒﻠﻟ ﻪﻣذ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟاو ،عﺪﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻤﻜﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟاو ،ﻩﺪﻨﻋ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ .يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ،مﻼﺳﻹا ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ،مﻼﻜﻟا :ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟا تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا
ءاﻮﺳ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺑ َفﺮﺤﻧا ﺎﻣ :ﻞﻴﺧﺪﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻳد ﻲﻓ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ثﺪﺣأﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ قّﺮﻔﻳ ﻻ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا ﺢﺒﺻأ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺲّﺒﻟو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ َﻩّﻮﺷو ،ﻞﻴﺒﺴﻟا اﻮﻗﺮﻏأو 1،نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ نﺎﻄﻴﺸﻟا ﻢﻬﻟ ﻦّﻳزو ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﺰّﻴﻤﻳ ﻻو ،ﻞﻃﺎﺒﻟاو ﻖﺤﻟا ﻲﻫو ﺔﻤﻳﺮﻜﻟا ﺔﻳﻵا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺖ ّﺼﻧ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫو ،ﺎﻨﺴﺣ ﺢﻴﺒﻘﻟاو ،ًﺎﺤﻴﺒﻗ َﻦﺴﺤﻟا اوّﺪﻋ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ْﻢُﻫَو ﺎَﻴْـﻧﱡﺪﻟا ِةﺎﻴَﺤْﻟا ﻲﻓ ْﻢُﻬُـﻴْﻌَﺳ ﱠﻞ َﺿ َﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟا ًﻻﺎَﻤْﻋَأ َﻦﻳِﺮَﺴْﺧﻷﺎِﺑ ﻢُﻜُﺌﱢﺒَﻨُـﻧ ْﻞَﻫ ْﻞُﻗ :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ2 .ﺎًﻌْـﻨُﺻ َنﻮُﻨِﺴ ْﺤُﻳ ْﻢُﻬﱠـﻧَأ َنﻮُﺒَﺴْﺤَﻳ ﺔﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻬﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟاو ،ﻢﻬﻧوﺎﻬﺗو ،ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻛ ُتﻮﻜﺳ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﻗو ﻪﻠﻟا ﻂﺨﺴﺑ ﻮﻟو ﻢﻫﺎﺿر بﻼﺘﺟا ﻰﻠﻋ ًﺎﺻﺮﺣ ﻢﻬﻟ ﻢﻬﺗارﺎﺠﻣ وأ ،ﻢﻬﺒﻀﻏ ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻓﻮﺧ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺾّﻴﻗ ﻞﺑ ،ﻦﻴﺛﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ءﻻﺆﻫ ِﺚﺒﻌِﻟ ﻪَﻨﻳد كﺮﺘِﻴﻟ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻞﺟو ﺰﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻦﻜﻟو .ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ّﺐﻬﻳ ﻦﻤﻣ ،ًﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣو ًﺎﻤﻳﺪﻗ مﻼﻗﻷا بﺎﺑرأو ةﺎﻋﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻳد ﻰﻠﻋ نورﺎﻐَﻳ ﻦﻤﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا ﻪﻟ اﺬﻫ ﻆﻔﺤﺑ ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗو ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﻞّﻔﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ﻻ ﻒﻴﻛو ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﺧد ﻞﻛ ﺔﺑرﺎﺤﻣو ،ﻪﻨﻋ عﺎﻓﺪﻠﻟ َﺮْﻛﱢﺬﻟا ﺎَﻨْﻟﱠﺰَـﻧ ُﻦْﺤَﻧ ﺎﱠﻧإ :ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟا ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ًﺎﻌﻴﻤﺟ ضرﻷا ﻞﻫأ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻟﺎﻜﺗ نإو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا َﻩِﺮَﻛ ْﻮَﻟَو ِﻩِرﻮُﻧ ﱡﻢِﺘُﻣ ُﻪﱠﻠﻟاَو ْﻢِﻬِﻫاَﻮْـﻓَﺄِﺑ ِﻪﱠﻠﻟا َرﻮُﻧ اﻮُﺌِﻔْﻄُﻴِﻟ َنوُﺪﻳِﺮُﻳ :ًﺎﻀﻳأ لﺎﻗو ،3َنﻮُﻈِﻓﺎ َﺤَﻟ ُﻪَﻟ ﺎﱠﻧِإَو
4.َنوُﺮِﻓﺎَﻜْﻟا عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣزﺎﺣ ﻒﻗاﻮﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺦﻳرﺎﺘﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ مﻼﻋﻷا مﻼﺳﻹا ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻗو ،ﻢﻬﺘﻄﻟﺎﺨﻣو ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟاو ،ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟا ﻢﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻬﺒﻴﻟﺎﺳأو ﻢﻬﻘﺋﺎﻘﺣ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟاو
.6/43 مﺎﻌﻧﻷا ةرﻮﺳ 1 .18/103-104 ﻒﻬﻜﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 2 .15/9 ﺮﺠﺤﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 3 .8/61 ﻒﺼﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 4
ﺔﻠﻤﺟ ﻦﻣ نﺎﻛو .ةﺎﻴﺤﻠﻟ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻫرﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟاو بﺎﺘﻜﻟا عﺎﺒﺗا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﺤﻟا ﻊﻣ رﺎﻜﻧﻹا ﺪﻳﺪﺷ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا 1573(/981 .ت) يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ مﺎﻣﻹا :ءﻻﺆﻫ ﺪﻬﺟ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا اﺬﻬﻟ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻟو .ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣإو ﻪﻌﺳو ﺐﺴﺤﺑ ،ﻪﻧﺎﺴﻟو ﻪﻤﻠﻘﺑ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺪﻳ ،تاﺮﻜﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا ىﺪﻟ ﺮﻛﺬﻟا رﻮﻤﻐﻣ ،ﺪﻬﺠﻟا فوﺮﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻮﻬﻓ ﻚﻟذ ﻊﻣو ،بﺎﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ زرﺎﺑ نﺎﻴﺑو ،ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻗوو ،ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻋﺄﺑو ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟا لﺎﻘﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ تدرأ اﺬﻟ ،سﺎﻨﻟا .ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ رﺎﻜﻧﻻاو ﺎﻬﺘﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ دﻮﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟﺬﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﺑو ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا بﻮﺟوو ،مﻼﺳﻹا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﻪﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫا يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﻪﺟو ﺪﻘﻟو ﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻲﻓو ،ﻪﺳورد ﻲﻓ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻰﻟوأو ،تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﺼﻟأ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻰﻟإ مﻼﺳﻹﺎﺑ ةدﻮﻌﻟا ةروﺮﺿ ﻰﻟإ ءاﺪﻨﻠﻟ ًاﺮﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﺳورد تﺎﻘﻠﺣ ﻞﻌﺟ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻟﻮﺳر ﺔﻨﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻻو ﻪﻠﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻞﺻأ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ ًاﺪﻴﻌﺑ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﺟ لوﺎﻨﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻩﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻳﺪﻳأ ﻦﻴﺑ يﺬﻟا ﻪﺛاﺮﺗ نﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺎﻨﺼﺤﻔﺗ اذإو .ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻦﻣ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻼﺧ ﺎﻤﻠﻘﻓ ،ﻩﺪﻠﺑ ﻲﻓ كاﺬﻧآ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺖﻠﻐﺷ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻣﺎﻬﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ًﺎﺻﺎﺧ ًﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ دﺮﻔﻳ ﻢﻟ اذإو ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺛﺪﺤﻣو رﻮﻣﻷا عﺪﺑ ضاﺮﻌﺘﺳﻻ ﺮﺜﻛأ وأ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ .ﻪﺗﺎﺳارد ﺎﻳﺎﻨﺛ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ةرﺎﺷﻹا ﻞﻔﻐﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻪﻤﻜﺣو ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ “ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا” ﺔﻈﻔﻟ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ فﺮﻌﺘﻟا لوﺎﺤﻨﺳ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓو
.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗو عﺪﺒﻠﻟ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا مذ ضﺮﻌﻧ ﻢﺛ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟاو ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ .1
ثﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا يأ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ لﺎﺜﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ عﺮﺘﺨﻤﻟا ءﻲﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﺗ :ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ءﻲﺸﻟا َعَﺪَﺑ :بﺮﻌﻟا نﺎﺴﻟ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ.ﻪﻋﺪﺘﺑا ﺪﻘﻓ ًﺎﺌﻴﺷ ثﺪﺣأ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛو ،ﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟاو ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ عﺪﺘﺑا ﺎﻣو ثﺪﺤﻟا :ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو“:لﺎﻗو ،ﻩأﺪﺑو ﻩﺄﺸﻧا يأ :ﻪﻋﺪﺘﺑاو ًﺎﻋْﺪَﺑ ﻪُﻋَﺪْﺒَـﻳ :ﺮﺴﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو ،ًﻻوأ نﻮﻜﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا :ﺮﺴﻜﻟﺎﺑ عﺪِﺒﻟا :ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا سﻮﻣﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻓو 5.“لﺎﻤﻛﻹا ءاﻮﻫﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﺤﻳ ﺎﻣ وأ ،لﺎﻤﻛﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ثﺪﺤﻟا ﻪﻠﻟاو ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ لﺎﺜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﻪﻋﺮﺘﺧا :ءﻲﺸﻟا عﺪﺑأ :حﺎﺤﺼﻟا رﺎﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ و 6.لﺎﻤﻋﻷاو ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو 7.لﺎﻤﻛﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ثﺪﺤﻟا :ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو ،ﺎﻬﻋﺪﺒﻣ يأ ،ضرﻷاو تاوﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﻊﻳﺪﺑ .ت) ﻲﺒﻃﺎﺸﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷأ ﻦﻣ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﻫأ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻗ تﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ةﺪﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ عﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ
.9-6/8 «عﺪﺑ» ،(.ت.د ،ردﺎﺻ راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) بﺮﻌﻟا نﺎﺴﻟ ،رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺑا مﺮﻜﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 5 .4-3/3 ،(.ت.د ،ﺮﻜﻔﻟا راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا سﻮﻣﺎﻘﻟا ،يدﺎﺑآزوﺮﻴﻔﻟا ﺮﻫﺎﻃ ﻮﺑأ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺪﺠﻣ بﻮﻘﻌﻳ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 6 43. «عﺪﺑ» ،(1986/1406 ،نآﺮﻘﻟا مﻮﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ :توﺮﻴﺑ ،ﺔﻠﺒﻘﻟا راد :ةﺪﺟ) حﺎﺤﺼﻟا رﺎﺘﺨﻣ ،يزاﺮﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 7
ﺪﺼﻘﻳ ،ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻫﺎﻀﺗ ،ﺔﻋﺮﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ» :لﻮﻘﻳ يﺬﻟا 8(/1388790
9«.ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﻪﻠﻟ ﺪﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ كﻮﻠﺴﻟﺎﺑ
يﻮﻛﺮﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ .2
ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟإ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻴﻓ يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺎﻣأ ،ﻲﻋﺮﺷو يﻮﻐﻟ :نﺎﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﺸﻴﻓ :ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺎﻣأو ،ةﻮﺒﻨﻟا ﺮﺼﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﺣ ،ًﺎﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ وأ نﺎﻛ ًادﻮﻤﺤﻣ ،ثدﺎﺣ ﻞﺻأ ﻪﻟ ﺲﻴﻟو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻪﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺎﻤﻣ ،ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ناﻮﺿر ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟا ﺮﺼﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﺣ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ .ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺪﻳ عﺮﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ثاﺪﺣﻹا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺑ عاﺪﺘﺑﻻا ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﻠﺻأ ًﺎﻌﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺎﻬﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ثﺪﺤﺗ ،ةدﺎﺒﻋ وأ ةدﺎﻋ ،ﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ ثﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻮﻫ مﺎﻋ يﻮﻐﻟ ﻰﻨﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ» :لﺎﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،عاﺮﺘﺧﻻاو ،«قﻼﺘﺧﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﻠﺨﻟاو ،عاﺮﺘﺧﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻌﻓﺮﻟﺎﻛ ،ثاﺪﺣﻹا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺑ عاﺪﺘﺑﻻا ﻦﻣ ﻢﺳا ﺎﻤﻬﻧﻷ ﺎﻬﺑ نﻮﻨﻌﻳ ،ءﺎﻬﻘﻔﻟا ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ - ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺘﻟا ﻞﺤﻣ يأ - ﻢﺴﻘﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ ﻩﺬﻫو» :ًﻼﺋﺎﻗ دﺮﻄﺘﺳا ﻢﺛ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا رﺎﺷأ نأ ﺪﻌﺑو 10«.ًﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ لوﻷا رﺪﺼﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﺣأ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ةدﺎﻳﺰﻟا ﻮﻫ- ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا يأ-صﺎﺧ ﻲﻋﺮﺷ ﻰﻨﻌﻣو» :لﺎﻘﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ثّﺪﺤﺗ ﻻو ،ًﻼﻌﻓ ﻻو ًﻻﻮﻗ ﻻ ،عرﺎﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ نذإ ﺮﻴﻐﺑ ،ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ نﺎﺛدﺎﺤﻟا ،ﻪﻨﻣ نﺎﺼﻘﻨﻟا وأ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا
11«.ًةرﺎﺷا ﻻو ًﺎﺤﻳﺮﺻ ﺔﻟﻻد ﻻ ،عرﺎﺸﻟا ﻪﺑ نذﺄﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻣو ،ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟا ﺮﺼﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻴﻘﻳ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺾﻌﺑ و تادﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﻞﺑ ،ًﻼﺻأ تادﺎﻌﻟا لوﺎﻨﺘﻳ ﻼﻓ» :لﻮﻘﻳ ﻢﺛ .ةرﺎﺷا ﻻو ﺎﻬﺼﺨﻳ ﺎﻤﻧإو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ تادﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧﺪُﻳ ﻻ اﺬﻫ ﻪﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﺑ ﻮﻫو 12«.تادﺎﺒﻌﻟا رﻮﺻ .تادﺎﺒﻌﻟاو تادﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﺾﻌﺒﺑ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ .1 .2
ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻬﻌﺟرأو ، ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺷ مﺎﻜﺣأ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ .ماﺮﺣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣو ،ﻩوﺮﻜﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ نأ ﻦﻋ ًﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺐﺟاو ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣو ،حﺎﺒﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣو ،بوﺪﻨﻣ ﻞﻛأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻇاﻮﻤﻟاو ،ﻞﺨﻨﻤﻟا لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نإ" :يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ ﻞﺑ ،ﺐﺘﻜﻟا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗو ،سراﺪﻤﻟاو ةرﺎﻨﻤﻟا ءﺎﻨﺒﻛ ﺔﺒﺤﺘﺴﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ﻪﻨﻣ ﻊﺒﺸﻟاو ،ﺔﻄﻨﺤﻟا ﺐﻟ
ﻦﻣ مﺎﺼﺘﻋﻹا ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻫأو عﺪﺒﻟا ﺔﺒﻧﺎﺠﻣو ،حﻼﺼﻟاو ،عرﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺘﺷا ،قﺎﺤﺳإ ﻮﺑأ ،ﻲﺒﻃﺎﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﻬﺸﻟا ،ﻲﻃﺎﻧﺮﻐﻟا ﻰﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﺑ ﻢﻴﻫاﺮﺑإ ﻮﻫ 8 ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﻈﻧا .(790) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻰﻓﻮﺗ .تادﺎﺸﻧﻹاو ،تادﺎﻓﻹاو ،ىوﺎﺘﻔﻟاو ،تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﻤﻟا :ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﻪﻟو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻒّﻟأ ﺎﻣ ّقدأ
.75/1 ،مﻼﻋﻷا ،ﻲﻠﻛرﺰﻟا ؛231 ،ﺔﻴﻛﺰﻟا رﻮﻨﻟا ةﺮﺠﺷ ،فﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﺑ .50/1 ،(1412 ،نﺎﻔﻋ ﻦﺑا راد :ﺮﺒﺨﻟا) ﻲﻟﻼﻬﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﺳ :ﺢﻣ ،مﺎﺼﺘﻋﻹا ،ﻲﺒﻃﺎﺸﻟا ﻰﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﺑ ﻢﻴﻫاﺮﺑإ 9 .11 ،(1379 ،ﻲﺒﻠﺤﻟا ﻲﺑﺎﺒﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ :ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا) ،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 10 .11،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 11 .11،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 12
،ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﺢﺿﻮﻳو 13".ﻢﻫﻮﺤﻧو ةﺪﺣﻼﻤﻟا ﺔﻬﺒﺷ دﺮﻟ ،ﻞﺋﻻﺪﻟا ﻢﻈﻨﻛ ﺔﺒﺟاو نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ سراﺪﻤﻟاو ،ناذﻵا ﻦﻣ داﺮﻤﻟا ةﻼﺼﻟا ﺖﻗو مﻼﻋﻹ نﻮﻋ ةرﺎﻨﻤﻟﺎﻓ :اﺬﻫ ﺖﻤﻠﻋ اذﺈﻓ" :لﻮﻘﻴﻓ بذو ،ﺮﻜﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻲﻬﻧ ﻞﺋﻻﺪﻟا ﻢﻈﻨﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا درو ،ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺘﻟاو ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ نﻮﻋ ﺐﺘﻜﻟا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗو ،جﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻا مﺪﻌﻟ ﺎﻣإ لوﻷارﺪﺼﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﻗو مﺪﻋو ،ﻪﺑ رﻮﻣﺄﻣ ﻞﺑ ،ﻪﻴﻓ نوذﺄﻣ ﻞﻜﻓ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻮﻟو ،ﻚﻟذ ﻮﺤﻨﻟ وأ ،ﻢﻫﻷﺎﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻟ غﺮﻔﺘﻟا مﺪﻌﻟ وأ ،لﺎﻤﻟا مﺪﻌﺑ ةرﺪﻘﻟا مﺪﻌﻟ وأ ةرﺎﺷا ،عرﺎﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻓ ًﺎﻧوذﺄﻣ ﻪﺗﺪﺟو ةدﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﺲﻨﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻨﺴﺣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﻗ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺖﻌﺒﺘﺗ
14".ﺔﻟﻻد وأ لﺪﻳ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟا مﺎﻜﺣﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻜﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻢﺴﻗ ﻞﻛ لﺎﺧدإو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو ،ﺔﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ ﻻإ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ قﺮﻔﻳﻻ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا نأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﻤﻧإ ﻪﻧأ ﻚﻟذ ﺐﺒﺳو .ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ةدﻮﻤﺤﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ﺔﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻲﻬﻨﻟا طﺎﻨﻣ ﻮﻫ اﺬﻫ ﺲﻴﻟو ،ًﺎﻋﺪﺘﺒﻣ ًاﺮﻣأ ﻪﻧﻮﻛو ،ﻪﻴﻓ ثاﺪﺣﻹا ﻪﺟو ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا .ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻋوﺮﺸﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﺜﻛأ ﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺈﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﺑوﺪﻨﻤﻟاو ﺔﺒﺟاﻮﻟا عﺪﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﻤﺳ ﺎﻤﻟ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺎﻣأو ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ذإ ،عﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﻼﻓ ،عﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ًﺎﺣﺎﺒﻣ وأ ﻪﺑﻮﺟو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻟد مﺎﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻣأو 15." ﺔﻟﻼﺿ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻞﻛ " :مﻼﺴﻟاو ةﻼﺼﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻟ ﺔﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻻإ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻰّﻤﺴﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟﺎﺧدإ ﺢﺼﻳ ﻻو ،بﺎﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ﻪﺘﺣﺎﺑإ وأ ﻪﺑﺎﺒﺤﺘﺳا وأ .ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻞﻛ نﻷ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ فﻼﺧ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻩﺬﻫو ،ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊّﺳﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ زﺎﺤﻨﻳ ﻪﻧأ ىﺮﻳ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻩﺮﻄﺳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا نﺈﻓ اﺬﻜﻫو .ت) ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﺑا ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻮﻫو .ﻪﺗﺮﺋاد عﺎﺴﺗاو يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻋاﺮﻳو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ نوﺮﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻴﻏو 17،(1350/751 .ت) ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﻦﺑاو 16(1327/728 ﻲﻓ عاﺪﺘﺑﻻاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ رّﺬﺤﺗ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺷ صﻮﺼﻧ ﻦﻣ دروَ ﺎﻤﻟ ،ﺔﻣﻮﻣﺬﻣ ﻻإ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نأ ،بﻮﺟﻮﻟا ﻻو ،بﺎﺒﺤﺘﺳﻻا ﻻو بﺪﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ يﺮﺠﻳ ﻻ ُﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ُﺢﺒﺼﺗ اﺬﻫ ﺐﺟﻮﻤﺑو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ًﺎﻋﺪﺑ كﺎﻨﻫ نأ نوﺮﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ نإ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو .رﻮﺒﻘﻟا ةرﺎﻳز ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺳر ﻲﻓ ﻩاﺮﻧ ﺎﻤﻛ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا 18.ًﺎﻋﺮﺷ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻏو ،ﺔﺤﻴﺒﻗ ﻻإ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻧأ نوﺮﻳ ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﺤﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ًﺎﻋﺪﺑو مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺰﻌﻟا ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻨﺴﺤﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻠﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﻖﻓاﻮﻳ عﺪﺒﻠﻟ اﺬﻫ ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟاو
.11،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 13 .12،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 14 .مدﺎﻘﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﺠﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﻲﺗﺄﻴﺳو ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻲﺿر ﺔﻳرﺎﺳ ﻦﺑ ضﺎﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺚﻳﺪﺣ ﻦﻣ ءﺰﺟ 15 ،ﺮﻬﺘﺷاو ،ﻎﺒﻨﻓ ،ﻖﺸﻣد ﻰﻟإ ﻩﻮﺑأ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﻧاو ،ناﺮﺣ ﻲﻓ (661) ﺔﻨﺳ ﺪﻟو ،سﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻮﺑأ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻘﺗ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻮﻫ 16 مﻼﻋﻷا ،راﺰﺒﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧأ .(728) ﺔﻨﺳ ﻲﻓﻮﺗ ،ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ًاﺮﺜﻜﻣ ،لﻮﺻﻷاو ،ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻌﻟاو ،ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ًﺎﻤﻟﺎﻋ نﺎﻛ ،ﻩاوﺎﺘﻓ ﻞﺟأ ﻦﻣ تاﺮﻣ ﻦﺠﺳ
.447/2 ،ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻨﺤﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻞﻳذ ،ﺐﺟر ﻦﺑا ؛16 ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﺑا ﺐﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﻓﻮﺗو ،(691) مﺎﻋ ﺪﻟو ،ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ةﺪﻣ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﺑا مزﻻو ،ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ مﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ عﺮﺑ ،ﺔﻳزﻮﺠﻟا ﻢﻴﻗ ﻦﺑﺎﺑ فوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ،ﻲﻋرﺰﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻮﻫ 17
.447/2 ،ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻨﺤﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻞﻳذ ،ﺐﺟر ﻦﺑا :ﺮﻈﻧأ .(751) ﺔﻨﺳ ،(1419 ،ﺪﺷﺮﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ :ضﺎﻳﺮﻟا) ﻞﻘﻌﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺮﺻﺎﻧ .ﺢﻣ ،ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا طاﺮﺼﻟا ءﺎﻀﺘﻗإ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﺑا ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻘﺗ 18
.587-585/2
