Linking words
A-Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, yet for) (Coordination)
The use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are: and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for.♫ and a►Sheila and her friend are coming to dinner. b►Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. c►He is waving his arms and shouting at us. d►Steve, Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner.
e►The colours in that fabric are red, yellow, green, and blue. ♫but f►these shoes are old but comfortable.
♫or g►He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music. ♫yet h►The pop star was very old, yet she was very beautiful. ♫nor ı►_A: I do not like wearing blue jeans.
_B: Nor, do I.
♫so j►It was getting dark, so the team stopped searching for the lost girl. k►The child was very hungry, so he ate a big sandwich.
♫for l►For it was getting dark, the team stopped searching for the lost girl. m►The child ate a big sandwich, for he was very hungry.
n►For the child was hungry, he ate a big sandwich.
B-Using Paired Conjunctions (Correlative Conjunctions)
(both…and, not only…but also, either… or, neither …nor)♫ a►Both my mother and my sister are here. ♫ b►Not only my mother but also my sister is here. ♫ c►Neither my mother nor my sister is here. ♫ d►Neither my mother nor my sisters are here.
NOTE
: Two subjects connected by both … and take a plural verb.When two subjects are connected by not only… but also, either… or, neither …nor , the
subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. e►The research project will take both time and money.(both+noun +and+noun) f►Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed.(not only+verb+ but also+verb) g►I will take either chemistry or physics next quarter. (either+noun+ or+ noun) h►The book is neither interesting nor accurate. (neither +adj. +or +adj.)
NOTE
: The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair.C-Clauses of Time
♫…after a►After she graduates, she will get a job. b►After she (had) graduated, she got a job. ♫…before……...c►I will leave before he comes.
d►I (had) left before he came.
♫…when……....e►When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. f►When I got there, he had already left.
g►When it began to rain, I stood under a tree.
h►When I was in Ankara, I visited some of the museums there. i►When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
♫…while……... j►While I was walking home, it began to rain. ……as…………k►As was walking home, it began to rain. ♫…by the time..l►By the time he arrived, we had already left.
m►By the time he comes, we will already have left.
Note:
We generally use past perfect or future perfect tense in the main clause when ‘by the time’ is used.♫…since……….n►I have not seen him since he left this morning. ……until……….o►We stayed there until we finished our work. p►We stayed there till we finished our work.
Note
: ‘Till’ is used especially in spoken language, so it is less formal than ‘until’. ♫…as soon as…q►As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.……once………r►Once it stops raining, we will leave.
♫…as long as…s►I will never speak to him again as long as I live. …...so long as…t►I will never speak to him again so long as I live. ♫…whenever…u►Whenever I see her, I say ‘Hello’.
…...every time..v►Every time I see her, I say ‘Hello’.
D-After and afterwards
a►After I ate dinner, I took a walk. b►I ate dinner.Afterwards, I took a walk. I ate dinner. I took a walk afterwards.
Note:‘Afterwards’ is an adverb which means “later, after that”.
E-Clauses of Place (wherever,anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, where)
a►Because I have good car now, I can go wherever I want.b►I could not find a suitable place where there is no noise.(Relative adverb) c►You will see such people wherever you go.
d►Have you found a wallet anywhere in the house?