Innovative laser sources operating around 2 μm

Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 1184 – 1195

1875-3892 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.125

ScienceDirect

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3KRWRQLF7HFKQRORJLHV/$1(

,QQRYDWLYHODVHUVRXUFHVRSHUDWLQJDURXQG—P

'.UDFKW

+6D\LQF

6<LOPD]

0:\VPROHN

.+DXVPDQQ

&2WWHQKXHV



':DQGW

$:LHQNH

-1HXPDQQ

a_{Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany} b_{Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey}

,QYLWHG3DSHU

$EVWUDFW

:H UHSRUW RQ D YDULHW\ RI FRQWLQXRXV ZDYH DQG SXOVHG ODVHU VRXUFHV EDVHG RQ 7KXOLXP DQG +ROPLXPGRSHG PDWHULDOV HPLWWLQJLQWKHVSHFWUDOUDQJHDURXQG—P7KLVLQFOXGHVFRQWLQXRXVZDYH7KXOLXPGRSHGILEHUODVHUVZKLFKKDYHEHHQUHDOL]HG EDVHGRQWKHEHDPFRPELQLQJWHFKQLTXHE\XVLQJWDSHUHGIXVHGEXQGOHVDQGWUXO\VLQJOHPRGH:'0FDVFDGHVUHVSHFWLYHO\$ SXOVHG ODVHU VRXUFH HPLWWLQJ QDQR RU SLFRVHFRQG SXOVHV KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG LQ D PDVWHU RVFLOODWRU SRZHU DPSOLILHU 023$ FRQILJXUDWLRQZKLFKFRQVLVWVRIDJDLQVZLWFKHGGLRGHRSHUDWLQJDWDZDYHOHQJWKRI—PIROORZHGE\7KXOLXPGRSHGILEHU EDVHGSUHDQGPDLQDPSOLILHUV)XUWKHUPRUHZHSUHVHQWDIHPWRVHFRQGUHJHQHUDWLYHDPSOLILHUV\VWHPXVLQJ7KXOLXP<$3DQG +ROPLXP<$* FU\VWDOV ZLWK HPLVVLRQ ZDYHOHQJWKV DURXQG —P DQG —P UHVSHFWLYHO\ 2XWSXW HQHUJLHV RI PRUH WKDQ —-KDYHEHHQJHQHUDWHGZLWKERWKV\VWHPV

&RS\ULJKWOLQHZLOODSSHDUKHUH

3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH%D\HULVFKHV/DVHU]HQWUXP*PE+

Keywords:$OOILEHUFRPELQLQJ3XOVHGILEHUDPSOLILHUV5HJHQHUDWLYHDPSOLILHUV7KXOLXPDQG+ROPLXPGRSHGVROLGVWDWHODVHUV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

,Q UHFHQW \HDUV WKHUH KDV EHHQ JUHDW LQWHUHVW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 7KXOLXP DQG +ROPLXP EDVHG ODVHU DQG DPSOLILHU V\VWHPV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH ZDYHOHQJWKUDQJH EHWZHHQ  DQGQP 7KLV LV PDLQO\ DWWULEXWHG WR WKH ODUJHDSSOLFDWLRQSRWHQWLDORIWKRVHV\VWHPVLQDYDULHW\RIDSSOLFDWLRQILHOGVHJPHGLFLQHUHVHDUFKGHIHQVHDQG





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[

E-mail address:GNUDFKW#O]KGH

© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

LQGXVWU\ DV VXFK V\VWHPV FRYHU FRQWLQXRXV ZDYH FZ DV ZHOO DV SXOVHG ODVHU RSHUDWLRQ LQ QDQRVHFRQG QV SLFRVHFRQGSVDQGIHPWRVHFRQGIVSXOVHUHJLPHV,QPHGLFLQHFRQWLQXRXVDQGSXOVHGHPLWWLQJ7KXOLXPGRSHG ILEHU ODVHUV 7')/ DUH DPRQJ RWKHUV XVHG IRU XURORJ\ SQHXPRORJ\ DQG RWRUKLQRODU\QJRORJ\ >@ ,Q SKRWRQLFV UHVHDUFK SV DQG IVSXOVHG 7KXOLXP DQG +ROPLXPGRSHG ODVHUV DUH SRZHUIXO WRROV XVHG DV SXPS VRXUFHV IRU QRQOLQHDU IUHTXHQF\ FRQYHUVLRQ LQ WKH  ± —P UDQJH >@ RU KLJK KDUPRQLF JHQHUDWLRQ >@ 7\SLFDO LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQVRISVDQGIVODVHUVRSHUDWLQJDURXQGDZDYHOHQJWKRI—PDUHPDWHULDOSURFHVVLQJDQGPLFURPDFKLQLQJ RISODVWLFVSRO\PHUVDQGVHPLFRQGXFWRUV>@

7KLV KLJK SRWHQWLDO VWLPXODWHV PDVVLYH UHVHDUFK RQ VXFK ODVHU VRXUFHV 7KH PDLQ HIIRUWV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 7')/ DUH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI ILEHU LQWHJUDWLRQ LQFUHDVHG RXWSXW SRZHU DQG EULJKWQHVV $ GRXEOHFODG FRQWLQXRXV ZDYH FZ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>@ 6LJQLILFDQWSRZHU OHYHORI:ZDV UHDFKHGE\* *RRGQR HW DO ZLWK D 7')/ >@ %HVLGHV VFDOLQJ WKHRXWSXW SRZHU RI LQGLYLGXDO ODVHUV VSHFWUDO DQG VSDWLDO SRZHU FRPELQDWLRQ LV D SURPLVLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH WR RYHUFRPH IXQGDPHQWDOQRQOLQHDUDQGWKHUPDOOLPLWDWLRQVRILQGLYLGXDOODVHUV\VWHPVWRHQDEOHRXWSXWSRZHUVFDOLQJ7KHJRDO RIEHDPFRPELQLQJLVQRWRQO\WRLQFUHDVHWKHSRZHUEXWWRSUHVHUYHWKHEHDPTXDOLW\IRUDSSOLFDWLRQVLQZKLFKKLJK LQWHQVLW\LVUHTXLUHGRQDWDUJHW

