Çokkültürlülük ve insani güvenlik sorunlarının öteki algısı ekseninde incelenmesi

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T.C.

SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ

ÇOKKÜLTÜRLÜLÜK VE İNSANİ GÜVENLİK

SORUNLARININ

ÖTEKİ ALGISI EKSENİNDE İNCELENMESİ

YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ

İdris TURAN

Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler

Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Zeynel A. KILINÇ

ARALIK – 2013

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BEYAN

Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyulduğunu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim.

İdris TURAN 06.12.2013

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ÖNSÖZ

Tez konusu belirlenmeden önce yaptığım çalışmalarda belirgin şekilde dikkat çeken nokta, çatışma ve kriz sebeplerinin bir şekilde Öteki tanımlamalarına temellendirilebileceği ile ilgili düşünceler oldu. Bu sebepten bu konunun ileriki araştırmalar için daha anlaşılır kılınması gerektiği kanaati oluştu. Hem bireyin, hem toplumda baskın kültürün hem de farklı alt grupların göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiğini, bunun yanında analiz düzeyleri arasında da uyum olmasının uygulanabilirlik açısından zorunluluk olduğu görüldü. Tezde bu sorunun yanıtlanması için sorulacak sorulara giden yolu görebilmek için Çokkültürlülük ve İnsani Güvenlik Sorunlarının Öteki Algısı Ekseninde çok boyutlu ve derinlemesine incelenmesi için bir kapı aralamak düşüncesi ile bu çalışma yapıldı.

Bu vesile ile başta eğitimin önemini vurgulayarak beni devamlı destekleyen anneme, babama ve beni her zaman destekleyen kardeşime teşekkürü borç bilirim. Ardından konu tez sürecinde gerekli önerileri ile tezimdeki eksikliklerin azaltılmasında yol gösteren danışmanım Doç. Dr. Zeynel A. KILINÇ’a katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim. Prof. Dr. Ertan EFEGİL hocama, Yrd. Doç Dr. Köksal ŞAHİN hocama ve danışman hocama tezimi titizlikle ele alıp, yaptıkları yapıcı eleştirileri ile ileriki çalışmalarımda yol gösterici oldukları için özel olarak teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca adını zikretmediğim diğer hocalarıma da teşekkür ederim. Belirtmeden geçemeyeceğim önemli bir nokta da Sakarya Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü’ndeki tüm öğretim üyesi hocalarıma ve araştırma görevlisi arkadaşlarıma da farklı bir bölümden gelmeme rağmen bunu asla hissettirmedikleri ve sadece akademik olarak üretken olup olmadığım boyutuna önem verdikleri için en içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Bu tez, insanlığın barış içinde ve onurlu bir şekilde bir arada yaşamasının yollarını aramış ve aramakta olan insanlara adanmıştır.

İdris TURAN 06.12.2013

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SAÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tez Özeti Tezin Başlığı: Çokkültürlülük ve İnsani Güvenlik Sorunlarının Öteki Algısı Ekseninde İncelenmesi

Tezin Yazarı : İdris TURAN Danışman : Doç. Dr. Zeynel A. KILINÇ Kabul Tarihi : 06 Aralık 2013 Sayfa Sayısı : vii (ön kısım) + 111 (tez) Anabilimdalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilimdalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler

Bu çalışmanın çıkış noktası, Ötekine dair algılamaların, gerçeklikte yansımalarının olmasıdır. Tarihsel süreçler göstermiştir ki, kendi öznelliğini kurmak isteyen birey, grup, topluluk, devlet vb. mutlak olarak tanımlanmış ve nesnelleştirilmiş bir konuma indirgenen bir Ötekiye ihtiyaç duymuştur. Bu durumun modern devletin öncesindeki dönemde, modern devlet döneminde ve nihayetinde içinde bulunduğumuz ve post- modern olarak adlandırılan çağda da örnekleri bulunmaktadır.

Tezdeki temel varsayım, çatışma ve kriz sebeplerinin bir şekilde Ötekiye dair algılarla ilişkili olduğu üzerinedir. Bu sebeple, insan için onurlu yaşamın sağlanmasını ve devam ettirilmesini merkeze alan İnsani Güvenlik ve Çokkültürlülük yaklaşımlarının normatif şekilde incelenmesi ve uygulama noktasında ortaya çıkabilecek avantaj ve dezavantajlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.

