Trans,5,4'-trihidroksistilben'in, potasyum bromat etkisine maruz bırakılan yaşlı dişi sıçanların bazı dokularındaki biyokimyasal değişimler üzerine etkisi / The effect of trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene on biochemical variations in some tissues of old fem
Tam metin
(2) 7&. ),5$7h1ø9(56ø7(6ø. )(1%ø/ø0/(5ø(167ø7h6h. . 75$16±¶75ø+ø'52.6ø67ø/%(1¶ø1327$6<80 %520$7(7.ø6ø1(0$58=%,5$.,/$1<$ù/,'øùø. 6,d$1/$5,1%$=,'2.8/$5,1'$.ø%ø<2.ø0<$6$/ '(öøùø0/(5h=(5ø1((7.ø6ø . 6HUKDW.(6(5. . <NVHN/LVDQV7H]L. %L\RORML$QDELOLP'DOÕ. . %XWH]WDULKLQGHDúD÷ÕGDEHOLUWLOHQMULWDUDIÕQGDQR\ELUOL÷LR\oRNOX÷XLOHEDúDUÕOÕ EDúDUÕVÕ]RODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOPLúWLU. . 'DQÕúPDQ. 'Ro'UgNNHú<,/0$=. h\H . <UG'Ro'U0HKPHW78=&8. h\H . <UG'Ro'U0XVWDID.$5$7(3(. %XWH]LQNDEXO)HQ%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV<|QHWLP.XUXOX¶QXQWDULK YH VD\ÕOÕNDUDUÕ\ODRQD\ODQPÕúWÕU. ,.
(3) 7(ù(..h5. . %X WH] oDOÕúPDVÕQÕQ SODQODQPDVÕQGD \UWOPHVLQGHYH oDOÕúPDODUÕP VUHVLQFHGHVWHN. YHLOJLVLQLHVLUJHPH\HQELOJLWHFUEHYHKRúJ|UOHULQGHQ\DUDUODQGÕ÷ÕPNHQGLPLJHOLúWLUPHPGH E\N HPHNOHUL RODQ VD\ÕQ KRFDP 'Ro 'U gNNHú <,/0$=¶D VRQVX] VD\JÕ YH úNUDQODUÕPÕ VXQDUÕP. dDOÕúPDODUÕPVÕUDVÕQGDEDQDGHVWHNRODQELOJLYHWHFUEHOHULQGHQ\DUDUODQGÕ÷ÕP.LP\D. %|OP|÷UHWLP\HVLVD\ÕQKRFDP3URI'U6DLWd(/ø.¶HWHúHNNUHGHULP. $UDúWÕUPDODUÕP VÕUDVÕQGD ELOJL KRúJ|U YH WHFUEHOHULQGHQ \DUDUODQGÕ÷ÕP %L\RORML. %|OP|÷UHWLP\HVL<UG'Ro'U0HKPHW78=&8¶\DWHúHNNUELUERUoELOLULP. /DERUDWXDUoDOÕúPDODUÕPVÕUDVÕQGDEDQD\DUGÕPFÕRODQGH÷HUOLDUNDGDúÕP%L\RORJhPLW. dø)7dø%$ù,¶QDWHúHNNUHGHULP. $UDúWÕUPD YH oDOÕúPDODUÕP VÕUDVÕQGD EDQD \DUGÕPFÕ RODQ ELOJL YH WHFUEHOHULQGHQ. \DUDUODQGÕ÷ÕP$Uú*|U'U&XPKXU.,5,/0,ù¶DWHúHNNUELUERUoELOLULP. $\UÕFD.LP\D%|OPùHIL0HKPHW25+$1%L\RORML%|OPùHIL0XVWDID85$/YH. WHNQLV\HQ$EGXUUDKPDQg.6h=¶HWHúHNNUHGHULP. 7H]oDOÕúPDODUÕPD..QROXSURMHOHUOHPDGGLGHVWHNVD÷OD\DQ. 'HYOHW 3ODQODPD 7HúNLODWÕ '37
(4) ¶QD YH QROX )h%$3 SURMHVL\OH PDGGL GHVWHN VD÷OD\DQ. )ÕUDWhQLYHUVLWHVL%LOLPVHO$UDúWÕUPD3URMHOHUL%LULPL.RRUGLQDW|UO÷¶QHNDWNÕODUÕQGDQGROD\Õ WHúHNNUHGHULP . 6HUKDW.(6(5. . ,.
(5) ødø1'(.ø/(5. . 7(ù(..h5 , ødø1'(.ø/(5,, ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø ,9 7$%/2/$5/ø67(6ø 9 .,6$/70$/$5 9,, g=(7 9,,, $%675$&7 ,; *ø5øù . 5HVYHUDWUROQ%L\RORMLN(WNLOHUL . . *OXWDW\RQ. . 3RWDV\XP%URPDW .%U2
(6) . $ 9LWDPLQL 5HWLQRO
(7) ( 9LWDPLQL D7RNRIHURO
(8) & 9LWDPLQL $VNRUELN$VLW
(9) 0DORQGLDOGHKLW 0'$
(10) 6HUEHVW5DGLNDOOHUYH7RNVLN(WNLOHUL $QWLRNVLGDQODUYH0HWDEROL]PDøoLQgQHPOHUL. 0$7(5<$/YH0(72' . .LP\DVDO0DGGHOHUYH2UJDQLNd|]FOHU. . .XOODQÕODFDN<DUGÕPFÕ$OHWOHUYH&LKD]ODU. . . . øQFHOHPH0DWHU\DOL 'HQH\+D\YDQODUÕ . %L\RORMLN gUQHNOHULQ /LSLG %LOHúLPL øoLQGHNL .ROHVWHURO 0LNWDUÕQÕQ +3/& &LKD]ÕLOH$QDOL]L . . %L\RORMLN gUQHNOHUGHNL $'(. 9LWDPLQOHULQLQ 0LNWDUODUÕQÕQ +3/& &LKD]Õ. . 6HUXPYH(ULWURVLWOHUGHNL&YLWDPLQLYH0'$0LNWDUODUÕQÕQ+3/&&LKD]ÕLOH. . (ULWURVLW 3HOOHWOHULQGHQ 5HGNWH YH 2NVLGH *OXWDW\RQ 0ROHNOOHULQLQ. . /LSLGOHULQ(NVWUDNVL\RQX. LOH$QDOL]L $QDOL]L ø]RODV\RQXYH+3/&LOH$QDOL]L . ,,.
(11) <D÷$VLGL0HWLO(VWHUOHULQLQ+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ <D÷$VLGL0HWLO(VWHUOHULQLQ*D].URPDWRJUDILN$QDOL]L. . øVWDWLVWLNVHO$QDOL]. . $'(. .ROHVWHURO 0'$ *6+ *66* YH 9LWDPLQ & 0ROHNOOHULQLQ. . <D÷$VLWOHULQLQ'H÷LúLPL . %8/*8/$5 . 'H÷LúLPL. 7$57,ù0$ .$<1$./$5 g=*(d0øù (./(5. . ,,,.
(12) . ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø. ùHNLO5HVYHUDWUROQWUDQVYHFLVIRUPODUÕ ùHNLO*XDQLQGHQ2+*ROXúXPUHDNVL\RQX ùHNLO*6+YH*66*¶QLQDoÕNIRUPOOHUL ùHNLO5HVYHUDWUROYH*6+¶XQEHUDEHUoDOÕúPDVÕ ùHNLO$NFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNL$'(.YLWDPLQOHULQHDLW+3/&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO%H\LQGRNXVXQGDQL]ROHHGLOHQNROHVWHUROPROHNOQHDLW+3/&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO%|EUHNGRNXVXQGDQL]ROHHGLOHQNROHVWHUROPROHNOQHDLW+3/&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO%|EUHNGRNXVXQGDNL$'(.YLWDPLQOHULQHDLW+3/&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNL$'(.YLWDPLQOHULQHDLW+3/&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO$NFL÷HUGRNXVX\D÷DVLGLPHWLOHVWHULQHDLW*&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO%|EUHNGRNXVX\D÷DVLGLPHWLOHVWHULQHDLW*&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVX\D÷DVLGLPHWLOHVWHULQHDLW*&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO6HUXPGDNL\D÷DVLGLPHWLOHVWHULQHDLW*&NURPDWRJUDPÕ ùHNLO.ROHVWHUROVHQWH]LYH63)WDUDIÕQGDQG]HQOHQPHVL ùHNLO.DUDFL÷HUKFUHOHULQGHNROHVWHUROVHQWH]LYH63)7$3LOH9(¶QLQURODOGÕ÷Õ\HUOHU. . ,9.
(13) . 7$%/2/$5/ø67(6ø. 7DEOR'HQH\KD\YDQODUÕQDYHULOHQ\HPLQELOHúLPL 7DEOR6HUXPGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR(ULWURVLWOHUGHNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR$NFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR%H\LQGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR%|EUHNGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR'DODNGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR.DOSGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR.DVGRNXVXQGDNLED]ÕEL\RNLP\DVDOSDUDPHWUHOHULQGH÷LúLPL 7DEOR$NFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(14) 7DEOR%H\LQGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(15) 7DEOR%|EUHNGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(16) 7DEOR'DODNGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(17) 7DEOR.DOSGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(18) 7DEOR.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(19) 7DEOR.DVGRNXVXQGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(20) 7DEOR6HUXPGDNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(21) 7DEOR(ULWURVLWOHUGHNL\D÷DVLWOHULQLQGH÷LúLPL
(22) (N7DEOR$NFL÷HUGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR%H\LQGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR%|EUHNGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR'DODNGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR.DOSGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR.DVGRNXVXQDDLW+3/&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR$NFL÷HUGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR%H\LQGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR%|EUHNGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR'DODNGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR.DOSGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL . 9.
(23) (N7DEOR.DUDFL÷HUGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR.DVGRNXVXQDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR(ULWURVLWOHUHDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL (N7DEOR6HUXPDDLW*&DQDOL]LQLQLVWDWLNVHOGH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL . . 9,.
