• Sonuç bulunamadı

1.Evrimsel genetiğin temelleri Teorik

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "1.Evrimsel genetiğin temelleri Teorik"

Copied!
28
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)

1.Evrimsel geneti

ğin temelleri

Teorik

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

1.Evrimsel geneti

ğin temelleri

Uygulama

(10)



)DPඈOඈDUඈVඈQJ\RXUVHOIZඈWKWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW

1RZ56WXGඈRඈVORDGHG\RXVKRXOGVHHWKUHHSDQHOVWKHFRQVROHDSDQHOFDOOHGHQYඈURQPHQWDQGRQHZඈWKDW OHDVWIRXUWDEVODEHOOHGIඈOHVSORWVSDFNDJHVDQGKHOS :ඈWK5\RXW\SHFRPPDQGVඈQWRWKHFRQVROHDQGWKHQWKඈVUHSOඈHVZඈWKRXWSXW5ZඈOORSHUDWHIURPZඈWKඈQWKH GඈUHFWRU\ඈWඈVVWDUWHGIURP7KඈVඈVDQඈPSRUWDQWSRඈQWWRUHPHPEHUIRUODWHUEXWIRUQRZZHZඈOOVHWWOHZඈWKXVඈQJ DVඈQJOHIXQFWඈRQඈQRUGHUWRIඈQGRXWZKඈFKGඈUHFWRU\ZHDUHඈQDQGDOVRJHWDQඈGHDRIKRZWKඈVDOODFWXDOO\ ZRUNV,QWKHFRQVROHVඈPSO\W\SHWKHIROORZඈQJ ‰‡–™†ſƀ :KHQ\RXW\SHWKඈV\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHGඈUHFWRU\WKDW\RXDUHඈQSUඈQWHGඈQWKHFRQVROH.QRZඈQJZKHUH5ඈV RSHUDWඈQJඈVඈPSRUWDQWIRUXQGHUVWDQGඈQJKRZWRUHDGGDWDඈQWRWKHHQYඈURQPHQWEXWZHZඈOOH[SORUHWKඈV FRQFHSWPRUHDOඈWWOHODWHU:KDWඈVPRUHඈPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGඈVWKDW\RXW\SHGDIXQFWඈRQඈQWRWKH5 HQYඈURQPHQW5HYDOXDWHGඈWDQGSURYඈGHG\RXZඈWKDQDQVZHU,I\RXZDQWWROHDUQZKDWDIXQFWඈRQGRHV\RX FDQVඈPSO\DVN5IRUKHOS/HWVWU\WKඈVZඈWKJHWZG  ţ‰‡–™† 7KඈVVKRXOGRSHQXSDKHOSGඈDORJXH+HOSSDJHVIRUIXQFWඈRQVOඈNHWKඈVDUHH[WUHPHO\XVHIXODQGDUHYHU\JRRG IRUJHWWඈQJDQඈGHDRIZKDWWKHIXQFWඈRQVGRDQGKRZ\RXFDQXVHWKHP7KHUHDUHHYHQH[DPSOHVRIKRZWRUXQ WKHP)RUDEHJඈQQHUVRPHRIWKHඈQIRUPDWඈRQඈQWKඈVGඈDORJXHZඈOOOඈNHO\VHHPKDUGWRXQGHUVWDQGEXWඈQWඈPH \RXZඈOOEHDEOHWRUHDGWKHPHIIHFWඈYHO\ /HW¶VJHWXVHGWRඈQWHUDFWඈQJZඈWKWKH5FRQVROH<RXKDYHDOUHDG\W\SHGDIXQFWඈRQRQFHDQGDOVRFDOOHGIRU KHOS<RXGඈGWKඈVDWWKHSURPSWZKඈFKVKRXOGDSSHDUOඈNHWKඈVඈQWKH5FRQVROH ʴ 7KඈVඈVFDOOHGWKHSURPSWEHFDXVHඈWඈVZDඈWඈQJIRU\RXUඈQSXWඈQRUGHUWRUHVSRQG7U\W\SඈQJDIHZQXPEHUVOඈNH EHORZ:KDWRXWSXWGR\RXVHH" ɨ ɨɥʫɨɥ ɬɥŞɬ ɬɥƋɩɥɥɥ ɰŵɪ ɩɥśɪɥ <RXZඈOOSUREDEO\KDYHQRWඈFHGWKDW5HFKRHVVඈQJOHQXPEHUVEDFNWR\RXEXWඈWDOVRDFWVOඈNHDFDOFXODWRUDQG DFWXDOO\SURFHVVHVWKHQXPEHUV\RXHQWHUඈQWRඈW&KDUDFWHUVVXFKDVʫŞŵDQGƋDUHRSHUDWRUVWKDW PHDQDGGVXEVWUDFWGඈYඈGHDQGPXOWඈSO\UHVSHFWඈYHO\8VඈQJśWHOOV5WRSUඈQWDOOQXPEHUVEHWZHHQWKHVWDUW DQGHQGYDOXHV ,QDGGඈWඈRQWREDVඈFPDWKHWPDWඈFDORSHUDWඈRQVVXFKDVPXOWඈSOඈFDWඈRQGඈYඈVඈRQDGGඈWඈRQDQGVXEWUDFWඈRQ\RXFDQ XVH5WRSHUIRUPORJਟFDORSHUDWਟRQV)RUH[DPSOH\RXFDQDVNZKHWKHUWZRYDOXHVDUHඈGHQWඈFDORUZKHWKHURQH ඈVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHRWKHU

(11)

 ɪƒ”‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‡“—ƒŽţ ɩʰʰɩ ɪ‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–˜ƒŽ—‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•‡…‘†ţ ɬʴɨɥ ɪ‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–˜ƒŽ—‡Ž‡••–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•‡…‘† ɰʳʰɨɥ

:KHQ\RXUXQWKඈVFRGHඈQWKHFRQVROH5ZඈOOUHWXUQRU GHQRWඈQJZKHWKHUWKHORJඈFDOVWDWHPHQWV

\RXPDGHDUHඈQGHHGWUXHRUIDOVH7KHH[DPSOHVKHUHDUHTXඈWHWUඈYඈDOEXWWKඈVඈVDSRZHUIXOIHDWXUHRI5 DQG ඈQGHHGSURJUDPPඈQJඈQJHQHUDO WKDWIRUPVWKHEDVඈVRIFUHDWඈQJ\RXURZQIXQFWඈRQVDQGSHUIRUPඈQJPRUH FRPSOH[RSHUDWඈRQV$VDVඈGHQRWHWKHOඈQHVWKDWVWDUWZඈWKDUHFRPPHQWVඈQRXU5FRGH5ZඈOOQRWඈQWHUSUHW WKHP7KHVHFRPPHQWVDUHXVHIXOZKHQ\RXDUHZUඈWඈQJVFUඈSWV VHHQH[WVHFWඈRQ DVDUHPඈQGHUIRUZKDW\RXU FRGHඈVGRඈQJ 5GRHVQ¶WMXVWඈQWHUSUHWQXPHUඈFYDOXHVඈWFDQDOVRKDQGOHFKDUDFWHUඈQIRUPDWඈRQඈHZRUGVDQGWH[W,I\RX W\SHDZRUGඈQTXRWHVRUGRXEOHTXRWHVඈWZඈOOUHSHDWඈWEDFNWR\RX/ඈNHVR ɑ ‡ŽŽ‘™‘”Ž†Šɑ 7DNHQRWHRIWKHIDFWWKDWඈI\RXGRWKHVDPHZਟWKRXWTXRWHVඈWZඈOOQRWZRUN\RXZඈOOJHWDQHUURU ‡ŽŽ‘™‘”Ž†Š $V\RXPඈJKWDOUHDG\EHWKඈQNඈQJW\SඈQJඈQVඈQJOHZRUGVRUQXPEHUVOඈNHWKඈVඈVQ¶WRIPXFKYDOXHEXWDV\RXZඈOO FRPHWRVHHWKඈVIRUPVWKHEDVඈVRIPRUHSRZHUIXOZD\VRIVWRUඈQJඈQIRUPDWඈRQ

