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AN IN T E R N A T IO N A L DAILY N E W S P A P E R
VOLUME 46 NO. 52 C O PY M OH T 1854 BY
TUB CHRISTIAN 6CIENCE P U B U SH D iO SOCIETY
B O ST O N , W E D N E S D A Y , J A N U A R Y 27, 1954
■ATLANTIC EDITION TWOSECTIONS FIVE CENTS A COPY
H u ile s H its Mtietl P la n
Big Four Begin Uphill Trek
By J. Emlyn Williams
Central European Correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
W i d e l y D i v e r g e n t V ie w s
U n ite d P res»
Modern Turks Visit the United States
Cclal Bayar, President of Turkey (center), beams as Richard l Mauretania. The Turkish Chief Executive will receive his official
C. Patterson, chairman of the New York Mayor’s Reception Com- I reception at Washington following a flight from New York to mittee, shakes hands with Mrs. Bayar. The Bayars received a j the capital in President Eisenhower’s personal airplane. (Insight warm greeting on their arrival at New York aboard the liner j on Mr. Bayar: Page 8.)
Italy Regime Rocked by Extremists
By Edmund Stevens
' Chief of the Mediterranean News Bureau c f The Christian Science Monitor
Rome
verse situation obtains among toward government and lashes structive yet proposed by any the Social Democrats where out against Signor Fanfani with postwar Italian Government. Giuseppe Saragut, party secre- the same violence as the Com- -p0 begin with the Premier is
tary, has reportedly managed to munists. himself thoroughly familiar with
The extreme cravitv of the ™PO.se his antigovernment line The main cause of this change- every aspect. His extensive
pro-The extreme gravity of the despite the strong objections of over was Signor Fanfam s forth- _ f nublic works low cost
POhtlCal SltU8tl0n n° W - m e fellow, members of the right anti-Communist stand In « d l d d S
~ . 4 , . c t r n n f l t o r i n c f y-i i d o w
Soviet treaties with France and Britain had been concluded.
The Soviet Union, as Mr.
®er,ln Molotov showed, is opposed to
The Big Four conference here be left until understanding is earlier speech, but without any such a system of guarantees in
has settled down to the long, P °^ h le. sharp comment against the West. Europe as mentioned by British
hard pull of reconciling, where Dui, * “ at™the™Westb would + ^ thi! m“y b®. just Soviet For,eign Mlnister Anthony Eden ,, . , , ,._____ , uuues inai xne west, woum tactics during the present earlier.
possible, the widely divergent accept Moscow s agenda ap- maneuvering for position. But From the West’s standpoint,
views of East and West. Eeais. t°. baYe surprised the Mr. Molotov’s reply to the there naturally arises as the first
This basic phase of the con- Soviet delegation which also ap- Dulles speech also took on a question in this connection, to ferencp beean when the West’s Rf3,1, , . bave been convinced much more moderate tone than what extent does the Soviet terence began wnen tne w ests that there was no such unanimity his own pronouncement on the Union need security guarantees? diplomats agreed to accept the among the three western Foreign previouS day, according to reli- From the Soviet’s viewpoint, the
Soviet order of topics to be jisnm25heir opemn2 state" able information. first question is the whole issue
taken up by the meeting. n*.,s r» * i t> • of the European Defense
Com-w
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,r , ! , r "
. . . . .
the double-pronged Soviet pro- proval from almost all western Mr‘ Molotov repudiated the If, as is today maintained in
posal regarding measures to re- democratic circles. Even the Dulles comparison between the some circles here, the most hope-and German Social Democrats, who East-West Potsdam agreement *ul siSn of Moscow’s willingness duce international tension and are not gjven to prajse 0f Mr. nf Auenst iq4S -nd the vw-. to compromise appears in the
to call a five-power conference Dulles and the the United States ... s_ ’ ’ “ Austrian state treaty question,
—with Communist China join- European policy, strongly sup- sames treaty alter World War jt jE ajso ciear that there is still
ing Britain, France, the Soviet Ported him. I. Mr. Molotov held that the much to be first cleared up.
