Multidirectional insights into the biochemical and toxicological properties of Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy.) aerial parts: A functional approach for bioactive compounds

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ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

Journal

of

Pharmaceutical

and

Biomedical

Analysis

jou rn a l h om ep a g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l oc a t e / j p b a

Multidirectional

insights

into

the

biochemical

and

toxicological

properties

of

Bougainvillea

glabra

(Choisy.)

aerial

parts:

A

functional

approach

for

bioactive

compounds

Hammad

Saleem

a,b

_,

_Gokhan

_Zengin

c

_,

_Irshad

_Ahmad

d

_,

_Joash

_Tan

_Ban

_Lee

e

_,

Thet

Htar

a

_,

_Fawzi

_M.

_Mahomoodally

f

_,

_Rakesh

_Naidu

g

_,

_Nafees

_Ahemad

a,h,i,∗

a_School_of_Pharmacy,_Monash_University_Malaysia,_Jalan_Lagoon_Selatan,_47500,_Bandar_Sunway,_Selangor_Darul_Ehsan,_Malaysia b_Institute_of_{Pharmaceutical}_Sciences_(IPS),_University_of_Veterinary_&_Animal_Sciences_(UVAS),_Lahore,_54000,_Pakistan c_Department_of_Biology,_Faculty_of_Science,_Selcuk_University,_{Campus/Konya,}_Turkey

d_Department_of_Pharmacy,_The_Islamia_University_of_Bahawalpur,_Pakistan

e_School_of_Science,_Monash_University_Malaysia,_Jalan_Lagoon_Selatan,_47500,_Bandar_Sunway,_Selangor_Darul_Ehsan,_Malaysia f_Department_of_Health_Sciences,_Faculty_of_Science,_University_of_Mauritius,_Mauritius

g_Jeffrey_Cheah_School_of_Medicine_and_Health_Sciences,_Monash_University_Malaysia,_Jalan_Lagoon_Selatan,_47500,_Bandar_Sunway,_Selangor_Darul_Ehsan,

Malaysia

h_Tropical_Medicine_and_Biology_{Multidisciplinary}_Platform,_Monash_University_Malaysia,_Jalan_Lagoon_Selatan,_47500,_Bandar_Sunway,_Selangor_Darul

Ehsan,Malaysia

i_Global_Asia_in_The_21st_Century_(GA21)_{Multidisciplinary}_Research_Platform,_Monash_University,_Malaysia

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received11January2019

Receivedinrevisedform12March2019 Accepted13March2019

Availableonline16March2019

Keywords: Carcinomacelllines Antioxidant Cytotoxicity Enzymeinhibitor Bioactivecompounds

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Thecurrentresearchworkwasconductedinordertoprobeintothebiochemicalandtoxicological

char-acterisationofmethanolanddichloromethane(DCM)extractsofBougainvilleaglabra(Choisy.)aerial

parts.Biologicalﬁngerprintswereassessedforinvitroantioxidant,keyenzymeinhibitoryand

cyto-toxicitypotential.Totalbioactivecontentsweredeterminedspectrophotometricallyandthesecondary

metabolitecomponentsofmethanolextractwasassessedbyUHPLCmassspectrometricanalysis.The

antioxidantcapabilitieswereevaluatedviasixdifferentinvitroantioxidantassaysnamelyDPPH,ABTS

(freeradicalscavenging),FRAP,CUPRAC (reducingantioxidantpower),phosphomolybdenum(total

antioxidantcapacity)andferrouschelatingactivity.Inhibitionpotentialagainstkeyenzymesurease,

␣-glucosidaseandcholinesteraseswerealsodetermined.Methanolextractexhibitedhigherphenolic

(24.01mgGAE/gextract)aswellasﬂavonoid(41.51mgQE/gextract)contents.Phytochemical

proﬁl-ingofmethanolextractidentiﬁedatotaloftwentysecondarymetabolitesandthemajorcompounds

belongedtoﬂavonoids,phenolicsandalkaloidderivatives.Theﬁndingsofantioxidantassaysrevealedthe

methanolextracttoexhibitstrongerantioxidant(exceptphosphomolybdenum)activities.Similarly,the

methanolextractshowedhighestbutyrylcholinesteraseandureaseinhibition.TheDCMextractwasmost

activeforphosphomolybdenumand␣-glucosidaseinhibitionassays.Moreover,bothextractsexhibited

signiﬁcantcytotoxicpotentialagainstﬁve(MCF-7,MDA-MB-231,CaSki,DU-145,andSW-480)human

carcinomacelllineswithhalfmaximalinhibitoryconcentrationvaluesof22.09to257.2␮g/mL.Results

fromthepresentstudyhighlightedthepotentialofB.glabraaerialextractstobefurtherexploredinan

endeavourtodiscovernovelphytotherapeuticsaswellasfunctionalingredients.