(24) .,6$/70$/$5. 38)$3RO\8QVDWXUDWHG)DWW\$FLGV dRNOX'R\PDPÕú<D÷$VLWOHUL
(25) . 08)$0RQR8QVDWXUDWHG)DWW\$FLGV 7HNOL'R\PDPÕú<D÷$VLWOHUL
(26) .%U2 3RWDV\XPEURPDW. /'//RZ'HQVLW\/LSRSURWHLQV 'úN<R÷XQOXNOX/LSRSURWHLQOHU
(27) . 9/'/9HU\/RZ'HQVLW\/LSRSURWHLQV dRN'úN<R÷XQOXNOX/LSRSURWHLQOHU
(28) /7% /HXNRWULHQ% /|NRWULHQ%
(29) . . &2;&\FORR[JHQDVH 6LNORRNVLJHQD]
(30) &2;&\FORR[JHQDVH 6LNORRNVLJHQD]
(31) 3013ROLPRUIRQNOHDU. 5265HDFWLYH2[\JHQ6SHFLHV 5HDNWLI2NVLMHQ7UOHUL
(32) 0'$0DORQGLDOGHK\GH 0DORQGLDOGHKLW
(33) $'(.$'(.9LWDPLQOHUL. 2+*K\GUR[\JXDQRVLQH KLGURNVLJXDQR]LQ
(34) 2'&2UQLWLQGHNDUERNVLOD] *6+5HGNWH*OXWDW\RQ. *66*2NVLGH*OXWDW\RQ. ,8,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLW 8OXVODUDUDVÕ%LULP
(35) *6+3[*OXWDW\RQ3HURNVLGD] 522Â /LSLG3HURNVLW5DGLNDOL 6H6HOHQ\XP. '+$'HKLGURDVNRUELNDVLW 62'6SHURNVLWGL]PXWD]. 6256HUEHVW2NVLMHQ5DGLNDOOHUL 9&9LWDPLQ&. +3/&+LJK3HUIRUPDQFH/LTXLW&KURPDWRJUDSK\ <NVHN3HUIRUPDQVOÕ6ÕYÕ.URPDWRJUDILVL
(36) *&*DV&KURPDWRJUDSK\ *D].URPDWRJUDILVL
(37) . )h7'$0)ÕUDWhQLYHUVLWHVL7ÕS)DNOWHVL'HQH\VHO$UDúWÕUPD0HUNH]L 5.%U2 5HVYHUDWURO.%U2. Q2PHJD\D÷DVLWOHUL. . Q2PHJD\D÷DVLWOHUL. 63)6SHUQDWDQWSURWHLQIDNW|U. 7$3 WRNRIHUROED÷OD\ÕFÕSURWHLQ 773 WRNRIHUROWDúÕ\ÕFÕSURWHLQ. . 9,,.
(38) g=(7. <NVHN/LVDQV7H]L. 75$16±¶75ø+ø'52.6ø67ø/%(1¶ø1327$6<80%520$7 (7.ø6ø1(0$58=%,5$.,/$1<$ù/,'øùø6,d$1/$5,1%$=, '2.8/$5,1'$.ø%ø<2.ø0<$6$/'(öøùø0/(5h=(5ø1((7.ø 6HUKDW.(6(5. )ÕUDWhQLYHUVLWHVL )HQ%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV %L\RORML$QDELOLP'DOÕ 6D\ID,;. %XoDOÕúPDGDWUDQV¶WULKLGURNVLVWLOEHQ¶LQ UHVYHUDWURO
(39) .%U2 ¶QHWNLVLQHPDUX] EÕUDNÕODQ :LVWDU ÕUNÕQD DLW \DúOÕ YH GLúL VÕoDQODUÕQ VHUXP HULWURVLW YH ED]Õ GRNXODUÕQGD |QHPOL EL\RNLP\DVDO GH÷LúLPOHU LOH \D÷ DVLGL ELOHúLPL ]HULQH G]HQOH\LFL HWNLVL LQFHOHQGL %XOJXODUÕPÕ]D J|UH VHUXPGD PDORQGLDOGHKLW 0'$
(40) PLNWDUÕ 5.%U2 JUXEXQGD NRQWURO YH .%U2 JUXEXQGDQ GDKD GúN EXOXQGX S
(41) WRNRIHURO PLNWDUÕQÕQ VHUXPGD YH HULWURVLWOHUGH .%U2 JUXEXQGD D]DOGÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQGL S
(42) %|EUHN YH NDOS GRNXODUÕQGD .%U2 ¶Q WRNRIHURO PLNWDUÕQÕ GúUF HWNLVLQH NDUúÕ UHVYHUDWUROQ EXQX |QOHGL÷L J|]OHQGL S
(43) %X VRQXoODUÕQ DNVLQH WRNRIHURO PLNWDUÕQÕQ DNFL÷HU GDODN NDUDFL÷HU NDV GRNXODUÕQGD5.%U2 JUXEXQGDD]DOGÕ÷ÕEHOLUOHQGL SS
(44) (ULWURVLWOHUGHNROHVWHURO PLNWDUÕQÕQ5.%U2 JUXEXQGDNRQWUROYH.%U2 JUXSODUÕQDJ|UHGDKDGúNROGX÷XVDSWDQGÕ S
(45) .ROHVWHURO PLNWDUÕQÕQ UHVYHUDWURO X\JXODQDQ JUXEXQ GL÷HU GRNXODUÕQGD GD D]DOGÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQGL SSS
(46) (ULWURVLWOHUGH0'$PLNWDUÕ.%U2 JUXEXQGDDUWWÕ÷ÕKDOGH S
(47) 5.%U2 JUXEXQGDNRQWUROYH.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGDQGDKDGúNW S
(48) *6+YH *66* PLNWDUODUÕ .%U2 JUXEXQGD NRQWURO YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGDQ GDKD \NVHN EXOXQGX S S
(49) $QFDN *6+*66* RUDQÕQÕQ D\QÕ JUXSWD NRQWURO JUXEXQGDQ GDKD GúN ROGX÷XEHOLUOHQGL $NFL÷HU YH E|EUHN GRNXODUÕQGD SDOPLWLN DVLW
(50) PLNWDUÕ .%U2 JUXEXQGD NRQWURO JUXEXQDJ|UHD]DOGÕ÷ÕKDOGHSDOPLWROHLNDVLW Q
(51) PLNWDUÕQÕQD\QÕJUXSWDDUWWÕ÷ÕEHOLUOHQGL S
(52) $\QÕGRNXODUGDROHLNDVLW Q
(53) PLNWDUÕQÕQ5.%U2 JUXEXQGDNRQWUROJUXEXQD J|UHD]DOGÕ÷ÕEHOLUOHQGL S
(54) $NFL÷HUE|EUHNYHGDODNGRNXODUÕQGDOLQROHLNDVLW Q
(55) PLNWDUÕQÕQ .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGD NRQWURO JUXEXQD J|UH D]DOGÕ÷Õ VDSWDQGÕ S S
(56) %XQD NDUúÕOÕN DUDúLGRQLN DVLW Q
(57) PLNWDUÕQÕQ .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGD DUWWÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQGL S S
(58) .DOS GRNXVXQGD VWHDULN DVLW
(59) PLNWDUÕQÕQ NRQWURO JUXEXQD J|UH .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGD D]DOGÕ÷Õ KDOGH S S
(60) ROHLN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ D\QÕ JUXSODUGD DUWWÕ÷Õ VDSWDQGÕ S
(61) .DUDFL÷HU GRNXVXQGD SDOPLWLN DVLGLQ NRQWURO JUXEXQD J|UH .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXEXQGD D]DOGÕ÷Õ S S
(62) DUDúLGRQLN DVLWPLNWDUÕQÕQ5.%U2 JUXEXQGDDUWWÕ÷ÕVDSWDQGÕ S
(63) 6HUXPGDOLQROHLNDVLWPLNWDUÕQÕQ .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGD D]DOGÕ÷Õ KDOGH S S
(64) DUDúLGRQLN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ 5.%U2 JUXEXQGD DUWWÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQGL S
(65) 'RNRVDKHNVDHQRLN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ LVH .%U2 D]DOGÕ÷Õ J|]OHQGL S
(66) (ULWURVLWOHUGH VWHDULN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ .%U2 YH 5.%U2 JUXSODUÕQGDD]DOGÕ÷Õ SS
(67) ROHLNDVLWPLNWDUÕQÕQLVHD\QÕJUXSODUGDDUWWÕ÷ÕJ|]OHQGL S
(68) /LQROHLN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ .%U2 JUXEXQGD S
(69) GRNRVDKHNVDHQRLN DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ LVH 5.%U2 JUXEXQGD DUWWÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQGL S
(70) 6RQXo RODUDN UHVYHUDWURO X\JXODPDVÕQÕQED]ÕGRNXODUGDNROHVWHUROYH WRNRIHUROPLNWDUODUÕQÕGúUG÷ED]ÕODUÕQGDLVH NRUXGX÷XEHOLUOHQGL'RNXYHVHUXPGDNL\D÷DVLGLELOHúLPLQGHUHVYHUDWUROQ\D÷DVLGLVHQWHWD] YH GHVDWXUD] HQ]LPOHULQLQ VXEVWUDW YH UQOHULQLQ PLNWDUODUÕQGD |QHPOL GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH QHGHQROGX÷XWHVSLWHGLOGL $QDKWDU.HOLPHOHUWUDQV±¶WULKLGURNVLVWLOEHQ 5HVYHUDWURO
(71) :LVWDUVÕoDQHULWURVLWVHUXP WRNRIHURONROHVWHURO\D÷DVLGLELOHúLPL DQG GHVDWXUD]HQ]LPOHUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,,,. .