Tez ile ilgili çalışma yapılırken yanıt aranan temel sorular şunlar olmuştur: Öteki nasıl oldu da nesne konumunda kurulmuş ve bu kurulum gerçekliğe nasıl yansımıştır?

Çokkültürlülük yaklaşımının toplumsallık kültürü sağlamadaki sorunların çözümündeki etkisi ne düzeydedir? Ayrıca İnsani Güvenlik’in onurlu bir yaşam inşasında nasıl bir rolü bulunmaktadır? Bu yaklaşımların eksik kaldığı noktalar nelerdir? Uluslararası sistemin bu sorunlardaki etkisi nedir?

Tezin ilk bölümünde Çokkültürlülük yaklaşımı üzerinde durulmuş ve bölüm sonunda ise Sürdürülebilir bir Küresel Çokkültürlülük yaklaşımının eklenmesi, Çokkültürlülük taleplerinin tek başına devlet içi mekanizmalarla çözülemeyecek kadar karmaşık bir hal almış olması sebebi ile gerekli görülmüştür.

İkinci bölümde ise, İnsani Güvenlik çalışmalarının genel olarak teorik temellerinden bahsedildikten sonra, ilk bölümle de bağlantılı olarak, İnsani Güvenlik yaklaşımına Küresel Çokkültürlülük yaklaşımının entegrasyonu ile elde edilebilecek kazanımlara, bu sentezin gerekliliğine işaret eden örneklere yer verilmiştir.

Çalışmadan genel itibari ile çıkarılabilecek sonuç; tek merkezli, sabit ve Ötekinin öznelliğini denkleme katmayan uygulamaların kriz ve çatışma sonuçlu süreçlere evrilebildiğidir. Sabit formda dondurulmuş olarak inşa edilen kimlik ve kültürlerin mümkün olamayacağı görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda da sistem düzeyinde ve devlet düzeyinde yapılması gerekenlerle ilgili ortaya farklı yaklaşımlar konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Öteki İnşası, Radikal Demokrasi, Çokkültürlülük, İnsani Güvenlik, Sürdürülebilir Küresel Çokkültürlülük

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Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences Abstract of Master’s Thesis Title of the Thesis: Analysing of Multiculturalism and Human Security Problems in Axis of Perception of the Other

Author : İdris TURAN Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Zeynel A. KILINÇ Date : 06 December 2013 Nu. of pages : vii (pre text) + 111 (main body) Department : International Relations Subfield : International Relations

Perceptions of Other has reflexion on reality is the origin of the study. Historical processes show that individual, group, community, state, etc. which needed to create Self subjectivity needed an absolute Other which is defined as an object. In the period of pre-modern state, during modern state period and current post-modern era have examples for this.

The basic assumption in the thesis is that the reason of conflict and crisis are related to the perception of Other in some way. Therefore, Human Security and Multiculturalism approaches which aim to get sustainable honored life for human are analysed normatively and to show pros and cons during processes are aimed.

The basic questions which are aimed to be answered in the dissertation are: How has been the Other built as an object and how does this affect this situation in real life?

What is the level of the multiculturalism in to be solved the problem which is to provide cultural areas to communities. Furtherly, what is the role of Human Security to create honored life for humanity? What are the waeknesses of these approaches? And what is the effect of international system in these problems?

In the first part of the dissertation, identical requests, critics of liberalism and modernity, radical democracy project is added to agenda. Lastly Multiculturalism in agonistic radical democracy axis have been studied.

In the second part, after mentioning generally theoretical bases of Human Security studies, by connected in the first part, the part is ended with possible gains by integrating Global Multiculturalism approach into Human Security approach with instances for the reason of this syntesis.

The general result in the study is that not cared subjectivity of the Other, unique centrism and stabilization in applications can turn into crisises and conflicts processes.