. . . . TT , r . I m * . mam significance of the Pots- Mr. Molotov has hitherto not
W o n and the United States F a c tu a l T r e a t m e n t dam agreement was its demand stated whether an agreement on
John ^Foster DuUet United Nobody was here left in doubt that Germany should develop
•States Secretary of State pro- regarding Mr Dulles attitude along democratic and peaceful lem. But it is obvious that the
j posed that no action should be toward the Chinese Republic, lines. Austrian peace treaty assumes
taken on the Soviet suggestion since he ciearly stated he would This was as significant as ever, automatically the abandonment for a Big Five conference in not agree to j0jn «for the pur- he said, terming the Potsdam of the idea of Anschluss (union)
He°urgede the conference to Pose of dealing generally with agreement the basis whereon of Austria with Germany, pass along to discussion of the peace of world.” But later
agenda pointes two and three, he added that the United States
the German settlement and the ,, , , , , , . ... .,
Austrian independence treaty. does not refuse to deal wlth “If we can solve these two where the occasion requires,” as problems, then and then only in the case of the Korean armis- can we stand before the world ^jce
as capable of assuming other ’ . . , , .. Tr .. ,
and heavier tasks. Then there It also is clear that the United will.be opened up vistas of new States would not object to deal-
hope,” Mr, Dulles said. mg with Communist China in a
conference for a specific object, U n d e r s t a n d in g S o u g h t. as- for example, a settlement in
,. ., , , Indochina. This is significant
All indications are that heavy for prance
negotiating will surround Item And it is significant that the
One. As, however, the Western Soviet-controlled press has
Big Three stand united against been, up to now, quite factual m its treatment of the Dulles
party executive. Italian
has been further underlined. All indications point to an
early fall of the new govern- Ra r L Prs W o o e d ment of Premier Amintore Fan- DdCKel s "
jfani, Expectations that the
left-Both to the right and the left wing Socialists under Pietro of his Christian Democratic cen- Nenni might at least abstain
strong terms Signor Fanfani de
nounced the recent “political t e m a m i c and ref0rm measures
pseudo-truce whmh he charged to be financed b the state are had favored the growth of com- carefullv matched bv a finan-
munism, an implied criticism of • , , ■ J f , ■
his predecessor; Clal program deSigned to insure
small peasant owners and other
a conference with Communist speech. If little of it was repro-China at this time, it may be dimed, it is equally true that possible to bring the issue to a comparatively little of Mr. head without undue delay and Molotov’s speech the day before
thus to dispose of it. pressglVen “ ^ “
Indeed, some hope of this is
drawn from the earlier remarks
Press Banners
of Soviet Foreign Minister Naturally, the Communist
Vyacheslav M. Molotov, who de- press banner-headlines “Soviet
r r. , , . - ... o— — --- --- While deploring what he fU? f S I dared t o t the Foreign Ministers Proposals Accepted,” as if
sug-enouglf nfarei^a/suppor^tcftide during the forthcoming confi- termed the unduly alarmist con- ” holeS pro £ a m m ig h t b e s t be : bad not.come to make categorical gesting the first'conference
tri-0 » « vote wot »bmptly dte- »teph for M=K=w.
if anything seemed dimmer than pelted by Signor Nenni himself, “ i ' ,,V , ‘ P Lure”—referrins ciIe signor Fanfam’s social re- those questions where an un- And the Jan. 26 Soviet Union
previously. In an angry statement the left- 'r the ITnited States Ambassador iorm ideals with the “defense of derstanding is possible. Where press conference—the first yet
The only group besides his wing Socialist chief declared _f , Communist henrhesl tbe bra” fiscal policy pursued by no understanding is possible —was devoted almost entirely
own party which has pledged that Signor Fanfani’s program , Droce , , w ;thout mincing previous governments. momentarily, discussion should to a repetition of Mr. Molotov’s
Signor Fanfani its support is speech ruled out any further . . .
that of the Republicans with attempt at rapprochement. ° di ^ hp tprmpH hp ^linn
only five votes. Even the Lib- His party, Signor Nenni. add- ?.f ™hat
i rah have reseiYed decision as ed, would continue to seek con- ldeo'°8y directed by a foreign
Associated Press
Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov
* » ? ? < • : e - e y• w'if w i t h th e . ‘Catholic L eft?’ P>?Wc r .