(72) $%675$&7 0DVWHU7KHVLV. 7+(())(&72)75$16¶75,+<'52;<67,/%(1(21 %,2&+(0,&$/9$5,$7,216,1620(7,668(62)2/')(0$/(5$76 (;326('72())(&72)327$66,80%520$7( 6HUKDW.(6(5 )LUDW8QLYHUVLW\ *UDGXDWH6FKRRORI1DWXUDODQG$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI%LRORJ\ 3DJH,;. ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHUHJXODWRUHIIHFWRIWUDQV¶WULK\GUR[\LVWLOEHQH UHVYHUDWURO
(73) RQWKH LPSRUWDQW ELRFKHPLFDO FKDQJHV DQG IDWW\ DFLG FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ VHUXP HU\WKURF\WHV DQG VRPH WLVVXHV RI ROG DQG IHPDOH :LVWDU UDWV H[SRVHG WR .%U2 ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHG $FFRUGLQJ WR RXU UHVXOWV WKH OHYHO RI 0'$ LQ VHUXP RI 5.%U2 JURXS ZDV ORZHU WKDQ FRQWURO DQG .%U2 JURXSV S
(74) 7KH DPRXQW RI WRFRSKHURO ZDV GHFUHDVHG LQ VHUXP DQG HU\WKURF\WHV RI .%U2 JURXSV S
(75) +RZHYHU GHFUHVDVH RI WRFRSKHURO LQ NLGQH\ DQG KHDUW WLVVXHV ZDV SUHYHQWHG E\ UHVYHUDWURO LQ 5.%U2 JURXS DJDLQVW WKH .%U2 S
(76) ,Q FRQWUDVW WR WKHVH UHVXOWV WKH OHYHO RI WRFRSKHURO LQ OXQJ VSOHHQ OLYHU DQG PXVFOH WLVVXHV RI 5.%U2 ZDV ORZHU WKDQ WKH FRQWURO S S
(77) 7KH OHYHO RI FKROHVWHURO LQ WKH 5.%U2 JURXS RI HU\WKURF\WHVZDVORZHUWKDQWKHFRQWURODQG.%U2 JURXSV S
(78) ,QDGGLWLRQWKHDPRXQWRI FKROHVWHURO ZDV REVHUYHG WR GHFUHDVH LQ RWKHU WLVVXHV RI 5.%U2 JURXS S S S
(79) :KLOHWKHDPRXQWRI0'$ZDVLQFUHDVHGLQHU\WKURF\WHVRI.%U2 JURXS S
(80) WKH0'$OHYHOLQHU\WKURF\WHVRI5.%U2 JURXSZDVORZHUWKDQFRQWURODQG.%U2 JURXSV S
(81) 7KH*6+DQG*66*OHYHOVLQ.%U2 JURXSRIHU\WKURF\WHVZDVKLJKHUWKDQFRQWURO DQG5.%U2 JURXSV SS
(82) +RZHYHUWKHUDWLRRI*6+*66*LQVDPHJURXSZDV ORZHUWKDQWKHFRQWUROJURXS :KLOH WKH DPRXQW RI SDOPLWLF DFLG
(83) LQ OXQJ DQG NLGQH\ WLVVXHV RI.%U2 JURXS ZDVGHFUDHVHGFRPSDUHGWRFRQWUROJURXSWKHSDOPLWROHLFDFLG Q
(84) ZDVLQFUHDVHGLQVDPH JURXS S
(85) 2OHLFDFLGOHYHO Q
(86) LQ5.%U2 JURXSRIVDPHWLVVXHVZDVORZHUWKDQ FRQWURO JURXS S
(87) /LQROHLF DFLG OHYHO Q
(88) LQ OXQJ NLGQH\ DQG VSOHHQ WLVVXHV RI .%U2 DQG 5.%U2 JURXSV ZDV GHFUHDVHG FRPSDUHG WR FRQWURO JURXS S S
(89) +RZHYHU WKH DPRXQW RI DUDFKLGRQLF DFLG Q
(90) ZDV LQFUHDVHG LQ .%U2 DQG 5.%U2 JURXSV S S
(91) :KLOH WKH DPRXQW RI VWHDULF DFLG
(92) LQ KHDUW WLVVXH RI .%U2 DQG5.%U2 JURXSVZDVGHFUHDVHGFRPSDUHGWRFRQWUROJURXS SS
(93) WKHDPRXQW RI ROHLFDFLGZDVLQFUHDVHGLQVDPHJURXSV S
(94) ,QOLYHUWLVVXHWKHSDOPLWLFDFLGOHYHOLQ .%U2 DQG5.%U2 JURXSVZDVORZHUWKDQWKHFRQWUROJURXS SS
(95) DUDFKLGRQLF DFLGOHYHOZDVKLJKHULQ5.%U2 JURXS S
(96) ,QVHUXPWKHDPRXQWRIOLQROHLFDFLGZDV GHFUHDVHGLQ.%U2 DQG5.%U2 JURXSV SS
(97) KRZHYHUDUDFKLGRQLFDFLGOHYHO ZDV LQFUHDVHG LQ 5.%U2 JURXS S
(98) 'RFRVDKHNVDHQRLF DFLG OHYHO LQ .%U2 JURXS RI VHUXP ZDV ORZHUWKDQWKHFRQWURO JURXS S
(99) ,Q HU\WKURF\WHV WKH DPRXQW RI VWHDULF DFLG ZDVGHFUHDVHGLQ.%U2 DQG5.%U2 JURXSV SS
(100) EXWROHLFDFLGZDVLQFUHDVHG LQ WKH VDPH JURXSV S
(101) /LQROHLF DFLG OHYHO LQ .%U2 JURXS DQG WKH GRFRVDKHNVDHQRLF DFLGOHYHOLQ5.%U2 JURXSZHUHKLJKHUWKDQWKHFRQWUROJURXS UHVSHFWLYHO\SS
(102) ,QFRQFOXVLRQWKHDPRXQWVRIFKROHVWHURODQG WRFRSKHUROZDVUHGXFHGLQVRPHWLVVXHVDQGLW ZDV SURWHFWHG LQ VRPH WLVVXHV E\ WKH UHVYHUDWURO WHDWPHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ LW ZDV IRXQG WKDW WKH UHVYHUDWUROFDXVHGWRLPSRUWDQWFKDQJHVRQWKHDPRXQWVRIVXEVWUDWHDQGSURGXFWVRIIDWW\DFLG V\QWKHWDVH DQG GHVDWXUDVHHQ]\PHV .H\ZRUGV WUDQV¶WULK\GUR[\VWLOEHQH 5HVYHUDWURO
(103) :LVWDU UDWV HU\WKURF\WHV VHUD WRFRSKHUROFKROHVWHUROIDWW\DFLGFRPSRVLWLRQ DQG GHVDWXUDVHHQ]\PHV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,;. .
(104) *ø5øù . 3ROLIHQROOHUELWNLVHORUJDQL]PDODUÕQVHNRQGHUPHWDEROLWOHULGLUYHELWNLOHULQELUoRNWUOHUL. D]YH\D|QHPOLG]H\GHUHVYHUDWUROLoHULU<HQLOHELOLUELWNLOHUGHQoÕNDUÕODQKHPHQKHPHQEWQ EHVLQOHUSROLIHQROELOHúLNOHULLoHULUgUQH÷LQ]H\WLQ\D÷Õ]PVX\XYHoD\JLELELWNLOHUGHQHOGH. HGLOHQ LoHFHNOHUGH EX GR÷DO PDGGHOHU EROFD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %LWNL SROLIHQROOHUL UDGLNDO \RN HGLFLOHU ROXS oRN HWNLOL DQWLRNVLGDQODUGÕU 6RQ ]DPDQODUGDNL oDOÕúPDODUGD SROLIHQROOHULQ NDQVHU. YH JHULDWULN ER]XNOXNODUÕQ |QOHQPHVLQGH |QHPOL URO R\QDGÕNODUÕ EHOLUOHQPLúWLU 3ROLIHQROOHULQ PROHNO D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕ LOH 'D DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúLNOLN J|VWHUPHNWHGLU YH ELU VLNOLN EHQ]HQ KDONDVÕ LOH EX KDOND\D GR÷UXGDQ ED÷OÕ ELUNDo KLGURNVLO JUXEX LoHUPHNWHGLUOHU >@ <DSÕODQ. HSLGHPL\RORMLNoDOÕúPDODUNDUGLRYDVNOHUKDVWDOÕNODUYHIHOFLQROXúVÕNOÕ÷ÕLOHSROLIHQROFH]HQJLQ EHVLQOHULQ PH\YHOHUVHE]HOHUNDNDRLoHUHQoLNRODWDYV
(105) \DGDLoHFHNOHULQ ]PVX\XoD\YV
(106) WNHWLPLDUDVÕQGDQHJDWLIELULOLúNLQLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúWLU>@ . )ODYRQRLGOHUSROLIHQROLNELWNLVHNRQGHUPHWDEROLWOHULQLQHQJHQLúYH\D\JÕQJUXEXROXS. ELWNLOHUGH EL\RORMLN VUHoWH |QHPOL UROOHU VWOHQLUOHU )ODYRQRLGOHU \RVXQODUGDQ DQJLRVSHUPOHUH. NDGDUELWNLOHUDOHPLQGHEXOXQDQGúNPROHNOD÷ÕUOÕNOÕELUJUXSWXU>@)ODYRQRLGOHUGR÷DGDNL FDQOÕ VLVWHPOHUGH oRN JHQLú ELU DODQGD IRQNVL\RQ J|VWHULUOHU gUQH÷LQ oLoHNOHU PH\YHOHU YH. WRKXPODU LoLQ SLJPHQWDV\RQXQ VD÷ODQPDVÕQGD WRKXP GD÷ÕWÕFÕODU YH WR]ODúWÕUÕFÕODUÕQ FH]EHGLOPHVLQLQVD÷ODQPDVÕQGDXOWUDYL\ROHÕúÕ÷DNDUúÕNRUXPDGDSDWRMHQLNPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUD NDUúÕ ELWNL VDYXQPDVÕQGD ELWNLOHUGH YHULPOLOLN YH SROHQ oLPOHQPHVLQGH ELWNLPLNURS. HWNLOHúLPOHULQGH VLQ\DO PROHNO RODUDN URO R\QDPDNWDGÕUODU )ODYRQRLGOHU D\QÕ ]DPDQGD DQWLRNVLGDQ |]HOOLN J|VWHULUOHU )ODYRQRLGOHU KHWHURVLNOLN ELU KDOND\D VÕNÕúWÕUÕOPÕú YH LNLQFL ELU DURPDWLNKDOND\DED÷OÕRODQKDONDROXúXPXGXU$URPDWLNKDOND]HULQGHEXOXQDQoRNVD\ÕGDNL. IHQROLN KLGURNVLO JUXSODUÕ DQWLRNVLGDQ DNWLYLWH\L ND]DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU <LQH IODYRQRLGOHULQ SODWHOHW DJUHJDV\RQXQX YH DGH]\RQX HQJHOOH\HELOGL÷L OLSLG PHWDEROL]PDVÕQGD JHUHNOL HQ]LPOHUL LQKLEH HWWL÷LHQGRWHO\XPED÷ÕPOÕGDPDUJHQLúOHPHVLQLLQGNOHGL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU>@ . )LWRDOHNVLQOHU IODYRQRLGOHULQ DOW JUXSODUÕQGDQ ELULGLU)LWRDOHNVLQOHULQ VHQWH]L ELWNLOHUGH. DNWLI VDYXQPD PHNDQL]PDODUÕQGDQ ELULQL NDSVDPDNWDGÕU %X ILWRDOHNVLQOHU 9LWDFHDH 3LQDFHDH /HJXPLQRVDH YH 3RO\JRQDFHDH JLEL ELUELULOHUL\OH LOLúNLOL ROPD\DQ ELWNL IDPLO\DODUÕQGD VHQWH]OHQPHNWHGLU)DNDWEX÷GD\DUSDPÕVÕUJLEL|QHPOLWDKÕOODUGDPHYFXWGH÷LOGLU6WLOEHQOHU ILWRDOHNVLQOHULQ LoLQGH \HU DODQ JUXSODUGDQ ELULGLU 6WLOEHQOHULQ PROHNOHU LVNHOHWLQGH WUDQV. UHVYHUDWURO ¶WULKLGURNVLVWLOEHQ
(107) WHPHO RODUDN NDEXO HGLOLU YH HQ \D\JÕQ VWLOEHQ UHVYHUDWUROGU>@. .
