View of POLLEN AND ACHENE MORPHOLOGY OF TARAXACUM F.H. WIGG. (ASTERACEAE) SPECIES DISTRIBUTED AROUND BURSA | HEALTH SCIENCES QUARTERLY

(1)

ABDULLAYEVA and KUŞAKSIZ / Pollen and Achene Morphology of Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) Specıes Distributed Around Bursa

85 JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES

E-ISSN: 2587-3008 April 2018, Vol:2, Issue: 2

http://ratingacademy.com.tr/journals/index.php/jsp/

POLLEN AND ACHENE MORPHOLOGY OF TARAXACUM F.H. WIGG.

(ASTERACEAE) SPECIES DISTRIBUTED AROUND BURSA

Narmin ABDULLAYEVA

Uludağ University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Görükle Campus, Bursa, Turkey

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gül KUŞAKSIZ*

Uludağ University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Görükle Campus, Bursa, Turkey, E-mail: gult@uludag.edu.tr

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Received: 24April2018

Accepted: 30 April 2018

In this study, we extensively examined the pollen morphology and some important morphological characteristics of Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) species which have a wide distribution in and around Bursa. There are 7 Taraxacum species distributed in Bursa and its vicinity, 2 of which are endemic. Taxons are Taraxacum serotinum Poir., Taraxacum hyberniforme Soest, Taraxacum minimum Heldr. ex Nyman, Taraxacum aznavourii Soest, Taraxacum buttleri Soest, Taraxacum pseudobrachyglossum Soest and Taraxacum turcicum Soest. According to the palynological studies, T. turcicum pollens are moderate monad, their pollen type is three-zonocolporate rarely tetra-zonocolporate, pollen shape is subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal and exine ornamentation is defined as spinulate. T. pseudobrachyglossum pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T. serotinum pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate rarely tetra-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T. minimum pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is suboblate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T.hyberniforme pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T. aznavourii pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T.buttleri pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is suboblate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal, subprolate; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule. T. turcicum, T.pseudobrachyglossum, T.aznavourii its achene has a strow coloured, 2,5-4mm achene lenght, T.minimum its achene has a yellowish or strow coloured, 3-4mm achene lenght, T.hyberbniforme its achene has a red-brown, 4-5,5mm achene lenght, T.buttleri its achene has a brown-red, 2,5-4,5mm achene lenght, T.serotinum its achene has a strow-brown, 2,5-3mm achene lenght. The aim of this study is to examine the morphological characteristics of the detailed pollen morphology and important characters of Taraxacum taxa belonging to the Asteraceae family of Bursa.

Keywords:Asteraceae, Taraxacum, Pollen morphology, Achene morphology, Bursa, Turkey.

(2)

Journal of Scientific Perspectives, Volume:2, Issue:2, April 2018, 85-100

86 1. INTRODUCTION

The Asteraceae (Compositae) family is in the first place in terms of diversity having more than 1.100 genara and 20.000 species in the world. Family flora in Turkey has 134 genera and 1209 species (Davis et al 1988, Özhatay and Kültür 2006, Doğan 2007). It is found especially in tropical and subtropical semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean Region, Mexico and South Africa; in tropical forests of Africa, South America and Australia and in the stony and shrubland areas (Heywood 1978). They are less common in humid tropical forests (Kadereit and Jeffrey, 2007).

Asteraceae are entomophilous plants containing an annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants or schrubs and sometimes laticifiers. Leaves alternate or sometımes opposıte, exstıpulate (rarely stipuloid), entire, toothed, lobed or variously dissected. İndividual flowers usually numerous (rarely only), sessile and aggregated into a capitulum surrounded by a protective involucre of 1-many series of phyllaries (involucral bracts), rarely fused; capitula sometimes aggregated into a secondary capitulum-like head (pseudocephalium). Receptacle naked or bearing paleae (scales), long hairs or bristles. Flowers epigynous, either all hermaphrodite and protandrous, or female, male (at least functionally so), or neuter (sterile) (Davis et al.1975, Yıldız and Aktoklu, 2010).

