Aphis craccivora Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) afit türlerinin yeni konukçu
Tam metin
(2) 2019: 7 (2): 365–370 ISSN: 2147–8384 / e-ISSN: 2564–6826 GRLFRPXDJUL. $UDúWÕUPD0DNDOHVL5HVHDUFK$UWLFOH. 7UNL\H¶GH$SKLVFUDFFLYRUD .RFKYH%UHYLFRU\QHEUDVVLFDH /LQQDHXV
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(6) GQ\DGD WDUÕP YH WDUÕPGÕúÕ DODQODUGDNL ELWNLOHULQ HNRQRPLN RODUDN HQ |QHPOLKHUELYRU]DUDUOÕODUÕQGDQELULVLGLU$ILWOHURQODUÕQJÕGDND\QDNODUÕYHKD\DWG|QJOHUL]HULQGHKD\DWLELU rol oynayan konukçu bitkiler ile \DNÕQ ELU LOLúNL LoHULVLQGHGLU %X VHEHSOH 7UNL\H¶QLQ WP E|OJHOHULQGH IDUNOÕ KDELWDWODUGDNLDILWOHUYHNRQXNoXELWNLOHULQLQNDSVDPOÕELUúHNLOGHEHOLUOHQPHVLDUDODUÕQGDNLLOLúNLOHULQQHWRODUDN DQODúÕODELOPHVLDoÕVÕQGDQ|QHPOLGLU%XoDOÕúPDLOHCapsella rubella 5HXW %UDVVLFDFHDH
(7) ELWNLVL7UNL\H¶GHLON NH]dDQDNNDOHLOLQGHQAphis craccivora .RFKDQGBrevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) afit türlerinin yeni konukçu ELWNLVL RODUDN WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU $\UÕFD V|]NRQXVX DILW WUOHULQLQ 7UNL\H¶QLQ IDUNOÕ E|OJHOHULQGH úLPGL\H NDGDU UDSRUHGLOHQNRQXNoXELWNLWUOHULGHYHULOPLúWLU%XVRQXoODUKHPdDQDNNDOHLOLQLQKHPGHONHPL]LQDILWOHUYH NRQXNoXELWNLOHULoHúLWOLOL÷LEDNÕPÕQGDQ|QHPOLELUSRWDQVL\HOLROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU $QDKWDU.HOLPHOHUAfit, yeni konukçu bitki, Capsella rubella, Çanakkale. 1HZ+RVW3ODQW5HFRUGRI$SKLVFUDFFLYRUD .RFKDQG%UHYLFRU\QHEUDVVLFDH /LQQDHXV
(8) +HPLSWHUD$SKLGLGDH
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(12) ZDVGHWHUPLQHGIRUWKHILUVW time iQ7XUNH\DVWKHQHZKRVWSODQWVSHFLHVRIAphis craccivora .RFKDQGBrevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) IURPdDQDNNDOH3URYLQFH$OVRLWZDVJLYHQWKDWWKHKRVWSODQWVSHFLHVUHSRUWHGLQGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRI7XUNH\RI DVPHQWLRQHGDSKLGVVRIDU7KHVHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWERWKdDQDNNDOHDQG7XUNH\KDYHWKHLPSRUWDQWSRWHQWLDOLQ SRLQWRIDSKLGVDQGWKHLUKRVWSODQWV .H\ZRUGV$SKLGQHZKRVWSODQWCapsella rubella, Çanakkale. *LULú +HPLSWHUD WDNÕPÕ LoHULVLQGH \HU DODQ $SKLGLGDH IDPLO\DVÕQD ED÷OÕ YH ELWNL Saraziti