(108) 5HVYHUDWURO WUDQV±¶WULKLGURNVLVWLOEHQ
(109) 9HUDWUXP JUDQGLIORUXP¶XQ UHoLQHVLQGH . \ÕO |QFH 0LFKLR 7DNDRND WDUDIÕQGDQ NHúIHGLOPLúWLU >@ 5HVYHUDWURO FLV YH WUDQV L]RPHULN IRUPODUÕQGDEXOXQPDNWDGÕU ùHNLO
(110) 5HVYHUDWUROoR÷XELWNLIDPLO\DVÕQGDEXOXQDQELUIHQROLN. ELOHúLN ROXS ELWNLOHULQ IXQJL SDWRMHQOHULQLQ HWNLOHULQL LQKLEH HGHU YH ELWNLSDUD]LW HWNLOHúLPLQL. G]HQOHU5HVYHUDWURO3RO\JRQXPFXVSLGDWXP¶XQN|NQGHEDúOÕFDSROLIHQRORODUDNEXOXQPXúWXU. $QFDN EX PDGGH DVPD ELWNLVLQGH 3RO\JRQXP FXVSLGDWXP¶GDQ GDKD ID]OD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X. ELWNLQLQ N|N DWKHURVNOHUR]LVLQ WHGDYLVL YH GL÷HU WHUDS|WLN DPDoODU LoLQ .RUH¶GH dLQ¶GH YH -DSRQ\D¶GD KDON DUDVÕQGD LODo RODUDN NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU >@ 5HVYHUDWURO JLEL GR÷DO VWLOEHQRLGOHU DVPD\HUIÕVWÕ÷ÕoDPYH/HJXPLQRVDHIDPLO\DVÕELWNLOHULQGHEROEXOXQPDNWDGÕUYHNRURQHUNDOS. KDVWDOÕNODUÕ LOH DWKHURVNOHUR]LVWHQ NRUXPD JLEL |QHPOL EL\RORMLN HWNLOHUL ROGX÷X EHOLUWLOPLúWLU %LUoRN oDOÕúPD UHVYHUDWURO JLEL GR÷DO VWLOEHQRLGOHULQ JoO DQWLRNVLGDQ DQWLPXWDMHQLN DQWL. LQIODPDWXDU YH NDUVLQRJHQH]LVWH HWNLOL NDQVHU NLP\DVDO NRUX\XFX HWNLOHUH VDKLS ROGXNODUÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúWLU$\UÕFDUHVYHUDWUROXQLQVDQRUDOVNXDP|]NDUVLQRPDSURPL\HORVWLNO|VHPLJ|÷V. SURVWDW YH NRORQ NDQVHUL KFUHOHULQL LoHUHQ oHúLWOL LQVDQ NDQVHU KFUH VHULOHULQLQ WP|UOHULQL LQKLEHHWWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU>@. /DQJFDNH YH 3U\FH¶ÕQ VWLOEHQOHU ]HULQGHNL oDOÕúPDVÕ J|VWHUPLúWLU NL UHVYHUDWURO DVPD. ELWNLVLQLQ 9LWLVYLQLIHUD
(111) \DSUDNGRNXODUÕQGDIXQJDOHQIHNVL\RQD |]HOOLNOH%RWU\WLVFLQHUHD
(112) YH XOWUDYL\ROH ÕúÕ÷D WHSNL RODUDN VHQWH]OHQPLúWLU $\UÕFD ELWNLOHUGH IXQJDO VDOGÕUÕODUÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD. E|FHN KD\YDQ GL÷HU SDWRMHQLN VDOGÕUÕODU YH HOYHULúVL] KDYD úDUWODUÕ JLEL oHYUHVHO VWUHV. ]DPDQODUÕQGD GD UHVYHUDWURO VHQWH]OHQPHNWHGLU >@ 5HVYHUDWUROQ 9LWLV YLQLIHUD¶QÕQ PH\YHOHULQLQ GHULVLQH \HUOHúWL÷L YH EXUDGD VHQWH]OHQGL÷L IDNDW PH\YHOHULQ HWOL NÕVÕPODUÕQGD EXOXQPDGÕ÷Õ DQODúÕOPÕúWÕU >@ 5HVYHUDWUROXQ SRWDQVL\HO \DUDUODUÕ DUDVÕQGD WURPERVLW DJUHJDV\RQXQX DWKHURVNOHUR]LVLQ SDWRJHQH]LVLQLQ LON VDIKDVÕQÕ YH /'/ RNVLGDV\RQXQX HQJHOOHPH \HWHQH÷L VD\ÕODELOLU 5HVYHUDWUROQ |VWURMHQLN DQWLSODWHOHW YH DQWLLQIODPDWXDU |]HOOLNOHULJLELoHúLWOLEL\RNLP\DVDOYHIL]\RORMLNROD\ODU]HULQGHGHHWNLOLROGX÷XEHOLUWLOPLúWLU 6RQ ]DPDQODUGD UHVYHUDWUROXQ LVNHPLN UHSHUI]\RQ KDVWDOÕ÷ÕQGDQ E|EUHN NDOS YH EH\QL NRUXGX÷X LOHUL VUOPúWU $\UÕFD UHVYHUDWUROQ NDUVLQRMHQ PHWDEROL]PDVÕQGD KFUHVHO. SUROLIHUDV\RQGD KFUH G|QJVQQ G]HQOHQPHVLQGH YH DSRSWR]LVWH LQWUDVHOODU VLQ\DO PROHNOOHULVHULVLQLQDNWLYLWHOHULQLYHHNVSUHV\RQXQXG]HQOHGL÷LVDSWDQPÕúWÕU>@ . .
(113) +2 2+. +2 2+. WUDQV5HVYHUDWURO. 2+. FLV5HVYHUDWURO. ùHNLO5HVYHUDWUROQWUDQVYHFLVIRUPODUÕ>@. 2+. . 5HVYHUDWUROQ%L\RORMLN(WNLOHUL . $QWLRNVLGDQ DNWLYLWHVL 38)$ODUÕQ RNVLGDV\RQX\OD /'/OHULQ |]HOOLNOHULQGHNL. GH÷LúLPOHULQDWKHURVNOHUR]LVWHE\NELUUROR\QDGÕ÷ÕQDLQDQÕOÕU2NVLGDV\RQ/'/OHULQSURWHLQ SDUoDODUÕQÕ DSR %
(114) HWNLOH\HUHN RQODUÕQ NDWDEROL]PDODUÕQÕ ]D\ÕIODWÕU %X \]GHQ IHQROLN ELOHúLNOHUFH ]HQJLQ EHVLQOHULQ NRUX\XFX UROQQ DQWLRNVLGDQ |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ LOHUL JHOGL÷L VDSWDQPÕúWÕU )UDQNHO YH DUNDGDúODUÕ LQVDQ /'/OHULQH WUDQVUHVYHUDWURO HNOH\HUHN RQXQ EDNÕU. NDWDOL]OL RNVLGDV\RQX D]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU >@ <LQH PRO/ NRQVDQWUDV\RQD VDKLS UHVYHUDWUROQ/'/SHURNVLGDV\RQXQXLQKLEHHWWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU>@ . 5HVYHUDWUROQ|QHPOLEL\RORMLNDNWLYLWHOHUL x. /LSLGSHURNVLGDV\RQXQXQLQKLELV\RQX. x. 6HUEHVWUDGLNDOOHULQKDVDUÕQÕHWNLVL]KDOHJHWLUPH. x x x x x x x . x. %DNÕUúHODWDV\RQX. (LNRVDQRLGVHQWH]LQLQG]HQOHQPHVL. 3ODWHOHWDJUHJDV\RQXQXQLQKLELV\RQX $QWLLQIODPDWXDUDNWLYLWH 9DVRUHODNVLQJDNWLYLWHVL. /LSLGPHWDEROL]PDVÕQÕQG]HQOHQPHVL $QWLNDQVHUDNWLYLWHVL. gVWURMHQLNDNWLYLWH. 5HVYHUDWURO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD PHPEUDQ OLSLGOHULQLQ SHURNVLGDV\RQXQX LQKLEH HGHU %ORQG. YH DUNDGDúODUÕ VÕoDQ NDUDFL÷HU PLNUR]RPODUÕQGD QRQHQ]LPDWLN YH\D 1$'3+ ED÷ÕPOÕ SHURNVLGDV\RQGDUHVYHUDWUROQUQLQKLELV\RQXQDQHGHQROGX÷XQXLOHULVUPúOHUGLU>@ $\UÕFD9LWLVYLQLIHUDKFUHNOWUOHULQGHQHOGHHGLOHQUHVYHUDWUROQPLNUR]RPODUGDYH/'/OHUGH. JHoLú PHWDOOHULQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQXQD NDUúÕ |QOH\LFL ROGX÷X J|VWHULOPLúWLU. .
