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Expansion of Islam

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(1)

Expansion of Islam

 early victories

 backsliders (tribes) punished

Apostasy = treason = death

 assaults on:

the Byzantine (East Roman) empire

the Sassanid (Persian) Empire also known as Eranshahr or

“ Empire of the Aryans (Persians)”

(2)

Muslim Arab Victories

 Syria: 635 A.D.

 Palestine: 636 A.D.

 Persia: captured in one battle

expansion into India

expansion to the borders of China

 Egypt: help by local Christians

 North Africa: the Berbers

(3)

Expansion and Defeat

 Spain 711-720 A.D. (Franks)

 Battle of Tours: October 732 A.D.

 Charles Martel (Carolingian Family)

 Siege of Constantinople: 717-718 A.D.

 Leo III of Byzantine Empire

 Greek fire

 beginnings of Christian reconquest of former

Roman/Christian territory (Holy Lands)

(4)

Reasons for success

 exhaustion of Rome and Persia

End of a 400 year war

 nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria

 arguments among Christian factions

 speed and size of Muslim armies

 simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam

 acceptance of the Old and New Testament

 People of the Book

(5)

Policy toward Conquered Peoples

 Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent

 Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims

 Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims

 Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral

authority

(6)
(7)

Turkish Migrations

 Consolidation of Tang Dynasty (7th-8th C) pushes

nomadic peoples of inner Asia westward just like the Han did to the Huns and others

 Nomadic peoples begin to convert to Islam as a result of contact with Muslim scholars and mystics

 The Turkish-speaking people gained control of

Bukkara and Samarqand and began to sponsor the

development of the Turkish language and a Turkish-

Islamic civilization

(8)

Turkish Migrations

 One of the Turkish-speaking groups was the Seljuks who entered Central Asia and conquered

Afghanistan and Iran.

 The Seljuks defeated the Abbasid Caliph but left them on the throne and ruled in their name.

 They titled themselves sultans, claiming authority

over the secular side of government while leaving

the administration of religious affairs in the hands

of the caliph.

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