olarak WDQÕPODQDQDILWOHUIDUNOÕKDELWDWODUGDEXOXQDQWHN\ÕOOÕN\DEDQFÕRWD÷DoYHoDOÕIRUPXQGDNLELWNLOHULOH VVELWNLOHULQLNRQXNoXRODUDNWHUFLKHWPHNWHGLU'Q\D¶GDWHVSLWHGLOHQFLQVLoHULVLQGHNL¶GDQ ID]OD DILWWUQQ\DNODúÕN¶LQLQ\DEDQFÕRWYH oDOÕPVÕELWNLOHUYH ¶ÕQÕQLVHD÷DoIRUPXQGDNL ELWNLOHU]HULQGHGD÷ÕOÕPJ|VWHUGL÷LELOLQPHNWHGLU$ILWWUOHULQLQ\DNODúÕN¶OLNNÕVPÕQÕQLVHNRQXNoX ELWNL GHVHQL KDNNÕQGD ELOJLOHU EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU %ODFNPDQ YH (DVWRS
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(14) 2OGXNoD GH÷LúNHQ ELWNL oHúLWOLOL÷LQH VDKLS RODQ DILWOHULQ NRQXNoX ELWNLOHUL LOH VÕNÕ ELU LOLúNL LoHULVLQGH ROGX÷X ELOLQPHNWHGLU +LOOH 5LV /DPEHUV
(15) <DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODU DILWOHULQ NRQXNoX ELWNLOHUL LOH UDVWJHOH ELU LOLúNL\H VDKLS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU $ILWOHU ED]Õ ELWNL IDPLO\DODUÕQÕ ROGXNoD \D\JÕQ WHUFLK HWPHVLQH UD÷PHQ ED]Õ ELWNL IDPLO\DODUÕ ]HULQGH WHVSLW HGLOHQ DILW WUOHULQLQ 365.
(16) d20h=LU)DN'HUJ &208-$JULF)DF
(17) 2019: 7 (2): 365–370 ISSN: 2147–8384 / e-ISSN: 2564–6826 GRLFRPXDJUL. VD\ÕVÕ ROGXNoD VÕQÕUOÕ ROPDNWDGÕU <DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUGD $SLDFHDH YH $VWHUDFHDH IDPLO\DODUÕQD DLW ELWNLOHU ]HULQGH &RQLIHUDH ELWNLOHUL ]HULQGH YH oR÷XQOX÷XQX D÷Do YH oDOÕPVÕ ELWNLOHULQ ROXúWXUGX÷X 5RVDFHDH IDPLO\DVÕ ]HULQGH ¶GHQ ID]OD DILW WU %ODFNPDQ YH (DVWRS
(18) WHVSLW HGLOPHVLQHUD÷PHQ&DFWDFHDH(XSKRUELDFHDH/DXUDFHDH0RUDFHDH0\UWDFHDHYH2UFKLGDFHDHJLEL ID]OD VD\ÕGD ELWNL WU LoHUHQ IDPLO\DODU ]HULQGH LVH ROGXNoD D] VD\ÕGD DILW WU ND\ÕW HGLOPLúWLU 'L[RQ
(19) $ILWOHU D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN ÕOÕPDQ NXúDN LNOLPLQH VDKLS E|OJHOHUGHNL ELWNLOHUGH GD÷ÕOÕP J|VWHUPHNWHGLUYHWURSLNE|OJHOHUGHLVHD]VD\ÕGDWUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU$ILWOHULQVDKLSROGX÷XELUUHPH |]HOOL÷LRODQG|QJVHOSDUWKHQRJHQHVLVÕOÕPDQE|OJHOHUGHNLNÕVD|PUOELWNLOHUGHQID\GDODQPDQÕQHQ EDúDUÕOÕ\ROODUÕQGDQELULRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU'L÷HUWDUDIWDQ'L[RQ