(115) >@ +FUH PHPEUDQODUÕQÕQ NRUXQPDVÕQGD UHVYHUDWURO PXKWHPHOHQ FDQOÕ KFUHOHUGH RNVLGDWLI. VWUHVLQ WRNVLN HWNLOHULQL D]DOWPDNWDGÕU 6XQ YH DUNDGDúODUÕ VÕoDQ DGUHQDO IHRNURPRVLWRPD KFUHOHULQGH 3& KFUHOHUL
(116) GHPLU YH HWDQROXQ QHGHQ ROGX÷X OLSLG RNVLGDV\RQX VÕUDVÕQGD. UHVYHUDWUROQ HWNLOHULQL oDOÕúPÕúODUGÕU %X KFUHOHUL VHUEHVW UDGLNDO VDOGÕUÕODUÕ YH D÷ÕU PHWDO L\RQODUÕQD NDUúÕ oRN KDVVDV RODQ GRSDPLQHUMLN Q|URQDO KFUHOHU LoLQ PRGHO RODUDN NDEXO. HWPLúOHUGLU $UDúWÕUPDFÕODU UHVYHUDWUROQ GRNX KDVDUÕ YH SHURNVLGDWLI VWUHVWHQ KFUHOHUL. NRUXGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPLúOHUGLU&KDQYLWD\DSRQJVYHDUNDGDúODUÕUHVYHUDWUROYLWDPLQ&YHYLWDPLQ ( NRPELQDV\RQXQX NXOODQPÕúODU YH EX NRPELQDV\RXQXQ ELUH\VHO RODUDN YHULOHQ PDGGHOHUGHQ. GDKD HWNLOL ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU %X VRQXoODU UHVYHUDWUROQ VDGHFH DQWLRNVLGDQ YH DQWLPXWDJHQ |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD KFUH |OPQ GH D]DOWDELOGL÷LQL J|VWHUPLúWLU>@ . 5HVYHUDWUROD\QÕ]DPDQGDNDUDFL÷HUNRUX\XFXDNWLYLWHGHJ|VWHULU%XELOHúLNRNVLGDWLI. VWUHV WDUDIÕQGDQ DUWWÕUÕODQ YH NDUDFL÷HU ILEUR]LVLQLQ JHOLúLPLQGH NULWLN ELU URO R\QD\DQ VWHOODW KFUHOHULQSUROLIHUDV\RQXQDHQJHOROXU%X\]GHQUHVYHUDWUROKHSDWLNILEURJHQH]LVL|QOHUYHEX. KFUHOHULQ DNWLYDV\RQXQX LQKLEH HGHU .DZDGD YH DUNDGDúODUÕ UHVYHUDWUROQ VWHOODW KFUH. DNWLYDV\RQXQXYHEXKFUHOHUHGHNLSURWHLQHNVSUHV\RQXQXLQKLEHHWWL÷LQLEXOPXúODUGÕU$\UÕFD UHVYHUDWUROQOLSRSROLVDNNDULWOHX\DUÕOPÕú.XSIIHUKFUHOHULQGHWP|UQHNUR]LVIDNW|U 71)
(117) YHQLWULNRNVLWUHWLPLQLLQKLEHHWWL÷LJ|VWHULOPLúWLU>@ . /LSLGYHOLSRSURWHLQPHWDEROL]PDVÕQÕQG]HQOHQPHVL5HVYHUDWUROQ\ÕOODU|QFHVÕoDQ. OLSLG PHWDEROL]PDVÕ LoLQ \DUDUOÕ ROGX÷X VDSWDQPÕúWÕU 7RURQWR hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QGH \DSÕODQ ELU oDOÕúPDGD QRUPDO NDUDFL÷HU SDUDQNLPDO KFUHOHULQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ oR÷XQX HOLQGH WXWDQ LQVDQ. KHSDWRNDUVLQRPD KFUH GL]LVL +SH * NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %LOLP DGDPODUÕ WUDQVUHVYHUDWUROQ NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQGDNLDUWÕúD\DQÕWRODUDNDSR%¶QLQLQWUDVHOOODUNRQVDQWUDV\RQXQGDEHOLUJLQELU. D]DOPDJ|]OHPLúOHUGLU$\UÕFDNROHVWHUROHVWHUOHULWULJOLVHULWOHULYH9/'/OHULVDOJÕODPDKÕ]ÕQÕQ D]DOGÕ÷ÕQÕEXQDED÷OÕRODUDNGD/'/UQOHULQLQGHD]DOGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúOHUGLU>@ . %D]Õ J|]OHPOHU DWKHURVNOHUR]LVH NDUúÕ UHVYHUDWUROQ NRUX\XFX HWNLOHULQL J|VWHUPLúWLU. 'L\HWOH KLSHUNROHVWHUROHPLN KDOH JHWLULOHQ WDYúDQODUGD GL\HWOH YHULOHQ WUDQVUHVYHUDWURO SOD]PDGDNL oRN \NVHN NROHVWHURO LoHUL÷LQL D]DOWPDPÕú YH SOD]PDGDQ L]ROH HGLOHQ /'/OHULQ HOHNWURIRUHWLN KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQGH GH÷LúPH\H QHGHQ ROPDPÕúWÕU >@ 'L÷HU ELU oDOÕúPDGD WUDQV. UHVYHUDWURO\NVHNPLNWDUODUGD YHPJNJ
(118) GLúLVÕoDQODUDJQONRODUDNHQMHNWHHGLOPLúWLU 8\JXODPDGDQ JQ VRQUD OLSRSURWHLQ SURILOL GH÷LúPHGHQ NDOPÕú YH EDNÕUÕQ DQRUPDO PHWDEROL]PDVÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ SHURNVLGDV\RQD PDUX] NDODQ VHUXP SURWHLQOHUL LOH LOLúNLOL OLSLGOHULQGX\DUOÕOÕ÷ÕQGDGH÷LúPHROPDPÕúWÕU>@ . $QWLSODWHOHW DJUHJDV\RQX 3ODWHOHW DJUHJDV\RQX DUDúLGRQLN DVLWWHQ HLNRVDQRLGOHULQ. VHQWH]L LOH LOLúNLOLGLU 3URVWDVLNOLQ 3*, HWNLOL ELU YDVRGLODWDW|UGU YH WURPEDNVDQ 7[$ NDQ . . .
(119) GDPDUODUÕQÕ E]HQ ELU DMDQGÕU %X LNL ELOHúLN GH VLNORRNVLJHQD] &2;
(120) \ROXQXQ UQOHULGLU $\UÕFD KLGURNVLDVLWOHU ++7 +3(7( YH +(7(
(121) YH O|NRWULHQOHU /7
(122) OLSRNVLJHQD] \ROXQXQ. UQOHULGLU /7% LQIODPDV\RQ DUDEXOXFXVXGXU.LPXUD YH DUNDGDúODUÕ 3RO\JRQXP N|NOHULQGHQ . L]ROHHGLOPLúVWLOEHQOHULNXOODQPÕúODUYH PRO/NRQVDQWUDV\RQGDNLUHVYHUDWUROQVÕoDQ . . SHULWRQDO SROLPRUIRQNOHDU ORN|VLWOHUGH 7[% YH OLSRNVLJHQD] UQOHULQLQ ROXúXPXQX LQKLEH . HWWL÷LQL J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU %XQODU SODWHOHW DJUHJDV\RQX YH NHPRWDNWLN PDGGHOHULQ ROXúXPX JLEL LQIODPDV\RQVUHFLQGH|QHPOLPDGGHOHUGLU>@ . 9DVRUHODNVLQJDNWLYLWHVL3RO\JRQXPFXVSLGDWXPYHPXOWLIORUXPN|NOHULQGHQHNVWUDNWH. HGLOHQ UHVYHUDWURO DQWLMHQOH KDVVDVODúWÕUÕOPÕú NRED\ODUGDQ L]ROH HGLOHQ VROXN ERUXVXQGD NÕVPHQ E]OPH\H QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X VRQXFD J|UH UHVYHUDWUROQ DUDúLGRQLN PHWDEROL]PDVÕQGD LQKLELW|URODUDNUROR\QDGÕ÷ÕV|\OHQHELOLU>@ . $QWLNDQVHU DNWLYLWHVL -DSRQ\D¶GD <XFFD VFKLGLJHUD HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ EDNWHUL KFUHOHULQGH. DQWLPXWDJHQLN HWNL\H VDKLS ROGX÷X J|VWHULOPLúWLU $NWLI ELOHúL÷LQ KLGURNVLO JUXSODUÕ UHVYHUDWURO RODUDN LVLPOHQGLULOPLú YH EX JUXSODUÕQ EX DNWLYLWH LoLQ JHUHNOL ROGX÷X DQODúÕOPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD &DVVLDTXLQTXDQJXODWD /HJXPLQRVDH
(123) ¶GDQHOGHHGLOHQUHVYHUDWUROQNDUVLQRJHQH]LVLQoE\N EDVDPD÷ÕQÕWHPVLOHGHQGHQH\OHUGHNDQVHUNRUX\XFXDNWLYLWH\HVDKLSROGX÷XEXOXQPXúWXU>@ . 5HVYHUDWURO DQWLRNVLGDQ YH DQWLPXWDJHQ RODUDN URO R\QDU YH NDUVLQRJHQH]LVLQ. GHWRNVLILNDV\RQXQD QHGHQ ROXU $\UÕFD R KLGURNVLSHURNVLGD] YH VLNORRNVLJHQD] &2;
(124) . IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕ LQKLEH HGHUHN EDúOÕFD DQWLLQIODPDWXDU VUHFH DUDFÕOÕN HGHU 5HVYHUDWURO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD KFUH IDUNOÕODúPDVÕQD QHGHQ RODUDN NDQVHU VUHFLQL LQKLEH HGHU 5HVYHUDWUROQ NHPRSUHYHQWLIDNWLYLWHVLQLQGR÷UXGDQNDQÕWODUÕIDUHGHULNDQVHULPRGHOOHULQGHWP|ULJHQH]LVLYH NDUVLQRMHQ X\JXODQPÕú IDUH PHPH EH]OHULQGHNL SUHQHRSODVWLN OH]\RQODUÕQ JHOLúLPLQL LQKLEH HWWL÷LQLJ|VWHUPLúWLU . $\QÕúHNLOGHVHQWHWLNWUDQVUHVYHUDWUROWP|UJHOLúLPLQLQoEDVDPD÷ÕQÕLoHUHQKFUHVHO. VUHFL LQKLEH HGHU %LOLP DGDPODUÕ LQVDQ J|÷V HSLWHO KFUHOHULQGH UHVYHUDWUROQ HWNLVLQL NDUúÕODúWÕUPÕúODUGÕU +HU ELU KFUH GL]LVLQGH SUROLIHUDV\RQXQ LQKLELV\RQXQXQ GR] YH ]DPDQD. ED÷OÕ ROGX÷X J|UOPúWU $\UÕFD UHVYHUDWURO X\JXODPDVÕ LOH VWHO JHOLúLP |QOHQPLú YH \DúD\DELOHQKFUHOHULQVD\ÕVÕQGDD]DOPDROPXúWXU%XJ|VWHULUNLUHVYHUDWUROKRUPRQGX\DUOÕYH GX\DUOÕROPD\DQJ|÷VNDQVHULQLQKHULNLVLLoLQSRWDQVL\HONLP\DVDONRUX\XFXELUDMDQGÕUdQN. VLNORRNVLJHQD] &2;
(125) WP|ULJHQH]LV LoLQ |QHPOLGLU YH LQVDQ PHPH YH RUDO HSLWHO KFUHOHULQGH EX HQ]LPLQ JHQ HNVSUHV\RQXQX G]HQOHPH\H UHVYHUDWUROQ \HWHQH÷L ROGX÷X. J|]OHQPLúWLU3URVWDJODQGLQ3*( ¶QLQUHWLPLIRUEROHVWHULWDUDIÕQGDQVD÷ODQÕU%|\OHFHSURWHLQ . NLQD]&VLQ\DO\ROXQXQLQKLELV\RQX\OD&2;¶QLQJHQHNVSUHV\RQXQXQDNWLYDV\RQXQXVHQWHWLN WUDQVUHVYHUDWURO EDVWÕUÕU %X ELOHúLN D\QÕ ]DPDQGD &2;¶QLQ DNWLYDV\RQXQX GR÷UXGDQ LQKLEH HGHU>@. .