One of the most important members of family is the Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. The

Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. is represented by approximately 2500 species and 43 sections

worldwide. The total number of species of Taraxacum (Compositae = Asteraceae) in our country is 54 taxons. It has a wide distribution in the hot regions of the northern hemisphere. Although it is a cosmopolitan species, it distributes especially in Europe, Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. A number of studies have been conducted worldwide on this apomixis species whose taxonomy is problematic (Richards., John, 1968).

Taraxacum is a perennial plant which is glabrous or arachnoid. Distinguishing

characteristics is to have a leafless stem that carries hollow, latex rising from the leaf on the bottom and carrying flowers at the top. The crown board is bare; achene is usually long-beaked rarely beakless. Pappus pluriseriate, finely scabrous, persistent (Davis et al.1975).

Bednorz & Maciejewska-Rutkowska (2010) have carried out a research on pollen morphology, exine structure, ornementation shape and morphological characteristics of the species using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in their study of

Taraxacum pieninicum. In addition, they investigated the outer surface of achene, spins, pappus

and beak structure with scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Marciniuk et al. (2009) conducted a study on Taraxacum scanicum that shows the morphology of important characters such as pollen morphology, achene, outer bracts and flower. They studied showing the differences among the significant morphological characteristics of Taraxacum scanicum, Taraxacum prunicolor and Taraxacum cristatum species.

Marciniuk and Rudzińska-Langwald (2008) studied the diversity of pollen morphology of Taraxacum species in the ones which were selected according to chromosome level. They noted that there is a relationship between pollen morphology and reproduction pathways. In conclusion, the pollen of compulsory apomixis triploidal species shows variability and has characteristics of high rated deformed pollen grains. The optional apomixis tetraploids have relatively equal size and regular pollens. In the pentaploidal Taraxacum mendax and in species with unknown chromosome numbers (Taraxacum portentosum and T. platyglossum), these taxa have been shown as being optional apomixtis.

(3)

87 Jafari & Assadi (2007) investigated the morphological and anatomical features of

Taraxacum aurantacum (ASTERACEAE) in the Iranian flora.

Gedik et al. (2014) studied two endemic species belonging to the Taraxacum species from the caryological perspective. There have been no previous studies on the karyology of T.

bellidiforme and T. revertens; and the number of chromosomes and karyotype analysis of

species have been presented for the first time in the science world.

The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological characteristics of the detailed pollen morphology and important characters of Taraxacum taxa belonging to the Asteraceae family of Bursa.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Specimens belonging to T. serotinum, T. hyberniforme, T. minimum, T. aznavourii, T. buttleri, T. pseudobrachyglossum and T. turcicum were collected from different locations in Bursa in the months of April, May and June in 2017 during flowering and fruiting periods (Table 1). Plant samples taken from stations were pressed and dried in accordance with the herbarium rules and made ready for laboratory studies (Erdoğan et al. 2011, Günay. 2001). The samples are stored in the Uludağ University, Faculty of Sciences and Art, Department of Biology (BULU) herbarium.

For morphological studies, plant samples taken from 7 different stations were examined morphologically. Measurements were made for the individuals collected from each population using the criteria of plant height, achene length and width, cone, beak, pappus measurements, achene, measurements and positions of external bract. 10 to 30 measurements were made for each measurable character. OLYMPUS SZ 51 stereo microscope was especially used to be able to measure fruit parts and some micro characters in millimetric ocular.

Pollens from herbarium specimens were used for Palynological studies. Pollen slides prepared to examine in light microscope were prepared according to the methodology of Wodehouse (1935). The measurement and examination of pollens was conducted by using a microscope with Nikon Eclipse E100 including x40 and x100 lenses. Properties such as pollen diameter (AB), exine (E), intine (I), pore number, distance between pores, pore length (Plg), pore width (Plt) and spine length were taken into consideration in the microscopic measurement (Table2).