Frozen identities and cultures cannot be possible in real life is realised. At this point, different approaches are highlighted to do what should be done.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Construction of Other, Radical Democracy, Multiculturalism, Human Security, Sustainable Global Multiculturalism

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4 Schnapper, Dominique, ^ŽƐǇŽůŽũŝƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝŶŝŶPǌƺŶĚĞPƚĞŬŝŝůĞ7ůŝƔŬŝ͕ǇƔĞŐƺů^ƂŶŵĞǌĂǇ;ĕĞǀ͘Ϳ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͗7ƐƚĂŶďƵů

ŝůŐŝmŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƐŝzĂǇ͕͘ϭ͘ƐŬ͕͘ƌĂůŦŬϮϬϬϱ, ss. 471-472.

5 Schnapper, Dominique, ^ŽƐǇŽůŽũŝƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝŶŝŶPǌƺŶĚĞPƚĞŬŝŝůĞ7ůŝƔŬŝ, age., sf. 518.

(19)

8

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7 Schnapper, Dominique, ^ŽƐǇŽůŽũŝƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝŶŝŶ PǌƺŶĚĞPƚĞŬŝŝůĞ7ůŝƔŬŝ, age., sf. 17.

8 Schnapper, Dominique, ^ŽƐǇŽůŽũŝƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝŶŝŶPǌƺŶĚĞPƚĞŬŝŝůĞ7ůŝƔŬŝ, age., ss. 419-420.

(20)

9

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18 DŽŽƌƚŚǇ͕ZĂǀŝĐŚĂŶĚƌĂŶǀĞĚŝŒĞƌůĞƌŝ͕͞ƚŚŶŝĐŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚŶŝĐWĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐ͕͟Journal of Social Sciences 7(4), 2011, ss. 590-596.

19^ŵĂũĚĂ͕:ŽŶǀĞ:ŽƐĞƉŚ'ĞƌƚĞŝƐ͕ ͞ƚŚŶŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚŶŝĐŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐŝŶĂ͚^ĂƵĐĞ-^ĐĞŶƚĞĚ EĞŝŐŚďŽƌŚŽŽĚ͕͛͟

Sociological Forum, ŝůƚϮϳ͕^ĂǇŦϯ, ǇůƺůϮϬϭϮ͕ƐƐ͘ϲϭϳ-640.

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10

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20ŬŝĐŝ͕EŝǇĂǌŝǀĞ^ĞƌĚĂƌzŦůĚŦǌ͕͞DĂĐƌŽ>ĞǀĞůƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽdŚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚŽĨ'lobalization and Regime Types on Ethnic sŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕͟^ƺůĞǇŵĂŶĞŵŝƌĞůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇdŚĞ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ&ĂĐƵůƚǇŽĨĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĚĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŝǀĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŝůƚϭϴ͕^ĂǇŦ

1, 2013, ss. 449-463.

* øQJLOL]FH¶VL "ascription of others" úHNOLQGH RODQ LIDGH gWHNLOHUH \DNÕúWÕUÕODQ úHNOLQGH

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21ĞďĞůŽ͕ ƐĞďĞ ZĞŐĂƐƐĂ͕ ͞ŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƚŚŶŝĐ /ĚĞŶƚŝƚŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ /ŶƚĞƌ-Ethnic Conflict: The GujiʹBurji Conflict in South

ƚŚŝŽƉŝĂ͕͟Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, ŝůƚϭϮ͕^ĂǇŦϯ, 2012, ss. 517-533.

22ĞďĞůŽ͕ ƐĞďĞ ZĞŐĂƐƐĂ͕ ͞ŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƚŚŶŝĐ /ĚĞŶƚŝƚŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ /ŶƚĞƌ-Ethnic Conflict: The GujiʹBurji Conflict in South

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(22)

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(23)

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29 McLuhan, Marshall ve Bruce R.Povers,'ůŽďĂů<ƂǇ͕ĂŚĂƌPĐĂůƺǌŐƂƌĞŶ;ĕĞǀ͘Ϳ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͗^ĐĂůĂzĂǇŦŶůĂƌŦ͕ϮϬ01, sf.

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30 McLuhan, Marshall ve Bruce R. Povers,'ůŽďĂů<ƂǇ, age., sf. 214.

31 McLuhan, Marshall ve Bruce R. Povers,'ůŽďĂů<ƂǇ, age., ss. 216-217.

(24)

13

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32 McLuhan, Marshall ve Bruce R. Povers,'ůŽďĂů<ƂǇ, age., sf. 26.