9DUඈDEOHVYHFWRUVDQGDVVඈJQPHQW

1RZWKDWZHKDYHඈQWHUDFWHGZඈWKWKHFRQVROHDQGW\SHGVRPHYDOXHVඈQWKඈVඈVDJRRGWඈPHWRYඈVඈWWKH VWDWඈVWඈFDOFRQFHSWRIYDUඈDEOHV

1XPHUඈFYHFWRUV

,QWHUPVRIHYROXWඈRQDU\EඈRORJ\DQGEඈRVWDWඈVWඈFVDYDUඈDEOHඈVDQ\FKDUDFWHUඈVWඈFRUPHDVXUHPHQWWKDWYDUඈHV DPRQJඈQGඈYඈGXDOV7KHUHDUHPDQ\GඈIIHUHQWW\SHVRIYDUඈDEOHWKHIඈUVWW\SHZHZඈOOH[DPඈQHඈVQXPHUඈFDO)RU H[DPSOHඈQ5DVHWRIQXPHUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHVZRXOGORRNOඈNHVR …ſɨɥřɬɥřɨɥřɫɥƀ /HW¶VEUHDNGRZQZKDWZHGඈGKHUH7KH…IXQFWඈRQඈVDEDVඈFRQHWKDW\RXZඈOOXVHDORWඈWFRPEඈQHVYDOXHV ඈQWRZKDWZHFDOODYHFWRU<RXFDQWKඈQNRIDYHFWRUDVRQHZD\RIVWRUඈQJDVHWRIYDUඈDEOHV7DNHDFORVHUORRN DW…DQGVHHWKDWE\VHSDUDWඈQJDUJXPHQWVZඈWKDFRPPD\RXFDQFRPEඈQHDVPDQ\YDOXHVDV\RXZDQW

&KDUDFWHUYHFWRUV

5HWXUQඈQJWRYDUඈDEOHVZHFDQDOVRPHDVXUHFDWHJRUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHV7KHVHFDQEHWKඈQJVVXFKDVQDPHVVH[ FDWHJRUඈHVRUFODVVHV)RUH[DPSOH …ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑřɑ‹ɑƀ ,Q5WKඈVඈVZKDWZHZRXOGFDOODFKDUDFWHUYHFWRU,WඈVඈGHQWඈFDOWRWKHODVWYHFWRUZHSURGXFHGEXWZඈWK FKDUDFWHUඈQVWHDGRIQXPHUඈFDOGDWD

(12)

 ,IZHKDGWRFRQWඈQXDOO\W\SHඈQWKHYHFWRUVZHZDQWWRZRUNRQXVඈQJ5ZRXOGTXඈFNO\EHFRPHH[WUHPHO\ ඈQHIඈFඈHQW/XFNඈO\ZHFDQXVHWKHSUඈQFඈSOHRIDVVඈJQPHQWWRRYHUFRPHWKඈV7KඈVFDQEHDEඈWWUඈFN\WRJHW\RXU KHDGDURXQGDWIඈUVWEXWZඈWKSUDFWඈFHඈWඈVVWUDඈJKWIRUZDUG/HW¶VWDNHDORRNDWKRZඈWZRUNV ɪƒ••‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•–‘‘„Œ‡…–• ƒʳŞ…ſɨɥřɬɥřɨɥřɫɥƀ „ʰ…ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑřɑ‹ɑƀ ɪ”‡…ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‹–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ „ :HKDYHGHIඈQHGREMHFWVඈHDQREMHFWඈQWKH5HQYඈURQPHQWZHFDQQRZUHIHUWRZඈWKWKHQDPHZHDVVඈJQHG ඈW:KDWZHGඈGKHUHඈVEDVඈFDOO\WHOO5WKDWWKHUHDUHWZRQHZREMHFWVRQHඈVƒDYHFWRURIQXPHUඈFYDOXHVDQG WKHRWKHUඈV„DYHFWRURIFKDUDFWHUV7KHQWRUHFDOOWKHYHFWRUVIURPWKHHQYඈURQPHQWDOOZHQHHGWRGRඈV W\SHƒRU„

1RWHWKDWWKHUHDUHWZRZD\VWRDVVඈJQREMHFWVZඈWKʳŞRUZඈWKʰ%RWKDUHFRUUHFWEXWIRUFRQYHQWඈRQZHZඈOO

XVHʳŞ /HW¶VMXVWFKHFNZKDWW\SHRIYHFWRUVZHKDYHKHUH …Žƒ••ſƒƀ …Žƒ••ſ„ƀ 8VඈQJWKH…Žƒ••IXQFWඈRQ\RXVKRXOGVHHWKDWƒDQG„DUHQXPHUඈFDQGFKDUDFWHUYHFWRUVUHVSHFWඈYHO\ :KHQ\RXDVVඈJQDQREMHFW\RXFDQFDOOඈW DOPRVW ZKDWHYHU\RXOඈNH+RZHYHUVRPHEDVඈFUXOHVDUHWRDYRඈG WKHQDPHVRIIXQFWඈRQVDQGWRNHHSQDPHVUHODWඈYHO\VKRUWDQGFOHDU:KHQ\RXKDYHWRZUඈWHDORWRIFRGH\RX ZඈOOXQGHUVWDQGZK\WKඈVඈVYDOXDEOH

)DFWRUV

$VZHOODVQXPHUඈFDQGFKDUDFWHUYHFWRUVඈQ5WKHUHඈVDQRWKHUඈPSRUWDQWW\SHFDOOHGDIDFWRU$IDFWRUඈV HVVHQWඈDOO\DFKDUDFWHUYHFWRUZඈWKGඈIIHUHQWJURXSVRUFDWHJRUඈHV KHQFHඈWඈVFDWHJRUඈFDO ZKඈFKඈQ5DUHFDOOHG OHYHOV/HW¶VWDNHDORRNDWDIDFWRUඈQDFWඈRQ ɪ…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”˜‡…–‘” › ƒ…–‘”ʳŞ…ſɑƒŽ‡ɑřɑˆ‡ƒŽ‡ɑřɑƒŽ‡ɑřɑˆ‡ƒŽ‡ɑřɑˆ‡ƒŽ‡ɑřɑƒŽ‡ɑƀ ɪ–—”‹–‹–‘ƒˆƒ…–‘” › ƒ…–‘”ʳރ•Ŝˆƒ…–‘”ſ› ƒ…–‘”ƀ ɪ˜‹‡™–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž• Ž‡˜‡Ž•ſ› ƒ…–‘”ƀ ɤɤƃɨƄɑˆ‡ƒŽ‡ɑɑƒŽ‡ɑ

+HUHZHXVHGƒ•Ŝˆƒ…–‘”WRFRQYHUWRXUFKDUDFWHUYHFWRUඈQWRDIDFWRUDQGŽ‡˜‡Ž•WRORRNDWWKHGඈIIHUHQW

FDWHJRUඈHV7KHඈPSRUWDQFHRIIDFWRUVPඈJKWQRWEHඈPPHGඈDWHO\REYඈRXVEXWDVZHFRQWඈQXHH[SORUඈQJWKH5 ODQJXDJHDQGVWDWඈVWඈFDODQDO\VඈV\RXZඈOOVHHWKH\DUHDQH[WUHPHO\XVHIXOFRQFHSW

0DNඈQJXVHRIYHFWRUV

1RZWKDWZHKDYHOHDUQHGDERXWW\SHVRIYHFWRUVDQGKRZWRDVVඈJQWKHPZHFDQVWDUWH[SORUඈQJKRZWR PDQඈSXODWHWKHP7KඈVඈVඈPSRUWDQWIRUGHYHORSඈQJDQඈQWXඈWඈRQDERXWKRZ5UHDOO\ZRUNV )ඈUVWRIDOOZHZඈOOFUHDWHWZRQXPHUඈFYHFWRUV

(13)