(4)

88 Table 1. Plant samples collected from different localities of Bursa province.

Taxa Localities The date

collected Collected by Identified by T.turcicum Bursa: Görükle; Around the lodgement 15.04.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ

T.pseudobrachyglossum Bursa: Uludağ

University Campus; Around the Faculty of Agriculture 16.04.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ T.serotinum Bursa: Subsection of Merinos, road sides 26.04.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ T. minimum Bursa: Kumla; Şahintepe stony area and meadow 03.05.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ Betül UĞUR Gül KUŞAKSIZ T.hyberniforme Bursa: Demirtaş the south parts of the Grass Skiing Facility 10.10.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ Gül KUŞAKSIZ

T. aznavourii Bursa: Gürsu

exit-Dışkaya village 10.10.2017 Narmin ABDULLAYEVA Gül KUŞAKSIZ Gül KUŞAKSIZ

T. buttleri Bursa: Uludağ

Wolfram mine upper regions 07.08.2003 R.GÜNAY Ö.YILMAZ R.GÜNAY Ö.YILMAZ

(5)

89 3. RESULT

3.1. Pollen Morphology

The data obtained after the palynological studies carried out by the Wodehouse method for T. turcicum shows that pollen is medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate rarely tetra-zonocolporate, pollen shape is subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 21,75-35,55μm, B: 21,5-33,83μm, A / B ratio 0.88-1.2; pore number is 5- (6) -7, distance between pores (mezoporium) is 15,03-24,53μm, pore length (Plg) is 4,43-7,02μm, pore width is (Plt) 3,07-6,16μm, Plg / Plt ratio is 1.18, subprolate, exine (E) is 0.91-2.25μm, intine (I) is 1.1-2.19μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine length is 1,63-2,7 μm (Fig 1. 1-3).

According to the obtained data for T. pseudobrachyglossum, pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 23.5-39.52μm, B: 20.04-38.45μm, A / B ratio is 0.9-1.2; pore number is 5- (6) -8, distance between pores (mezoporium ) is 12,6-28,08 m, pore length (Plg) is 3,71-6,91 m, pore width (Plt) is 3,986,9 m, Plg / Plt ratio is 1.02, prolate-spheroidal, exine (E) is 1,14-2,39μm, intine (I) is 1,14-2,64μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule length is 1,46-3,46 μm (Fig 1. 4-6).

According to the data obtained for T. serotinum, pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate rarely tetra-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 25,8937,27μm, B: 24,73-36,82μm, A / B ratio is 0.9-1,1; pore number is 6-(7)-8; distance between pores (mezoporium) is 15,9-24,48μm, pore length (Plg) is 3,79-7.06μm, pore width (Plt) is 3,37-5,64µm Plg / Plt ratio is 1.22, subprolate, exine (E) is 1.14-2.07μm, intine (I) is 1.3-2.23μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spin and spinule length is 1,63-3,27 μm (Fig 1. 7-9).

According to the data obtained for T. minimum, pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is suboblate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 21,03-35,84μm, B: 23,32-37,18μm, A / B ratio is 0.8-1.09; pore number is 5 - (7) -9, distance between pores (mesoporium) is 2,89-23,98 μm, pore length (Plt) is 3,78-8,22μm, pore width (Plt) is 2,6 - 5,12 μm, Plg / Plt ratio is 1.36, prolate, exine (E) is 0.9-1.74μm, intine(I) is 1.18-2.43μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule length is 1,47-3,16 μm (Fig 1. 10-11).

According to the data obtained for T. hyberniforme, pollens are medium sized monod, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 23,6731,38μm, B: 24,52-34,43μm, A / B ratio 0.9-1,1; pore number is 6- (7) -8, distance between pores (mezoporium) is 14,95-22,22μm, pore length (Plg) is 4,06-6,94μm, por width (Plt) is 3,94-5,31μm, Plg /Plt ratio is 1.2, subprolate, exine (E) is 0.86-1.63μm, intine (I) is 1.09-2.09 μm; exine ornamentationis spinulate; spine and spinule length 1,99-3,61 μm (Fig 1. 12-13).