...¡nt&nfij
ihe government or abstain. hut not through Signor ianiam i n m n a o i l
In the Monarchist, camp, anti- —a clear indication that Signor v O m m u n is .S .. u r p r is e a Fanfani forces appear to have Nenni hopes Fanfani’s own fol- After the apathy and amazing gained the upper hand despite lowers may split away from the tolerance evidenced toward corn-
efforts of Alberto Covelli, party Premier. munism by the government in
recent months this came as quite secretary, who has been trying Concurrently, the Nenni press
hard to persuade them to at has abandoned its previous pose
least abst-in. Precisely the re- of almost benevolent neutrality a jolt, especially to Communists and their allies which presum ably accounts for violence of their reaction.
Besides welcoming this cou rageous and quite unexpected attack on communism, western observers were most favorably impressed by Signor Fanfani’s pronouncements on foreign poli cy wherein he pledged unswerv ing adherence to the North At lantic Treaty Organization and the cause of European unity and promised to press for early rat ification of the European Defense Community.
On all these subjects Signor Fanfani was far more explicit than former Premier Guiseppe Pella had been, and his words were construed as a full return to course of former Premier Al cide de Gasperi whom Signor Fanfani closely consults on all points.
While Signor Fanfani stressed
that his government would
press for implementation of the Allied Oct. 8 decision returning Zone A of the Trieste Territory to Italy, he did not tie in the Trieste issue with EDC and other foreign policy questions as Signor Pella had done.
The economic program where to Signor Fanfani devoted the bulk of his speech is probably the most reasonable and
con-p o f t h e N a t i o n s :
Spain M isu n derstands
f t It J O S E P H
Washington
. <■1 . , , ... ... .
■»Iw » j r i ” -.TTL ■ a.
i f f , S p e c i a l C o r r e s p o n d e n t o f T h e C h r i s t i a n S c i e n c e M o n i t o r
riots Generalissimo Franco has be- on probation by the West. of
Immediately student
The Spanish Government broke out all over Spain. They haved so boldly. He was lucky And so long as he was kept on Generalissimo Francisco were directed mostly at Brit- to keep his political seat at probation his behavior was
ish property. The British the end of the last war. He had restrained, and very polite. Franco appears to have mis
he can take Gibraltar or Morocco, or both, with Ameri can blessings. Gibraltar is more valuable to the United understood the reason why Embassy in Madrid and Brit- been an avowed “cobellig- He had no protector, or strong States Navy in British hands the United States signed a ish consulates elsewhere were erent” of Hitler and Musso- friend, in the outside world, than it would be in Spanish military agreement with it stoned. Earlier the Spanish Probably, in retrospect, it was hands. And the main Ameri-last Sept. 26, and the misun- Government had lodged a a mistake to let him survive can air bases in the Mediter-derstanding will be corrected protest in London against the
vigorously unless the Span- prospective visit of Queen iards calm down of their own Elizabeth II to her colony of volition in the near future.
The purpose of the pact was
Gibraltar.
Also, the Spanish Govern-can leaders in Spanish Morocco to announce their to make air and sea bases in ment had encouraged Moroc- Spain available to the United
States Navy and Air Force.
That was all that Washington refusal to pay allegiance to wanted out of the deal, and it
paid handsomely for them.
the new Sultan of Morocco who had been installed last But Madrid appears to have year by the French. When the taken the pact as a hunting French Government sub license for Gibraltar, which mitted a note in Madrid, the belongs to Britain, and the French ambassador was
re-A ss o c ia te d P re s s
Amintore Fanfani
bulk of Morocco, which be longs to France.