(20) WURSLNRUPDQODUGDNLJHQLú IDXQDO oHúLWOLOL÷LQ NRQXNoXVXQD VSHVLILN RODQ YH NÕVD KD\DW G|QJVQH VDKLS DILWOHULQ oHúLWOLOL÷LQL D]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕLOHULVUPHNWHGLU%XQXQVRQXFXQGDONHPL]LQGHLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGX÷XÕOÕPDQLNOLPHVDKLS E|OJHGH DILWOHULQ oHúLWOLOL÷L GDKD \NVHN VHYL\HOHUH XODúPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD DILWOHULQ ¶GHQ D] NÕVPÕ \NVHNGHUHFHGHSROLIDJRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOPDVÕQDUD÷PHQNRQXNoXELWNLWHUFLKOHULQHGHQL\OHHQ\ÕNÕFÕ WDUÕPVDO]DUDUOÕODUDUDVÕQGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU3ROLIDJDILWWUOHULQLQHQELOLQHQOHULQGHQRODQAphis gossypii *ORYHUELWNLIDPLO\DVÕLoHULVLQGHNLNRQXNoXELWNL]HULQGHEHVOHQPHNWHGLU øQDL]XPL
(21) $YUXSD YH $V\D NÕWDODUÕ DUDVÕQGD ELU ED÷ODQWÕ QRNWDVÕ NRQXPXQGD RODQ ONHPL] LNOLP YH WRSRJUDILN NRúXOODUÕQGDNL oHúLWOLOLNWHQ GROD\Õ ROGXNoD ]HQJLQ IORUD YH IDXQD\D HY VDKLSOL÷L \DSPDNWDGÕUhONHPL]IORUDVÕ¶VLHQGHPLNROPDN]HUH\DNODúÕNELWNLWUQLoHUPHNWHGLU *QHUYHDUN
(22) $\UÕFDONHPL]IDXQDoHúLWOLOL÷LGH\DNODúÕNWULOHWHPVLOHGLOPHNWHGLU 'HPLUVR\
(23) hONHPL] IDXQDVÕ LoHULVLQGH DILWOHU VRQ \DSÕODQ ND\ÕWODUOD ELUOLNWH WU YH DOOWUHXODúPÕúWÕU .|NYH.DVDS
(24) hONHPL]LQ*QH\0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQGH\HUDODQdDQDNNDOHLOL KHPLNLNÕWDDUDVÕQGDNLED÷ODQWÕ\ÕVD÷OD\DQER÷D]ÕKHPGHVDKLSROGX÷X$NGHQL]LNOLPLLOHELUOLNWH.D] 'D÷ODUÕ%LJDYH*HOLEROX<DUÕPDGDODUÕJLELHQGHPLNWURUDQÕ\NVHNE|OJHOHUVD\HVLQGH]HQJLQIORUDO YH IDXQDO oHúLWOLOL÷H HY VDKLSOL÷L \DSPDNWDGÕU 6DGHFH .D] 'D÷ODUÕ 0LOOL 3DUNÕ LoHULVLQGH WDQHVL HQGHPLNROPDN]HUH¶GHQID]ODELWNLWUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU g]KDWD\YHg]KDWD\
(25) dDQDNNDOH LOLQGH.|NYHDUN
(26) YH.|NYH.DVDS
(27) WDUDIÕQGDQ\UWOHQoDOÕúPDODUVRQXFXQGDELWNL IDPLO\DVÕQGDEXOXQDQNRQXNoXELWNL]HULQGH$SKLGLGDHIDPLO\DVÕQGDQFLQVHED÷OÕWRSODPGD DILW WU WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU $\UÕFD \UWOHQ EX oDOÕúPDODUGD WHVSLW HGLOHQ Ajuga orientalis / (Lamiaceae), Cynoglossum creticum 0LOO %RUDJLQDFHDH
(28) Helianthus annuus / $VWHUDFHDH
(29) Pimpinella saxifraga / $SLDFHDH
(30) YH Tragopogon porrifolius / $VWHUDFHDH