According to the data obtained for T. aznavourii, pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; pollen diameter is A: 24,8130,24μm, B: 20,09-31,52μm, A / B ratio is 0.8-1,3; pore number is 5-(6)-7; distance between pores (mezoporium) is 18,14-22,92μm, pore length (Plg) is 3,67-6,71μm, pore width (Plt) is 2,94-5,1μm, Plg / Plt ratio is 1.14, subprolate, exine (E) is 0.83-1.62μm, intine (I) is 1.01-2.54 μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule length 1,72-3,7 μm (Fig 1. 14-15).

(6)

90 Table 2. A comparison of pollen structures about Taraxacum taxa

A-pollen diameter (Long axis); B-pollen diametetr (Short axis); Plg- pore lenght; Plt-pore width; E-exine; I-intine.

According to the data obtained for T.buttleri, pollens are medium sized monad, pollen type is three-zonocolporate, pollen shape is suboblate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal, subprolate; pollen diameter is A: 22,98-22,54μm, B: 20,86-29,55μm, A / B ratio is 0.8-1,2; pore number is 6- (7) -8, distance between pores (mesoporium) is 17,63-25,8μm, pore length (Plg) is 2,95-5,61μm, pore width (Plt) is 2,886,1μm, Plg / Plt ratio is 1.05, prolate-spheroidal, exine (E) is 0.73-1.63μm, intine (I) is 1.01-2.19 μm; exine ornamentation is spinulate; spine and spinule length is 1,63-3,49μm (Fig 1. 16-17).

Taxa No. of

Pores

A B A/B Plg Plt Plg/Plt Mesoporium E I Spinulate

T.turcicum 6 30,55 29,3 1,04 5,36 4,55 1,18 20,19 1,52 1,7 2,15 T.pseudobrachyglossum 6 29,73 28,64 1,04 5,2 5,1 1,02 19,86 1,5 1,85 2,38 T.serotinum 7 30,14 29,9 1 5,38 4,42 1,22 19,99 1,51 1,73 2,43 T. minimum 7 27,61 26,51 1,04 5,18 3,81 1,36 17,73 1,27 1,71 2,21 T.hyberniforme 7 27,53 27,09 1 5,34 4,45 1,2 18,6 1,22 1,55 2,6 T.aznavourii 6 28,58 27,9 1,02 4,94 4,33 1,14 20,8 1,18 1,55 2,43 T.buttleri 6 26,47 25,77 1,03 4,34 4,12 1,05 20,11 1,18 1,43 2,33

(7)

ABDULLAYEVA and KUŞAKSIZ / Pollen and Achene Morphology of Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) Specıes Distributed Around Bursa

91 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Figure 1.Pollen grains by light microscopy of Taraxacum. 1-3 T.turcicum; 4-6 T.pseudobrachyglossum; 7-9 T.serotinum; 10-11

(8)

92

Tablo 3. Comparison of Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. morphological characters.

T.turcicum T.pseudobrachyglossum T.serotinum T. minimum T.hyberniforme T.aznavourii T.buttleri

Achene color strow coloured strow coloured strow brown yellowish or strow coloured red-brown strow coloured brown-red

Achene lenght 2,6-4,8mm 2,6-3mm 2,5-3mm 3-4mm 4-5,5mm 3-4mm 2,5-4,5mm

Achene width 0,8-1mm 1mm 0,5-1mm 1mm 1-1,5mm 1mm 0,5-1mm

Cone lenght 0,1-1mm 0-1mm 0,5-1mm 1-1,5mm 1-2mm 1mm 0,5-1mm

Beak lenght 5-12,6mm 7,5-11mm 5-10mm 8-11mm 4-8,5mm 3-6mm 2,5-5,5mm

Pappus lenght 6-8,2mm 5-8mm 6-7mm 5-6mm 5-7mm 3,5-5mm 3-5,5mm

The lenght of outer bracts 1-1,5cm 7-14mm 1,1-1,3cm 5-1,1cm 3,5-6mm 4-6mm 2-6mm

Position of outer bracts spreading recurved recurved spreading spreading recurved recurved