The sequence of most recent events testifies to the extent of the misunderstanding. On Thursday, Jan. 21, the De fense Department in Wash ington announced that the first shipment of American
ceived by a minor official, not by the Foreign Minister. In diplomatic procedure, this is regarded as a deliberate af front.
the defeat of his true friends and allies. However, that is
ranean area are in French Morocco and their usefulness water over the dam. He was there depends on French con- allowed to survive; and so trol over Morocco. These are when Washington wanted
military bases in Spain it had to rent them from Hitler’s old friend, General Franco.
That would have worked all right had General Frainco re membered that so far as his European neighbors are con' cerned he is still on
proba-just elementary facts which everyone seems to understand, except General Franco and his reviving Falangistas.
The newly emboldened Spaniards also overlook the fact that the common enemy is supposed to be communism and the imperialistic activi-tion, and his derelictions of ties of the Soviet Union. the war period unforgotten.
However, he appears to have misunderstood Wash ington’s actions. He has been behaving toward the British and French as though he, not So grave is Spanish be- lini. He had allowed German they, was the most valued ally havior regarded in both Paris submarines to base on Spanish of the United States,
and London that French ports and German military Of course it goes without troops have been moved to- aircraft to operate from his saying that the United States military equipment to Spain ward the border dividing air bases. He was the only is not going to throw over under the pact would be French Morocco from Spanish Fascist dictator of the prewar its alliance with Britain and loaded aboard the cargo ship Morocco and both French and period to survive the war. All France for the sake of Northwestern Victory at New British naval units have con- others fell with Hitler and Spanish bases. Nor has any on the following verged toward Spain, Mussolini. one in Washington encouraged It’s a long time since For a long time, he was kept General Franco to think that Orleans,
Monday.
France and Britain are sup posed to be allies. It would be a pity if the Spaniards got their point of view so mixed up that they forgot all about communism and Communists in their eagerness to have trouble with Britain and France.
Washington gave them guns to defend themselves against Communists, and men from Moscow, and for no other purpose.
Madrid students clash with police for third day: Page 2.
Washington Moves to Bolster Faith in U. S. Economy—Full Survey Cited
By Richard L. Strout
Staff Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Washington The Eisenhower administra tion has undertaken the job of bolstering the United States’ faith in its own economy.
After a full survey of the whole domestic and interna tional business situation, the White House and its economic advisers have concluded that there is nothing to fear but fear itself and have launched a pro gram to tell the public so.
The President’s annual eco nomic report is the first part of that program, but it is only the beginning.
A three weeks’ series of open hearings is planned before the Senate-House Joint Committee on the Economic Report at which the whole matter will be aired.
Alert to Shifting Pattern
Simultaneously the adminis tration is preparing to emphasize that if any economic trend starts to slump badly the government will intervene—strongly, firmly, and immediately. But the ad ministration doesn’t think the trends will slump.
As it is. seen by the Adminis
tration, the American economy is in a transitional state. No ef fort is made to deny that the big Korean war boom has been tapering off. The administra tion’s position is, however, that this is a temporary and natural phenomenon, and that the in tervention of private enterprise, with the tax stimulus to busi ness provided in the President’s budget, and the national growth of population will take care of the situation.
The administration is sensi tive because for 20 years Demo
crats have attributed hard times and unemployment to Republi cans, following the big 1929 col lapse. It would be awkward for the administration if another period of unemployment began now, even a small one.
President Eisenhower probab ly has been as alert to the chang ing pattern of the economy as any president. He has had week ly conferences with his top eco
nomic adviser, Dr. Arthur
Burns, recently director of the National Bureau of Economic Research and professor at
Co-P r e s s Co-P a r le y
President Eisenhower made the following points at his press conference today:
1. The Federal Trade Commission will make a full-scale Investigation of rising coffee prices.
2. Declared he is backing up the position of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at the Berlin Big Four Conference.
3. Said his associates at the Capitol tell him they still are hopeful a compromise on the controversial Bricker amendment can be worked out,
4. Discussed the distinction, as he sees it, between the pol icies of his administration and the New Deal of the preceding Democratic administrations. He said his administration is polit ically liberal in dealing with individuals and conservative in
dealing with economic and monetary matters.,
Eisenhower humanity marks press talk: Page 3
lumbia University. Dr. Burns is
widely respected throughout
academic circles.