1. Introduction

Cancer,cardiovasculardiseases,chronicrespiratory disorders anddiabetes,categorizedasnoncontagiousdiseases(NCD’s),are

∗ Correspondingauthorat:SchoolofPharmacy,MonashUniversityMalaysia,Jalan LagoonSelatan,47500,BandarSunway,SelangorDarulEhsan,Malaysia

E-mailaddress:[email protected](N.Ahemad).

theprimarycauseofdeathsglobally.Thesedisordersare account-ableforapproximately40milliondeathsperyearwhichisabout 70%ofalldeathsworldwide[1].NCD’saremostlylinkedto ele-vatedlevelsofoxidativestress,whichinturnisduetoanimbalance betweenexcessivefreeradicalproductionandtheantioxidant lev-elsinthebody.Asapartofnormalbodyfunction,thefreeradicals areproducedallthetimesinthecellsandarebalancedbyeither internalantioxidantdefencesystemorbyexternallyintheform offood.Thesefreeradicalscanbeeitheroxygenderivedor nitro-https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.027

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orbioactivephytochemicalsareregardedasprospective materi-als.

Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae), commonly known as “Glory of the Garden”, is native to Southern America and has been used traditionally for various medicinal purposes such asinsecticidal,anti-inflammatory[5],anti-diarrhoeal,anti-ulcer, anti-microbial[6]and anti-hyperglycaemicagent[7].Inspiteof the considerable traditional importance, there have been only limited attempts to explore the chemical and pharmacological propertiesofthisspeciesinrelationwithitsmedicinaluses.Thus, we aimed to evaluate, in this paper, B. glabra aerial parts for their chemical composition (total phenolic and flavonoid con-tentsandUHPLC-MSsecondarymetabolitesprofile),antioxidant capabilities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum andmetalchelation)andkeyenzymeinhibitionpotentialagainst urease,␣-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE). Moreover, cytotoxic activities were also evaluatedusingMTTassayagainsthumanbreast,cervix,prostate andcoloncarcinomacelllines.Theobservedfindingwouldprovide newintuitionsforB.glabraplantspecies.

2. Materialandmethods 2.1. Plantmaterialsandextraction

Aerial parts of B. glabra plant were collected from district, MuzaffarGarh(Punjab),PakistanandidentiﬁedbyDr.Abdul Mun-sif,DepartmentofBotany,S.E.College,Bahawalpur.Furthermore, a voucher representative number (BG-AP-01-16-111) was also depositedintheherbariumofDepartmentofPharmacyand Alter-nativeMedicine,TheIslamiaUniversityofBahawalpur,Pakistan.

Aftershade drying and grindingofthe aerialparts ofplant, itspowderwasextractedbymaceration(72h)successivelywith dichloromethane(DCM)andmethanol.Thepooledextractswere thenﬁlteredanddriedundervacuumat40◦C.Theextractswere abbreviatedas;BM(B.glabraaerialmethanolextract)andBD(B. glabraaerialDCMextract).

2.2. Totalbioactivecontentsandsecondarymetaboliteprofiling Totalphenolic contents were determined using well-known standardFolin–Ciocalteumethod[8]usinggallicacidasastandard. Theamountoftotal phenolicswasdeterminedasmilligramsof gallicacidequivalentspergram(mgGAE/gextract).Moreover,the amountofflavonoidsinalltheextractswereassessedutilizing stan-dardaluminiumchloridecalorimetricmethod[8].Totalflavonoids werenotedasmgQE/gextract(milligrams ofquercetin equiva-lents)usingquercetinasstandard.Similarly,thephytochemical composition of the methanol extract was evaluated by UHPLC Accurate-MassQ-TOF(Agilent1290InfinityLCsystemcoupledto Agilent6520)massspectrometerwithdualESIsourceasdescribed previously[8].

asgallicacidequivalent(mgGAE/gextract).TheresultsofABTS andCUPRACassayswereexpressedastroloxequivalents,whilefor metalchelatingassay,EDTAwasusedasreferencestandard. 2.4. Enzymeinhibitionassays