šʳŞɨśɨɥ

›ʳŞ•‡“ſˆ”‘ʰɨɥř–‘ʰɨɥɥř„›ʰɨɥƀ

:KDWGඈGZHGRKHUH")ඈUVWO\ZHFUHDWHGšWHOOඈQJWRXVHDOOQXPHUඈFඈQWHJHUV ඈHZKROHQXPEHUV EHWZHHQ

DQG:HWKHQXVHGWKHIXQFWඈRQ•‡“WRFUHDWH›•‡“WDNHVWKHDUJXPHQWVˆ”‘DQG–‘ඈHWKH

VWDUWVWRSYDOXHVDQGDWKඈUGDUJXPHQW„›WHOOඈQJඈWKRZWRඈQFUHPHQWWKHVHTXHQFH6HHţ•‡“IRUPRUH

GHWDඈOV 2QHRIWKHPRVWXVHIXOIHDWXUHVRIZRUNඈQJZඈWKYHFWRUVඈVWKHSUඈQFඈSOHRIඈQGH[ඈQJ7KඈVOHWVXVH[WUDFWDQ\ YDOXHZHZDQWIURPDYHFWRUඈQ5)ඈUVWRIDOOOHW¶VZRUNRXWKRZORQJWKHVHYHFWRUVDUHXVඈQJWKHIXQFWඈRQ Ž‡‰–Š Ž‡‰–Šſšƀ ɤɤƃɨƄɨɥ Ž‡‰–Šſ›ƀ ɤɤƃɨƄɨɥ 6RZHQRZNQRZWKHUHDUHYDOXHVඈQHDFKRIWKHVHYHFWRUV,IZHZDQWWRYඈHZDVSHFඈIඈFYDOXHRUUDQJHRI YDOXHVZHMXVWQHHGWRFDOOWKHYHFWRUREMHFWDQGVSHFඈI\ZKඈFKYDOXHVඈQVTXDUHEUDFNHWV)RUH[DPSOHWRFDOO DVඈQJOHYDOXH šƃɬƄ ɤɤƃɨƄɬ ›ƃɬƄ ɤɤƃɨƄɬɥ ,Q5DOOඈQGඈFHVVWDUWDW WKඈVඈVඈPSRUWDQWWRUHPHPEHUEHFDXVHVRPHODQJXDJHVVXFKDV3\WKRQVWDUWDW  ,IZHZDQWWRH[WUDFWYDOXHVZHZRXOGGRWKHIROORZඈQJ šƃɪśɬƄ ɤɤƃɨƄɪɫɬ ›ƃɪśɬƄ ɤɤƃɨƄɪɥɫɥɬɥ :KDWඈI\RXZDQWWRH[WUDFWWKHWKඈUGVඈ[WKDQGQඈQWKYDOXHVRIDYHFWRU"7KHQ\RXFDQXVH…OඈNHVR šƃ…ſɪřɭřɰƀƄ ›ƃ…ſɪřɭřɰƀƄ

(14)

 :KDWඈI\RXZDQWWRUHSODFHDYDOXHඈQDYHFWRU"<RXFDQDOVRGRWKඈVZඈWKඈQGඈFHV ɪ˜‹‡™š š ɪ”‡ƒ••‹‰–Š‡ɲ–Š˜ƒŽ—‡ šƃɬƄʳŞɬɥɥ ɪ˜‹‡™šƒ‰ƒ‹ š $QඈPSRUWDQWWKඈQJWRNHHSඈQPඈQGZKHQZRUNඈQJZඈWKYHFWRUVඈVWKDW\RXFDQDSSO\DQRSHUDWඈRQWRDOOWKH YDUඈDEOHVඈQDYHFWRUDWRQFH7DNHVRPHWඈPHWRH[DPඈQHWKHH[DPSOHVEHORZ šƋɨɥ šʫɨɥ šŞɬɥ )ඈQDOO\ඈWඈVSRVVEOHWRSHUIRUPRSHUDWඈRQVRQPXOWඈSOHYHFWRUVWRJHWKHU/HW¶VJHQHUDWHWZRQHZšDQG› YHFWRUV šʳŞɨśɬ ›ʳŞɩɥśɩɫ 1RZZHFDQSHUIRUPDQ\QXPEHUඈFDORSHUDWඈRQRQWKHPZHZඈVKDGGPXOWඈSO\GඈYඈGHVXEWUDFWDQGVRRQ šƋ› šʫ› šŞ› šŵ› 1RWHWKDWIRUVWUHVVIUHHRSHUDWඈRQVZඈWKYHFWRUVOඈNHWKRVHDERYHWKH\VKRXOGEHRIWKHVDPHOHQJWK,IWKඈVඈV QRWWKHFDVHWKHQ5ZඈOOUHWXUQDZDUQඈQJPHVVDJH)RUH[DPSOH ɪ–™‘˜‡…–‘”•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡‰–Š šʳŞɨśɬ ›ʳŞ…ſɨɥřɨɥɥƀ ɪ—Ž–‹’Ž›–Š‡–‘‰‡–Š‡” šƋ› ɤɤƒ”‹‰‹šƋ›śŽ‘‰‡”‘„Œ‡…–Ž‡‰–Š‹•‘–ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•Š‘”–‡”‘„Œ‡…– ɤɤŽ‡‰–Š ɤɤƃɨƄɨɥɩɥɥɪɥɫɥɥɬɥ 7KHRSHUDWඈRQZRUNHGEXWඈWSURGXFHVDZDUQඈQJ\RXFDQDOVRVHHWKDW5ZඈOOUHXVHWKHVHFRQGYHFWRU6R KHUHWKHIඈUVWYDOXHRIšඈVPXOWඈSOඈHGE\WKHVHFRQGE\WKHWKඈUGE\DQGVRRQ

9DUඈDEOHVඈQVWDWඈVWඈFV

6RIDUZඈWK5ZHKDYHOHDUQHGDERXWFDWHJRUඈFDODQGQXPHUඈFDOYDOXHV,QPRUHWUDGඈWඈRQDOVWDWඈVWඈFDOWHUPV WKHUHDUHRWKHUZD\VWRFODVVඈI\WKHVHWZRPDMRUW\SHV)RUH[DPSOHFDWHJRUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHVDUHRIWHQUHIHUUHGWR DVTXDOඈWDWඈYHDQGDUHHඈWKHUQRPඈQDORURUGඈQDO2UGඈQDOFDWHJRUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHVKDYHDQRUGHUVXFKDVOඈIH VWDJHඈQDVSHFඈHV,QFRQWUDVWQRPඈQDOFDWHJRUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHVKDYHQRRUGHUVXFKDVVH[RUNDU\RW\SH

(15)

 1XPHUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHVDUHVWUDඈJKIRUZDUGEXWFDQDOVREHVSOඈWඈQWRGඈIIHUHQWFODVVHV7KH\FDQEHFRQWඈQRXVIRU H[DPSOHKHඈJKWRUZHඈJKW7KH\FDQDOVREHGඈVFUHWHDVඈQWKH\DUHඈQWHJHUVRUUHDOQXPEHUV1XPEHURI ඈQGඈYඈGXDOVඈVDQH[DPSOHRIVXFKDGඈVFUHWHQXPHUඈFDOYDUඈDEOHඈWGRHVQRWPDNHVHQVHIRUWKHUHWREH ඈQGඈYඈGXDOV

%DVඈFSORWWඈQJDQGYඈVXDOඈVDWඈRQ

7KHYHUVDWඈOඈW\RISORWWඈQJඈQ5ඈVRQHRIWKHODQJXDJH¶VPRVWDWWUDFWඈYHDQGඈPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHV9ඈVXDOඈVඈQJGDWD ඈVHVVHQWඈDOIRUSURSHUO\XQGHUVWDQGඈQJDQGH[SORUඈQJGDWDඈWFDQKHOS\RXඈGHQWඈI\PHDVXUHPHQWHUURU XQGHUVWDQGKRZ\RXUGDWDZඈOOIඈWDWHVWRUSXUSRVHDQGPRVWඈPSRUWDQWO\RIDOOSRඈQWWRZDUGVඈQWHUHVWඈQJ K\SRWKHVHVWRWHVW

$YHU\VඈPSOHVFDWWHUSORW

7KHHDVඈHVWDQGPRVWVWUDඈJKWIRUZDUGSORWWRJHQHUDWHඈQ5ඈVDVFDWWHUSORWඈHYDUඈDWඈRQEHWZHHQYDOXHVRQ WZRGඈIIHUHQWYHFWRUV7RSORWWKඈVZHQHHGWRFUHDWHWZRQXPHUඈFYHFWRUVOඈNHVR šʳŞɨśɨɥ ›ʳŞɩɨśɪɥ :HFDQWKHQVඈPSO\XVHWKH’Ž‘–IXQFWඈRQWRSORWWKHPTXඈFNO\DQGHDVඈO\ ’Ž‘–ſšř›ƀ 3HUKDSVQRWWKHSUHWWඈHVWSORW\RX¶OOJHQHUDWHEXWH[WUHPHO\HDV\WRJHQHUDWH/DWHUZHZඈOOOHDUQZD\VWRDOWHU WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDSORW

(16)



9ඈVXDOඈVඈQJDGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ

7RGHPRQVWUDWHKRZ5FDQKHOS\RXYඈVXDOඈVHDQGOHDUQPRUHDERXWVWDWඈVWඈFVZHZඈOOIRFXVRQWKHPRVW IDPඈOඈDUSUREDEඈOඈW\GඈVWUඈEXWඈRQNQRZQIRUඈW¶VEHOOVKDSHGFXUYHWKHQRUPDOGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ7KHIඈUVWWKඈQJZH QHHGWRGRWRWDFNOHWKඈVFRQFHSWඈVJHQHUDWHVRPHGDWDIURPDQඈGHDOQRUPDOGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ)RUWKඈVZHFDQXVH WKH”‘”IXQFWඈRQ šʳŞ”‘”ſʰɨɥɥɥř‡ƒʰɩɬŜɬř•†ʰɪƀ :KDWGඈGZHGRZඈWK”‘”" ඈVWKHQXPEHURIREVHUYDWඈRQVZHDUHVDPSOඈQJKHUHඈWඈV ‡ƒඈVWKHPHDQ DYHUDJH YDOXHRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQKHUH •†ඈVWKHVWDQGDUGGHYඈDWඈRQRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQWKඈVH[SODඈQVWKHVSUHDGRIWKHGDWDDURXQGWKHPHDQ 7KඈVPඈJKWQRWPDNHVHQVHඈPPHGඈDWHO\EXWඈWZඈOOEHFOHDUHUZKHQZHDFWXDOO\YඈVXDOඈVHWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ7RGR WKඈVZHZඈOOXVHWKHŠ‹•–IXQFWඈRQWRJHQHUDWHDKඈVWRJUDPRIWKHGDWD Š‹•–ſšƀ )URPWKHKඈVWRJUDPSORWZHJHQHUDWHG\RXFDQVHHWKHPHDQඈVDURXQGDVH[SHFWHG<RXFDQDOVRVHH WKDWPRVWYDOXHVIURPWKHGDWDVHWIDOOZඈWKඈQDSSUR[ඈPDWHO\WZRVWDQGDUGGHYඈDWඈRQVHඈWKHUVඈGHRIWKHPHDQ ඈHRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQRFFXUVKHUH:KDWWKඈVPHDQVඈVWKDWYDOXHVIDOOඈQJඈQWKHWDඈOVRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQDUH RXWOඈHUV

&XVWRPඈVඈQJSORWV

5SORWVDUHYHU\HDVඈO\FXVWRPඈVHGWRPDNHWKHPUHDG\IRUSUHVHQWDWඈRQVRUSXEOඈFDWඈRQV/HW¶VJHQHUDWHVRPH GDWDWRZRUNZඈWK

(17)

 šʳŞ•‡“ſˆ”‘ʰɨř–‘ʰɨɥɥř„›ʰɬƀ ›ʳŞšɋɩ $OOZHGඈGKHUHZDVVTXDUHDOOWKHYDOXHVRIšWRPDNH›6RQRZZHFDQSORWWKHUHODWඈRQVKඈSXVඈQJDQ ඈGHQWඈFDO’Ž‘–FRPPDQGWRWKDWZHXVHGSUHYඈRXVO\ ’Ž‘–ſšř›ƀ )ඈUVWRIDOOSHUKDSVZHZDQWWRFKDQJHWKHRUඈHQWDWඈRQRIWKHYDOXHVRQWKH\D[ඈV PD\EH\RXDUHIXVV\OඈNHZH DUH :HFDQGRWKඈVVඈPSO\XVඈQJWKHŽƒ•DUJXPHQW ’Ž‘–ſšř›řŽƒ•ʰɨƀ

(18)

 3HUKDSVZHZDQWWRPDNHWKHSRඈQWVඈQRXUSORWDGඈIIHUHQWFRORXU)RUH[DPSOHZHFDQPDNHWKHPUHGZඈWKWKH

…‘ŽDUJXPHQWOඈNHVR

(19)

 3HUKDSVZHDOVRZDQWWRIඈWDOඈQHWRRXUSORW"7RGRWKDWZHXVHWKHŽ‹‡•IXQFWඈRQOඈNHWKඈV

’Ž‘–ſšř›řŽƒ•ʰɨř…‘Žʰɑ”‡†ɑƀ Ž‹‡•ſšř›ƀ

(20)



 /DVWRIDOOZHPඈJKWZDQWWRDGGDWඈWOHWRPDNHVXUHZHNQRZZKDWRXUSORWඈVDFWXDOO\VKRZඈQJ

’Ž‘–ſšř›řŽƒ•ʰɨř…‘Žʰɑ”‡†ɑřƒ‹ʰɑ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡šĺ›ɑƀ Ž‹‡•ſšř›ƀ

(21)

  :HKDYHRQO\VKRZQDIHZH[DPSOHVKHUHEXWඈWඈVSRVVඈEOHWRGRVRPXFKPRUHZඈWK5WKDQWKHVHVඈPSOHSORWV 7RVHHDIHZH[DPSOHV\RXFDQXVHWKH†‡‘ſ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ƀFDOOWKඈVZඈOOGHPRQVWUDWHSORWVDQGWKHFRGHXVHG WRSURGXFHWKHP7KHUHDUHPDQ\PRUHඈQGHSWK5SORWWඈQJWXWRUඈDOVDYDඈODEOHRQOඈQHDQGZHSURYඈGHOඈQNVWR WKHPDWWKHHQGRIWKඈVFKDSWHU7KHUHDUHDOVRSOHQW\RISDFNDJHVVXFKDV‰‰’Ž‘–ɩZKඈFKDOORZDGYDQFHGDQG PRUHIOH[ඈEOHSORWWඈQJZHZඈOOWRXFKRQWKඈVඈQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU

0RYඈQJEH\RQGYHFWRUVPDWUඈFHVDQGGDWDIUDPHV

:HKDYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGWRVWRUHGDWDඈQ5DVDYHFWRU:HFDQDOVRDFFHVVDQGH[WUDFWYDOXHVIURPYHFWRUV ,QSURJUDPPඈQJWHUPVDYHFWRUඈVNQRZQDVDGDWDVWUXFWXUH,Q5WKHUHDUHRWKHUGDWDVWUXFWXUHVEH\RQG YHFWRUVZKඈFKDUHXVHIXOIRUVWRUඈQJGDWD,QWKඈVSDUWRIRXUWXWRUඈDOZHZඈOOWXUQIRFXVRQWZRVඈPඈODUEXWVXEWO\ GඈIIHUHQWVWUXFWXUHVWKHPDWUඈ[DQGWKHGDWDIUDPH

(QWHUWKHPDWUඈ[

0DWUඈFHVHVVHQWඈDOO\VWRUHGDWDඈQURZVDQGFROXPQVVඈPඈODUWRDWDEOH<RXZඈOOKDYHXQGRXEWHGO\FRPHDFURVV VRPHPDQQHURIDGDWDPDWUඈ[EHIRUHRXWVඈGHRIWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW7KHSUඈQFඈSOHVDUHVඈPඈODUZඈWKඈQ5\RX VWRUHGඈIIHUHQWYDUඈDEOHVඈQGඈIIHUHQWFROXPQVDQGHDFKURZUHSUHVHQWVDGඈIIHUHQWREVHUYDWඈRQ $VZඈWKPRVWWKඈQJVWKඈVඈVDORWHDVඈHUWRJHW\RXUKHDGDURXQGඈI\RXVWDUWWRORRNDWඈWඈQSUDFWඈFHVROHW¶V FUHDWHWZRYHFWRUVDQGPDNHWKHPඈQWRDPDWUඈ[ šʳŞɨśɫ ›ʳŞɩɨśɩɫ œʳŞ…„‹†ſšř›ƀ œ

(22)

  ɤɤš› ɤɤƃɨřƄɨɩɨ ɤɤƃɩřƄɩɩɩ ɤɤƃɪřƄɪɩɪ ɤɤƃɫřƄɫɩɫ

+HUHZHXVHG…„‹†WRMRඈQWRJHWKHUšDQG›DVFROXPQV7KඈVFUHDWHGDPDWUඈ[œ:HFDQXVH5WRYHUඈI\ œඈVDPDWUඈ[XVඈQJWKH‹•Ŝƒ–”‹šIXQFWඈRQDQGDOVROHDUQDERXWWKHGඈPHQVඈRQVRIRXUPDWUඈ[ZඈWK†‹

‹•Ŝƒ–”‹šſœƀ †‹ſœƀ

:KHQZHDVN5ඈIœඈVDPDWUඈ[ඈWUHWXUQVDORJਟFDOVWDWHPQWඈQGඈFඈDWඈQJඈWඈVඈQGHHGDPDWUඈ[/RJඈFDO

VWDWHPHQWVDUHDQඈPSRUWDQWFRQFHSWඈQSURJUDPPඈQJDQGZHZඈOOUHWXUQWRWKHPඈQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU :KHQZHXVHG†‹5UHVSRQGVZඈWKWZRYDOXHVWKHQXPEHURIURZVDQGWKHQXPEHURIFROXPQV$FUXFඈDO SRඈQWKHUHඈVWKDWZKHQHYHUZHUHIHUWRPDWUඈFHVඈHIRUH[WUDFWඈQJGDWDZHIඈUVWVSHFඈI\WKHURZDQGWKHQ WKHFROXPQ:HFDQDOVRXVHVHSDUDWHIXQFWඈRQVVXFKDV”‘™DQG…‘ŽWRJHWWKHVDPHYDOXHVOඈNHVR ”‘™ſœƀ …‘Žſœƀ