In addition, Mr. Eisenhower sees from day to day Gabriel Hauge, a White House assistant for economic matters, and he has set up the “Interdepart
mental Advisory Board on
Growth and Stability which is roughly the equivalent on the economic front to the National Security Council on defense matters.
Public Confidence Vital
The trouble about keeping national economy stable is that it depends so much on mood and atmosphere.
Economists can go just so far with tables, graphs, and statis tics. After that they have to admit it becomes a question of public confidence.
Nobody quite knows yet the best way of building up public confidence. One set of adminis
tration advisers has recom
mended that the government start a big spending program right away. As fast as men go out of employment, new gov ernment jobs would put them back to work again.
But the administration has decided that action like this
Jan. 27t 1 9 5 4
would do more harm than good; it would frighten people by in dicating the White House took the present wobble on the busi ness cycle seriously.
Under Keynesian theories the administration ought to be pour ing money into the economy now. Actually, the administra tion is doing the reverse. The administration is keeping right on with its cuts in defense spending.
Here are the two figures that show the situation:
In fiscal 1953 (the 12 months ended June 30, 1953) the gov ernment took away from tax payers some $5,300,000,000 more than it plowed back in over-all expenditures.
The fiscal year 1954 the gov ernment damped down on this process. Actually it has been re versed. At the present time the government is running with the cash budget just about balanced. The budget message last week indicated a government excess of income over outgo (on the cash basis) of a couple of hun dred million dollars.
This is pump priming in re
verse. The government has
stepped down the over-all cash budget by more than 5 billion dollars and is continuing the process. It is cutting back on defense spending repeatedly.
The theory and expectation is
that as government spending declines private enterprise will move in to fill the breach.
The big General Motors Cor poration has just announced that it will launch a billion-dollar program of plant expansion over the next two years.
Two-Front Operation
This is the kind of thing the administration hopes for.
The situation is like a man trying to start a car. If the motor “catches,” that will be all right. But if it fails to catch, the White
House is prepared to show that it has an emergency truck ready to give the car a shove till the motor does start.
The trouble in all this is, When does a “healthy readjustment” turn into a “recession”? When should the spare truck be put to work?
Since public confidence is a
key factor, a downturn in busi ness tends to accelerate.
The administration is proceed ing on a two-front operation. While it moves to bolster public confidence, it is preparing a
series of practical steps to
stimu-late the economy: easier credit rates, government stimulus t« housing, a higher floor on the minimum wage law, tax. incen tives to private enterprise, lower taxes all round, and—ultimately, if things got bad—throwing the balanced budget out the window and deliberately embarking on deficit spending.
These proposals range down from mild to drastic.
The administration is just as aware as anybody else that five million unemployed next fall probably would mean loss of control of Congress.
Standard Oil Company (N.J.)
g - * *
T H K C H R IS T IA N S C IE N C E M O N IT O R , B
Freo KHicrprËM» Aillu^roiil
Baya r s Modest Role Shuns Protocol
By Reuter»
Ankara, Turkey Celal Bayar, the third Presi dent of the Turkish Republic, now in the United States for an
official visit with President
Kisenhower, is a free enterprise economist with little liking for protocol.
He has played a leading role in the transformation of Turkey from, the backward domain of the sultans to the energetic de mocracy it is today. He is the architect of Turkey’s present policy of freeing industry from government control and encour aging private industry, domes tic and foreign, to help develop the country’s economy.
The Turkish President arrives in the United States, the tradi tional home of free enterprise, at a time when free enterprise in Turkey is on the verge of achieving one of its greatest tri umphs.
A bill, expected to be enacted into law with the approval of the government and opposition
alike, has been introduced
which will remove all obstacles to foreign investors in Turkey.
Seeks U.S. Investors
Mr. Bayar plans to tell
American businessmen that
Turkey is on the eve of an in dustrial expansion comparable
to the development of the
American Middle West and can offer them a highly profitable field, for investment.