Involucre lenght 1,3-1,9cm 1,1-1,8cm 1,1-1,9cm 1,1-1,8cm 1,2-1,6cm 1,1-1,3cm 7-12mm

Involucre hyaline margin 0,7-1,5mm 0,2-1mm 0,2-1mm 0,2-1mm 0,5-1mm 0,5-1mm 0,2-0,5mm

(9)

93 3.2. Morphology and Achene Morphology

As a result of the researches, we saw similarities in the morphological characters among the species studied. However some characters show sharp differences from each other. The distinguishing characters are different in terms of achene colors, achene lengths, the position of the outer bracts and the edge width of the outer bracts. The differences between the examined morphological characters are shown in Table 3.

T. turcicum is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 11,5-25 cm. The plant floor

is thick, its achene has a strow coloured and 4-6 mm in lenght (0,8-1 mm cone). The beak is 5 to 12 mm, it has off white pappus 6-8 mm. Outer bracts is ovate with 1-1,5 cm lenght, spreading. Involucre is 1,3 - 1,9 cm; it has hyaline margin of 0,7-1.5 mm.

T.pseudobrachyglossum is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 12-32 cm. Its

achene has a strow coloured and it is 3,6-4,6 mm in lenght (1 mm cone); the beak is 7,5-11 mm long; it has off white pappus 5-8 mm. Outer bracts is 1-1,5 cm recurved. Involucre is 1,2-1,8 cm and it has a hyaline margin of 0,2-1 mm.

T. serotinum is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 17-36,5 cm. Plant is

intensive arachnoid. Involucre is 1,1-1,9 cm in length, sometimes less or much. Outer bracts is brownish-reddish on the outside, linear or narrowly spandler, up to 1,1-1,3cm, recurved. Achene is pastel brown and has pedicellaria near the top. It is 3-4 mm in lenght with cone (0,5-1 mm). The beak is 5-(0,5-10 mm; pappus is pastel brown and 6-7 mm long. Ligula is straw yellow and stigma is dirty yellow or greenish.

T. minimum is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 12-19 cm. Involucre is

1,1-1,8 cm; hyaline margin is 0,2-1 mm; ovate. Outer bracts is 0,5-1,1 mm ± spreading. Achene is 4-5 mm (1-1,5 mm cone included) in yellowish or strow colour. Beak is 8-11 mm in length, pappus is 5-6 mm. Stigma is greenish.

T.hyberniforme is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 5,5-15 cm. Outer bracts

is 3,5-6 mm ± spreading, ovate, usually broad-edged, dark green with usually blackish median vein and dark humped. Involucre is 1,2-1,6 cm; it has a hyaline margin in 0,5-1 mm lenght. Ligula is gray-violet and externally striped. Achene is 5-7 mm (1-2 mm cone included in lenght), has red-brown coarse pedicellaria and thorny. The beak is 4-8,5 mm in length; pappus is 5-7mm long.

Taraxacum aznavourii is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 8-19 cm. Its

achene has a strow coloured and it is small by having 3-5 mm lenght (1 mm cone). The beak is 3,5 to 5 mm, it has off-white pappus feathers of 3,5-5 mm. Outer bracts is 1-1,5 cm, lanceolate and its points are back-convoluted, humpless. Involucre is 1,1-1,3 cm and it has a hyaline margin of 0.5-1 mm.

Taraxacum buttleri is a perennial herbaceous plant with a length of 5-13 cm. The plant

is small. Its achene has a dark brown-red color and 3-5,5 mm long (0,5-1 mm cone). The beak is 2,5 to 5,5 mm and it has off-white pappus feathers with 3,5-5 mm lenght. Outer bractea has 2-6 mm width and it is strictly back-convulated. Involucre is 0,7-1.2 cm. It has hyaline margin of 0,2-0,5 mm. Ligula is straw yellow and stigma is dirty yellow or greenish.