Cholinesterases(AChE:acetylcholinesteraseandBChE: butyryl-cholinesterase), ␣-glucosidase and urease inhibitory potential wasevaluatedutilizingpreviouslyreportedstandardmethodsas reportedpreviously[8].EserinewasusedascontrolforAChEand BChE,acarbosefor␣-glucosidaseandkojicacidforurease. Inhi-bitionpercentageoftheplantextractsatdifferentconcentrations wascalculatedas:

Inhibition(%)=Control_Control−Test×100

2.5. Cytotoxicityassay

ThecytotoxicitywastestedusingMTTassayasreportedearlier [8] againstﬁve differenthumancarcinomacell linesi.e., MDA-MB-231,MCF-7(breastcancer),CaSki (cervicalcancer),DU-145 (prostatecancer),andSW-480(coloncancer).Thepercentagecell viability(%)wasdeterminedbyfollowingformula:

Cellviability(%)=Abss–Absc×100

2.6. Statisticalanalysis

All the assays were performed in triplicates in order to determine the means and these values are reported as the mean_±standarddeviation(SD).Moreover,theresultswere ana-lysedviaOnewayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)followedbyTukey’s testfortheposthoctreatmentusingStatisticalPackageforSocial Science(SPSS24.0forwindows).TheIC50valuesweredetermined

utilizingGraphPadPrismsoftware. 3. Resultsanddiscussion 3.1. Phytochemicalcomposition

MethanolandDCMsolventswereusedfortheextractionofB. glabraaerialparts,andthepercentageextractionyieldwasalso calculated.Boththeextractswerescreenedfortotalbioactive com-positiontodeterminetheirtotalphenolicandflavonoidcontents andthevaluesarepresentedinTable1.Totalphenoliccontentsof methanolextractwassignificantlyhigherthanDCM.Similarly,the highestflavonoidcontentswerealsoobtainedfromthemethanol extract.

Secondary metabolites proﬁling of the methanol extract was determined using UHPLC-MS in negative ionization mode and its total ion chromatogram (TIC) is shown in Fig. 1. The base peak analysis of the UHPLC–MS chromatogram identiﬁed 20 different secondary metabolite compounds and

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Fig.1.Totalionchromatograms(TIC)ofB.glabraaerialmethanolextract.

Table1

ExtractionyieldandtotalbioactivecontentsofB.glabraaerialextracts. PlantCode Yield(%) Totalphenolic

content(mgGAE/g)

Totalﬂavonoid content(mgQE/g) BM 6.4 24.01±2.09a _41.51_±_0.80a

BD 2.8 15.49±2.26b _18.68_±_0.74b

Datafromthreerepetitions,withmean±standarddeviation;meanswithdifferent superscriptlettersinthesamecolumnaresigniﬁcantly(p<0.05)different.GAE: gal-licacidequivalent;QE:quercetinequivalent;BM:B.glabraaerialmethanolextract, BD:B.glabraaerialDCMextract.

are presented in Table 2. Most of these compounds were

flavonoidsderivativesincludingneoeriocitri,robinin,isorhamnetin 3-glucosyl-(1->6)-galactoside,kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside-7-(2”-ferulylglucoside), quercetin 3-(2”’-feruloylsophoroside) and isovitexin 7-(6”’-sinapoylglucoside) 4’-glucoside. Polyphenolics presentwere3,4-dihydroxybenzoicacidandp-salicylicacid.Two terpenoids(oleosidedimethylesterandgoyaglycosideh)andone alkaloid(calysteginB2)werealsoidentified.Overall,theB.glabra methanolextractwasobservedtohavemoreflavonoidsandthis greateramountofflavonoidcompoundsinthisextractisin accor-dancetoitshighertotalflavonoidcontentsaspresentedinTable1. 3.2. Antioxidantproperties

3.2.1. Radicalscavengingandtotalantioxidantcapacity

ThefreeradicalscavengingactivityofB.glabraextractswere determined using DPPH and ABTS assays and the results are

assembled in Table 3. The DPPH assay demonstrated that, BM exhibited the highest activity with IC50 values of 0.15mg/mL.

Similarly, in the ABTS assay, BM (111.29mg TE/g extract) had the highest radical scavenging activity. It is noted that, the totalbioactivecontentsofthetestedextractsfollowedthesame pattern as the radicals scavenging capacities. As phenolic and ﬂavonoid compounds are excellent electron donors [10], they mightbeaccountablefortheobservedDPPHandABTSscavenging potential.