,QDGGLWLRQWRFZODVHUVSXOVHGODVHUVRXUFHVDW—PKDYHDKLJKDSSOLFDWLRQSRWHQWLDODVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDQG FRUUHVSRQGLQJKLJKSRZHUQDQRVHFRQGDQGSLFRVHFRQGSXOVHVFDQEHHIILFLHQWO\JHQHUDWHGLQ7PRU+RGRSHGILEHU DPSOLILHUV VHHGHG E\ D JDLQVZLWFKHG ODVHUGLRGH RSHUDWLQJ DURXQG —P :LWKLQ WKLV PDVWHU RVFLOODWRU SRZHU DPSOLILHUVFKHPH023$WKHORZSRZHUODVHUGLRGHLVGHWHUPLQLQJUHSHWLWLRQUDWHDQGSXOVHGXUDWLRQRIWKHODVHU V\VWHP DQG WKH VXEVHTXHQW ILEHU DPSOLILHU VWDJHV JHQHUDWH SXOVH HQHUJLHV DW —- OHYHO >@ 7KHVH V\VWHPV FDQ EH DVVHPEOHGLQDOOILEHUFRQILJXUDWLRQVZKLFKDUHYHUVDWLOHDOLJQPHQWIUHHDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHOLJKWVRXUFHV

8QWLO QRZ RQO\ IHZ KLJK HQHUJ\ XOWUDVKRUW SXOVH ODVHU V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG LQ WKH ȝP ZDYHOHQJWK UHJLRQ$OWKRXJKXSWRȝ-SXOVHHQHUJ\ZLWKDSXOVHGXUDWLRQRIIVZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGE\DWKXOLXPGRSHG ODUJHSLWFKILEHUFKLUSHGSXOVHDPSOLFDWLRQ&3$V\VWHP>@DIXUWKHULQFUHDVHRISXOVHHQHUJ\LVOLPLWHGGXHWRD WKHUPDOGHJUDGDWLRQRIWKHEHDPSURILOHLQGXFHGE\WKHSURSDJDWLRQLQDLU>@7KHUHIRUHUHJHQHUDWLYHDPSOLILHUV 5$ ZLWK 7P RU +RGRSHG EXON PDWHULDOV KDYH JDLQHG DQ LQFUHDVHG LQWHUHVW UHFHQWO\ ZKLFK DUH PRVW DWWUDFWLYH DSSURDFKHVIRUWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIKLJKHQHUJ\XOWUDIDVWODVHUSXOVHVLQWKHZDYHOHQJWKUDQJHDURXQG—P 7KLVFRQWULEXWLRQLVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV,Q6HFWLRQDOOILEHUFRPELQLQJRIFRQWLQXRXVZDYH7KXOLXPGRSHG ILEHUODVHUVLVGHVFULEHG7DSHUHGIXVHGILEHUEXQGOHVDVZHOODVZDYHOHQJWKGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[HUVZHUHHPSOR\HGIRU LQFRKHUHQWEHDPFRPELQDWLRQLQVLQJOHDQGPXOWLPRGHILEHUV 6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVDQDSSURDFKIRUWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRISVDQGQVSXOVHGODVHUVRXUFHVDURXQGDZDYHOHQJWKRI —PZLWKWKHPDVWHURVFLOODWRUSRZHUDPSOLILHUFRQFHSW,WLVVKRZQWKDWSXOVHVZLWKKLJKHQHUJ\DWIOH[LEOHUHSHWLWLRQ UDWHV UHOHYDQW IRU D YDULHW\ RI DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ EH SURYLGHG ZLWK D VLQJOH DOOILEHU VHWXS 7KH RXWSXW SXOVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVXFKDILEHUODVHUV\VWHPDUHPDLQO\GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHVHHGVRXUFH

,Q 6HFWLRQ  WKH H[SHULPHQWDO OD\RXW RI WKH GHYHORSHG XOWUDVKRUWSXOVH UHJHQHUDWLYH DPSOLILHU V\VWHPV XVLQJ 7PDQG+RGRSHGPDWHULDOVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGILUVW$IWHUWKDWH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVZLWKD7PEDVHG5$RSHUDWLQJ LQWKHZDYHOHQJWKUDQJHDURXQG—PZLOOEHGHVFULEHG$IWHUZDUGVWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSURSHUWLHVRID+REDVHG 5$ZLWKDQHPLVVLRQDURXQG—PZLOOEHUHSRUWHG%RWKV\VWHPVJHQHUDWHGSXOVHHQHUJLHVRIPRUHWKDQ—- DQGSXOVHGXUDWLRQVRIIVLQFDVHRI7P<$3DQGIVZLWK+R<$*FU\VWDOVUHVSHFWLYHO\

([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV

2.1. High power continuous wave emitting Thulium doped fiber laser sources realized by all-fiber beam combining

%HDP FRPELQLQJ LQ ILEHUV FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG E\ EXQGHOLQJ DQG WDSHULQJ WKH GHOLYHU\ ILEHUV GRZQ WR D GLDPHWHU ILWWLQJWRDILEHUZKLFKLVFDSDEOHRIJXLGLQJOLJKWZLWKWKHUHVXOWLQJ1$>@$VHFRQGVWUDWHJ\IRUEHDPFRPELQLQJ LV XVLQJ D FDVFDGH RI VSHFLDOO\ GHVLJQHG ZDYHOHQJWK GLYLVLRQ PXOWLSOH[HUV &:'0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