(31) ELWNLOHUL DILWOHU LoLQ TUNL\H¶GH\HQLNRQXNoXELWNLND\ÕWODUÕRODUDNWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU%XVRQXoODUdDQDNNDOHLOLQLQKHPDILW KHP GH NRQXNoX ELWNLOHULQLQ oHúLWOLOL÷L DoÕVÕQGDQ ]HQJLQ ELU SRWDQVL\HOH VDKLS ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X oDOÕúPDGD dDQDNNDOH LOLQGH \DSÕODQ |UQHNOHPHOHU VRQXFXQGD DILWOHU LOH EXODúÕN ROGX÷X WHVSLWHGLOHQCapsella rubella 5HXW %UDVVLFDFHDH
(32) ELWNLVLQLQ|QHPOLDILWWUOHULQGHQAphis craccivora .RFKYHBrevicoryne brassicae /LQQDHXV
(33) LoLQONHPL]GH\HQLNRQXNoXELWNLND\GÕYHULOPLúWLU 0DWHU\DOYH <|QWHP %XoDOÕúPDGDWHVSLWHGLOHQA. craccivora ve B. brassicae DILWWUOHULQHDLW|UQHNOHPHOHU \ÕOÕQGD dDQDNNDOH LO PHUNH]LQH ED÷OÕ 7DúOÕWDUOD N|\QGH WHVSLW HGLOHQ C. rubella konukçu bitkisi ]HULQGHQ\DSÕOPÕúWÕU$ILW|UQHNOHPHOHULWHúKLVLúOHPOHULQLQVD÷OÕNOÕ\DSÕODELOPHVLLoLQ]HULQGH\HWHUOL PLNWDUGD QLPI YH HUJLQ DILWOHU EXOXQDQ NRQXNoX ELWNLOHUGHQ DUD]L úDUWODUÕQGD GR÷UXGDQ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU h]HULQGH\HWHUOLPLNWDUGDHUJLQELUH\EXOXQPD\DQNRQXNoXELWNLOHUODERUDWXYDUDJHWLULOHUHN& RUDQWÕOÕ QHP YH ÕúÕNODQGÕUPD VUHVLQH D\DUODQPÕú LNOLP RGDVÕQGD HUJLQ DILWOHULQ HOGH HGLOHELOPHVL DPDFÕ\OD NOWUH DOÕQPÕúWÕU <HWHUOL VD\ÕGD QLPI YH NDQDWOÕ-NDQDWVÕ] HUJLQ DILW ELUH\OHUL LoHULVLQGH RUDQÕQGD HWKDQRO EXOXQDQ HSSHQGRUI WSOHUL LoHULVLQH \XPXúDN ELU IÕUoD NXOODQÕODUDN DNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU øoHULVLQH DILW ELUH\OHULQLQ NR\XOGX÷X HSSHQGRUI WSOHULQH NRG QXPDUDODUÕ \D]ÕOPÕú YH HWLNHWOHPHLúOHPLJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU%XNRGQXPDUDODUÕROXúWXUXODQDUD]LND\ÕWGHIWHUOHULQH\D]ÕODUDN WHúKLVOHUGHNXOODQÕOPDN]HUHLOJLOLNÕVÕPODUD|UQHNOHPH\HULWDULKNRQXNoXELWNLYHNRRUGLQDWODUJLEL ELOJLOHUHNOHQPLúWLU 7HúKLVOHUL \DSÕOPDN ]HUH ODERUDWXYDUD JHWLULOHQ DILW |UQHNOHUL |QFHOLNOH PRUIRORMLN WHúKLV NDUDNWHUOHULQLQRUWD\DoÕNDUÕOPDVÕDPDFÕ\ODWHPL]OHPHLúOHPLQHWDELWXWXOPXúYHDUGÕQGDQSUHSDUDV\RQ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU %X DPDoOD +LOOH 5LV /DPEHUV
(34) ¶LQ |QHUGL÷L \|QWHP NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU 3UHSDUDV\RQX \DSÕODQ DILW WUOHULQLQ WHúKLVOHUL PRUIRORMLN NDUDNWHUOHUH J|UH %ODFNPDQ (DVWRS
(35) ¶GDNL 366.