Total antioxidant activitywas determined via the phospho-molybenum assay based on reduction of molybdenum (VI) to molybdenum(V)bythecompoundshavingantioxidantcapacity andtheresultantformationofmolybdenum(V)complex(green incolor) [11]and theresultsare depictedin Table3.TheDCM extract(40.26mgGAE/gextract)exhibitedthehighertotal antiox-idantpotential compared tomethanol extract (29.14mg GAE/g extract).Thisassayalsoknownastotalantioxidantcapacityassay, measures the antioxidant potential of both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds presentin the plantextracts.The present ﬁndingsfortheDCMextractbythismethodmightbecorrelated totheexistenceofsomenon-phenoliccompounds,asvitaminC ortocopherolasexamples.Thisisalsoinlinewiththeprevious researches[12] whichhad presented theDCMextractstohave highertotalantioxidantcapacities.Moreover,ourresultsare fur-thersupportedbysomeotherreportspresentingaweakcorrelation betweenphosphomolybdenumassayandtotalbioactivecontents [8].

Table2

UHPLC-MSanalysisofB.glabraaerialmethanolextract(negativeionizationmode).

S.No Rt(min) B.peak(m/z) Proposedcompounds Compoundclass Mol.formula Mol.mass DiffDB(ppm)

1 1.109 174.07 CalysteginB2 Alkaloid C7H13NO4 175.08 0.13

2 3.839 417.14 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoicacid Phenol C7H6O4 154.02 −3.14

3 7.511 417.14 Oleosidedimethylester Terpene C18H26O11 418.14 −2.35

4 7.841 595.16 Neoeriocitrin Flavonoid C27H32O15 596.17 −1.49

5 8.389 755.20 Kaempferol3-(2G-glucosylrutinoside) Flavonoid C33H40O20 756.21 0.48 6 8.429 785.21 Isorhamnetin3-glucosyl-(1->2)-[rhamnosyl-(1->6)-galactoside] Flavonoid C34H42O21 786.22 −3.57

7 8.614 739.20 Robinin Flavonoid C33H40O19 740.21 0.89

8 8.655 769.219 Kaempferol4’-methylether3-(2Glc-glucosylrutinoside) Flavonoid C34H42O20 770.22 0.29 9 8.655 609.14 Robinetin3-rutinoside Flavonoid C27H30O16 610.15 −2.06 10 8.689 639.15 Isorhamnetin3-glucosyl-(1->6)-galactoside Flavonoid C28H32O17 640.16 −4.81 11 9.752 931.253 Kaempferol3-neohesperidoside-7-(2”-ferulylglucoside) Flavonoid C43H48O23 932.26 −2.42 12 9.808 801.18 Quercetin3-(2”’-feruloylsophoroside) Flavonoid C37H38O20 802.19 −2.68 13 9.901 901.24 Isovitexin2”-O-(6”’-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucoside4’-O-glucoside Flavonoid C42H46O22 902.25 −4.43 14 9.904 931.25 Kaempferol3-[2Gal-(6”’-feruloylglucosyl)-robinobioside] Flavonoid C43H48O23 932.26 −2.96

15 9.96 961.26 p-Salicylicacid Phenol C7H6O3 138.03 −4.43

16 9.99 901.24 Isovitexin7-(6”’-sinapoylglucoside)4’-glucoside Flavonoid C44H50O24 962.27 −2.95 17 10.10 915.25 Kaempferol3-rhamnoside-7-[6”’-ferulyglucosyl-(1->3)-rhamnoside] Flavonoid C43H48O22 916.26 −3.75 18 10.19 785.19 Kaempferol3-(6”-(E)-feruloylglucosyl)-(1->2)-galactoside Flavonoid C37H38O19 786.20 −4.36

19 11.47 813.46 Goyaglycosideh Terpenoid C42H70O15 814.47 −1.73

20 13.48 723.39 AlliospirosideC Steroid C38H60O13 724.40 0.24

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3.2.2. Reducingpowerandmetalchelatingactivity