2.1.1. Beam combining by tapered fused fiber bundles

,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV RQ EHDP FRPELQLQJ ZLWK WDSHUHG IXVHG ILEHU EXQGOHV DUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH GHYHORSHGILEHUFRPELQHUVKDGWKUHHLQSXWILEHUVZLWKD1$RIDQGDFRUHDQGFODGGLQJGLDPHWHURIDQG —PUHVSHFWLYHO\)LJVKRZVDW\SLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQRIWDSHUHGDQGFOHDYHGLQSXWILEHUEXQGOHV7KHFOHDYHGHQG IDFHW RI WKH EXQGOHV ZDV VSOLFHG WR D PXOWLPRGH EHDP GHOLYHU\ ILEHU ZLWK D 1$ RI  DQG FRUH DQG FODGGLQJ GLDPHWHUVRIDQG—PHLWKHUE\IODPHRUXWLOL]LQJDFRQYHQWLRQDOVSOLFHU   )LJ3KRWRJUDSKRIWKHHQGIDFHWRIDILEHUEXQGOHOHIWDQGVFKHPHRIWKHEHDPFRPELQHUFRQVLVWLQJRIWKUHHVLJQDOGHOLYHU\ILEHUV 1$ VSOLFHGWRDPXOWLPRGHILEHU1$ULJKWVLGH 

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'HOLYHU\ILEHUVRIWZR7')/HPLWWLQJDW D ZDYHOHQJWK RI  QP ZHUH VSOLFHG WR LQSXW ILEHUV RI LQKRXVH GHYHORSHG FODGGLQJ OLJKW VWULSSHUV ZKLFK DUH HQVXULQJWKDWQRVLJQDOOLJKWLVFRXSOHGWRWKHFODGGLQJRIWKHFRPELQHULQSXWILEHUV>@7KHFODGGLQJOLJKWVWULSSHUV DOVR FRQVLVWHG RI D ILEHU ZLWK D FRUH DQG FODGGLQJ GLDPHWHU RI  DQG  —P DQG KDG WKH VDPH 1$ OLNH WKH FRPELQHULQSXWILEHUV'HVSLWHWKHORVVHVRIDERXWSHUSRUWWKHEXQGOHZDVFDSDEOHRIKDQGOLQJRXWSXWSRZHULQ WKHUDQJHRIVHYHUDOWHQVRI:7KHVHLQLWLDOUHVXOWVDUHYHU\SURPLVLQJDQGWHVWVZLWKXSWRWKUHH7')/VRXUFHVZLWK

RXWSXW SRZHU DW WKH KXQGUHG : OHYHO ZLOO EH FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH QH[W VWHS %HVLGHV H[SHULPHQWV ZLWK WDSHUHG ILEHU EXQGOHVIRUSRZHUFRPELQLQJLQDPXOWLPRGHWDUJHWILEHUZHLQYHVWLJDWHGSRZHUFRPELQLQJE\HPSOR\LQJDFDVFDGH RI:'0V7KHVHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ



2.1.2. Beam combining by truly single-mode WDM cascades

,QRUGHUWRSHUIRUPFDVFDGHGFRPELQLQJZLWK:'0VWKHRQO\ZD\WRUHDFKKLJKHIILFLHQF\LVXVLQJODVHUVRXUFHV ZKLFK SURYLGH VLJQDOV IURP D WUXO\ VLQJOHPRGH ILEHU :H GHYHORSHG IRXU FRQWLQXRXV ZDYH DOOILEHU 7')/ RVFLOODWRUVDWGLIIHUHQWZDYHOHQJWKV7KHVHWXSLVVKRZQLQ)LJOHIWIRUDQRVFLOODWRUHPLWWLQJDWDZDYHOHQJWKRI QP 7KHSXPSGLRGHKDG D ZDYHOHQJWK RIQP $Q RXWSXWSRZHU RIXS WR:ZDV SURYLGHG IURP WKH GHOLYHU\ILEHURIWKHODVHUGLRGHZKLFKKDGDFRUHGLDPHWHURI—PDQGD1$RI$SXPSFRPELQHUZDVXVHG RSWLRQDOO\ WR HQDEOH SXPS FRXSOLQJ RI PRUH WKDQ RQH ODVHU GLRGH 7KH SXPS FRPELQHU ZDV FRQQHFWHG WR D KLJK UHIOHFWLRQ )LEHU %UDJJ JUDWLQJ +5)%* 7KH SXPS SRZHU ZDV FRPSOHWHO\ WUDQVPLWWHG WKURXJK WKH +5)%* ZKLFK ZDV VSOLFHG WR WKH 7PGRSHG ILEHU ZLWK WKH VDPH FRUH DQG FODGGLQJ GLDPHWHUV 7KH 7PGRSHG ILEHU KDG D OHQJWKRIPHWHUVZLWKSHDNDEVRUSWLRQRIG%PDWDZDYHOHQJWKRIQP7KHOHQJWKRIWKHDFWLYHILEHUZDV RSWLPL]HG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR PD[LPXP DWWDLQDEOH VLJQDO SRZHU $ ORZ UHIOHFWLRQ )%* /5)%* DFWHG DV  RXWFRXSOHU 7KH VDPH DUFKLWHFWXUH ZDV XVHG IRU HDFK RI WKH IRXU 7')/ DW WKH ZDYHOHQJWKV    DQG QP 7KH FRPELQLQJ VFKHPH IRU WKHVH 7')/ IRUHVDZ D FRPELQDWLRQ LQWR WZR VXEJURXSV ZLWK WKH LQKRXVH PDGH ZDYHOHQJWK GLYLVLRQ PXOWLSOH[HUV :'0  QP  DQG :'0  QP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