Typical of his disregard for protocol was a recent scene in a well-known Ankara restau rant.
Diners noticed a sudden stir in the doorway as manager and headwaiteis rushed toward a bespectacled, elderly man of
medium height, with black,
bushy eyebrows and sharp, live ly eyes.
The restaurant, .as always at that time of the evening, was full. Those sitting near the door could hear the newcomer courte ously but firmly refusing the offer of a diner to give up his table, and saying that he would wait until one was free.
The visitor, seemingly the only person in the barnlike res taurant unaware that anything unusual was happening, was President Bayar.
Shops Informally Often, at the end of an ex hausting day in his Palace of Cankaya. high on a hill above Ankara, he will, without warn ing to his staff, take his hat and overcoat and set off at a brisk walk down the long slope toward Ankara, five miles away.
.When he arrives in Yenisehir. the modern shopping center of Ankara, he likes to window gaze.
He rarely goes into any of the brightly lit stores. But one or two toy-store proprietors know him well, for often he cannot ref is', the temptation -to buy • » pair of small dolls or a brace of woolly animals as a surprise for his granddaughters, four- year-old Emine, and three-year- old Akile. who spend much of their time at the presidential palace.
Then, very often, he will set off for. the five-mile walk back home, uphill all the way, and like a ski run in winter.
Mr. Bayar’s day begins at 8 a m., when his valet brings him the morning newspapers and his breakfast of fruit juice, and, oc casionally, an apple. He reads the newspapers for about an hour, usually staying in bed to do so. Often, he reads the latest editjons of the Paris newspapers. He reads and speaks French flu ently, but no English.
Evenings With Family He arrives at his office at 9, and at noon he breaks off for a working lunch, discussing in ternal questions with visiting of ficials and hearing the latest re ports from the provinces. In the afternoon, the President returns
state business.
Apart from rare state recep tions. he devotes the evening to his family. He and his wife, whom he married when he was 20, keep in close touch with their son and daughter, and family dinners at the palace are fre quent.
The son’s two boys are in their 20’s. One is already in the United States, studying at Cornell Uni versity, where the Turkish Pres ident will visit him during his stay. Mr. Bayar is taking his second grandson to join his brother at the university.
The President’s daughter and her husband, a member of
Parliament, live in Ankara.
Their two small daughters spend almost every evening’ with their grandparents.
Quite often. Mr. Bayar and his wife drive into town for an eve
ning at the opera. He is -fond of music and takes a special pride in the modern Ankara Opera House and its excellent all- Turkish opera company.
Late in the evening, Mr. Bayar retires to his study, where he sits up till about 2 a.m. reading, usually works on modern history and economics.
Listens to Citizens Once a week, on Tuesdays, the President is “at home to the na tion,” and receives a succession of private citizens who have ap plied to see him. He selects those whom he will see from the im- possibly-long lists of applicants, giving preference to those whose problems are of general interest.
When he can escape from Ankara and the cares of state for a few weeks in the summer, the President goes to his small summer residence on the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, and spends the long summer days swimming and yachting.
Mr. Bayar learned his liberal philosophy from his father, a village schoolmaster in a dis trict near Bursa, in western Anatolia, in the last years of (he 19th century. As the son grew up under the oppressive rule of Sultan Abdul-Hamid, his desire for reform increased and he became an active mem ber of the Union and Progress movement which prepared the way for the Young Turk revolu tion of 1908.
Meanwhile, the young Bayar received his professional
train-Celal Bayar and His Granddaughters
ing, first in local government, and then in the German Deut sche Orient Bank.
The outbreak of the national revolution against the threat ened dismemberment of Turkey by the occupying powers found Mr. Bayar in Smyrna. When i that city was occupied by the I Greeks, he escaped, disguised ! as a police officer,
For several months, he roamed
j
the country, disguised as a : peasant or a "hoja” (village i priest), preaching the cause of | national independence to the | peasants.He joined the national lib eration movement of Mustala Kemal Ataturk, founder of mod ern Turkey, and for many years Mr. Bayar was Ataturk’s .chief economic adviser. He has been instrumental in modifying some policies laid down by Ataturk, such as state control of indus try since Ataturk’s passing.