(36) d20h=LU)DN'HUJ &208-$JULF)DF
(37) 2019: 7 (2): 365–370 ISSN: 2147–8384 / e-ISSN: 2564–6826 GRLFRPXDJUL. WHúKLV DQDKWDUODUÕ NXOODQÕODUDN \DSÕOPÕúWÕU %X DPDo GR÷UXOWXVXQGD /(,&$ '0 PLNURVNRS LOH ED÷OÕ 0& PRGHO +' NDPHUD YH /$6 YHUVL\RQ SDNHW SURJUDP NXOODQÕODUDN DILW WUOHULQLQ PRUIRORMLN NDUDNWHUOHULQLQ |OoPOHUL IDUNOÕ YFXW NÕVÕPODUÕQÕQ ELUELULQH RUDQÕ YH NÕOODQPD GXUXPODUÕ JLEL |]HOOLNOHUL LQFHOHQPLúWLU 7HúKLV HGLOHQ DILW WUOHULQLQ JQFHO ELOLPVHO LVLPOHUL YH WDNVRQRPLN VWDWOHUL )DYUHW
(38) ¶H J|UH G]HQOHQPLúWLU %X oDOÕúPDGD WHVSLW HGLOHQ DILW WUOHULQLQ WHúKLVOHUL ELULQFL \D]DU WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕOPÕúWÕU .RQXNoX ELWNLOHU WHúKLVLQLQ \DSÕODELOPHVL DPDFÕ\OD V|NOHUHN ODERUDWXYDUDJHWLULOPLúYHKHUEDU\XPX\DSÕODUDNWHúKLVLúOHPLJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU.RQXNoXELWNLOHULQ WHúKLVLúOHPOHULoQF\D]DUWDUDIÕQGDQJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU 7HúKLVL WDPDPODQDQ DILW WUOHULQLQ NDOÕFÕ SUHSDUDWODUÕ dDQDNNDOH 2QVHNL] 0DUW hQLYHUVLWHVL =LUDDW)DNOWHVL%LWNL.RUXPD%|OPQGHVDNODQPDNWDGÕU %XOJXODUYH7DUWÕúPD %X oDOÕúPD NDSVDPÕQGD dDQDNNDOH LOLQGH EXOXQDQ PHUNH]H ED÷OÕ 7DúOÕWDUOD N|\QGH 1 (
(39) JHQHOOLNOH WDUÕP DODQODUÕQÕQ HWUDIÕQGD WDULKLQGH \DSÕODQ |UQHNOHPHOHUVRQXFXQGD|QHPOLDILWWUOHULQGHQRODQA. craccivora ve B. brassicae için Brassicaceae IDPLO\DVÕQGD\HUDODQC rubella ELWNLVL7UNL\H¶GH\HQLNRQXNoXELWNLND\GÕRODUDN WHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU %XODúÕN ELWNLOHULQ |UQHNOHPHOHUL VÕUDVÕQGD LNL DILW WUQQ GH C. rubella ]HULQGH NRORQLOHU KDOLQGH NDUÕúÕN RODUDN EXOXQGX÷X YH A. craccivora¶QÕQ JHQHOOLNOH ELWNLQLQ VUJQ XoODUÕQGD YH \DSUD÷ÕQ J|YGH\HED÷ODQGÕ÷ÕVDSNÕVPÕQGDB. brassicae¶QLQLVHELWNLQLQGDKDoRNJ|YGHNÕVPÕ]HULQGHNRORQL ROXúWXUGX÷X EHOLUOHQPLúWLU %LWNL ]HULQGH EXOXQDQ A. craccivora NRORQLOHULQGH NDQDWOÕ YH NDQDWVÕ] ELUH\OHULQ ELU DUDGD ROGX÷X EHOLUOHQLUNHQ B. brassicae NRORQLOHUGH GH NDQDWOÕ YH NDQDWVÕ] ELUH\Oerin ROGX÷XWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLUgUQHNOHPHVL\DSÕODQDILWOHULOHEXODúÕNELWNLOHU]HULQGH\DSÕODQJ|]OHPOHUGH KHUKDQJLELUGR÷DOGúPDQDUDVWODQPDPÕúWÕU %X oDOÕúPDGD WRSODQDQ |UQHNOHUGHQ WHúKLVOHULQ JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVL DPDFÕ LOH A. craccivora¶\D ait 1 kanaWOÕƂYHNDQDWVÕ]ƂELUH\LQFHOHQPLúWLU ùHNLO
(40) A. craccivora JHQHOOLNOHSDUODNVL\DKÕPVÕ ELU YFXW UHQJLQH VDKLS ROXS HUJLQ |QFHVL ELUH\OHULQ ]HUL WR]OXPVX ELU PXP WDEDNDVÕ LOH NDSOÕGÕU )DEDFHDH IDPLO\DVÕ EDúWD ROPDN ]HUH ELUoRN NRQXNoX ELWNLQLQ JHQo VUJQOHULQGH NRORQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 'Q\D¶GD EDNODJLOOHULQ HQ |QHPOL ]DUDUOÕODUÕQGDQ ELUL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU %ODFNPDQ DQG (DVWRS
(41) %X DILW WUQQ ONHPL]GHNL LON ND\GÕ Robinia pseudoacaciae / ]HULQGHQ\ÕOÕQGD\DSÕOPÕúWÕU %RGHQKHLPHUDQG6ZLUVNL