7KH GHYHORSHG VRXUFH FDQ DOVR EH DSSOLHG DV SXPS VRXUFH IRU +ROPLXP +R GRSHG ILEHU DPSOLILHUV DV GHPRQVWUDWHGHDUOLHUIRU<WWHUELXPGRSHGILEHUV>@7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHZKROHFRPELQHGSRZHUWRWKHVPDOO FRUHGLDPHWHURIMXVW—PHQDEOHVFRUHSXPSLQJRID+RGRSHGILEHUDQGWKHUHIRUHHIILFLHQWDPSOLILFDWLRQHYHQLQ YHU\VKRUWSLHFHVRIDFWLYHILEHUaPGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIGRSDQGV

7KH UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ DUH VKRZLQJ ZD\V WR VFDOH WKH RXWSXW SRZHU RI FZ 7PGRSHG ILEHU ODVHU VRXUFHV E\ DOOILEHU EHDP FRPELQLQJ :KLOH FRPELQLQJ ZLWK &:'0 LV D SURPLVLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH IRU WUXO\ VLQJOH PRGH ILEHU ODVHUV WKH WDSHUHG IXVHG ILEHU EXQGOH DSSURDFK UHSUHVHQWV D SHUVSHFWLYH IRU FRPELQLQJ VWDWH RI WKH DUW IHZDQGPXOWLPRGHILEHUODVHUVWRUHDFKKLJKHUSRZHUOHYHOVWKDQFXUUHQWO\FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH

%HVLGHVVFDOLQJWKHFZRXWSXWSRZHURIDV\VWHPGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWKHSXOVHGRSHUDWLRQPRGHPLJKW EHSUHIHUUHGWRDFKLHYHKLJKSHDNSRZHU$FRQFHSWIRUWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIQDQRDQGSLFRVHFRQGSXOVHGVRXUFHVLQWKH ZDYHOHQJWKUHJLRQDURXQG—PLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ

  )LJ2QHRIWKHFRQWLQXRXVZDYHILEHURVFLOODWRUVHWXSVIRUVSHFWUDOEHDPFRPELQLQJDQGWKHVFKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIWKHVSHFWUDOEHDP FRPELQLQJVHWXSOHIW+5)%*+LJKUHIOHFWLRQILEHU%UDJJJUDWLQJ/5)%*/RZUHIOHFWLRQILEHU%UDJJJUDWLQJ:'0:DYHOHQJWKGLYLVLRQ PXOWLSOH[HU:'0IRUFRPELQDWLRQRI QP:'0IRUFRPELQDWLRQRI QP&RPELQHGRXWSXWSRZHUIURP:'0 SORWWHGYHUVXVWKHLQSXWSRZHUIURP:'0 :'0ULJKW



2.2. Nano- and picosecond pulsed Thulium doped fiber laser sources realized in a MOPA setup

$ QDQR RU SLFRVHFRQG SXOVHG ODVHU VRXUFH FDQ EH UHDOL]HG ZLWK D PDVWHU RVFLOODWRU SRZHU DPSOLILHU 023$ FRQILJXUDWLRQ ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI D VHHG VRXUFH SUH DQG PDLQ DPSOLILHUV >@ ,Q WKLV FRQILJXUDWLRQ WKH PDLQ RSHUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSXOVHGXUDWLRQSXOVHVKDSHZDYHOHQJWKUHSHWLWLRQIUHTXHQF\DUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHVHHG VRXUFHZKLOHWKHDPSOLILHUVRQO\VHUYHIRUVLQJOHSDVVHQHUJ\VFDOLQJ$VIOH[LEOHVHHGVRXUFHW\SLFDOO\ODVHUGLRGHV DUHXVHGZKLFKFDQSURYLGHSXOVHVZLWKGXUDWLRQVLQWKHSVRUQVUHJLPH7KHSUHDQGPDLQDPSOLILHUVFRQVLVWRID SXPSVRXUFHD:'0RUSXPSFRPELQHUD7PGRSHGILEHUDQGDFODGGLQJOLJKWVWULSSHUUHPRYLQJUHVLGXDOSXPS OLJKW

$Q DOOILEHU 023$ FRQILJXUDWLRQIRU WKH DPSOLILFDWLRQ RI SXOVHV DURXQG D ZDYHOHQJWK RI QP LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  RQ WKH OHIW VLGH 7KH VHHG PRGXOH SURYLGHV RSWLFDO SXOVHV ZLWK D YDULDEOH SXOVH GXUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ  DQG KXQGUHGVRIQVDQGUHSHWLWLRQIUHTXHQFLHVEHWZHHQDIHZN+]DQGWHQVRI0+]$ILUVWFRUHSXPSHGSUHDPSOLILHU FRQVLVWLQJ RI D :'0 DQG D 7PGRSHG ILEHU VFDOHV WKH DYHUDJH SRZHU RI WKH VHHGODVHU IURP WKH —: UHJLPH WR VHYHUDOP:$FLUFXODWRUDQGD)%*DUHDFWLQJDVDQRLVHUHGXFWLRQXQLWVLQFHWKHDPSOLILHGVSRQWDQHRXVHPLVVLRQ QRLVHRIWKHDPSOLILHULVWUDQVPLWWHGWKURXJKWKH)%*ZKLOHWKHVLJQDOLVUHIOHFWHG7KHSUHDPSOLILHULVIROORZHGE\ WZR FRXQWHU SXPSHG GRXEOH FODG PDLQ DPSOLILHUV ZKLFK FRQVHFXWLYHO\ VFDOH WKH DYHUDJH SRZHU IURP P: WR KXQGUHGVRIP:DQGILQDOO\WRWKHOHYHORIVHYHUDO:RIRXWSXWSRZHU:KLOHWKHDFWLYHILEHURIWKHSUHDPSOLILHU KDGDVLQJOHFODGGLQJZLWKDFRUHGLDPHWHURI—PWKHVXEVHTXHQWGRXEOHFODG7PGRSHGILEHUVKDGFRUHGLDPHWHUV RIDQG—PDQGFODGGLDPHWHUVRIDQG—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