(126) $\UÕFD WUDQVUHVYHUDWUROQ IDUH O|VHPL KFUHOHULQGH KFUH SUROLIHUDV\RQXQX LoHUHQ. ULERQNOHRWLGUHGNWD]ÕLQKLEHHWWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU5HVYHUDWUROPXKWHPHOHQKLGURNVLUHGHQGDKD D]WRNVLNWLUYH'1$VHQWH]LQLQLQKLEHHGLOPHVLQGHYHHQ]LPLQWLUR]LOUDGLNDOL\RNHGLFLOL÷LQGHQ. GDKD DNWLIWLU >@ 7UDQVUHVYHUDWURO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD NHPRWHUDS|WLN SRWDQVL\HOH GH VDKLSWLU &OHPHQW YH DUNDGDúODUÕ LQVDQ J|÷V NDUVLQRPD KFUHOHUL YH LQVDQ O|VHPL KFUHOHULQGH UHVYHUDWUROQ DSRSWRWLN KFUH |OPQH QHGHQ ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU 5HVYHUDWUROQ. DSRSWR]LVLQ G]HQOH\LFLVL RODUDN ELOLQHQ &' VLVWHPLQGH EHOLUOL ELU ELoLPGH KFUH |OPQH DUDFÕOÕNHWWL÷LVDYXQXOPXúWXU>@ . gVWURMHQLN DNWLYLWHVL 7UDQVUHVYHUDWURO YH VHQWHWLN |VWURMHQ GLHWLOVWLOEHVWURO DUDVÕQGD. |VWURMHQLN DNWLYLWH YH \DSÕ EHQ]HUOL÷L YDUGÕU øQVDQ J|÷V DGHQRNDUVLQRPD KFUHOHULQGH SR]LWLI. YH\DQHJDWLI|VWURMHQNXOODQDQ*HKPYHDUNDGDúODUÕUHVYHUDWUROQ|VWURMHQUHVHSW|UED÷ODPDN LoLQ HVWUDGLRO LOH \DUÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕ YH RQXQ GL÷HU EL\RORMLN HWNLOHUL LoLQ NDUúÕODúWÕUÕODELOLU NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD ROPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQL J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU >@ 5HVYHUDWURO QRUPDO G]HQOHQPLú JHQOHULQHNVSUHV\RQXQXDUWWÕUÕUYH|VWURMHQED÷ÕPOÕJ|÷VNDQVHUKFUHOHULQLQSUROLIHUDV\RQXQX. VWLPXOH HGHU $QFDN |VWURMHQ SR]LWLI J|÷V NDQVHU GL]LOHULQLQ D\QÕ WLSL NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD YH UHVYHUDWURO GDKD \NVHN NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD ROGX÷XQGD KFUH SUROLIHUDV\RQXQX LQKLEH HWWL÷L. VDSWDQPÕúWÕU .RSS UHVYHUDWUROQ ELU ILWR|VWURMHQ RODUDN NÕUPÕ]Õ úDUDS WNHWLPL LOH LOLúNLOHQGLUHUHN SRWDQVL\HO RODUDN NDOEL NRUXGX÷XQX YXUJXODPÕúWÕU >@ %X VRQXoODUD UD÷PHQ UHVYHUDWUROQLVWHQPH\HQHWNLOHUH\DQLSURRNVLGDQHWNLOHUHVDKLSROGX÷XKHVDEDNDWÕOPDOÕGÕU . 'L÷HU HWNLOHUL 5HVYHUDWUROQ NDUGLRYDVNOHU KDVWDOÕNODUÕ |QOHPHGHNL URO RQXQ. SROLPRUIRQNOHDUO|NRVLWOHULQ 301
(127) IRQNVL\RQXQXG]HQOHPHNDSDVLWHVL\OHLOLúNLOLRODELOLU%X KFUHOHULQKDVWDOÕNODUÕQSDWRJHQH]LVLQHNDWNÕGDEXOXQGX÷XLOHULVUOPúWU7UDQVUHVYHUDWUROQ. 301KFUHOHULQEL\RNLP\DVDO\DQÕWODUÕYHIRQNVL\RQODUÕ]HULQGHNLHWNLOHULLQYLWURoDOÕúPDODUOD DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU (OGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODU UHVYHUDWUROQ LQIODPDV\RQ DUDFÕODUÕQÕQ VDOÕQÕPÕQD HQJHO ROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPLúWLU>@ . 0XUDNDPL YH DUNDGDúODUÕ UHVYHUDWURO JLEL GR÷DO RODUDN PH\GDQD JHOHQ ED]Õ. KLGURNVLVWLOEHQOHULQ JDVWULN + . $73D] HQ]LPLQLQ LQKLELW|U ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU %X . . HQ]LPSHSWLNOVHUWHGDYLVLLoLQ|QHPOLELUPROHNOGU)HQROLNKLGURNVLOJUXSODUÕEXDNWLYLWHGH. JHUHNOLROGX÷XKDOGHNRPúXKLGURNVLOJUXSODUÕLOHVWLOEHQOHUoRNHWNLOLLQKLELW|UOHUGLU5HVYHUDWURO. YH YLQLIHULQ WLUR]LQD]ÕQ /GRSD RNVLGD] DNWLYLWHVLQL LQKLEH HWPHNWHGLU %X HQ]LP ORNDO. KLSHUSLJPHQWDV\RQKDVWDOÕNODUÕQGDPHODQLQEL\RVHQWH]LEDVDPDNODUÕQÕNDWDOL]OHPHNWHGLU>@ . .
(128) 3RWDV\XP%URPDW .%U2
(129) %LUoRNNLP\DVDOELOHúLNX]XQVUHOLHWNLOHULQGHQVRQUDKD\YDQODUGDNDUVLQRMHQRODUDNURO. R\QDUYH\DGRNXODUGDRNVLGDWLIVWUHVHQHGHQROXU%XELOHúLNOHULQELUNÕVPÕEHVLQNDWNÕPDGGHOHUL. YH\D EHVLQ NLUOHWLFLOHUL JLEL EHVLQ DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD WNHWLOLU gUQH÷LQ SDUDNXDW DGÕ YHULOHQ UHGRNV G|QJ KHUELVLWL UHDNWLI RNVLMHQ WUOHUL 526
(130) UHWHUHN '1$¶GD KDVDUODU ROXúWXUXU YH EX PDGGHQLQ ELU DNFL÷HU WP|U SURPRW|U RODELOHFH÷L J|VWHULOPLúWLU >@ $\QÕ úHNLOGH QLNHO ELOHúLNOHUL QHIURNDUVLQRMHQOHUGLU YH KLGURNVLO UDGLNDOOHUL UHWLUOHU $VEHVW JLEL PDGGHOHU GH VHUEHVW UDGLNDO UHWLU YH ID]OD PDUX] NDOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD '1$ KDVDUÕQD QHGHQ ROXU YH DNFL÷HU YH SHULWRQDO NDUVLQRMHQOHULQ UHWLOPHVLQL VD÷ODU %X DMDQODUD EHQ]H\HQ SRWDV\XP EURPDW .%U2
(131) . GDKD |QFHOHUL EX÷GD\ XQXQXQ LúOHQPHVLQGH RNVLWOH\LFL ELU DMDQ RODUDN NXOODQÕODQ ELOHúLNOHUGHQ ELULGLU YH NoN PLNWDUODUGD LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ WNHWLOPLúWLU .%U2 X]XQ ELU VUH HNPHN . \DSÕP VUHFLQGH RNVLGH HGLFL |]HOOL÷L QHGHQL\OH XQXQ LúOHQPHVLQGH \L\HFHN NDWNÕ PDGGHVL RODUDNYHVDoORV\RQODUÕQGDYHER\DODUÕQGDQ|WUDOL]HHGLFLRODUDNNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU$\UÕFD\L\HFHN UQOHULQGH YH EDOÕN NRQVHUYHVL LOH IHUPHQWH LoHFHNOHULQ UHWLPLQGH GH NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU .%U2. . LoPH VXODUÕQGD GD EXOXQPXúWXU .%U2 ¶ÕQ UHQDO KFUH WP|UOHULQH SHULWRQXQ PH]RWHO\XP . KFUHOHULQH YH WLURLGLQ IROLNOHU KFUH WP|UOHULQH VHEHS ROGX÷X J|VWHULOPLúWLU .%U2 UHQDO . NDUVLQRJHQH]LVHVHEHSROXUYHKD\YDQODUGDWP|UEDúODWÕFÕRODUDNUROR\QDU%XELOHúL÷HPDUX] NDOGÕNWDQEHOOLELUVUHVRQUDHUNHNYHGLúLVÕoDQODUGDUHQDOKFUHWP|UOHULJ|]OHQPLúWLU>@%X. ELOHúLND\QÕ]DPDQGD1HWLO1KLGURNVLHWLOQLWUR]DPLQLOHEDúODWÕODQUHQDOWP|UOHULQJHOLúPHVLQL GH WHWLNOHU >@ .%U2 RNVLGDWLI VWUHV UHWLPLQGHQ GROD\Õ E|EUHNWH KFUHVHO SUROLIHUDV\RQGD . DUWPD\D\RODoWÕ÷ÕYHE|EUHNWHSUROLIHUDWLI\DQÕWWDQVRUXPOXRODQSRO\ $'53
(132) ULER]LODV\RQXQD YH '1$ ]LQFLU NÕUÕNODUÕQDQHGHQ ROGX÷X EHOLUWLOPLúWLU >@.%U2 ¶ÕQ NURPR]RPDO KDWDODUD YH . PLNURQNOHXVROXúXPXQDQHGHQROGX÷XLQYLYRYHLQYLWURúDUWODUÕQKHULNLVLQGHGHJ|VWHULOPLúWLU .%U2 D\QÕ]DPDQGDRNVLGHRODQ'1$¶\ÕoHNHUHNPXWDV\RQROXúWXUDQKLGURNVLJXDQR]LQH . 2+*
(133) VHEHS ROPDNWDGÕU ùHNLO
(134) %X VRQXoODU .%U2 ¶ÕQ GROD\OÕ RODUDN RNVLGDWLI VWUHVL . WHWLNOHGL÷L YH RNVLMHQ UDGLNDO UHWLPL YDVÕWDVÕ\OD '1$ GH÷LúLNOL÷LQH QHGHQ ROGX÷XQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU.%U2 ¶ÕQD\QÕ]DPDQGDPXWDJHQH]LVHQHGHQRODUDNUHQDORNVLGDWLI'1$KDVDU . LúDUHWOH\LFLVL RODUDN NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ EHOLUWLOPLúWLU >@ (SLGHPL\RORMLN oDOÕúPDODUD J|UH .%U2 ¶ÕQ . ELULQVDQNDUVLQRMHQLROGX÷XYXUJXODQPÕúWÕU%XPDGGHQLQE|EUHN'1$¶VÕQGD526UHWLPLQLYH OLSLGSHURNVLGDV\RQXVD÷ODGÕ÷ÕJ|VWHULOPLúWLU%XELOHúL÷HX]XQVUHPDUX]NDODQ)UDWODUÕQÕQ HUNHN YH GLúLOHULQLQ KHU LNLVLQGH GH UHQDO KFUH WP|UOHULQLQ LQGNVL\RQXQD \RO DoWÕ÷Õ LOHUL VUOPúWU<DSÕODQVRQoDOÕúPDODUGD.%U2 ¶ÕQROXúWXUGX÷XRNVLGDWLIVWUHVUHWLPLQLQE|EUHNWH . KFUHVHO SUROLIHUDV\RQGD ELU DUWPD\D \RO DoDELOHFH÷L LOHUL VUOPúWU >@ $QFDN KFUHVHO SUROLIHUDV\RQYHWP|ULOHUOHPHVLQGHEL\RNLP\DVDOWHSNLOHULQLQGNVL\RQXQD\RODoDQRNVLGDWLI. .