Ferricreducingantioxidantpower(FRAP)andcupricreducing

antioxidantcapacity(CUPRAC)methodswereutilizedtomeasure

thereductioncapabilityofthestudiedplantsamplesandtheresults

are shown in Table 3. Both assays measure the plant extracts

potentialforreducingferrictoferrousandcuprictocuprousions, respectively[13]. Themethanol extract(FRAP: 52.13mgGAE/g extract and CUPRAC: 130.41mg TE/g extract) exhibited higher reducingpowercapacityascomparedtoDCMextract.Similarto radicalscavengingresults,phenolicandﬂavonoidrichBMextract wasthemostactivecompoundsinbothreducingpowerassays. Phenolicandﬂavonoidsareregardedtobethemostactive anti-oxidativeplantcomponentsbecauseoftheirabilitytoquenchfree radicalsandreactiveoxygenspecies[14].Someresearchershave alreadyreportedastrongpositiveassociationbetweenradical scav-engingpotential,reducingcapacitiesandtotalbioactivecontents ofdifferentplantextracts[15].Moreover,theferrousion chelat-ingcapacityofbothextractsweredeterminedbymetalchelating ferrozineassay(Table4).Interestingly,asobservedinother antiox-idantassayresults,BMwasfoundtobeactiveforferrouschelating activitywithvalueof20.48mgEDTA/gextract,whiletheBDextract wasinactive.

3.3. Enzymeinhibitionactivities

There is an extravagant progress in the prevalence of Alzheimer’sdiseaseanddiabetesmellitusandaccordinglythese aretheburningchallengesforpublichealth.Likewise,according torecentreports,Alzheimer’sdiseasehadaffectedmorethan50 millionpopulations,anduntil2050,thisstatisticsispresumedto beincreasedbyaboutthreetimesmore[16,17].Similarly,urease isone ofthemajorresponsible enzymefor killingHelicobacter pyloriwhich exist in stomachand is the maincause for many gastrointestinaldiseases,e.g.,gastriccancer,peptic,duodenaland gastritis ulcer, amongst others [18]. Accordingly, new effective treatmentstrategiestomanagetheseimportanthealthproblems haveesteemedattentions[19].Amidofthemostefﬁcaciousoptions toovercomethesedisorders,thetheorytoinhibitthekeyenzymes involvedinthesepathologiesistheone,wellrecognizedapproach [20].Takingintoconsiderationtheabovestatedparameters,the enzymeinhibitoryabilityofB.glabraaerialextractsweretested againstAChE,BChE,␣-glucosidaseandurease,andtheﬁndingsof theseassaysareillustratedinTable4.Moreover,comparisonof per-centageenzymeinhibitionofbothextractsascomparedtostandard drugsispresentedinFig.2.

Bothtested extractsshowedleastactivityagainstAChE with IC50 of above 5mg/mL. Although, a considerable BChE

inhibi-tionactivitywasrecordedforBMwithIC50valueof0.28mg/mL

(Table 4). According to the photometric and chromatographic analyses, methanol extract was foundto have higher phenolic and ﬂavonoids. Therefore, it can be argued that these bioac-tivemoleculesmayjustifytheobservedBChEinhibitoryactivity. Indeed,previousstudieshavereportedthatphytochemicals, par-ticularlyphenolicand ﬂavonoids,mayexertpowerfuleffects on

Fig.2.Comparisonofpercentageenzymeinhibition(0.5mg/mL)ofB.glabraaerial extracts.EserinewascontrolforAChEandBChE,Acarbosefor␣-glucosidaseand Kojicacidforurease.

cognitivefunctions[21].Ourresultsarealsoconsistentwiththe ﬁndings of somepreviousreports [22], which alsopresented a linearassociationamongbioactivecontents andcholinesterases inhibition.

For␣-glucosidaseinhibition,BDpresentedthestrongest inhibi-tionpotentialhavingIC50valueof0.042␮g/mL.Ontheotherhand,

BMwasleastactive(Table4).Thishigher␣-glucosidaseactivity ofDCMextractmightbeduetoitssignificant phosphomolybde-numactivityandtheexistenceofsomenon-phenoliccompounds like ascorbic acid or tocopherols. Similarly, the observed ␣-glucosidase inhibition ofB. glabraextractscan becorrelated to itshigherflavonoidcontentsaspreviously,ithasbeenreported thatdisaccharidesaretargetsofflavonoidsintheregulationof glu-coseabsorptionandconsequentlyglucosehomeostasisandsome flavonoids,suchasluteolinandkampferolhavepreviouslybeen reportedfor␣-glucosidaseinhibitorypotentials[23].