  )LJ$OOILEHU023$VHWXSIRUWKHJHQHUDWLRQDQGDPSOLILFDWLRQRIQVDQGSVSXOVHVDURXQGDZDYHOHQJWKRIQPOHIWDQGRXWSXWSRZHU SORWWHGYHUVXVSXPSSRZHURIWKHODVWDPSOLILHUVWDJHIRUWKHFDVHRIQVVHHGSXOVHVULJKW  :HGHPRQVWUDWHWKHIOH[LELOLW\RIWKHVHWXSE\MXVWFKDQJLQJWKHVHHGVRXUFHDQGDPSOLILFDWLRQRISXOVHVJHQHUDWHG E\DJDLQVZLWFKHGODVHUGLRGHHPLWWLQJDWDFHQWUDOZDYHOHQJWKRIQP$W\SLFDORSWLFDOVSHFWUXPRIWKHSXOVHV DIWHUSURSDJDWLQJWKURXJKWKHSUHDPSOLILHUVWDJHDQGWKHQRLVHUHGXFWLRQXQLWDUHVKRZQLQ)LJRQWKHOHIWVLGH$ PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH WHPSRUDO SXOVH SURILOH ZDV SHUIRUPHG HPSOR\LQJ DQ XOWUDIDVW SKRWR GLRGH DQG D EURDGEDQG RVFLOORVFRSH!*+]7KHWHPSRUDOSXOVHSURILOHPHDVXUHGDIWHUSUHDPSOLILFDWLRQLVVKRZQRQWKHULJKWVLGHRI )LJDQGLQGLFDWHVDIXOOZLGWKDWKDOIPD[LPXPRISV$IWHUSURSDJDWLRQWKURXJKWKHZKROHDPSOLILHUFKDLQDQ RXWSXW SRZHURI PRUH WKDQ:ZDV DFKLHYHG DWUHSHWLWLRQ UDWHVEHWZHHQ DQG 0+] DVGHSLFWHG LQ)LJ OHIW 7KH ULJKW VLGH RI )LJ  LQGLFDWHV WKDW DW D PD[LPXP RXWSXW SXOVH HQHUJ\ RI —- WKH VSHFWUDO ZLGWK DW DQ LQWHQVLW\OHYHORIG%ZDVVWLOOEHORZQPGHVSLWHWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIQRQOLQHDUHIIHFWVOLNH5DPDQVFDWWHULQJDQG VHOISKDVHPRGXODWLRQ$WKLJKHVWRXWSXWSXOVHHQHUJ\WKHWHPSRUDOSURILOHZDVQHDUO\XQFKDQJHG    )LJ6SHFWUXPRIWKHSVSXOVHVDIWHUSURSDJDWLQJWKURXJKWKHSUHDPSOLILHUDQGWKHQRLVHUHGXFWLRQXQLWOHIWDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJWHPSRUDOSXOVH SURILOHLQGLFDWLQJD):+0RISVULJKW  ,QVXPPDU\DSXOVHGODVHUVRXUFHZLWKDQHPLVVLRQZDYHOHQJWKDURXQGQPZDVGHYHORSHGZKLFKSURYLGHG DYHU\IOH[LEOHRSHUDWLRQSDUDPHWHUUDQJHZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHSXOVHGXUDWLRQDQGUHSHWLWLRQIUHTXHQF\6XFKDVRXUFH

FDQEHXVHGLQDPDQLIROGRIDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNHPDFKLQLQJRIRUJDQLFPDWHULDOZLWKDKLJKDFFXUDF\RUDVDSXPSIRU IUHTXHQF\FRQYHUVLRQSURFHVVHV      )LJ$YHUDJHRXWSXWSRZHUYHUVXVSXPSSRZHURIWKHWKLUGDPSOLILHUVWDJHOHIWDQGRXWSXWVSHFWUXPDWDPD[LPXPSXOVHHQHUJ\RI—-D SXOVHGXUDWLRQRISVDQG0+]ULJKW

2.3 Regenerative amplifiers (RA) for the generation of femtosecond pulses with high energy

,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH GHPRQVWUDWH XOWUDIDVW 5$V\VWHPV RSHUDWLQJ DW —P DQG —P ZLWK RXWSXW HQHUJLHV RI KXQGUHGV RI—- E\ XVLQJ 7PGRSHG <$3 DQG +RGRSHG <$* FU\VWDOV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH VHWXS RI WKH 7PEDVHG DPSOLILHUGHSLFWHGLQ)LJFRQVLVWVRIDQXOWUDVKRUWSXOVHVHHGRVFLOODWRUSXOVHVWUHWFKHUDQGSUHDPSOL¿HUWKH5$ FDYLW\ DQG D JUDWLQJ FRPSUHVVRU 7KH SDVVLYHO\ PRGHORFNHG ¿EHU RVFLOODWRU ZKLFK LV FRPSDUDEOH WR WKH RQH GHVFULEHGLQ>@HPLWVSXOVHVZLWKDQHQHUJ\RIS-DQGDGXUDWLRQRIIV$SRODUL]DWLRQPDLQWDLQLQJ30 SDVVLYH¿EHUPRI30LVXVHGWRVWUHWFKWKHIVRVFLOODWRUSXOVHVWRSVSXOVHGXUDWLRQ7KHVHQHJDWLYHO\ VWUHWFKHGSXOVHVDUHDPSOL¿HGLQDIROORZLQJVLQJOHVWDJHGRXEOHFODGGLQJSXPSHG7PGRSHG30¿EHUDPSOL¿HUXS WRQ-SXOVHHQHUJ\7KHUHVXOWLQJVHHGSXOVHVKDYHDFHQWUDOZDYHOHQJWKRIQPDIXOOZLGWKDWKDOIPD[LPXP ):+0RIWKHSRZHUVSHFWUXPRIQPDQGFRXOGVWLOOEHFRPSUHVVHGWRIVSXOVHGXUDWLRQ$3RFNHOVFHOO 3& FRQVLVWLQJ RI WZR UXELGLXP WLWDQ\O SKRVSKDWH 573 FU\VWDOV SLFNV WKH SXOVHV WR N+] UHSHWLWLRQ UDWH EHIRUH WKH\DUHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKH5$FDYLW\)XUWKHUPRUHDWHOHVFRSHLVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHVHHGEHDPSDWKWRHQVXUHDJRRG PRGHPDWFKLQJEHWZHHQVHHGEHDPDQGUHVRQDWRUPRGHUHVXOWLQJLQDKLJKVHHGLQJHI¿FLHQF\$WKLQ¿OPSRODUL]HU 7)3DQGD)DUDGD\URWDWRU)5VHSDUDWHWKHDPSOL¿HGSXOVHVIURPWKHVHHGSXOVHV             ,Q WH Q VLW \ D X  :DYHOHQJWKQP