([WUDFWඈQJGDWDIURPDPDWUඈ[

1RZWKDWZHNQRZKRZPDWUඈFHVDUHEXඈOWOHW¶VPDNHDQHZRQHDQGGHPRQVWUDWHH[WUDFWඈQJVRPHGDWDIURPඈW :HZඈOOFUHDWHDPDWUඈ[ඈQDVOඈJKW\GඈIIHUHQWZD\KHUHXVඈQJWKHƒ–”‹šIXQFWඈRQ ʳޏƒ–”‹šſɨśɨɥř…‘Žʰɩƀ  +HUHZHDUHWHOOඈQJ5WRPDNHDPDWUඈ[ZඈWKDQXPHUඈFYHFWRURI7KH…‘ŽSDUWRIWKඈVIXQFWඈRQWHOOV5WKDW ZHZDQWWZRFROXPQV:HFDQDOVRVHWWKHURZVZඈWK”‘™EXWWKDWඈVFDOFXODWHGඈPSOඈFඈWO\KHUH $WWKHPRPHQWRXUPDWUඈ[KDVඈQWKHIඈUVWFROXPQDQGඈQWKHVHFRQG:HFDQFKDQJHWKHZD\WKDWWKH GDWDඈVHQWHUHGඈQWRWKHPDWUඈ[XVඈQJ„›”‘™ZKඈFKඈVORJඈFDODUJXPHQWWRWKHPDWUඈ[IXQFWඈRQ,IZHXVHWKH PDWUඈ[IXQFWඈRQDJDඈQZHFDQVHHWKඈVඈQDFWඈRQ ʳޏƒ–”‹šſɨśɨɥř…‘Žʰɩř„›”‘™ʰƀ  1RZZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHPDWUඈ[ඈVIඈOOHGDFURVVURZVUDWKHUWKDQFROXPQV:HDUHQRZUHDG\WRDFFHVVGDWDඈQ WKHPDWUඈ[)ඈUVWZHZඈOOH[WUDFWDVSHFඈIඈFFROXPQ/ඈNHZඈWKYHFWRUVWKඈVUHTXඈUHVVTXDUHEUDFNHWV ƃřɨƄ :HFDQVHHFOHDUO\WKDWWKඈVH[WUDFWVWKHIඈUVWFROXPQ7U\H[WUDFWඈQJWKHVHFRQGFROXPQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKH SUඈQFඈSOH 1RZZKDWඈIZHZDQWWRDFFHVVDVSHFඈIඈFURZ" ƃɬřƄ $JDඈQWKඈVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWZHIඈUVWVSHFඈI\WKHURZDQGWKHQWKHFROXPQ:HFDQDFWXDOO\VSHFඈI\ERWKDW RQFHWRH[WUDFWDSDUWඈFXODUYDOXH)RUH[DPSOH

(23)

  ƃɫřɩƄ 7KඈVZඈOOUHWXUQ ,WඈVZRUWKQRWඈQJKHUHWKDWDOORXUH[DPSOHVVRIDUKDYHEHHQZඈWKQXPHUඈFPDWUඈFHV+RZHYHUඈWඈVDOVR SRVVඈEOHWRPDNHDFKDUDFWHUPDWUඈ[)RUH[DPSOH ʳޏƒ–”‹šſ…ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ‡ƒ…Šɑřɑ‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‘ƒ†ɑƀř…‘Žʰɩƀ <RXFDQWUHDWWKඈVPDWUඈ[H[DFWO\DV\RXZRXOGඈIඈWZDVQXPHUඈF)RUH[DPSOH ƃɪřɨƄ

'DWDIUDPHV

,QDGGඈWඈRQWRWKHPDWUඈ[5KDVDYHU\IOH[ඈEOHGDWDVWUXFWXUHFDOOHGDGDWDIUDPH6XSHUIඈFඈDOO\GDWDIUDPHVDQG PDWUඈFHVDUHYHU\VඈPඈODUDQGඈQGHHG\RXFDQXVHPDQ\RIWKHWHFKQඈTXHVIRUH[WUDFWඈQJGDWDIURPPDWUඈFHVRQ DGDWDIUDPH +RZHYHUDPDWUඈ[FDQRQO\EHFRPSOHWHO\QXPHUඈFRUFRPSOHWHO\FKDUDFWHUEDVHGZKHUHDVGDWDIUDPHVDOORZ PXOWඈSOHW\SHVRIGDWDWREHVWRUHGඈQWKHP7RGHPRQVWUDWHWKඈVZHZඈOOFUHDWHDEDVඈFGDWDIUDPHIURPWKUHH YHFWRUVRQHFKDUDFWHUDQGWZRQXPHUඈF FRQWඈQRXVDQGඈQWHJHU /HW¶VJHQHUDWHWKHYHFWRUVIඈUVW ƒ‡ʳŞ…ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑƀ Š‡‹‰Š–ʳŞ…ſɨɬɬřɨɭɥřɨɯɥŜɪřɨɯɥŜɪƀ ƒ‰‡ʳŞ…ſɩɭřɩɫřɨɮřɨɰƀ :ඈWKWKHVHWKUHHYHFWRUVZHFDQHDVඈO\FUHDWHDGDWDIUDPHXVඈQJ†ƒ–ƒŜˆ”ƒ‡ †ˆʳކƒ–ƒŜˆ”ƒ‡ſƒ‡řŠ‡‹‰Š–řƒ‰‡ƀ †ˆ <RXZඈOOVHHඈPPHGඈDWHO\WKDWWKHZD\DGDWDIUDPHඈVGඈVSOD\HGඈVGඈIIHUHQWWRDPDWUඈ[+RZHYHU\RXFDQ H[WUDFWGDWDIURPඈWඈQDVඈPඈODUZD\)RUH[DPSOH †ˆƃřɨƄ †ˆƃɪřƄ †ˆƃɫřɪƄ +RZHYHU\RXFDQDOVRDFFHVVWKHFROXPQVRIDGDWDIUDPHGඈUHFWO\XVඈQJWKHඈUQDPHV7RGRWKඈVZHQHHGWR XVHɛ7KඈVEDVඈFDOO\WHOOV5WKDWZHDUHFDOOඈQJWKHREMHFW KHUHWKHFROXPQ ZਟWKਟQWKHGDWDIUDPH7U\WKHVH H[DPSOHVDQGVHH †ˆɛƒ‡ɪ„Ŝ–Š‹•‹•ƒˆƒ…–‘”•‘™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• †ˆɛŠ‡‹‰Š– †ˆɛƒ‰‡ :HFDQDFWXDOO\HDV\FRQYHUWRXUGDWDIUDPHWRDPDWUඈ[XVඈQJƒ•Ŝƒ–”‹š,IZHWU\WKඈV\RXZඈOOVHHWKDWDOO WKHGDWDඈVFRQYHUWHGWRFKDUDFWHUGDWD<RXPඈJKWZRQGHUZK\ZHZRXOGFRQYHUWWRDPDWUඈ[EXWඈWඈV RFFDVVඈRQDOO\QHFHVVDU\IRUGDWDRSHUDWඈRQVඈQ5 ƒ•Ŝƒ–”‹šſ†ˆƀ

(24)

  :ඈWKODUJHGDWDIUDPHVඈWFDQEHDEඈWWRXJKWRNHHSWUDFNRIDOOWKHGඈIIHUHQWGDWDW\SHVVWRUHG$TXඈFNZD\WR JHWDQඈGHDRIZKDWRQHFRQWDඈQVඈVWRXVH•–”WRH[DPඈQHWKHVWUXFWXUH ɪ‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒˆ”ƒ‡ •–”ſ†ˆƀ ɪ‘ƒƒ–”‹šŞ‘–‡–Š‡•Š‹ˆ––‘ƒŽŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• •–”ſƒ•Ŝƒ–”‹šſ†ˆƀƀ

5GDWDVWUXFWXUHVDVXPPDU\

:ඈWKWKඈVVHFWඈRQZHKDYHEHFRPHIDPඈOඈDUZඈWKWKHIXQGDPHQWDOGDWDVWUXFWXUHV5KDVWRRIIHU%HORZඈVDWDEOH VXPPDUඈVඈQJWKHGඈIIHUHQFHVDPRQJWKHPDඈQWKUHH 2EMHFW 0RGHV 6HYHUDOPRGHVSRVVඈEOHඈQWKHVDPH REMHFW" YHFWRU 1XPHUඈFFKDUDFWHUFRPSOH[RUORJඈFDORU FKDUDFWHU 1R PDWUඈ[ 1XPHUඈFFKDUDFWHUFRPSOH[RUORJඈFDO 1R GDWDIUDPH 1XPHUඈFFKDUDFWHUFRPSOH[RUORJඈFDO <HV ,WඈVZRUWKQRWඈQJWKDWWKHUHDUHPDQ\RWKHUGDWDVWUXFWXUHVඈQ5DQGRQHඈQSDUWඈFXODUZHKDYHDYRඈGHGඈQWKඈV ඈQWURGXFWඈRQඈVWKHOඈVW/ඈVWVDUHXVHIXOEXWDOඈWWOHFRPSOH[IRU\RXUIඈUVWYHQWXUHVZඈWKWKHODQJXDJHZHZඈOO FRYHUWKHPඈQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU

+DQGOඈQJGDWDVHWVඈQ5

&UHDWඈQJYHFWRUVPDWUඈFHVDQGGDWDIUDPHVඈVDXVHIXOVNඈOOEXW5¶VWUXHSRZHUOඈHVඈQDSSO\ඈQJ\RXUNQRZOHGJH RIWKHVHGDWDVWUXFWXUHVWRDFWXDOGDWDVHWV2EYඈRXVO\ZHQHHGDZD\WRUHDGGDWDඈQWR5ඈQRUGHUWRDFFHVVඈW SURSHUO\+RZHYHUEHIRUHZHOHDUQWRGRWKඈVZHZඈOOWDNHVRPHWඈPHWRH[SORUHVRPHRIWKHPDQ\GDWDVHWVWKDW H[ඈVWZඈWKඈQ5

([DPSOHGDWDVHWVඈQ5

*HWWඈQJXVHGWRKDQGOඈQJWKHVHGDWDVHWVඈVඈPSRUWDQWWKH\DUHDQH[FHOOHQWZD\WRWHVWRXWIXQFWඈRQVSORWWඈQJ DQGVWDWඈVWඈFDOWHVWV8VHWKH†ƒ–ƒIXQFWඈRQWRORRNDWDOඈVWRIWKHDYDඈODEOHGDWDVHWV †ƒ–ƒſƀ <RXFDQFKRRVHDQ\GDWDVHWIURPWKඈVOඈVWDQGXVHWKH5KHOSWROHDUQPRUHDERXWඈW)RUH[DPSOHWU\ţ…ƒ”•RU ţ‹”‹• &DOOඈQJRQHRIWKHVHGDWDVHWVඈVH[WUHPHO\HDV\WKH\DUHEXඈOWඈQWR5VR\RXFDQMXVWFDOOWKHPXVඈQJWKHඈU QDPHV)RUH[DPSOH Š‡ƒ†ſ‹”‹•ƀ •–”ſ‹”‹•ƀ +HUHWKHŠ‡ƒ†IXQFWඈRQMXVWVKRZVWKHIඈUVWOඈQHVRIWKHGDWDVHWJඈYඈQJ\RXDQඈGHDRIZKDW\RXDUHORRNඈQJ DW7KH‹”‹•GDWDVHWඈVDVHWRIPHDVXUHPHQWVIURPGඈIIHUHQWVSHFඈHVRIඈUඈVDQGඈVDFODVVඈFGDWDVHWඈQ EඈRORJ\PHDVXUHGE\(GJDU$QGHUVRQDQGXVHGE\5$)ඈVKHUWRGHPRQVWUDWHIXQGDPHQWDOPXOWඈYDUඈDWH VWDWඈVWඈFV

(25)

  /HW¶VWDNHDPRPHQWKHUHWRYඈVXDOඈVHVRPHRIWKH‹”‹•GDWD3HUKDSVZHDUHඈQWHUHVWHGඈQVHHඈQJZKHWKHU ’‡–ƒŽŜ™‹†–ŠYDUඈHVEHWZHHQWKHWKUHHVSHFඈHV":HFDQFRPSDUHWKHVSUHDGRIWKHGDWDEHWZHHQWKHVSHFඈHV XVඈQJDER[SORW/HW¶VWU\WKHIROORZඈQJFRGH „‘š’Ž‘–ſ‹”‹•ɛ‡–ƒŽŜ‹†–ŠɌ‹”‹•ɛ’‡…‹‡•řŽƒ•ʰɨř ›Žƒ„ʰɑ‡–ƒŽ™‹†–ŠɑřšŽƒ„ʰɑ’‡…‹‡•ɑƀ (YHQඈI\RXDUHQ¶WIDPඈOඈDUZඈWKWKHFRQFHSWRIDER[SORW RUPRUHIRUPDOO\WKHER[ZKඈVNHUSORW ඈWVKRXOGEH IDඈUO\FOHDUIURPWKඈVSORWWKDWWKHWKUHHVSHFඈHVDUHTXඈWHGඈIIHUHQWඈQSHWDOZඈGWK/HW¶VEUHDNGRZQRXUXVHRIWKH „‘š’Ž‘–IXQFWඈRQEHIRUHJRඈQJඈQWRDEඈWPRUHGHWDඈODERXWWKHSORWඈWVHOI :KDWGඈGZHGRZඈWK”‘”" ‹”‹•ɛ‡–ƒŽŜ‹†–ŠɌ‹”‹•ɛ’‡…‹‡•WKඈVDUJXPHQWඈVDIRUPXODඈQ5,WEDVඈFDOO\PHDQVSHWDOZඈGWKDV DIXQFWඈRQRIVSHFඈHV,QSODඈQHUWHUPVZHDUHDVNඈQJ5WRVKRZXVKRZSHWDOZඈGWKYDUඈHVDPRQJ VSHFඈHVWKඈVZඈOOEHFRPHPXFKFOHDUHUDVZHZRUNRQVRPHVWDWඈVWඈFDOWHVWVඈQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU Žƒ•ʰɨඈVMXVWWHOOඈQJWKH„‘š’Ž‘–FRPPDQGWRRUඈHQWDWHWKH\D[ඈVKRUඈ]RQWDOO\ ›Žƒ„VSHFඈIඈHVWKHWH[WIRUWKH\D[ඈV šŽƒ„VSHFඈIඈHVWKHWH[WIRUWKH[D[ඈV 6RZKDWDUHWKHER[SORWVVKRZඈQJXV"(VVHQWඈDOO\WKH\DUHGඈVSOD\ඈQJWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQRISHWDOZඈGWKDPRQJWKH GඈIIHUHQWVSHFඈHVRIඈUඈV,QHDFKFDVHWKHEODFNEDUඈQGඈFDWHVWKHPHGඈDQSHWDOZඈGWKIRUWKHVSHFඈHVඈHWKH YDOXHO\ඈQJඈQWKHPඈGGOHRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ7KHER[ඈWVHOIVKRZVWKHVSUHDGRIWKHWKDQGWKSHUFHQWඈOHVRI WKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQඈHRIWKHGDWDRFFXUVZඈWKඈQWKHVSDFHRIWKHER[7KHµZKඈVNHUV¶RUWDඈOVRIWKHER[SORW DUHEඈWPRUHFRPSOඈFDWHGEXWHVVHQWඈDOO\UHSUHVHQWWKHH[WUHPHVRIWKHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ$Q\SRඈQWVRFFXUUඈQJ EH\RQGWKHVH VXFKDVඈQVHWRVD DUHRXWOඈHUV

5HDGඈQJGDWDVHWVඈQWR5

(26)