(135) VWUHVLQ JHOLúLPL YH DQWLRNVLGDQ GHSRVX \DQL DQWLRNVLGDQ NDSDVLWH ]HULQGH .%U2 ¶ÕQ HWNLVL . GHWD\OÕ RODUDN J|VWHULOPHPLúWLU .%U2 X\JXODPDVÕQÕQ E|EUHNWH LQGLUJHQPLú JOXWDW\RQ YH . JOXWDW\RQ UHGNWD] DNWLYLWHOHULQLQ VHYL\HOHULQGH D]DOPD\D \RO DoWÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQPLúWLU %X PDGGH. D\QÕ]DPDQGD'1$¶GD> +@WK\PLGLQELUOHúWLUPHVLQLYHUHQDORUQLWLQGHNDUERNVLOD]DNWLYLWHVLQL . LQGNOHPHNWHGLU YH UHQDO KDVDUD \RO DoÕS UHQDO JOXWDW\RQXQ KÕ]OÕ WNHWLPLQL VD÷OD\ÕS 526 UHWLPLQLVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU . 1. +1 +1. 2. 2. 2. 1 JXDQLQ *
(136). 1 +. . +2. 1. +1 +1. 2+ RNVLGDV\RQ +. 1 +. 1. 1. +1. &2+HNOHQPLú JXDQLQUDGLNDOL. 1. +1. 1 +. KLGURNVLJXDQLQ 2+*
(137). . ùHNLO*XDQLQGHQ2+*ROXúXPUHDNVL\RQX>@. .%U2 LOH ROXúWXUXODQ '1$ RNVLGDV\RQXQXQ |QHPOL ELU |]HOOL÷L OLSLG SHURNVLWOHULQLQ . ROXúXPXGXU .HPLULFLOHUGH NDUVLQRMHQLN RODQ .%U2 ¶ÕQ EDNWHUL YH PHPHOL KFUHOHULQGH . PXWDMHQLN ROGX÷X VDSWDQPÕúWÕU gUQH÷LQ .%U2 ¶ÕQ 6DOPRQHOOD W\SKLPXULXP LoLQ PXWDMHQLN . ROGX÷X EXOXQPXúWXU 2NVLGDWLI '1$ KDVDUÕ RNVLGDWLI PXWDV\RQODUÕ ROXúWXUDELOLU RQNRJHQOHULQ. DNWLYDV\RQXQD YH\D VXSUHVV|U JHQOHULQ LQDNWLYDV\RQXQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGÕU <DSÕODQ ELU oDOÕúPD\D J|UH .%U2 ¶ÕQ KD\YDQODUGD YH LQVDQODUGD QHIURWRNVLN YH ) VÕoDQODUÕQGD UHQDO . NDUVLQRMHQ ROGX÷X J|VWHULOPLúWLU .%U2 LOH PXDPHOH HGLOHQ UDWODUÕQ E|EUHNOHULQGH OLSLG . SHURNVLGDV\RQXQXQDUWWÕ÷ÕJ|]OHQPLúWLU>@. 2NVLGDWLI VWUHV ELU KFUH LoLQGHNL RNVLGDQ YH DQWLRNVLGDQ G]H\OHUL DUDVÕQGDNL. GHQJHVL]OLN RODUDN WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU $UDúWÕUPDFÕODU :LVWDU VÕoDQODUGD .%U2 ¶ÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X . UHQDO RNVLGDWLI VWUHV YH KFUH SUROLIHUDV\RQX ]HULQGH VR\ L]RIODYRQODUÕQ PRGODW|U HWNLVLQL DUDúWÕUPÕúODUGÕU .%U2 ¶ÕQ UHQDO JOXWDW\RQ LoHUL÷LQGH UHQDO DQWLRNVLGDQ HQ]LPOHULQ . DNWLYLWHOHULQGH |UQH÷LQ JOXWDW\RQ SHURNVLGD] JOXWDW\RQ UHGNWD] NDWDOD] JOXNR]±IRVIDW. GHKLGURMHQD]ÕQ D]DOPDVÕQD NVDQWLQ RNVLGD] OLSLW SHURNVLGDV\RQ JOXWDPLOWUDQVSHSWLGD] YH. KLGURMHQ SHURNVLWLQ DUWÕúÕQD QHGHQROGX÷X EXOXQPXúWXU $\UÕFD.%U2 X\JXODPDVÕQÕQ NDQUH . QLWURMHQLQLVHUXPNUHDWLQLQLYHWP|ULOHUOHWLFLPDUNÕUODUÕ|UQH÷LQRUQLWLQGHNDUERNVLOD] 2'&
(138) . DNWLYLWHVLQL DUWWÕUGÕ÷Õ J|]OHQPLúWLU 6R\ L]RIODYRQODUOD RUDO RODUDN VÕoDQODUÕQ WHGDYLVL NVDQWLQ. RNVLGD] OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQ JOXWDPLOWUDQVSHSWLGD] + 2 ROXúXPX NDQUH QLWURMHQLVHUXP . . NUHDWLQL UHQDO 2'& DNWLYLWHVL YH '1$ VHQWH]LQGH |QHPOL ELU D]DOPD\OD VRQXoODQPÕúWÕU %X VRQXoODU :LVWDU VÕoDQODUGD .%U2 ¶ÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X UHQDO RNVLGDWLI VWUHV WRNVLWLWH YH KFUH . . 2+.
(139) SUROLIHUDV\RQXQD NDUúÕ VR\ L]RIODYRQODUÕQ JoO NLP\DVDO NRUX\XFXODU RODUDN Lú J|UG÷Q J|VWHUPLúWLU>@. %DúND ELU oDOÕúPDGD .%U2 X\JXODQPÕú VÕoDQODUÕQ E|EUHN YH NDUDFL÷HULQGH RNVLGDWLI . VWUHV YH KFUHVHOUHGRNV GXUXPXQD NDUúÕ DQWLRNVLGDQ VDYXQPD VLVWHPLQGH ELU ELIODYRQRLG RODQ NRODYLURQXQ G]HQOH\LFL HWNLVL DUDúWÕUÕOPÕú .%U2 ¶ÕQ E|EUHNWH VSHURNVLW GLVPXWD] JOXWDW\RQ . SHURNVLGD] YH NDWDOD]ÕQ DNWLYLWHOHULQL EDVWÕUGÕ÷Õ J|VWHULOPLúWLU )DNDW NDUDFL÷HUGHE|\OH ELU HWNL J|]OHQPHPLúWLU .RODYLURQ X\JXODPDVÕ E|EUHNWH EX HQ]LPOHULQ .%U2 WDUDIÕQGDQ ROXúWXUXODQ . HNVLNOL÷LQLLQKLEHHWPLúWLU%HQ]HUúHNLOGHNRODYLURQ.%U2 ¶ÕQROXúWXUGX÷X JOXWDPLOWUDQVIHUD] . DNWLYLWHVLQGHNL HNVLNOL÷L GH D]DOWPÕúWÕU >@ 0HYFXW DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ VRQXoODUÕ GR÷DO ELU DQWLRNVLGDQ RODQ LODoODUÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X E|EUHN WRNVLWLWHVLQGH NRODYLURQXQ DQWLRNVLGDWLI HWNLVLQL. J|VWHUPHNWHGLU.RODYLURQEX\]GHQE|EUHNWH.%U2 WDUDIÕQGDQROXúWXUXODQPHPEUDQSURWHLQ . DNWLYLWHOHULQLQEDVNÕODQPDVÕQGDYHKFUHVHOUHGRNVG|QJVQGHURODOÕU . 6ÕoDQODUGD .%U2 ¶ÕQ ROXúWXUGX÷X UHQDO RNVLGDWLI VWUHV ]HULQGH )LFXV UDVHPRVD . HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ NLP\DVDO NRUX\XFX HWNLVL DUDúWÕUÕOPÕú .%U2 ¶ÕQ OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQ NVDQWLQ . RNVLGD] JOXWDPLOWUDQVSHSWLGD] YH KLGURMHQ SHURNVLW ROXúXPXQX DUWWÕUGÕ÷Õ UHQDO JOXWDW\RQ. LoHUL÷LQGH YH DQWLRNVLGDQ HQ]LPOHUGH D]DOPD\D QHGHQ ROGX÷X WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU $\UÕFD .%U2. . X\JXODPDVÕ|UQH÷LQRUQLWLQGHNDUERNVLOD]DNWLYLWHVLYHUHQDO'1$LoLQGHNLWLPLGLQJLELWP|U LOHUOHWLFL PDUNÕUODUÕ GD ROXúWXUPXúWXU .DQUH QLWURMHQ YH VHUXP NUHDWLQ G]H\OHULQGH EHOLUJLQ ELU \NVHOLú J|]OHQPLúWLU )LFXV UDVHPRVD HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ RUDO RODUDN VÕoDQODUD YHULOPHVL NVDQWLQ. RNVLGD] OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQ JOXWDPLOWUDQVSHSWLGD] YH KLGURMHQ SHURNVLWWH D]DOPD\D UHQDO. JOXWDW\RQPLNWDUÕYHDQWLRNVLGDQHQ]LPOHUGH|QHPOLG]H\GHDUWÕúDQHGHQROGX÷XEXOXQPXúWXU. 5HQDO RUQLWLQ GHNDUERNVLOD] DNWLYLWHVL '1$ VHQWH]L NDQUH QLWURMHQ YH VHUXP NUHDWLQ. PLNWDUÕQGD LVH D]DOPD ROPXúWXU %X VRQXoODU )LFXV UDVHPRVD HNVWUDNWÕQÕQ UDWODUGD .%U2 ¶ÕQ . QHIURWRNVLVLWHVLQLEDVNÕODGÕ÷ÕQÕYHJoONLP\DVDOELUNRUX\XFXROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU>@ . *OXWDW\RQ. *OXWDW\RQ *6+
(140) ELU WULSHSWLG ROXS |QHPOL ELU WL\RO DQWLRNVLGDQGÕU *6+ KFUH LoL. PXOWLIRQNVL\RQHO QRQHQ]LPDWLN ELU DQWLRNVLGDQGÕU YH KFUHQLQ |QHPOL WL\ROGLVOILW UHGRNV WDPSRQXGXU *6+ VLWR]ROGH P0
(141) oHNLUGHNWH P0
(142) YH PLWRNRQGULGH P0
(143) . \NVHN PLNWDUODUGD EXOXQXU YH EX KFUH NRPSDUWÕPDQODUÕQÕQ |QHPOL ELU o|]OHELOLU. DQWLRNVLGDQÕGÕU *6+ JOXWDW\RQXQ LQGLUJHQPLú IRUPXGXU \NVHOWJHQPLú IRUPX LVH JOXWDW\RQ GLVOILW *66*
(144) ¶WLU ùHNLO
(145) *6+oHNLUGHNWH'1$RQDUÕPÕYHHNVSUHV\RQXLoLQJHUHNOLRODQ NULWLNSURWHLQGLVOILGULOOHULQUHGRNVEDVDPD÷ÕQÕNRUXU>@ . *HQHOOLNOH WL\RO ELOHúLNOHULQ DQWLRNVLGDQ NDSDVLWHVL VOIU DWRPODUÕ QHGHQL\OH WHN. HOHNWURQODUÕQÕ NROD\OÕNOD YHUHELOPHOHULQGHQ ND\QDNODQÕU *OXWDW\RQXQ UDGLNDO 5 LOH E|\OH ELU . UHDNVL\RQXú|\OHWDQÕPODQDELOLU. .