34<ĂƐƚŽƌǇĂŶŽ͕ZŝǀĂ͕͞ŽĚĞƐŽĨKƚŚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͕͟Social Research, ŝůƚϳϳ͕^ĂǇŦϭ͕ĂŚĂƌϮϬϭϬ͕ƐƐ͘ϳϵ-100.

35 ũǌĞŶƐƚĂĚƚ͕DŝŵŝǀĞƐƐĂĨ^ŚĂƉŝƌĂ͕͞dŚĞ^ŽĐŝŽ-Legal Construction of Otherness Under a Neo-Liberal Regime The

ĂƐĞŽĨ&ŽƌĞŝŐŶtŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶdŚĞ/ƐƌĂĞůŝƌŝŵŝŶĂůŽƵƌƚƐ͕͟BRIT. J. CRIMINOL.͕^ĂǇŦϱϮ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ƐƐ͘ϲϴϱ-704.

36tŝůůŝĂŵƐ͕͘E͕͘͞ƐƐŝŵŝůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚKƚŚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͗ƚŚĞdŚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞŽĨEĠŐƌŝƚƵĚĞ͕͟ International Journal of Systematic Theology͕ŝůƚϭϭ͕^ĂǇŦϯ͕dĞŵŵƵǌϮϬϬϵ͕ƐƐ͘Ϯϰϴ-270.

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37 ^ƚĂŚů͕ EĞƚĂ͕ ͞͞EŽƚ ĞŝŶŐ Ăƚ KŶĞ͛Ɛ ,ŽŵĞ͗͟ zŽĞů ,ŽĨĨŵĂŶŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ &ŽƌŵĂů ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ KƚŚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͕͟

PROOFTEXTS, ^ĂǇŦϯϬ͕ϮϬϭϬ͕ƐƐ͘Ϯϭϳʹ237.

(25)

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41 Schnapper, Dominique, Sosyoloji ƺƔƺŶĐĞƐŝŶŝŶPǌƺŶĚĞPƚĞŬŝŝůĞ7ůŝƔŬŝ, age., sf. 56.

(26)

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43 Cornwell, Grant H. ve Eve Walsh Stooldard, (Ed.), Global Multiculturalism (Comparative Perspectives on Ethnicity, Race, and Baion), Oxford: Rownan&Littlefield Publishers, 2001, sf. 1.

44 Kymlicka, Will, ŽŬŬƺůƚƺƌůƺzƵƌƚƚĂƔůŦŬ͕Ğǀ͘ďĚƵůůĂŚzŦůŵĂǌ͕7ƐƚĂŶďƵů͗ǇƌŦŶƚŦzĂǇ͕͘,ĂǌŝƌĂŶϭϵϵϴ͕ƐĨ͘ϰϵ͘

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46 WƌĞŝƐƐ͕:ŽƐŚƵĂƌŽĂĚǇ͕͞DƵůƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝƐŵĂŶĚƋƵĂů,ƵŵĂŶŝŐŶŝƚǇ͗ŶƐƐĂǇŽŶŚŝŬŚƵWĂƌĞŬŚ͕͟Springer Science

&Business Media B.V. 2011, 2011, ss. 141-156.

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16

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47ZŽƉĞƌ͕ >ĂƌƌǇ ͕͘ ͞^ƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŶŐ ĐƌŽƐƐ ƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͗ EĂǀŝŐĂƚŝŶŐ ŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ DƵůƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝƐŵ͕͟ New Directions For Student Services͕tŝůĞǇWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂůƐ͕ŶŽ͘ϭϯϲ͕<ŦƔϮϬϭϭ͕ƐƐ͘ϲϵ-80.

48 dĂƚĞů͕ĂƌůŽƐW͕͘͞EŽŶ-tĞƐƚĞƌŶWĞŽƉůĞƐĂƐ&ŝůŝƉŝŶŽƐ͗DĞĚŝĂƚŝŶŐEŽƚŝŽŶƐŽĨ͞KƚŚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͟ŝŶWŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ

National Geographic MagĂǌŝŶĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƌůǇϮϬƚŚĞĞŶƚƵƌǇ͕͟Asian Anthropology, Chinese University Press, ss. 61-78.

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