ﺰﻌﻟا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳو .ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻴﻏو ،(1285/684 .ت) ﻲﻓاﺮﻘﻟا ﻩﺬﻴﻤﻠﺗو 19(1261/660 .ت) ﻢﺛ ،ﺎﻬﻟ ﻞﺜﻣو ،ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻟا مﺎﻜﺣﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ ﻦﻣ لوأ ﻮﻫ ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ زﺮﺑو ،ﻪﺠﻬﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﺴﻓ 20،ﻲﻓاﺮﻘﻟا ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ ﻢﺛ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ ًﺎﺟرﺪﻨﻣ ﻩاﺮﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ .ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ اورﺎﺳ ﺎﻤﻬﻌﺒﺗ ﻦﻤﻣ ﺎﻤﻫﺪﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛو ،ﻩﺎﺠﺗﻻا ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ لﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﺮﺼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻬﻌﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا " :مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺰﻋ لﻮﻘﻳ ،ﺔﻫوﺮﻜﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑو ،ﺔﺑوﺪﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑو ،ﺔﻣﺮﺤﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑو ،ﺔﺒﺟاو ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻨﻣ ﻲﻫو ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻠﺧد نﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ضﺮﻌﺗ نأ ﻚﻟذ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻳﺮﻄﻟاو ،ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺑو ﻲﻓ ﺖﻠﺧد نإو ،ﺔﻣﺮﺤﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻢﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻠﺧد نإو ،ﺔﺒﺟاو ﻲﻬﻓ بﺎﺠﻳﻹا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ
21".ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ حﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻠﺧد نإو ،ﺔﻳوﺪﻨﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ بوﺪﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ - ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺎﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷﻻا :ﺎﻫﺪﺣأ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺔﺒﺟاﻮﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ " :لﺎﻘﻓ ﺮﻛذ ﺎﻤﻟ ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺰﻌﻟا بﺮﺿ ﻢﺛ ،ﺐﺟاو ﻚﻟذو ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻟﻮﺳر مﻼﻛو ﻪﻠﻟا مﻼﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ يﺬﻟا - ﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺑ يأ ﻮﻬﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻻإ ﺐﺟاﻮﻟا ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣو ،ﻚﻟذ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﺑ ﻻإ ﺎﻬﻈﻔﺣ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﻻو ،ﺐﺟاو ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟا ﻆﻔﺣ نﻷ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ،ﺔﻳﺮﺒﺠﻟا ﺐﻫﺬﻣو ،ﺔﻳرﺪﻘﻟا ﺐﻫﺬﻣ : ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺔﻣﺮﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟو ،ﺐﺟاو ءﺎﻨﺑ : ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺔﺑوﺪﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟو ،ﺔﺒﺟاﻮﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ دﺮﻟاو ،ﺔﻤﺴﺠﻤﻟاو ﺔﺌﺟﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﻫوﺮﻜﻤﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟو ،ﺢﻳواﺮﺘﻟا ةﻼﺻ ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ،لوﻷا ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﻬﻌﻳ ﻢﻟ نﺎﺴﺣإ ﻞﻛو ،ﺮﻃﺎﻨﻘﻟا ﺚﻴﺤﺑ نآﺮﻘﻟا ﻦﻴﺤﻠﺗ ﺎﻣأو ،ﻒﺣﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﺐﻴﻫﺬﺗ :ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ،ﺪﺟﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻓﺮﺧز :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻣأ ﺔﺣﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟو ،ﺔﻣﺮﺤﻤﻟا عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧأ ﺢﺻﻷﺎﻓ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻪﻇﺎﻔﻟأ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ برﺎﺸﻤﻟاو ﻞﻛﺂﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺬﻳﺬﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺳﺮﺘﻟا :ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ،ﺮﺼﻌﻟاو ﺢﺒﺼﻟا ﺐﻴﻘﻋ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﺼﻤﻟا :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ
22".ﻦﻛﺎﺴﻤﻟاو ﺲﺑﻼﻤﻟاو ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ةﺪﻤﻋو ،ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ ﻦﻤﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻠﻟ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺢﺒﺻأ ﺪﻗو ﻦﻴﻟﺪﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻩﻮﻠﻘﻨﻓ ،مﻮﻣﺬﻣ ءﻲﺳ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣو ،لﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ نأ نوﺮﻳ
.ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺐﻫذ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﻟ ﻦﻳﺪﻳﺆﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ،ﻪﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻤﻜﺣ .2.2
ﺪﻗ ذإ ،عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺐﺴﺤﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻳ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ةﺮﻔﻜﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻋ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ نﺈﻓ ،نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺪﻗو ،ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻋ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ
ﺔﻨﺳ ﺪﻟو ،دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﺒﺗر ﻎﻠﺑ ،ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺷ ﻪﻴﻘﻓ ،ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟا نﺎﻄﻠﺴﺑ ﺐﻘﻠﻤﻟا ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺰﻋ ،ﻲﻘﺸﻣﺪﻟا ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻟا ﻢﺳﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﺑأ ﻦﺑ مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺰﻌﻟا ﻮﻫ 19 ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ (660) ﺔﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻓﻮﺗو ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﺎﻄﺨﻟاو ءﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻰﻟﻮﺗو ،يﻮﻣﻻا ﻊﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﺎﻄﺨﻟا ﻰﻟﻮﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺄﺸﻧو ،ﻖﺸﻣد ﻲﻓ (577)
.314/1 ،ةﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﺴﺣ ،ﻲﻃﻮﻴﺴﻟا ؛301/5 ،ﺐﻫﺬﻟا تارﺬﺷ ،دﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﺑا ؛209/8 ،ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ،ﻲﻜﺒﺴﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧا ﻪﺟﺎﻬﻨﺻ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﻰﻟإ ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻟﺎﻤﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ،ﻲﻓاﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﺟﺎﻬﻨﺼﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا بﺎﻬﺷ ،سﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻮﺑأ ،ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺲﻳردإ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻮﻫ 20 ﻦﺴﺣ ،ﻲﻃﻮﻴﺴﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧا ،لﻮﺻﻷاو ﻪﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻔﻨﺼﻣ ﻪﻟ ،ةﺎﻓﻮﻟاو ﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟاو ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟا يﺮﺼﻣ ﻮﻫو ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻓاﺮﻘﻟا ﻰﻟإو ،بﺮﻐﻤﻟا ةﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻦﻣ
.90/1،مﻼﻋﻷا ،ﻲﻠﻛرﺰﻟا ؛316/1، ةﺮﺿﺎﺤﻤﻟا .173-172/2 ،(ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) مﺎﻧﻻا ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ مﺎﻜﺣﻷا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ،مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺰﻌﻟا 21
.172/2 ،مﺎﻜﺣﻷا ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ،مﻼﺴﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺰﻌﻟا 22
ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ،ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا نوﺆﺸﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺔﻳدﺎﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ﺔﻳدﺎﺒﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻘﺴﻔﻣ .ًﻼﺜﻣ بﺮﺸﻤﻟاو ﻢﻌﻄﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ حﺎﺒﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻫو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻗوﺮﻣو ًﻻﻼﺿ ﺎﻫﺮﺜﻛأو ،عﺪﺒﻟا عاﻮﻧأ ﺮﻄﺧأ ﻲﻬﻓ دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا عﺪﺑ ﺎﻣأو .ءاﻮﻫﻷا ﻞﻫأو ،عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟاو ،ًﺎﻋﺮﺷ " ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا " ﻆﻔﻟ قﻼﻃا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﻫﺬﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻖﺒﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ةردﺎﺒﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﻫأو ىﻮﻬﻟاو عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا قﻼﻃإ ﻦﻣ ةردﺎﺒﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﻫ دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو" :يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟو ،ﻪﺑ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑو ،ﺮﻔﻛ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﻓ ،ىﻮﻬﻟا ﻰﻠﻋأ ﻦﻣ دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نأ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ىﺮﻳ اﺬﻜﻫو 23".ﺮﻔﻜﻟا ﻻإ ﺎﻬﻗﻮﻓ ﺲﻴﻟو ،ﺎﻧﺰﻟاو ﻞﺘﻘﻟا .ﺮﺋﺎﺒﻜﻟا ﺮﺒﻛأ ﻦﻣو ،ماﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد ًﺎﻘﻠﻌﻣ 25ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ حرﺎﺷ ،(1676/1087 .ت ) 24يﺪﻨﻓأ ﺐﺟر لﻮﻘﻳ لﻼﺿإو ﻎﻳزو ،ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻼﻟ دﺎﺴﻓإو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺘﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ :يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا لﻮﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ
27.ِﻞْﺘَﻘﻟا َﻦِﻣ ُﺮَـﺒْﻛَأ ُﺔَﻨْـﺘِﻔﻟاَو 26،ِﻞْﺘَﻘْﻟا َﻦِﻣ ﱡﺪَﺷَأ ُﺔَﻨْـﺘِﻔْﻟاَو :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا لﺎﻗ ﺪﻗو ،ﻦﻴﻘﻴﻟا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ قﺮﻔﻟا تادﺎﻘﺘﻋﺎﻛ ﻚﻟذو ،رﺬﻌﺑ ﺲﻴﻟ 28دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﻲﻓ دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺄﻄﺨﻟا نأ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ىﺮﻳو رﺬﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺈﻓ ،ﻢﻬﺠﻬﻨﻣو ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻟاو ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻞﻫأ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ تدﺎﺣ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﺤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﻐﺋاﺰﻟا
29.لﺎﻤﻋﻷا ﻲﻓ دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻻا فﻼﺨﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻲﻬﻓ تادﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻗاﻮﻟا ﺎﻣأو ،ًﺎﻀﻳأ تادﺎﻌﻟاو تادﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ توﺎﻔﺘﺗ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو – ﺎﻬﻧود ﺖﻧﺎﻛ نإو ةدﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو" :يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ ،دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﺔﻋﺪﺑ نود ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ،ﺔﻟﻼﺿ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣو ،ةﺪﻛﺆﻣ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺖﻣدﺎﺻ اذإ ﺎﻤﻴﺳﻻ ،لﻼﺿو ﺮﮑﻨﻣ َﺎﻀﻳأ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ - دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﺔﻋﺪﺑ يأ ةدﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﺲﻨﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻇاو ﺎﻣ ﻲﻫو ،ىﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ
30.فﺎﻜﺘﻋﻻﺎﮐ ﻪﮐرﺎﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ رﺎﻜﻧﻹا مﺪﻋ وأ ،ًﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣأ كﺮﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ةرﺎﺟ ﻻو ،ةرﺎﺿ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﻌﻓﺎﻧ ﺖﻣاد ﺎﻣ جﺮﺣ ﻼﻓ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﻧﺪﻟا ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟاو ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﺎﻣأو ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﻛ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا لﻮﺻأ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺻأ مﺪﻫ وأ ،مﺮﺤﻣ بﺎﮑﺗرا ﻻو ،سﺎﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دﻮﻌﻳ ﺮﺷ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻟﺎﺨﻨﻟا دﺎﻌﺑإو ،نﻮﺤﻄﻤﻟا ﺢﻤﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓﺎﺼﻟا ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺨﻨﻤﻟا ،ﻰﻟوأ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﺗ ﻞﺑ ،ﺔﻟﻼﺿ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﻓ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ﻞﺨﻨﻤﻟﺎﻛ ةدﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﺎﻣأو" :يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا لﻮﻘﻳ .ﻪﻨﻋ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻇاو ﺎﻣ ﻲﻫو ،– ةﺪﻛﺆﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏ يأ - ةﺪﺋاﺰﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﺎﻫﺪﺿو
.12 ،ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 23 ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻲﻓﻮﺗو ،ﺮﻴﻣزإ ﺔﻳﻻو ﻲﻓ ةﺮﻴﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا ﻢﺛ ،ﺔﻳﺮﺼﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ سّرد ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻌﻟا ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ،يﺮﺼﻴﻘﻟا يﺪﻣﻵا ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻦﺑ ﺐﺟر ﻮﻫ 24 :ﺮﻈﻧا ،رﺎﺒﺧﻷا ﻒﺋﺎﻄﻟو رﺎﻫزﻷا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا حﺮﺷ ﺔﻳﺪﻣﺮﺴﻟا ﺔﻌﻳرﺬﻟاو ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺣﻷا ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻮﻟا :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ تﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻪﻟ .(1087)
.18/3 ،مﻼﻋﻷا ،ﻲﻠﻛرﺰﻟا ،(ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﺑ ﺶﻣﺎﻬﺑ ،1348 ،ﻲﺒﻠﺤﻟا ﻲﺑﺎﺒﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻣ :ﺮﺼﻣ) ﺔﻳﺪﻣﺮﺴﻟا ﺔﻌﻳرﺬﻟاو ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺣﻷا ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻮﻟا ،يﺪﻣﻵا ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻦﺑ ﺐﺟر 25
.94/1 .191/2 ةﺮﻘﺒﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 26 .217/2 ةﺮﻘﺒﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 27 يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا داﺮﻣ ﻞﻌﻟو ،ﺄﻄﺧأ نإ روﺬﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ،بﺎﺻأ نا رﻮﺟﺄﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺻ نإ لﻮﻘﻧ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ًﻼﺻأ ﺪﺋﺎﻘﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻼﻟ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻻ ﻪﻧأ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ 28
.يأﺮﻠﻟ ًﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺺﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟا ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟ ﻊﺳﻮﻟا غاﺮﻔﺘﺳاو دﻮﻬﺠﻤﻟا لﺬﺑ :ﺎﻨﻫ دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻻا ﻦﻣ .12 ،ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧا 29
.12 ،ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 30
ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﺴﻴﺴﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ رﺎﺴﻴﻟﺎﺑو ،ﺔﻔﻳﺮﺸﻟا لﺎﻌﻓﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟﺎﺑ ءاﺪﺘﺑﻻﺎﻛ ،ةدﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﺲﻨﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻣ ،فﺎﻨﺻأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ - يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا يأ - ﻢﻋﻷا ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نأ ﺮﻬﻈﻓ ،ﺔﺒﺤﺘﺴﻣ