(10)

94

Figure 2. Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. Achene; Scale bar: T. turcicum 1 (1,44mm),2 (0.79mm) ; T. pseudobrachyglossum 3 (1.44mm), 4 (1.13mm); T. serotinum 5 (1.44mm),6 (0.707mm); T. minimum 7 (1.44mm),8 (0.801mm); T. hyberniforme 9 (1.44mm), 10 (0.801mm); T. aznavourii 11 (1.44mm),12 (0.895mm); T.buttleri 13 (1.28mm),14 (0.801mm);

(11)

95

3 4 5

6 7 8

(12)

96

9 10 11

12 13 14

(13)

97 4.Discussion

Palynological and morphological studies on Taraxacum taxa have revealed some differences when conpared with findings in this study. Bednorz & Maciejewska-Rutkowska (2010) according to the study about Taraxacum pieninicum taxon, pollen grains are mainly medium sized isopolar; the polar axis is 24 μm (range between 20-30 μm) and the equatorial axis (E) is 25 μm (range between 20-32 μm), the P / E value is from 0,98 to 1,16, the mean value is 1,06. Pollen shape is prolate spheroids, sometimes oblate spheroid and has circular ambles. Pollen grains are three-zonocolporate. Exine layer is determined having a thickness of 10-13μm (including the spines). The thickness of the exine layer is 4μm at maximum according to the data obtained in this study. Achene was determined as brownish purple and the fruit had an average height of 18 mm (15-20mm). The shape was elliptic. Achene is 5mm, cone is 2mm (in pyramidal shape) and the beak is 10mm. Achene also has ordered spines, ranging from 3 to 4 in each order.

Marciniuk et al (2009) Taraxacum scanicum achenes have differently ordered spins of 3,5-4 mm long and they are in red brown color. The outer bractea is green and sprawled. It has narrow edges of 0,1-0,2 mm. Palynological findings show that the average maximum pollen diameters of Taraxacum scanicum are 22.48 μm inside (without exine) and 33.83 μm outside. The variability is relatively low. The internal diameter range is 14,3 – 30,8μm. For the 78% of the pollen grains, it is determined as 20,1 - 25μm. In this study, the obtained data shows a difference between 27-30 μm.

Osman (2006) Taraxacum turcicum polar axis has been determined as 34 μm (range between 32 and 35 μm). Equatorial axis (E) is 37 μm (range between 35 and 43 μm) and P / E value is 0,92. Pollen shape is oblate-sferoidal and exine ornementation is spinelate. The pollen grains are three-zonocolpate; rarely tetra-zonocolporate. In the data obtained in this study,

Taraxacum turcicum pollen type is three-zonocolporate rarely tetra-zonocolporate, pollen

diameter is A: 21,75-35,55μm, B: 21,5-33,83μm, A / B ratio 0.88-1.2; pollen shape is subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, oblat-spheroidal; exine ornamentation is spinulate was found to be compatible with the work done.

The micromorphology of the most Taraxacum species has not been investigated. There are no information of achene microsculpturing of any dandelion species and there are only data of pollen morphology of a few species of this genus (Jones & Wilson 2001; Weryszko-Chmielewska & Chwil 2005; Osman 2006). That is why we can not entirely compare our results with the data from literature.

(14)

98 REFERENCES

BEDNORZ, L., MACİEJEWSKA-RUTKOWSKA, I., 2010, SEM observation of pollen grains and fruits of the Pieniny Mountains Polish endemic species Taraxacum pieninicum (Asteraceae), Department of Botany, Pozna´n University of Life Sciences, Biologia 65/2: 209—212, 2010.

CHMIELEWSKA, W., CHWIL., 2005, Lead-Induced Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in the Leaves of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 51(2):203-212.