He left his post of Minister
of National Economy in 1924 to take over at Ataturk’s request, the direction of the first Turkish bank, the commercial bank.
Putting this bank on a going basis was uphill work, since in the days of thé empire all trade and financial activities in Tur key were in the hands of for eigners and Mr. Bayar had no tradition on which to build.
When he left the bank to re- Î turn to the Economics Ministry in 1932, the bank was a flourish ing concern.
Keen Economist In 1937 Mr. Bayar took over as Prime Minister from Ismet Inonu. The next year Ataturk passed on. Mr. Inonu was elect ed President, and Mr. Bayar re tired from the government.
He remained in Parliament, however, and during the war years developed a strong op position to the government’s
economic policies, which he con sidered inept and tyrannical. To preserve national unity, Mr. Bayar waited until the war was over before giving political expression to his opposition. Then, with a few like-minded colleagues in the Assembly, he founded the Democratic Party, the first real opposition group ■ in the history of the republic.
The Democrats fought the j 194G election without any na- i tional organization and won 1 | some 30 seats from the govern- ; | ment Republican Party in a !
j
chamber of 487.By 1950, they were more i ready for a national election j I campaign, but even Mr. Bayar j i himself , was surprised by the ! | extent of the Democratic vic- ! torv: 396 seats to the Republi
cans’ 68.
The president’s name is pro- I nounced Jell-al Buy-are; the letter “c” in Turkish has the 1 sound of the English “j.”
Bricker Plan Shifts Studied
:
By a Staff Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Washington The question has now shifted from: “Will the Bricker amend- | ment be defeated?” to “How | will it be defeated?”
I Will the resolution ■ go down I to defeat on the Senate floor?
Will it be revised so as to be
\ innocuous and then passed?
Will it be returned to com- | mittee for further study?
Any of these things could | happen.
What will happen depends as ! much on the Ohio Republican, : Senator John W. Bricker, as
anyone else.
If he will delete the sub- I stance of his proposal and ac- | cept a toothless substitute he can have an amendment that will win him at least a foot note in the history books.
But the Ohio senator, who is throwing his all into this
fight for his treaty-making
amendment, appears to prefer dbfeat on the floor of the Sen ate to a hollow verbal victory. S h o w d o w n S o u p lit
Showdown?
I country. Foreigners over here | who get into trouble are tried I under United States law. He pointed out that the arrange-j
ment is reciprocal—and that to I demand any other arrangement : of our Allies would be repug- nant to the whole concept of i liberty.¡Setup Called iFair
! At the time the agreements
were being discussed in the Sen- i ate it was made clear that sol
diers overseas who committed offenses in performance of duty I or treason or espionage against their own country would be sub- ; ject to trial by their own author
ities. But other offenses, against I the laws of the foreign country | where these men might be sta- i tioned, would be subject to trial in the foreign courts. It also was agreed, however, that foreign governments would give sympa thetic consideration to requests for waiver of that right and the normal safeguards of fair trial, the right of counsel, the right to
I a fair and speedy trial, the right ; ! to procure witnesses, the pro
tections against double jeopardy, j are expressly covered and pro- ; I tected in the agreement.
President Eisenhower made ! j clear that he, from experience,- j v'as convinced that such an ar- , rangement was not only fair/ but the only one possible be-f j tween sovereign states. It is
true, it has been pointed out, j | that during much of the war j ; the British waived this p a r -! jticular right, but not as a sur- | ! render of rights — only as a | wartime emergency — and the:
special wartime privileges ,
i have now been returned. Except for the sudden re- ; emergence of this status-of- forces issue the Bricker debate
j
followed the course expected ! after the President's week-end 1 blast at the proposal really torpedoing the scheme. The Ohio senator and his faithful Amer ican Bar Association followers were valiantly manning the ; pumps in a last-minute hope i to snatch victory out of certain defeat. But; few others in the ; capital could see anything but i a sinking Ship.
Likewise the administration would like to have this thing fought out on the Senate floor and defeated once and for all— as it is firmly convinced will be the case. It doesn’t want to run into this battle every year, and j so is pressing for a showdown ! now.
; Original supporters of the
i amendment, before the contro- j versial “which” clause was ; added, are quietly climbing off | the band wagon that even a | week ago looked like a victory
coach to the Ohio senator. The latest effort of the Bricker j forces to stop the swing against | the amendment has been to raise the cry of alarm over the recent status-of-forces treaty made with other North Atlantic ; Treaty Organization allies. It is ; being charged again, as it was ; when the issue was up for Sen
ate ratification, that this agree ment deprived United States servicemen overseas of constitu tional rights by making them subject to the laws of the nations where they were serving.
President Eisenhower, when asked about it at his press con ference took a long breath and then, after explaining that this was something that he could talk about from personal knowl edge, said that part of the as sumption was not correct, but that the part that was still made the arrangement necessary.
Arguments Reviewed
As this whole argument had been fought out last spring When ; the status-of-forces agreement ! was submitted to the Senate, the : President only recapitulated the j arguments that had won it sup- I port then:
A United States soldier over seas is subject to the regulation of his own unit except when he is on leave and off his post and runs afoul of local laws. Then he is under the same category as an American civilian travel ing abroad who gets into trou ble with the local laws. The same situation is true in this
Talbott Clarifies
Spanish Air Pact
By the Associated Press
Washington ! Secretary of the Air Force 1
Harold E. Talbott has revised a statement of United States in tention to use bases in Spain during time of war, to say it will j
! be in line with agreements be- ! ; tween the two nations.
“Who is going to stop us?” j
Mr. Talbott quickly asked when a reporter said reports were j
current that the agreement un- : der which the United States is !
starting to build several large airdromes in Spain does not : provide for American use of the j
bases in wartime.
At another point he said: “There are certain agreements | on the use of bases, but when the balloon gees up we are going to use them.”
Mr, Talbott made the remarks at a news conference also at tended by Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson and other air officials.
‘Mutual Defense’ Shortly after the conference, Mr. Talbott’s office sent to the
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| Pentagon press room a typed! statement in Which he said he j ! wished to clarify his remark. He I
j added:
“The U.S. Air Force has every
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intention of living up to th e ; i agreements between (he UnitedStates and those foreign coun tries that have granted air base | rights to our country. We realize | that such base lights are an un- '■
i dertaking in the mutual defense, j ' and we enter such undertakings
with . every spirit of coopera tion.”
The agreement with Spain,
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setting up an exchange of eco- j nomic and military aid for use I of the bases, does not spell out precisely how the bases would |
be used. It juthorizes their i
development and use “subject to terms and conditions” de- ; cided ,upon by the two nations, i Mr. Talbott's clarifying state- i ment obviously was intended to ! counter the likelihood that his first remark might annoy the ■ Spanish Government which, like 1 other nations, is sensitive about sovereignty.
A-Bombs in Spain? During a visit to Madrid last, fall, Mr. Talbott was quoted as saying the United States in tended to stock atomic bombs at the Spanish bases. He. later ; denied saying that.
Mr. Wilson, at one point in ! the brief discussion of Spanish j bases, told reporters the mat- ; ter of having bases “in another j man’s country is complicated; ! unless you have the other man’s i good will, you don’t have much.” j In another part of the news conference, Air Force officials emphasized the vast increasing in striking power given smaller bombers.
Gen. Nathan F. Twining, Air Force Chief of Staff, said the Air Force now has a fighter- bomber and light bomber force that "can carry a big bang”—the small-packaged atomic bombs developed for tactical attack.
‘Retaliatory Force' General Twining said that under the new program for the Air Force, there has been no change in the power of the “retailiatory force” of bombers : which would unleash an atomic
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reply to an attack on the United [ States.
The Air Force now ts build ing toward a goal of 137 wings of planes, of which 126 would be combat craft, by mid-1957.