  $V\RXXVHFRQWඈQXHWRXVH5IRUGD\WRGD\UHVHDUFKDQGDQDO\VඈVSXUSRVHVWKHUHZඈOOFRPHDWඈPHZKHQ\RX ZDQWWRUHDG\RXURZQGDWDඈQWRWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW([DPSOHGDWDVHWVDUHJUHDWIRUWHDFKඈQJDQG GHPRQVWUDWඈQJH[DPSOHVZඈWKFRGHEXWREYඈRXVO\WKH\DUHRQO\H[DPSOHV5HDGඈQJඈQ\RXURZQGDWDඈVDQ HVVHQWඈDOVNඈOODQGRQHWKDWඈVTXඈWHHDV\WROHDUQ 7KHUHDUHPDQ\GඈIIHUHQWZD\VWRUHDGGDWDඈQWR52QHRIWKHPRVWREYඈRXVඈVWREXඈOGWKHGDWD\RXUVHOIDQGZH KDYHDFWXDOO\DOUHDG\GRQHWKඈV&RQVඈGHUIRUH[DPSOHWKH†ƒ–ƒŜˆ”ƒ‡ZHPDGHHDUOඈHUWKඈVඈVDZD\ZHFDQ FUHDWHDGDWDVWUXFWXUHඈQ5IRURXURZQSXUSRVHV †ˆʳކƒ–ƒŜˆ”ƒ‡ſƒ‡ʰ…ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑƀř Š‡‹‰Š–ʰ…ſɨɬɬřɨɭɥřɨɯɥŜɪřɨɯɥŜɪƀř ƒ‰‡ʰ…ſɩɭřɩɫřɨɮřɨɰƀƀ †ˆ ɤɤƒ‡Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ‰‡ ɤɤɨƒ”‹‘ɨɬɬŜɥɩɭ ɤɤɩ—‹‰‹ɨɭɥŜɥɩɫ ɤɤɪ‹ɨɯɥŜɪɨɮ ɤɤɫ‡Ž†ƒɨɯɥŜɪɨɰ 7KඈVZRUNVඈIZHKDYHRQO\DIHZREVHUYDWඈRQVRUDIHZYDUඈDEOHVEXWFRXOG\RXඈPDJඈQHFUHDWඈQJWKඈVIRU KXQGUHGVRUWKRXVDQGVRIREVHUYDWඈRQV",WZRXOGEHDKXJHZDVWHRI\RXUWඈPH/XFNඈO\ZHFDQHDVඈO\UHDGඈQ GDWDXVඈQJRQHRIWKHPDQ\IXQFWඈRQV5KDVDWKDQG 7RGHPRQVWUDWHWKඈVZHZඈOOUHDGඈQDVඈPSOHWHVWGDWDVHWWKDW\RXFDQJHWKHUH KWWSVHYROXWඈRQDU\JHQHWඈFVJඈWKXEඈRVRQඈFBGDWDFVY 'RZQORDGWKHGDWDDQGSODFHඈWVRPHZKHUHHDVඈO\ DFFHVVඈEOH7RPDNHWKHQH[WIHZVWHSVVWUDඈJKWIRUZDUGXVHWKHIXQFWඈRQ‰‡–™†WRඈGHQWඈI\ZKHUHRQ\RXU FRPSXWHUWKH5HQYඈURQPHQWඈVUXQQඈQJDQGSODFHWKHIඈOHඈQWKHVDPHGඈUHFWRU\2QFH\RXKDYHGRQHWKDWXVH WKHIROORZඈQJFRGHWRUHDGඈQWKHGDWD †ˆɩʳŞ”‡ƒ†Ŝ…•˜ſɑŜŵ•‘‹…ɏ†ƒ–ƒŜ…•˜ɑřŠ‡ƒ†‡”ʰƀ †ˆɩ ɤɤ ƒ‡Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ‰‡ ɤɤɨ‘‹…ɨɥɥɨɬ ɤɤɩƒ‹Ž•ɯɥɯ ɤɤɪ—…Ž‡•ɨɨɥɨɭ ɤɤɫ‰‰ƒɨɯɬ +HUHZHXVHG”‡ƒ†Ŝ…•˜WRUHDGඈQDFRPPDGHOඈPඈWHGIඈOH$OOZHQHHGHGWRWHOOWKHIXQFWඈRQඈVZKHUHWRIඈQG WKHIඈOH WKHIඈUVWDUJXPHQWNQRZQDVWKHSDWK DQGRSWඈRQDOO\WKDWWKHIඈUVWURZRIWKHIඈOHFRQWDඈQVWKHQDPHVRI HDFKRIWKHFROXPQVඈHŠ‡ƒ†‡”ʰ 7KHUHDUHPDQ\UHODWHGIXQFWඈRQVIRUUHDGඈQJGDWDඈQKDYHDORRNDWWKHKHOSIඈOHVIRU”‡ƒ†Ŝ–ƒ„Ž‡DQG ”‡ƒ†Ŝ†‡Ž‹IRUH[DPSOHV<RXFDQDOVRXVHWKH56WXGඈR*8,WRUHDGඈQGDWD2QWKH˜‹”‘‡–WDE\RX FDQFKRRVHWKH ’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•‡–GඈDORJXHDQGUHDGඈQ\RXUGDWDZඈWKWKඈVඈQWHUIDFH7KඈVඈVDFWXDOO\DJRRGZD\ WRJHWXVHGWRUHDGඈQJGDWDඈQWR5VඈQFHඈWZඈOODOVRSUඈQWWKH5FRGHXVHGWRWKHFRQVROHPHDQඈQJ\RXFDQ DGDSWඈW\RXUVHOIDWDODWHUVWDJH+DYHDSOD\DURXQGZඈWKUHDGඈQJඈQWKH•‘‹…ɏ†ƒ–ƒŜ…•˜ඈQWKඈVZD\

:UඈWඈQJGDWDVHWVRXWRI5

$VZHOODVQHHGඈQJWRUHDGGDWDඈQWRWKH5HQYඈURQPHQWWKHUHZඈOODOVREHWඈPHVZKHQඈWඈVFRQYHQඈHQWWRZUඈWH GDWDRXW5ඈVH[WUHPHO\IOH[ඈEOHIRUWKඈVNඈQGRIRSHUDWඈRQEXWWRNHHSWKඈQJVVඈPSOHKHUHZHZඈOOZUඈWHD GDWDIUDPHRXWDVD…•˜IඈOH8VඈQJWKHGDWDIUDPHZHFUHDWHGSUHYඈRXVO\ZHXVHWKHIROORZඈQJFRGH

(27)

  †ˆʳކƒ–ƒŜˆ”ƒ‡ſƒ‡ʰ…ſɑƒ”‹‘ɑřɑ—‹‰‹ɑřɑ‹ɑřɑ‡Ž†ƒɑƀř Š‡‹‰Š–ʰ…ſɨɬɬřɨɭɥřɨɯɥŜɪřɨɯɥŜɪƀř ƒ‰‡ʰ…ſɩɭřɩɫřɨɮřɨɰƀƀ ™”‹–‡Ŝ…•˜ſ†ˆřɑŜŵ‹–‡†‘Ŝ…•˜ɑƀ ,QඈWVVඈPSOHVWIRUP™”‹–‡Ŝ…•˜UHTXඈUHVMXVWWZRDUJXPHQWVWKHREMHFWZHZDQWWRZUඈWHRXW WKHGDWDIUDPH †ˆKHUH DQGDSDWKWRZKHUHZHZDQWWRZUඈWHඈW$VZඈWKWKH”‡ƒ†IDPඈO\RIIXQFWඈRQVWKHUHDUHVHYHUDO UHODWHGIXQFWඈRQVWRKHOS\RXZUඈWHRXWVSHFඈIඈFIඈOHVVXFKDV™”‹–‡Ŝ–ƒ„Ž‡RU™”‹–‡Ŝ†‡Ž‹

,QRXWVKDNHඈWDOODERXW

5HDGඈQJDQGZUඈWඈQJGDWDWRDQGIURP5ඈVTXඈWHDFRQYROXWHGWRSඈFDVWKHUHDUHPDQ\ZD\VWRDFKඈHYHWKH VDPHWKඈQJ2IWHQWKHUHDUHVSHFඈIඈFSDFNDJHVIRUKDQGOඈQJODUJHGDWDVHWVRUTXඈFNO\DFFHVVඈQJGDWDඈQVSHFඈDO IRUPDWV)RUQRZඈWඈVVXIIඈFඈHQWWRIDPඈOඈDUඈVH\RXUVHOIZඈWKWKHEDVඈFVKHUH7KURXJKRXWWKHUHVWRIWKHERRNZH ZඈOOSURYඈGHIXUWKHUVඈPSOHH[DPSOHVIRUUHDGඈQJDQGZUඈWඈQJRXWGDWD,QWKHQH[WFKDSWHUZHZඈOODOVRIRFXVRQ KRZWRH[SRUWIඈJXUHVQHDWO\DQGFOHDQO\IRUXVHඈQSUHVHQWDWඈRQVDQGSXEOඈFDWඈRQV