(42) A. craccivora ONHPL]LQGH\HU DOGÕ÷Õ 3DOHDUNWLN E|OJHGH \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUGD IDUNOÕ IDPLO\DODUGDQ \DNODúÕN NRQXNoX ELWNL ]HULQGH ND\ÕW HGLOPLúWLU +ROPDQ
(43) ùLPGL\H NDGDU ONHPL]LQ IDUNOÕ E|OJHOHULQGH \UWOHQ oDOÕúPDODUGDLVHAcacia VSA. dealbata, Acantholimon VSAcer negundo, Alhagi VSA. camelorum, Alianthus glandulosa, Allium cepa, Alchemilla vulgaris, Amaranthus albus, A. retroflexus, Anagallis VS Anchusa VS A. azurea, Anthemis VS Arachis hypogaea, Asparagus VS Astrodaucus VS Bougainvillea spectablis, Brassica oleracea, Bromus japonicus, B. sterilis, Callendula VS Calluna VS C. vulgaris, Camellia japonica, Capsella bursa pastoris, Capsicum annum, Lepidium draba (=Cardaria draba), Catalpa bignonioides, Centaurea iberica, Ceratonia siluqua, Cercis siliquastrum, Cheiranthus cheiri, Chenopodium album, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium intybus, Cirsium VSCitrullus vulgaris, Citrus aurantium, C. limon, C. nobilis, C. paradisi C. sinensis, Colutea VSC. arborescens, Convolvulus arvensis, Crepis foetida, Cucumis melo, Cydonia oblonga, Dipsacus laciniatus, Dolichos VSDorycnium graecum, Erodium cicutarium, Eucalyptus sp., Euphorbia VSFicus lyrata, F. nituda, Fraxinus ornus, Galega officinalis, Galium aparine, Gleditschia triacanthos, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium herbaceum, G. hirsutum, Gypsophila VS Hedera helix, Heracleum VS Hibiscus esculentus, H. syriacus, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Lactuca VS Lens esculentum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus domestica, Medicago sativa, Melilotus VS M. officinalis, Mespilus germenica, Onobrychis VS O. viciifolia, Parkinsonia aculeata, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Platanus orientalis, Polygala VS Portulaca oleracea, Prunus amygdalus, P. armeniaca, P. domestica, P. persica, P. serrulata, P. spinosa, Pyrus communis, Ribes rubrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa VS Rubus VS Rumex alpinus, R. crispus, R. patienta, Salix VS Salvia VS Sanguisorba minor, Senecio vulgaris, Scaligeria VS Scorzonera cana, Silene VS Solanum melongena, S. nigrum, Sonchus VS Spartium junceum, Spiraea x vanhouttei, Syringia VSTaraxacum VST. officinale, Tribulus terrestris, Trifolium VS T. fragiferum, T. stellatum, Trigonella VS T. monantha VXEVS noeouana, Tripleurospermum decipiens, Ulex auauropaeus, Urtica urens, Verbascum VS Viburnum opulus, V. 367.
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Geographical Information Systems and crime mapping are only a more developed and modernized implementation of traditional types of things that law enforcement agencies have
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