31".ﺢﺒﻘﻟا ﺪﺷأ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻞﻌﻓ نأ ﻢﻠﻋا ﻢﺛ" :لﻮﻘﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺎﻫرﺮﺿو ﻢﻴﻈﻌﻟا ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﺮﻄﺧ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ ﻢﺛ ﻪﻛﺮﺘﻓ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ وأ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ءﻲﺷ ﻲﻓ ددﺮﺗ اذإ :اﻮﻟﺎﻗ ءﺎﻬﻘﻔﻟا نأ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟا كﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ ًارﺮﺿ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻩﺎﺒﺘﺷا ﻪﻴﻔﻓ ﺲﻜﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ وأ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻞﻌﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺷأ ﻮﻫ ﻞﻫ ﺐﺟاﻮﻟا كﺮﺗ ﺎﻣأو ،مزﻻ
32".ﻪﻠﻌﻔﻳ ﻪﻧأ ًﺎﺒﺟاو و ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺊﻴﺷ ﻲﻓ ددﺮﺗ ﻦﻤﻴﻓ اﻮﺣﺮﺻ ﻩﺮﺒﺘﻋا ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ يدﺎﻌﻳو ﻲﻟاﻮﻳو ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻮﻋﺪﻳو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ثﺪﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺎﻣأو ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟاو ،ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا" :لﺎﻘﻓ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﺼﻌﻣ ﻪﺘﻋﺪﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻋاو ،ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا نإو ،ﻖﺤﻟا ﺐﻫﺬﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻩﺪﺷﺮﻳ نأ ًﺎﻋﺪﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﺘﻋﺎﻤﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻋ اذإ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺠﻴﻓ ،ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ،ﻩﻮﻌﻨﻤﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ مﺎﻜﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺮﻣﻷا ﻊﻓر رﺪﻘﻳ ﻢﻟ نإو ،ةﻮﻋﺪﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻪﻌﻨﻣ ﻪﺘﻋﺪﺑ ﻰﻟإ ًﺎﻴﻋاد نﺎﻛ
33".ةﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩﻮﺟﺮﺨﻳ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﻳ ﻢﻟ نإو قﺮﻔﺗ ﻲﻓ رﻮﻬﺸﻤﻟا ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟﺎﺑ ةﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﺼﻌﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا نأ ﻪﻳأر ﻰﻠﻋ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا لﺪﺘﺳا ﻢﺛ
34."ﻲﺑﺎﺤﺻأو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻧأ ﺎﻣ" :ﻲﻫو ،ةﺪﺣاو ﻻإ رﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ،ﺔﻗﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺳو ثﻼﺛ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻣﻷا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻧأ ﺖﻨﻛ} يﺬﻟا دﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﻧﻮﻜﻳ ﻢﻫو :يأ" :لﻮﻘﻴﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻞ ّﺼﻔﻳ ﻢﺛ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻳ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻪﺒﻠﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻟاو ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻞﻫأ ﺔﻔﺋﺎﻄﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ لﺎﻘﻳو ،{ﻲﺑﺎﺤﺻأو ﻰﻠﻋ ،ةﺮﺧﻵا ﻲﻓ رﺎﻨﻟا لﻮﺧﺪﻟ ﻖﺤﺘﺴﻣو ،ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺐﮑﺗﺮﻣو ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻞﻫأ ضﺮﻌﻳ نأ - ﻖﺤﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻃ يأ - ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺟو ﺪﻘﻓ " ﻚﻟﺬﻟو 35".ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺎﻨﻴﺒﻧ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا طاﺮﺼﻟا ﻮﻫو ،ﻢﻳﻮﻘﻟا عﺮﺸﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻋأو ﻩﺪﺋﺎﻘﻋ ءﺎﻴﻟوﻷا ﺮﺋﺎﺳ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ نﺎﻛ ﻢﺛ ،ﻢﻬﻨﻋ ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻲﺿر ﻪﺑﺎﺤﺻأ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ نﺎﻛو ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ،ةﺮﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ةﺮﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻌﻴﻓ ،ﻦﻴﻌﻤﺟأ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا ناﻮﺿر ﻦﻳﺪﻬﺘﺠﻤﻟا ءﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟاو ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺘﻤﻟا
36".ﺎﻬﺤﻠﺼﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺰﺟﻮﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ درﻮﻧ عﺪﺒﻟا ﻢﻜﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻨﻤﻠﻜﺗ نأ ﺪﻌﺑو
.ﺎﻬﻟ ﻪﻣذو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗو
.12 ،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 31 .12 ،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 32 ؛14-13 ،(1988/1408 ،تدﺎﻌﺳ رد :لﻮﺒﻧﺎﺘﺳا) يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻠﻟ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻤﺿ ،ﺔﻴﻓﻮﺼﻟا ﻚﺤﻣ ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 33 .أ/11 ﺔﻗرﻮﻟا ،(315 ﻢﻗر ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا ،ﺔﻳﺮﺼﻤﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راﺪﺑ طﻮﻄﺨﻣ) ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ «نﺎﻤﻳﻹا بﺎﺘﻛ«،(1998 ،ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ثاﺮﺘﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣإ راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) .ﺮﻛﺎﺷ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻤﺣأ :ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،يﺬﻣﺮﺘﻟا ﻦﻨﺳ ،يﺬﻣﺮﺘﻟا ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 34 حﺮﺷ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻜﻟّﻼﻟا ؛309- 308 /1 ،ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟا ،يﺮﺟﻵا ،129 -128 /1 ،ﻦﻴﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ كرﺪﺘﺴﻤﻟا ،يرﻮﺑﺎﺴﻴﻨﻟا ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻟا ،17
.178-177 ،عﺪﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ بﺎﺘﻛ ،حﺎﺿو ﻦﺑاو ،99/1 ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟا ﻞﻫأ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا لﻮﺻأ .14 ،ﺔﻴﻓﻮﺼﻟا ﻚﺤﻣ ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 35 .14 ،ﺔﻴﻓﻮﺼﻟا ﻚﺤﻣ ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 36
ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗو ،عﺪﺒﻟا يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا .3 .2
ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا فﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺧا ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻢﻜﺤﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻒﻗﻮﻣ نأ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﱠﻨﺑأ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺐﺴﺣ عﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺧا ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻟﺂﺿ وأ ﺎﻬﺘﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ،ﺎﻬﺗاذ
.ﻪﻟاﻮﺣأ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻫأ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺮﻴﻔﻨﺗو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗو ،عﺪﺒﻟا ﻪﺟو ﻲﻓ ﻪﻓﻮﻗو يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ فوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣو ﻲﺘﻟا ىﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻤﻟا نأ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﺳارد ﺪﻌﺑ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ذإ ،ﺎﻬﻟ ﻪﺘﺑرﺎﺤﻣو ﺮﻴﻬﻄﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﺑ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا نأو ،تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﺑ ﺐﻴﺻأ .ﻪﻴﻟإ ةءﺎﺳﻹاو ﻪﻔﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻰﻟإ تدأو ،ﻪﺘﻫﻮﺷو ،مﻼﺳﻹا ﺖﻠﺧد ﻲﺘﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻧاﻮﻟأ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺢﺼﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﻟوﺆﺴﻣو ،ﺎﻬﻫﺎﺠﺗ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻇوو ،ﺮﻣﻷا اﺬﻫ ةرﻮﻄﺧ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا كردأ ﺪﻘﻟو ،ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ،ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا" :ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر لﻮﻘﻟ ًﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،دﺎﺷرﻹاو ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﻷو ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟو ﻪﻟﻮﺳﺮﻟو ﻪﻠﻟ" :لﺎﻗ ؟ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر ﺎﻳ ﻦﻤﻟ :اﻮﻟﺎﻗ ،"ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا
37."ﻢﻬﺘﻣﺎﻋو ﺮﻴﻬﻄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ صﺮﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،عﺪﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ عﻮﻗﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ صﺮﺣ اﺬﻟو ،ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺗأو ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻋدو ﺎﻬﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻣ لﺎﺼﺌﺘﺳاو ،ﺎﻬﻟﺎﺼﺌﺘﺳا ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻞﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا
38.ﺎﻬﺘﻳار ﻮﻠﻌﺗو ﺮﺼﺘﻨﺗ نأ ﺔﻨﺴﻠﻟ ﺪﺑﻻو تﺎﻤﻬﻤﻟا ﻢﻫأ ﺖﻳأر ﺎﻤﻠﻓ» :ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻣاد » ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ لﻮﻘﻳ ﻩﺎﻧﺪﺟو ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر ﺔﻨﺳو ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا بﺎﺘﻜﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا نﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟا بﺎﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻦﻋ عﺮﺸﻟاو ﻞﻘﻌﻟا ﻰﺑﺄﻳ ﻲﺗﻼﻟا تﺎﺛﺪﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﻔﻟﺎﺨﻳ ﺎﻤﻋ ضاﺮﻋﻹا نﺎﻴﺑو ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻞﻫأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﺋﺎﻃ ﻞﻜﻓ ،نﺎﻣﺰﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟذ ةﺮﺜﻜﻟ ،تﺎﻴﻧاﺪﺟﻮﻟاو تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟاو تﺎﻳدﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻا ﻦﻣ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ رﺎﺻ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻞﻴﻃﺎﺑﻷا ﻦﻣ ًاﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ اﻮﻄﻠﺧو ،عﺪﺒﻟاو ءاﻮﻫﻷا اﻮﻌﺒﺗا ﺪﻗ نﺎﻣﺰﻟا ﻼﻓ ،نوﺪﺘﻬﻣ ﻢﻬﻧأ نﻮﺒﺴﺤﻳو ،نوﺮﻣﺆﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣ نﻮﻠﻌﻔﻳ ﻢﻬﻠﻛ نﺎﻛو ،ىﺪﻬﻟا ﻦﻋ ىﻮﻬﻟا ﺰﻴﻤﻳ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻏﻮﺘﻟاو ،دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ زوﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﻮﻠﻐﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻠﻛ ﻚﻟذ نأ ﺖﻤﻠﻋو ،نوﺮﻔﻐﺘﺴﻳ
39.ﻂﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟاو طاﺮﻓﻹا ﻦﻣ بﺎﺘﻜﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﻮﻫ ةﺎﺠﻨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻄﻟا نأ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻲﻓ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻗو ﻪﻘﻓو ﻦﻤﻟ ﻦﻴﺘﻣ زﺮﺣو ﻦﻴﺼﺣ ﻦﺼﺣ ﺎﻤﻫ ذإ ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻟﻮﺳر ﺔﻨﺳو ﻞﺟو ﺰﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻪﻠﻟا مﻼﻜﺑ ﻢﻜﻴﻠﻌﻓ" .تﺎﻓاﺮﺨﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻻإ ﻚﻟذ ﻢﺘﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻو ،ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا
،أ /14 ﺔﻗرﻮﻟا ، ًﺎﻀﻳأ ﻪﻟ ،ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻣادو ؛28-27 ،(1416 ،مﺰﺣ ﻦﺑا راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) بﻮﻠﻘﻟا ءﻼﺟ ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 37 ،(1407 .ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟا .ﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻦﺑا راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) ،ﺎﻐﺒﻟا ﺐﻳد ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ :ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﻊﻣﺎﺠﻟا ،يرﺎﺨﺒﻟا ﻪﺟﺮﺧأ :ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟاو ؛ب/15 ءﺎﻴﺣإ راد :توﺮﻴﺑ) ،ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ داﺆﻓ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ :ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ،يرﻮﺑﺎﺴﻴﻨﻟا يﺮﻴﺸﻘﻟا جﺎﺠﺤﻟا ﻦﺑ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ؛40 «نﺎﻤﻳﻹا بﺎﺘﻛ»
بﺎﺘﻛ» ﻲﺋﺎﺴﻨﻟا ؛17،«ﺔﻠﺼﻟاو ﺮﺒﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ » ،يﺬﻣﺮﺘﻟا ؛66 ،«بدﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ » ،دواد ﻮﺑأ ؛47 «نﺎﻤﻳﻹا بﺎﺘﻛ » ،(بﺮﻌﻟا ثاﺮﺘﻟا .103-102/4 ، 297/2 ، 351/1 ،ﺪﻨﺴﻤﻟا ،ﻞﺒﻨﺣ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ؛31 ،«ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻟا
.ب/15 ،ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧا 38 .أ/15 – ب/14 ،ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا :ﺮﻈﻧا 39
ﻖﻓاو ﻦﻣ ﺪﻴﻌﺴﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ مﻼﻛو ﻢﻛﺎﻳإو ،ﻪﻟﻮﺳر بﺎﺤﺻأ مﻼﻛو ،ﻪﻟﻮﺳر مﻼﻛو ،ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻒﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻘﺸﻟاو ،ﻪﻟﻮﻣﺄﻣو ﻩﻮﺟﺮﻣو ﻪﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺮﻔﻈﻓ ،ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر بﺎﺤﺻأ
40".ﻦﻴﻘﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﻨﻣﺆﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻚﻠﺳو ،ﻪﻠﻳوﺄﺗو ﻪﺘﻔﻟﺎﺨﻤﺑ ﻚﻠﻬﻓ ،ﻚﻟذ بﺎﻨﺟ ﻦﻋ ﻮﻫو ،دودﺮﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﺔﻨﺴﻟاو بﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻞﻛ نإ» :ﺮﺧآ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻗو بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻻإ ةﺎﺠﻨﻟا ﺎﻤﻓ» :ًﺎﻀﻳأ لﺎﻗو 41.ﻞﺤﻧا ﻪﻨﻳد ﺪﻘﻋو ،ﻞﺿ ﻪﻗﺪﺻ ﻦﻣو ،دﻮﻌﺒﻣ ﻖﺤﻟا َﻻَو ِﻪِﺗﺎَﻘُـﺗ ﱠﻖَﺣ َﻪﱠﻠﻟا اﻮُﻘﱠـﺗا اﻮُﻨَﻣآ َﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟا ﺎَﻬﱡـﻳَأ ﺎَﻳ» :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا لﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻪﻟﻮﺳر ﺔﻨﺳو ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا لﺎﻗو 42،» ...اﻮُﻗﱠﺮَﻔَـﺗ َﻻَو ﺎًﻌﻴِﻤَﺟ ِﻪﱠﻠﻟا ِﻞْﺒَﺤِﺑ اﻮُﻤ ِﺼَﺘْﻋاَو َنﻮُﻤِﻠْﺴﱡﻣ ﻢُﺘﻧَأَو ﱠﻻِإ ﱠﻦُﺗﻮُﻤَﺗ ْﻢُﻛﺎﱠﺻَو ْﻢُﻜِﻟَذ ِﻪِﻠﻴِﺒَﺳ ْﻦَﻋ ْﻢُﻜِﺑ َقﱠﺮَﻔَـﺘَـﻓ َﻞُﺒﱡﺴﻟا اﻮُﻌِﺒﱠﺘَـﺗ َﻻَو ُﻩﻮُﻌِﺒﱠﺗﺎَﻓ ﺎًﻤﻴِﻘَﺘْﺴُﻣ ﻲِﻃاَﺮِﺻ اَﺬَﻫ ﱠنَأَو»44
،43.«َنﻮُﻘﱠـﺘَـﺗ ْﻢُﻜﱠﻠَﻌَﻟ ِﻪِﺑ ﻞﻤﺸﻟ ًﺎﻘﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺮﺜﻛأو ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻨﺒﻟ ًﺎﻀﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺪﺷأو ﻦﻳﺪﻠﻟ ًادﺎﺴﻓ ﻢﻈﻋأ ءﻲﺷ ﻻ ﻪﻧأ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻚﺷﻻ ﺎﻤﻣو ﻰﻔﻜﻟ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﺿرﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﻻإ ﺎﻬﺗرﻮﻄﺧ و ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا رﺮﺿ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻮﻟو ،عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﻷا قﺮﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟاو دﺮﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫرﺮﺿ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻟإ ﻒﻴﺿأ اذإ ﻒﻴﻜﻓ ،ةرﻮﻄﺧو ًارﺮﺿ اﺬﻬﺑ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا ﻞﻌﺟ بﺎﺒﺳﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻩﺮﻴﻏو اﺬﻬﻟو ..؟عﺮﺸﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺲﻤﻃو ،ﺮﻴﺴﻟا فاﺮﺤﻧاو ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟا .ﺔﻴﺼﻌﻤﻟا ةرﻮﻄﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻈﻋأ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ةرﻮﻄﺧ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻩﺪﺋار ﻪﻴﻟإ ﻮﻋﺪﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﻧأو ،ﻲﺣﻼﺻﻹا ﻪﺠﻬﻨﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا صﺮﺣ ﺪﻗو ،ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا مذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟاﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟا صﻮﺼﻨﻟا ﺮﻛذ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺜﻛأ اﺬﻟ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟاو
.ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺗا بﻮﺟوو ﺔﻨﺴﻟا موﺰﻟو ﻩدﺎﺒﻋ ﻞﺟو ﺰﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﺮﻣأ ذإ ،ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺴﻟاو بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ صﻮﺼﻨﻟا تﺮﻓﺎﻀﺗ ﺪﻘﻟ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟاو ﻚﻟﺬﻛو .ىﻮﻬﻟا ةﺎﻋدو ءﺎﺑﻵا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﺟو ﺎﻣ عﺎﺒﺗا ﻦﻋ ﻢﻫﺎﻬﻧو ،ﻪﻟﻮﺳر ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﺰﻧأ ﺎﻣ عﺎﺒﺗﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻤﻠﻟ ﻦﻤﺿو ،ﺔﻨﺴﻟاو بﺎﺘﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻣأ ﺚﺣ مﻼﺴﻟاو ةﻼﺼﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻮﺳﺮﻟﺎﻓ ﻲﻓو ،ةﺮﺧﻵا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻘﺸﻟاو ،ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ كﻼﻬﻠﻟ يدﺆﻤﻟا لﻼﻀﻟا مﺪﻋو ،ةﺎﺠﻨﻟاو ﺔﻳاﺪﻬﻟا ﺎﻤﻬﺑ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻞﻛ نأ ﻪﺘﻣﻷ ﻦّﻴﺑو ،ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺬﺣو ،ﻪﻠﻟا ﻦﻳد ﻲﻓ عاﺪﺘﺑﻻا ﻦﻋ ﻰﻬﻧ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ .ﺔﻟﻼﺿ ﺎﻬﻠﻫأ و ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟا مذ ﻲﻓ يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻣﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻟدﻷا .4 .2
ﺚﻳدﺎﺣﻷاو تﺎﻳﻵا ﻦﻣ ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﻧ و ﺔﻟدأ 45ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ يﻮﮐﺮﺒﻟا مﺎﻣﻹا ﺮﻛذ
.ب -أ/1 ،ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 40 .ب / 15 ،ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 41 .102/3 ناﺮﻤﻋ لآ ةرﻮﺳ 42 .6/153 مﺎﻌﻧﻷا ةرﻮﺳ 43 .أ/29 – ب/28 ﺔﻐﻣاد ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا 44 .ب/8 – أ /6 ،ﻦﻴﻋﺪﺘﺒﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻣادو ؛11-5 ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ،يﻮﻛﺮﺒﻟا :ًﻼﺜﻣ ﺮﻈﻧا 45
ًارﺎﺛأ قﺎﺳو ،تﺎﺛﺪﺤﻤﻟاو عﺪﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ةرّﺬﺤﻤﻟا ،ﻪﻟﻮﺳر ﺔﻨﺳو ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ عﺎﺒﺗﻻ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﻤﻟا .ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ درﻮﻧ نﻵاو ،ﻦﻴﻌﻤﺟأ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ناﻮﺿر ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ٌتﺎَﻳآ ُﻪْﻨِﻣ َبﺎَﺘِﻜْﻟا َﻚْﻴَﻠَﻋ َلَﺰْـﻧَأ يِﺬﱠﻟا َﻮُﻫ :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﺪﻴﺠﻤﻟا بﺎﺘﻜﻟا تﺎﻳآ ﻦﻤﻓ َﻪَﺑﺎَﺸَﺗ ﺎَﻣ َنﻮُﻌِﺒﱠﺘَﻴَـﻓ ٌﻎْﻳَز ْﻢِﻬِﺑﻮُﻠُـﻗ ﻲِﻓ َﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟا ﺎﱠﻣَﺄَﻓ ٌتﺎَﻬِﺑﺎَﺸَﺘُﻣ ُﺮَﺧُأَو ِبﺎَﺘِﻜْﻟا ﱡمُأ ﱠﻦُﻫ ٌتﺎَﻤَﻜْﺤُﻣ َﻞَﺒْﻘُـﻳ ْﻦَﻠَـﻓ ﺎًﻨﻳِد ِمﻼْﺳِﻹا َﺮْـﻴَﻏ ِﻎَﺘْﺒَـﻳ ْﻦَﻣَو :ﻞﺟو ﺰﻋ ﻪﻟﻮﻗو 46...ِﻪِﻠﻳِوْﺄَﺗ َءﺎَﻐِﺘْﺑاَو ِﺔَﻨْـﺘِﻔْﻟا َءﺎَﻐِﺘْﺑا ُﻪْﻨِﻣ نَأ ِﻩِﺮْﻣَأ ْﻦَﻋ َنﻮُﻔِﻟﺎَﺨُﻳ َﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟا ِرَﺬ ْﺤَﻴْﻠَـﻓ :ﻼﻋو ﻞﺟ ﻪﻟﻮﻗو 47.َﻦﻳِﺮِﺳﺎَﺨْﻟا َﻦِﻣ ِةَﺮِﺧﻵا ﻲِﻓ َﻮُﻫَو ُﻪْﻨِﻣ ْﻢُﻛﺎَﻬَـﻧ ﺎَﻣَو ُﻩوُﺬُﺨَﻓ ُلﻮُﺳﱠﺮﻟا ُﻢُﻛﺎَﺗآ ﺎَﻣَو :ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﻪﻟﻮﻗو 48.ٌﻢﻴِﻟَأ ٌباَﺬَﻋ ْﻢُﻬَـﺒﻴ ِﺼُﻳ ْوَأ ٌﺔَﻨْـﺘِﻓ ْﻢُﻬَـﺒﻴ ِﺼُﺗ ِﻞﻴِﺒَﺳ َﺮْـﻴَﻏ ْﻊِﺒﱠﺘَـﻳَو ىَﺪُﻬْﻟا ُﻪَﻟ َﻦﱠﻴَـﺒَـﺗ ﺎَﻣ ِﺪْﻌَـﺑ ْﻦِﻣ َلﻮُﺳﱠﺮﻟا ِﻖِﻗﺎَﺸُﻳ ْﻦَﻣَو :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗو 49.اﻮُﻬَـﺘﻧﺎَﻓ ُﻪْﻨَﻋ ْﻢُﻜَﻟ ُﺖْﻠَﻤْﻛَأ َمْﻮَـﻴْﻟا :ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗو 51 50.اًﺮﻴ ِﺼَﻣ ْتَءﺎَﺳَو َﻢﱠﻨَﻬَﺟ ِﻪِﻠ ْﺼُﻧَو ﻰﱠﻟَﻮَـﺗ ﺎَﻣ ِﻪﱢﻟَﻮُـﻧ َﻦﻴِﻨِﻣْﺆُﻤْﻟا .ﺎًﻨﻳِد َم َﻼْﺳِْﻹا ُﻢُﻜَﻟ ُﺖﻴ ِﺿَرَو ﻲِﺘَﻤْﻌِﻧ ْﻢُﻜْﻴَﻠَﻋ ُﺖْﻤَﻤْﺗَأَو ْﻢُﻜَﻨﻳِد ﺎﻣو ،ﻪﻠﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻜﺑ كﺎﺴﻤﺘﺳﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺾﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﻵا ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﺮﻴﻏو سﺎﻤﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻋ ضاﺮﻋﻹا ﻲﻓ حﻼﺻ ﻻ ﻪﻧأو ،ﺎﻨﺣﻼﺻ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﻣ ،ﻪﻨﻴﺑو ،لﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﻩﺎﻀﺗرا نﺎﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻪﻛﺮﺗ ﺎﻣو ،ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻓ ،ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣ ىﺪﻬﻟا ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ نأ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ وأ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻢﻫﻮﻳ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ عﺪﺘﺒﻴﻟ نﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻦﺋﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻻ عﺎﺒﺗﻻﺎﺑ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻓ ،ﻞﺟو ﺰﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻦﻣ بﺮﻘﻟا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗو ،ةﺎﺠﻨﻟا ﺎﻬﺑ .عاﺪﺘﺑﻻﺎﺑ :ﺎﻬﻠﻫأو عﺪﺒﻟا مذ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ لﻮﺳﺮﻟا ﺚﻳدﺎﺣأ ﻦﻣو ﻲﻓ ثﺪﺣأ ﻦﻣ» :ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا لﺎﻗ :ﺖﻟﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻲﺿر ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺣ
53."در ﻮﻬﻓ ﺎﻧﺮﻣأ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺲﻴﻟ ًﻼﻤﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ" :ﺔﻳاور ﻲﻓو 52.«در ﻮﻬﻓ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫ ﺎﻧﺮﻣأ اذإ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر نﺎﻛ :لﺎﻗ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻲﺿر ﻪﻠﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ ﺮﺑﺎﺟ ﺚﻳﺪﺣو ﻢﻜﺤﺒﺻ» :لﻮﻘﻳ ﺶﻴﺟ رﺬﻨﻣ ﻪﻧﺄﻛ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻪﺒﻀﻏ ﺪﺘﺷاو ،ﻪﺗﻮﺻ ﻼﻋو ،ﻩﺎﻨﻴﻋ تﺮﻤﺣا ﺐﻄﺧ ،ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟاو ﺔﺑﺎﺒﺴﻟا ﻪﻴﻌﺒﺻأ ﻦﻴﺑ نﺮﻘﻳو «ﻦﻴﺗﺎﻬﻛ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟاو ﺎﻧأ ﺖﺜﻌﺑ» :لﻮﻘﻳو ،«ﻢﻛﺎﺴﻣو رﻮﻣﻷا ﺮﺷو ،ﺪﻤﺤﻣ يﺪﻫ يﺪﻬﻟا ﺮﻴﺧو ،ﻪﻠﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺮﻴﺧ نﺈﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣأ» :لﻮﻘﻳو ﻰﻠﺻ :لﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻲﺿر ﺔﻳرﺎﺳ ﻦﺑ ضﺎﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺚﻳﺪﺣو 54.«ﺔﻟﻼﺿ ﺔﻋﺪﺑ ﻞﻛو ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺛﺪﺤﻣ
.7/3 ناﺮﻤﻋ لآ ةرﻮﺳ 46 .85/3 ناﺮﻤﻋ لآ ةرﻮﺳ 47 .63/24 رﻮﻨﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 48 .7/59 ﺮﺸﺤﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 49 .115/4 ءﺂﺴﻨﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 50 .3/5 ةﺪﺋﺂﻤﻟا ةرﻮﺳ 51 ؛14 ،” ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا ” ﻪﺟﺎﻣ ﻦﺑا ؛6 ،” ﺔﻨﺴﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ” ،دواد ﻮﺑأ ؛17 ،” ﺔﻴﻀﻗﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ” ،ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ؛5 ،“ﺢﻠﺼﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ” يرﺎﺨﺒﻟا 52 .170 ،240/6 ،ﺪﻨﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﻤﺣأ .256 ،146 ،180/6،ﺪﻨﺴﻤﻟا،ﺪﻤﺣأ ؛18 ” ﺔﻴﻀﻗﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ” ،ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ؛20 ” مﺎﺼﺘﻋﻻا بﺎﺘﻛ ” ،يرﺎﺨﺒﻟا 53 ًﺎﻓﻮﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﻀﻌﺑ ىورو ؛371 ،319 ،310/3 ،ﺪﻨﺴﻤﻟا ،ﺪﻤﺣأ ؛45 ،“ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا” ﻲﻓ ﻪﺟﺎﻣ ﻦﺑا ؛43 ،“ﺔﻌﻤﺠﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ” ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ 54 تﺎﻳاور ﺮﻈﻧاو ، 2655/2 ، ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻠﻟا لﻮﺳر ﻦﻨﺴﺑ ءاﺪﺘﻗﻻا بﺎﺑ ، «مﺎﺼﺘﻋﻻا» ،يرﺎﺨﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻛ دﻮﻌﺴﻣ ﻦﺑا ﻰﻠﻋ
.33-32 ، ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻟﻷا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻟ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﺒﻄﺧ بﺎﺘﮐ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا
