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Trans,5,4'-trihidroksistilben'in, potasyum bromat etkisine maruz bırakılan yaşlı dişi sıçanların bazı dokularındaki biyokimyasal değişimler üzerine etkisi / The effect of trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene on biochemical variations in some tissues of old fem

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