DAVİS, P.H., 1975, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island, Edinburgh Univ. Press Vol. 5:788-812, Edinburgh.

DAVİS, P. H. 1988, Flora of Turkey. Volume 10. Edinburg University Press, Edinburg. DOGAN, B., DURAN, A., ŞEKER, M., ÇETIN, Ö., MARTIN, E., 2015, Study of phylogenetic

relationship of Turkish species of Klasea (Asteraceae) based on ISSR amplification, PhytoKeys 56: 29–40.

DUDAŠ M., ŠUVADA R., MARTONFIOVA L., MARTONFI P., 2013, Differentiation of the taxa of the genus Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma on the basis of morphological characters on achenes and outer bracts. – Thaiszia – J. Bot. 23 (2): 147-162. – ISSN 1210-0420.

ERDOĞAN, E., KAYNAK, G., DAŞKIN, R., YILMAZ, Ö., 2011, The vascular flora of Katırlı mountain (Bursa/Turkey), Biological Diversity and Conservation, 4/1:159-181.

GEDİK, O., KIRAN,Y., TÜRKOĞLU, İ.,2014, Taraxacum bellidiforme ve Taraxacum revertens Endemik Türlerinin Karyolojik Yönden Araştırılması, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3) (2014) 146-153.

GÜNAY, R., 2001, Bursa Şehir Florası, Uludağ Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa.

HEYWOOD V. H., 1978, Flora Europaea: Notulae Systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 76, Issue 4, 1 June 1978, Pages 297–384.

JAFARİ, E., ASSADİ, M., 2007. Taraxacum aurantiacum (Asteraceae), A new record for the flora of Iran. –Iran. Journ. Bot. 13 (1): 47-48. Tehran.

JONES, G.D., WILSON, E.F., 2001, Pollen as indicators of source areas and foraging resources. http://pollen.usda.gov/ AtlasSEMPlates/Plates%2091 100/Plate% 20100.htm.

KADEREIT JW., JEFFREY, C., 2007, Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Asterales. Berlin, Germany: Springer.

MARCINIUK, J., RUDZİŃSKA-LANGWALD, A., 2008, Morphologıcal Dıversıty Of Pollen From Selected Specıes Of The Genus Taraxacum, Accordıng To Theır Ploıdal Level , Department of Botany, University of Podlasie, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland. MARCINIUK, J., VASUT, J., MARCINIUK, P., CZARNA, A., 2009, Taraxacum Scanıcum

Dahlst. Group(Sectıon Erythrosperma) In Poland: Chorology And Seed And Pollen Morphology Of The Mıcrospecıes, Department Of Botany, University Of Podlasie Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.

(15)

99 OSMAN, A., 2006, Pollen types of the Egyptian species of tribe Lactuceae (subfamily

Cichorioideae-Compositae), South Valley University, Faculty of Science-Qena, Botany Department, Qena, Egypt Acta Bot. Croat. 65 (2), 161–180, 2006.

ÖZHATAY, N., KÜLTÜR, F., 2006, Check-List of Additional Taxa to the Supplement Flora of Turkey III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Istanbul, Istanbul-TURKEY, Turk J Bot 30 (2006) 281-316.

PERUZZİ, L., AQUARO, G., CAPARELLİ, K. F ., RAİMONDO, F. M., 2009, The genus Taraxacum (Asteraceae) in Italy. III. A new species of T. sect. Erythrocarpa from Sicily. Fl. Medit. 19: 73-79.

RICHARDS., JOHN, A.,1968. The biosystemattics of taraxacum, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8829/. YILDIZ, B., AKTOKLU, E., 2010, Bitki sistematiği: ilkin karasal bitkilerden bir çeneklilere,

Palme Yayıncılık.

WERYSZKO-CHMIELEWSKA, E., CHWIL, M., 2006, Morfologia prezentera pylkowego i polimorfizm ziaren pylku Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg, ACTA AGROBOTANICA Vol. 59 z. 2 2006 s. 109 120.

(16)