([WHQGඈQJ\RXU5WRRONඈWORDGඈQJSDFNDJHV

:KHQ\RXORDG5DQGXVHWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW\RXDUHUHO\ඈQJRQIXQFWඈRQVWRSHUIRUPDQDO\VHVDQGRSHUDWඈRQV )RUH[DPSOHZHPඈJKWZDQWWRFDOFXODWHWKHPHDQ ඈHDYHUDJHYDOXH RIDYHFWRUWRGRWKඈVZHRXOGXVHWKH ‡ƒIXQFWඈRQOඈNHVR Š‡‹‰Š–ʳŞ…ſɨɬɬřɨɭɥřɨɯɥŜɪřɨɯɥŜɪƀ ‡ƒſŠ‡‹‰Š–ƀ ɤɤƃɨƄɨɭɯŜɰ ‡ƒඈVD„ƒ•‡IXQFWඈRQඈHඈWඈVDEDVඈFIXQFWඈRQWKDWඈVSDUWRIWKHWKH5ඈQVWDOODWඈRQ<RXFDQVHHWKඈVE\ W\SඈQJţ‡ƒDQGORRNඈQJDWWKHWRSRIWKHKHOSSDJHZKHUH\RXZඈOOVHH‡ƒƇ„ƒ•‡ƈ 6ඈPඈODUO\ZHDOVRXVHGWKHIXQFWඈRQ†ƒ–ƒHDUOඈHUWRORRNDWWKHGDWDVHWVDYDඈODEOHඈQWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW7KඈVඈV D—–‹Ž•IXQFWඈRQ FKHFNE\ORRNඈQJDWWKHKHOS DQGඈVSDUWRIWKHFRUHGඈVWUඈEXWඈRQ %XWZKDWඈIZHZDQWWRJRIXUWKHUWKDQZKDWඈVEXQGOHGZඈWKRXURUඈJඈQDO5GRZQORDG"3HUKDSVZHZDQWWRUXQD FRPSOඈFDWHGDQDO\VඈVWKDWUHTXඈUHVDVSHFඈIඈFIXQFWඈRQ"3HUKDSVZHMXVWZDQWDFFHVVWRDVSHFඈIඈFGDWDVHW",Q WKDWFDVHZHFDQH[WHQGRXUDYDඈODEOH5IXQFWඈRQVE\ORDGඈQJSDFNDJHV /XFNඈO\JHWWඈQJSDFNDJHVඈQ5ඈVH[WUHPHO\VWUDඈJKWIRUZDUG7KHUHDUHWZREDVඈFVWHSVIඈUVWZHQHHGWRඈQVWDOOD SDFNDJHDQGWKHQZHQHHGWRORDGඈWඈQWRWKH5HQYඈURQPHQW:HZඈOOEHJඈQZඈWKOHDUQඈQJKRZWRඈQVWDOOWKH SDFNDJH‰‰’Ž‘–ɩZKඈFKZHZඈOOXVHH[WHQVඈYHO\ඈQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU 7RFODUඈI\WKHSXUSRVHRISDFNDJHVDOඈWWOHPRUHඈPDJඈQH\RXUDYDඈODEOHVHWRI5IXQFWඈRVQDVEHඈQJVWRUHGඈQD OඈEUDU\ \RXZඈOOVRRQVHHWKHUHDVRQIRUWKඈVDQDORJ\ ,I\RXZඈVKWRඈQFUHDVH\RXUµYRFDEXODU\¶RIIXQFWඈRQV \RXQHHGWRඈQFUHDVHWKHVඈ]HRI\RXUOඈEUDU\%\ORDGඈQJDSDFNDJH\RXDUHDGGඈQJWR\RXUOඈEUDU\VKHOIDQG PDNඈQJඈWSRVVඈEOHIRU\RXWRGRQHZRSHUDWඈRQVDQGXVHQHZIXQFWඈRQV

,QVWDOOඈQJDSDFNDJH

7RඈQVWDOODSDFNDJHZHQHHGWRGRZQORDGඈWIURPDUHSRVਟWRU\7KHUHDUHVHYHUDODYDඈODEOHIRUVඈPSOඈFඈW\ඈQ WKHVHHDUO\GD\VRIRXU5DGYHQWXUHVZHZඈOOXVHWKH&5$1 KWWSVFUDQUSURMHFWRUJ WKH&RPSUHKHQVඈYH5 $UFKඈYH1HWZRUN7KH&5$1ඈVWKHRIIඈFඈDO5UHSRVඈWRU\DQGWKHGHIDXOWVRZKHQ\RXඈQVWDOOSDFNDJHV\RXGR QRWHYHQQHHGWRVSHFඈI\ඈW

(28)

  $FWXDOO\XVඈQJWKHIXQFWඈRQ‹•–ƒŽŽŜ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡•ZHFDQGRZQORDGDQGඈQVWDOO‰‰’Ž‘–ɩඈQRQHTXඈFNVWHS/ඈNH VR ‹•–ƒŽŽŜ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡•ſɑ‰‰’Ž‘–ɩɑƀ )RUWKHPRVWSDUWWKURXJKRXWWKHERRNZHZඈOOEHXVඈQJSDFNDJHVIURP&5$1 KWWSVFUDQUSURMHFWRUJ  +RZHYHUZKHQZRUNඈQJZඈWKJHQRPඈFGDWDDQGEඈRඈQIRUPDWඈFVZHPඈJKWDOVRQHHGWRXVH%ඈRFRQGXFWRU KWWSVZZZEඈRFRQGXFWRURUJ :KHQZHUHDFKWKඈVSRඈQWZHZඈOOGHDOZඈWKWKඈVH[SOඈFඈWO\ 7KHIඈQDOSRඈQWWRUHPHPEHUKHUHඈVWKDWZHGRQRWQHHGWRඈQVWDOOWKHSDFNDJHPRUHWKDQRQFHඈWඈVQRZ SUHVHQWඈQRXU5OඈEUDU\

/RDGඈQJDSDFNDJH

1RZWKDWZHKDYHGRZQORDGHGDQGඈQVWDOOHG‰‰’Ž‘–ɩZHQHHGWRORDGඈWඈQRUGHUWRDFWXDOO\XVHඈW:HFDQGR WKඈVHDVඈO\ZඈWKWKHŽ‹„”ƒ”›IXQFWඈRQ Ž‹„”ƒ”›ſɑ‰‰’Ž‘–ɩɑƀ ɤɤ‡‰‹•–‡”‡†ɪ‡–Š‘†•‘˜‡”™”‹––‡„›ɐ‰‰’Ž‘–ɩɐś ɤɤ‡–Š‘† ˆ”‘ ɤɤƃŜ“—‘•—”‡•”Žƒ‰ ɤɤ…Ŝ“—‘•—”‡•”Žƒ‰ ɤɤ’”‹–Ŝ“—‘•—”‡•”Žƒ‰

:ඈWK‰‰’Ž‘–ɩORDGHGZHFDQORRNDWWKH‰‰’Ž‘–IXQFWඈRQZඈWKţ‰‰’Ž‘–:HFDQDOVRKDYHDORRNDWWKH

SDFNDJHVSHFඈIඈFGDWDOඈNHVR †ƒ–ƒſ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡ʰɑ‰‰’Ž‘–ɩɑƀ 1RZZHNQRZKRZWRඈQVWDOODQGORDG‰‰’Ž‘–ɩZHDUHUHDG\WROHDUQWRDFWXDOO\XVHWKDW«EXWWKDWඈVIRUWKH QH[WFKDSWHU

*RඈQJIXUWKHU

6ඈQFH5ඈVVRZඈGHO\XVHGWKHUHDUHPDQ\H[FHOOHQWUHVRXUFHVRXWWKHUHWRKHOS\RXOHDUQ\RXUZD\2XU ඈQWURGXFWඈRQඈVMXVWRQHRIWKHPDQGVRKHUHZHSRඈQW\RXWRZDUGVVRPHJRRGH[DPSOHVIRUGHYHORSඈQJDQG KRQඈQJ\RXUXQGHUVWDQGඈQJRIZRUNඈQJZඈWK5 'DWDFDPSKDVDQH[FHOOHQWIUHHඈQWURGXFWඈRQWR5 KWWSVZZZGDWDFDPSFRPFRXUVHVIUHHඈQWURGXFWඈRQ WRU 7KH5&RUHWHDPSURYඈGHDQඈQGHSWKඈQWURGXFWඈRQWR5RQ&5$1 KWWSVFUDQUSURMHFWRUJ (PPDQXHO3DUDGඈVKDVDJRRG5JXඈGHIRUEHJඈQQHUV KWWSVFUDQUSURMHFWRUJGRFFRQWUඈE3DUDGඈV UGHEXWVBHQSGI $EHJඈQQHUVJXඈGHWR5SDFNDJHV KWWSVZZZGDWDFDPSFRPFRPPXQඈW\WXWRUඈDOVUSDFNDJHV JXඈGHZKDW $VඈPSOHJXඈGHWREDVH5JUDSKඈFV KWWSVUDPQDWKYJඈWKXEඈRS\FRQUYඈVXDOඈ]HEDVHBJUDSKඈFVKWPO

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

[r]

• A reduction in gene flow between populations, accompanied by selection or genetic drift, can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation.. • Genetic differences between

Sinauer &amp; Associates... Sinauer

Evolutionary genetics: Concepts, analysis, and practice.. Oxford University

Evolutionary genetics: Concepts, analysis, and practice.. Oxford University

Evolutionary genetics: Concepts, analysis, and practice.. Oxford University

Rita Dunn ve Kenneth Dunn (1979) tarafından geliştirilen bu modelde, Dunn (1999) öğrenme stilinin beşte üçünün kişiye biyolojik olarak doğuş- tan yüklendiğini ifade

Bunu yaparken önemli bir jeoloji prensibi olan “bir örneklik” ilkesinden yola çıkar, paleontoloji, paleoantropoloji, evrim- sel biyoloji, nörobilim, genetik gibi