 )LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSRIWKHFRPSOHWHDPSOLILHUV\VWHP3&3RFNHOVFHOO7)3WKLQILOPSRODUL]HU)5)DUDGD\URWDWRU&&0FRQFDYH PLUURUZLWKPP52&&&0&RQFDYHPLUURUZLWKPP52&:'*:HGJH*5*UDWLQJ  7KH5$FRQVLVWVRIDPORQJVWDQGLQJZDYHWKUHHPLUURUFDYLW\ZLWKWZRFRQFDYHDQGRQHSODQHHQGPLUURU 7KHFRQFDYHPLUURUVDUHSODFHGFP&&0DQGFP&&0DSDUWIURPWKHFU\VWDO$VHFRQG5733&LV XVHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKD7)3DQGDTXDUWHUZDYHSODWH4:3DVDQRSWLFDOVZLWFK7KHUHVRQDWRUPRGHGLDPHWHUV DUH—PLQVLGHWKHODVHUFU\VWDO[PPDSHUWXUHDQGPPLQVLGHWKH3&ZKLFKKDVDQDSHUWXUHRIPP 7KHPPORQJ7P<$3FU\VWDOLVFXWIRUFD[LVRULHQWDWLRQDQGKDVDGRSLQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIDW,WLVZUDSSHG LQLQGLXPIRLODQGSODFHGLQDFRSSHUPRXQWZKLFKLVHOHFWULFDOO\FRROHGGRZQWRR_{&7KHSXPSGLRGHLVDPXOWL} PRGH¿EHUFRXSOHGODVHUGLRGH/'ZLWK:RXWSXWSRZHUDWDFHQWUDOZDYHOHQJWKRIQP7KHRXWSXW¿EHURI WKHSXPSGLRGHKDVDFRUHGLDPHWHURI—PDQGDQXPHULFDODSHUWXUHRI$WWKLVSXPSZDYHOHQJWKRI WKH SXPS OLJKW LV DEVRUEHG LQVLGH WKH FU\VWDO 7KH FROOLPDWHG SXPS OLJKW LV IRFXVHG ZLWK D PP OHQV LQWR WKH 7P<$3FU\VWDOWKURXJKRQHRIWKHGLFKURLFHQGPLUURUVZKLFKLVORFDWHGFORVHWRWKHFU\VWDOSURGXFLQJDSXPS VSRWGLDPHWHURI—P7KH5$FDYLW\LVHQFORVHGWRSXUJHWKHFDYLW\ZLWKLQHUWJDVDUJRQQLWURJHQHWF$IWHU DPSOL¿FDWLRQ WKH SXOVHV DUH FRPSUHVVHG ZLWK D 0DUWLQH]W\SH FRPSUHVVRU >@ ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI D VLQJOH JROG FRDWHGJUDWLQJJURRYHVSHUPP%OD]HDQJOHGHJUHHRQHFRQFDYHPLUURU52& PPDQGWZRSODQH PLUURUV7KHFRPSUHVVRUHI¿FLHQF\RILVPDLQO\OLPLWHGE\WKHJUDWLQJHI¿FLHQF\DQGWKH)DUDGD\URWDWRU    )LJ2XWSXWSRZHUSXOVHHQHUJ\YHUVXVDEVRUEHGSXPSSRZHUOHIWSRZHUVSHFWUXPRI7P<$35$ULJKW  7KHSXOVHHQHUJ\YHUVXVDEVRUEHGSXPSSRZHUDWDUHSHWLWLRQUDWHRIN+]LVVKRZQLQ)LJOHIW$IWHU URXQGWULSVZLWKLQWKH5$FDYLW\DPD[LPXPRXWSXWHQHUJ\RI—-KDVEHHQDFKLHYHG7KHRQO\OLPLWLQJIDFWRULV WKH GDPDJH WKUHVKROG RI WKH DFWLYH FU\VWDO DW D SRZHU GHQVLW\ RI -FP_{ )LJ  ULJKW VKRZV WKH RSWLFDO}

VSHFWUXP RI 7P<$3 DW —- RXWSXW HQHUJ\ DV EODFN FXUYH DIWHU UHJHQHUDWLYH DPSOL¿FDWLRQ EOXH GDVKHG VHHG SXOVHV7KHVSHFWUXPLVVWURQJO\VWUXFWXUHGSDUWLFXODUO\E\DWPRVSKHULFDEVRUSWLRQVDWWKLVZDYHOHQJWKZKLFKDUH

SDUWO\ FRPSHQVDWHG E\ SXUJLQJ WKH 5$ FDYLW\ ZLWK QLWURJHQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH VSHFWUXP ZLGWK LV QP DW G% OHYHO