The urease percentage inhibition of the studied extracts as showninTable4indicatethatBM(IC50;0.24mg/mL)extract

dis-playedthehigheranti-ureaseactivity.Thisobservedanti-urease activitymightbecorrelatedtohigheramountsofflavonoidsinthis extractaspreviously,Awlliaetal.[24]alsoreportedtheactivityof flavonoidsasnaturalinhibitorsofureaseenzyme.Thisworkisthe foremosttoinvestigateonsuchkeyenzymeinhibitionpotentialsof aerialpartsofB.glabra.Takentogether,thefindingsfromthe cur-rentstudycanbeastimulustodevelopnaturalenzymeinhibitors fromthisplantspeciesandcouldopennewhorizonstodesignnovel pharmaceuticals.

3.4. Cytotoxicity

In thepresent work, thecytotoxicity of methanoland DCM extractsofB.glabraaerialpartswereassessedagainstﬁvedifferent humancancercelllinesi.e.,MCF-7,MDA-MB-231(breastcancer),

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Fig.3.CytotoxicityofmethanolandDCMextractsofB.glabraaerialextracts.

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Table5

Cytotoxicity(IC50;␮g/mL)ofB.glabraaerialextracts.

Celllines IC50(␮g/mL) BM BD MCF-7 109.1 22.09 MDA-MB-231 257.2 127.8 CaSki 176.7 91.88 DU-145 >500** 195.3 SW-480 65.59 214.7

IC50valuerepresentsconcentrationthatreducescellviabilityto50%.**TheIC50

valuewashigherthan500␮g/mL.

CaSki(cervixcancer),DU-145(prostatecancer),andSW-480(colon

cancer).Thepercentagecellviabilityattheconcentrationsranging

from500-15.625␮g/mLisdepictedinFig.3.Moreover,theIC50

val-ueswerealsodeterminedandexpressedasmeanoftriplicatesas giveninTable5.

Both theextracts exhibited considerable toxicity against all cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 22.09to 257.2␮g/mL.

BDwasmostactiveagainstMCF-7(IC50;22.09␮g/mL)andCaSki

(IC50; 91.88␮g/mL), whereas, BM extract showed high

anti-proliferativeactivityforSW-480(IC50;65.59␮g/mL)andMCF-7

(IC50; 109.1␮g/mL)celllines. Previously,theethanolextract of

B. glabra leaveshas been reported for cytotoxic effects in HT-29,AGS, and BL-13celllines [25].Anotherstudyconducted on differentextractsfrom B.glabra stemsand leavesreportedthe anti-proliferativeactivityagainstU373cells[26].Similarly,Joshny reportedtheanticancer activityofhydro-alcoholic extract ofB. glabraonHelacellswithIC50valueof47.11ug/mL[27].Arecent

studyreportedtheisolatedflavonesfromstembarkofB.spectabilis toshowcytotoxicityagainstfivecancercelllines(KB,HeLaS-3, MCF-7,HT-29,andHepG2)[28].Theobservedcytotoxicactivityof B.glabraextractsmightbelinkedtotheflavonoidsandterpenoids asidentifiedbytheUHPLC-MSanalysis(Table2),asthese com-poundsclassesarealreadyreportedforanticancerandapoptosis inducingcapabilities[29,30].Astoearlierreportscomparison,B. glabrarevealedstrongtomoderatetoxicitypotentialandasfaras literaturesearch,thisistheforemostoutlineregardingcytotoxicity ofB.glabraaerialextractsagainstthesecelllines.

4. Conclusion

In thepresent research,we have presented thebiochemical profilesand cell-toxicitypotentialsof B.glabraaerialparts.Our findingsdemonstratedthemethanolextracttoberichin bioac-tivecompoundsand haveconsiderableantioxidantandenzyme inhibitorypotential.TheDCMextractshowedpotentactivityfor phosphomolybdenumand␣-glucosidaseinhibitionassays. More-over, both extracts showed varying cytotoxic potential against breast,cervical,prostateandcoloncancers.FromtheUHPLC-MS analysis,wefoundthat B.glabra containedmaximumnumbers offlavonoidcompounds.Thesesecondarymetabolitesmayjustify

theobservedbiologicalpotentials.Toconclude,thisplantcontain bioactiveantioxidantandenzymeinhibitorswhichcouldbefurther utilizedindrugdesigning,cosmeticapplicationsandasfood sup-plements.Nevertheless,isolationofpotentialbioactivemolecules fromthisplantsandtheirinvivostudiesarerequired.

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