)LJ$XWRFRUUHODWLRQWUDFHDWGLIIHUHQWSXOVHHQHUJLHVRIWKH7P<$3UHJHQHUDWLYHDPSOLILHU 

,Q )LJ  WKH DXWRFRUUHODWLRQ $& WUDFH RI WKH FRPSUHVVHG RXWSXW SXOVHV RI WKH 7P<$3 5$ LV VKRZQ $IWHU SXUJLQJ D ORQJ SVSHGHVWDO JHQHUDWHG E\ DWPRVSKHULF DEVRUSWLRQV YDQLVKHV QHDUO\ FRPSOHWHO\ 7KH SXOVHV FDQ EH FRPSUHVVHGWRDSXOVHGXUDWLRQRIIVDWPD[LPXPRXWSXWSRZHURI—-$VDWHOOLWHSXOVHZLWKDUHODWLYHSHDN LQWHQVLW\RILQDWHPSRUDOGLVWDQFHRISVUHPDLQV7KHJHQHUDWLRQRIWKHVDWHOOLWHSXOVHFDQEHDWWULEXWHGDW OHDVWSDUWO\WRDWHFKQLFDOLPSHUIHFWLRQRIWKH3RFNHOVFHOO1RQHWKHOHVVDURXQGRIHQHUJ\LVFRQ¿QHGLQWKH PDLQSHDN

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SRZHUVSHFWUXPRI+R<$*5$ULJKW 

7KH RXWSXW SRZHUSXOVH HQHUJ\ YHUVXV SXPS SRZHU RI WKH +R<$* 5$ LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  OHIW $IWHU  URXQGWULSVDQGDW:DEVRUEHGSXPSSRZHUDPD[LPXPSXOVHHQHUJ\RIȝ-DWDUHSHWLWLRQUDWHRIN+]ZDV DFKLHYHG7KLVHQHUJ\ZDVDJDLQOLPLWHGE\WKHGDPDJHWKUHVKROGRIWKHFU\VWDOZKLFKZDVIRXQGDWDFRPSDUDEOH SRZHUGHQVLW\DVLQWKHFDVHRI7P<$37KHSXOVHVZHUHDPSOLILHGZLWKDQHIILFLHQF\RI

7KHHPLVVLRQVSHFWUXPRIWKH+R<$*5$DWDQRXWSXWHQHUJ\RI—-LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ VHHGVSHFWUXPEOXHGDVKHGLVVKRZQLQ)LJULJKW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DURXQGQP   )LJ3RZHUVSHFWUXPRI+R<$*5$UHFRUGHGZLWKVKDSHGVHHGVSHFWUXP  7KHFRPSUHVVHG$&WUDFHRIWKHXQVKDSHG+R<$*SXOVHVLVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJOHIWZKHUHDV)LJULJKW VKRZVWKHWUDFHRIWKHVKDSHGSXOVHVLQZKLFKQRVDWHOOLWHSXOVHVDUHYLVLEOH7KHDGYDQWDJHRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG VSHFWUDO VKDSLQJ LV FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH EHFDXVH WKH PXOWLSXOVH OLNH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH $& WUDFH LQ WKH XQVKDSHG FDVH YDQLVKHVDQGDVPRRWK$&WUDFHLQWKHVKDSHGFDVHDSSHDUVZLWKDFRPSUHVVHGSXOVHGXUDWLRQRISVDWDQHQHUJ\ RI  ȝ- $Q\ZD\ QR VDWHOOLWH SXOVH QRU D EURDGEDQG SVSHGHVWDO RFFXUV LQ WKLV ZDYHOHQJWK UHJLRQ 7KH SXOVH GXUDWLRQLVQHDUO\DIDFWRURIODUJHUWKDQIRU7P<$3ZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDWLPHVORZHUSHDNSRZHU2EYLRXVO\ WKHQDUURZJDLQVSHFWUXPRI+R<$*LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHORQJHUFRPSUHVVHGSXOVHGXUDWLRQRI+R<$*2QWKH RWKHU KDQG QR DWPRVSKHULF DEVRUSWLRQ WDNH SODFH DW  ȝP WKHUHIRUH SXUJLQJ DV LQ WKH FDVH RI 7P<$3 LV QRW QHFHVVDU\





)LJ$XWRFRUUHODWLRQWUDFHVDWGLIIHUHQWRXWSXWHQHUJLHVLQWKHXQVKDSHGFDVHOHIWDQGLQWKHVKDSHGFDVHULJKW 

&RQFOXVLRQ

,Q FRQFOXVLRQ ZH SUHVHQWHG LQQRYDWLYH ODVHU VRXUFHV RSHUDWLQJ DURXQG D ZDYHOHQJWK RI  —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

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW

7KH DXWKRUV WKDQN $VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU gPHU ,OGD\ IRU FROODERUDWLRQ RQ KLJK SRZHU FZ ODVHU VRXUFHV WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU RI WKH *6/' 3LFR4XDQW IRU SURYLGLQJ LW DQG WKH FRPSDQ\ /,6$ /DVHU 3URGXFWV 2+* IRU FROODERUDWLRQRQFRQWLQXRXVZDYHDQGSXOVHGVRXUFHV

7KLVZRUNKDVEHHQIXQGHGE\WKH*HUPDQ)HGHUDO0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQDQG5HVHDUFK%0%)XQGHUFRQWUDFW 1 ³1(;86´1 ³680(5´ DQGE\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI (FRQRPLF $IIDLUV DQG HQHUJ\%0:LXQGHU FRQWUDFW6;$³)8785,$´ 5HIHUHQFHV >@ KWWSZZZOLVDODVHUGH/LVDLQGH[SKSPHGLFDOPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOVDQZHQGXQJVJHELHWHKWPO >@ '6DQFKH]0+HPPHU0%DXGLVFK6/&RXVLQ.=DZLOVNL36FKXQHPDQQ96PLUQRY++RRJODQG5+RO]ZDUWK2&KDOXV& 6LPRQ%RLVVRQDQG-%LHJHUW³%URDGEDQGȝP 23&3$SXPSHGE\DȝPSLFRVHFRQG+R</)&3$V\VWHP´LQ&/(226$ 7HFKQLFDO'LJHVWRQOLQH2SWLFDO6RFLHW\RI$PHULFDSDSHU6:2

>@ 1 /HLQGHFNHU $ 0DUDQGL 5 / %\HU . / 9RGRS\DQRY - -LDQJ , +DUWO 0 )HUPDQQ DQG 3 * 6FKXQHPDQQ³2FWDYHVSDQQLQJ XOWUDIDVW232ZLWK±ȝPLQVWDQWDQHRXVEDQGZLGWKSXPSHGE\IHPWRVHFRQG7PILEHUODVHU´2SW([SUHVV >@ .++RQJ&-/DL-36LTXHLUD3.URJHQ-0RVHV&/&KDQJ*-6WHLQ/(=DSDWDDQG);.lUWQHU³0XOWLP-N+]P RSWLFDOSDUDPHWULFFKLUSHGSXOVHDPSOLILHUDQGKLJKIOX[VRIW[UD\KLJKKDUPRQLFJHQHUDWLRQ´2SW/HWW >@ .6FKROOH6/DPULQL3.RRSPDQQDQG3)XKUEHUJ³ȝPODVHUVRXUFHVDQGWKHLUSRVVLEOHDSSOLFDWLRQV´LQ)URQWLHUVLQ*XLGHG:DYH 2SWLFVDQG2SWRHOHFWURQLFV%3DOHG,Q7HFK >@ 6'-DFNVRQ7$.LQJ³+LJKSRZHUGLRGHFODGGLQJSXPSHG7PGRSHGVLOLFDILEUHODVHU´2SWLFV/HWWHUV9ROXPH >@ *)ULWK'*/DQFDVWHU6'-DFNVRQ³:7PGRSHGVLOLFDILEUHODVHU´(OHFWURQLFV/HWWHUV9ROXPH >@ -):X=<DR-=RQJ6%-LDQJ³+LJKO\HIILFLHQWKLJKSRZHUWKXOLXPGRSHGJHUPLQDWHJODVVILEUHODVHU´2SWLFV/HWWHUV9ROXPH  >@ *'*RRGQR/'%RRN-(5RWKHQEHUJ³/RZSKDVHQRLVHVLQJOHIUHTXHQF\VLQJOHPRGH:WKXOLXPILEUHDPSOLILHU´2SWLFV/HWWHUV 9ROXPH >@ $0+HLGW=/L-6DKX3&6KDUGORZ0%HFNHU05RWKKDUGW0,EVHQ53KHODQ%.HOO\68$ODPDQG'-5LFKDUGVRQ N: SHDN SRZHU SLFRVHFRQG WKXOLXPGRSHG ILEHU DPSOLILHU V\VWHP VHHGHG E\ D JDLQVZLWFKHG GLRGH ODVHU DW ȝP 2SW /HWW   >@ )6WXW]NL&*DLGD0*HEKDUGW)-DQVHQ&-DXUHJXL-/LPSHUWDQG$7XQQHUPDQQ´7PEDVHGILEHUODVHUV\VWHPZLWKPRUHWKDQ 0:SHDNSRZHU´2SW/HWW >@ 0*HEKDUGW&*DLGD)6WXW]NL6+lGULFK&-DXUHJXL-/LPSHUWDQG$7QQHUPDQQ³,PSDFWRIDWPRVSKHULFPROHFXODUDEVRUSWLRQ RQWKHWHPSRUDODQGVSDWLDOHYROXWLRQRIXOWUDVKRUWRSWLFDOSXOVHV´2SW([SUHVV >@ '1RRUGHJUDDI'00DDFN:036NRYJDDUG--RKDQVHQ)%HFNHU6%HONH0%ORPTYLVW-/ JVJDDUG³$OOILEHU[VLJQDO FRPELQHUIRULQFRKHUHQWODVHUEHDPFRPELQLQJ´3URFRI63,(9RO/ >@ :LUWK&6FKPLGW27V\ELQ,6FKUHLEHU7(EHUKDUGW5/LPSHUW-7QQHUPDQQ$/XGHZLJW.*RZLQ0+DYH(7DQG -XQJ0³+LJKDYHUDJHSRZHUVSHFWUDOEHDPFRPELQLQJRIIRXUILEHUDPSOLILHUVWRN:´2SW/HWW

>@ * 3HOHJULQD%RQLOOD . +DXVPDQQ + 7QQHUPDQQ 3 :HVVHOV + 6D\LQF 8 0RUJQHU - 1HXPDQQ ' .UDFKW Ä$QDO\VLV RI WKH &RXSOLQJ0HFKDQLVPLQ$V\PPHWULF)XVHG)LEHU&RXSOHUV´-RXUQDORI/LJKWZDYH7HFKQRORJ\

>@ 7KHHJ72WWHQKXHV&6D\LQF+1HXPDQQ-DQG.UDFKW'³:&RUHSXPSHGVLQJOHIUHTXHQF\DPSOLILHUDWN+]OLQHZLGWKXVLQJ DVWDQGDUG<WWHUELXPGRSHGVLQJOHPRGHILEHU3KRWRQLFV:HVW

>@ /HL/L%LQ=KDQJ.H<LQ/LQ\RQJ<DQJDQG-LQJ+RXP-QDQRVHFRQGDOOILEHUWKXOLXPGRSHGILEHUODVHUDWȝP2SW([SUHVV 

>@ $ :LHQNH ) +D[VHQ ' :DQGW 8 0RUJQHU - 1HXPDQQ DQG ' .UDFKW ³8OWUDIDVW VWUHWFKHGSXOVH WKXOLXPGRSHG ILEHU ODVHU ZLWK D ILEHUEDVHGGLVSHUVLRQPDQDJHPHQW´2SW/HWW