(146) *6+5 . *6 5+. . . 7KL\O UDGLNDOOHU ROXúXQFD UDGLNDO ROPD\DQ EX UQOHU GLPHUL]H RODUDN RNVLWOHQPLú. JOXWDW\RQX *66*
(147) ROXúWXUXUODU *6 *6 . *66*. . . *66*KFUHLoLQGHWRSODQÕU*6+*66*RUDQÕELURUJDQL]PDGDNLRNVLGDWLIVWUHVLQL\LELU. |OoVGU 2NVLWOHQPLú JOXWDW\RQ *66*¶QLQ oRN \NVHN NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUGD ROPDVÕ ELUoRN HQ]LPGHNLKDVDUÕJ|VWHULU>@. 5HVYHUDWUROSHURNVLGDWLIPHWDEROL]PDGD*6+LOHEHUDEHUoDOÕúDELOPHNWHGLUùHNLO¶GH. UHVYHUDWURO LoLQ SHURNVLGD] NDWDOL]OL PHWDEROLN DNWLYDV\RQ \ROXQGD *6+ NRRNVLGDV\RQX J|UOPHNWHGLU %X úHNLOGH IHQRO KDOND LoHUHQ UHVYHUDWURO IHQRNVLO UDGLNDOLQH SHURNVLGD]+ 2 . . WDUDIÕQGDQRNVLGHHGLOPHNWHGLU.RRNVLGL]H*6+WKL\OUDGLNDOIRUPXQGDGÕUYHVRQUDUHVYHUDWURO LOH*6+UHDNVL\RQDJLUPHNWHVRQXoWDGLVOILWDQ\RQXROXúPDNWDGÕU>@ 1+. . 2. 2. 1+. 2 1+. 6+. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 6. 1+ 2. 6. 1+ 1+. 2. . 2. 2. 2. 2. JOXWDPDW. VLVWHLQ. 1+ 2. JOLVLQ. 1+ 1+. *6+. . 2 2. *66*. . ùHNLO*6+YH*66*¶QLQDoÕNIRUPOOHUL>@. . 2. +2. 2+. 2+. +53+ 2. *6+. *6 . +2. 2+. 7KL\O5DGLFDO 5HVYHUDWURO. 2+. 2+. 2+. 5H V Y H U DW U R O. *6. 5HVYHUDWURO)HQRNVLO5DGLNDOL. *66* . . 2 +. . . *66**+2 . ùHNLO5HVYHUDWUROYH*6+¶XQEHUDEHUoDOÕúPDVÕ>@. . +2 . . + 2 2 .
(148) $ 9LWDPLQL 5HWLQRO
(149) . 6XGDo|]QPH\HQ\D÷GDYHRUJDQLNo|]FOHUGHo|]QHQELUPDGGHGLU$YLWDPLQLELU. SULPHU DONRO JUXEXQD YH oRN VD\ÕGD GR\PDPÕú ED÷D VDKLSWLU %LU E\PH YLWDPLQL RODQ $. YLWDPLQLQLQ DONRO UHWLQRO
(150) DOGHKLW UHWLQDO
(151) YH DVLW UHWLQRLN DVLW
(152) IRUPODUÕ GD PHYFXWWXU 0HPHOLOHUGH VDGHFH UHWLQRO $ YLWDPLQL HWNLVL J|VWHUPH]NHQ NDURWHQRLGOHU GH . NDURWHQOHU
(153) $YLWDPLQLHWNLVLJ|VWHULU>@ . YH . $\UÕFD NDURWHQYH NDURWHQLQELUOHúPHVL\OHELUPROHNO$YLWDPLQLROXúXU$YLWDPLQL. NDUDFL÷HUGHQ\D÷DVLGLHVWHULKDOLQGHGHSRODQÕU>@. *ÕGD LOH DOÕQDQ NDURWHQOHU NDURWHQ GLRNVLJHQD] HQ]LPL LOH RNVLGDWLI SDUoDODQPD\D. X÷UDUODU %X SDUoDODQPDGD PROHNOHU RNVLMHQGHQ \DUDUODQÕOÕU YH VDIUD WX]ODUÕQÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD KÕ]ODQDQ ROD\ VRQXFXQGD LNL PROHNO UHWLQDO DoÕ÷D oÕNDU øQWHVWLQDO PXNR]DGD UHWLQDO 1$'3+. \DUGÕPÕ\OD VSHVLILN ELU UHWLQDO UHGNWD] HQ]LPL WDUDIÕQGDQ UHWLQROHLQGLUJHQLU 5HWLQROQ E\N NÕVPÕ GR\PXú \D÷ DVLWOHUL LOH HVWHU ROXúWXUDUDN NDQ GRODúÕPÕQD OHQI NDQDOÕ LOH YHULOLU 'úN RNVLMHQNÕVPLEDVÕQoODUÕQGD NDURWHQOHUDQWLRNVLGDQ|]HOOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUOHU . $ YLWDPLQL J|UPH E\PH UHPH YH HSLWHO KFUHOHULQ VD÷ODPOÕ÷Õ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQD. VDKLSWLUøQVDQÕQJQON$YLWDPLQLLKWL\DFÕPJFLYDUÕQGDGÕU.DUDFL÷HUE|EUHN\D÷\XPXUWD. VDUÕVÕ$YLWDPLQLLoLQ]HQJLQND\QDNODUGÕU6DUÕYHNR\X\HúLOVHE]HOHUYHPH\YHOHU$YLWDPLQL |QFO RODQ NDURWHQOHU EDNÕPÕQGDQ ]HQJLQGLUOHU $ YLWDPLQLQLQ HNVLNOL÷LQGH HNOHPOHUGH LOWLKDSODQPDODUYHEHUDEHULQGHJ|]NRUQHDODUÕQGDLOWLKDSODUKDVWDQÕQJ|UPHQHWOL÷LQLQD]DOPDVÕ J|]DOWÕ GHULOHULQGH E]OPHOHU KDVWDQÕQ JHFH LOH JQG] J|UPHOHULQGH X\XPVX]OXN J|]OHQPHNWHGLU$YLWDPLQLL\LELUDQWLRNVLGDQHWNLVLQGHQGROD\ÕJ|UPHVLQLULX\DUÕPÕQÕDUWWÕUÕU. J|]OHUGHNL QHWOL÷L D]DOWDFDN EH\D] OHNHOHU \RN ROXU >@ $ YH & YLWDPLQL VLQJOHW RNVLMHQ WHPL]OH\LFLVL|]HOOL÷LQHGHQL\OHGL÷HURNVLMHQUDGLNDOOHULQHNDUúÕGDNRUX\XFXHWNL\DSDUODU>@ . . (9LWDPLQL D7RNRIHURO
(154) ( YLWDPLQLWRNRIHURO\DSÕVÕQGDROXS\D÷GDo|]QHQELUYLWDPLQGLU'R÷DORODUDNDOID. EHWDJDPDHWDYH ]HWDJLELoHúLWOLWRNRIHUROOHUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU%XQODUÕQKHSVLL]RSUHQRLGOHULQ. GH÷LúLPH X÷UDWÕOGÕ÷Õ KLGURNVL NURPDQODU YH\D WRNRIHUROOHUGLU WRNRIHURO JHQLú GD÷ÕOÕP. J|VWHUHQYHHQE\NEL\RORMLNDNWLYLWH\HVDKLSRODQIRUPXGXU>@%LWNLVHO\D÷ODU(YLWDPLQL. EDNÕPÕQGDQ ]HQJLQGLU .DUDFL÷HU YH \XPXUWD RUWD GHUHFHGH ( YLWDPLQL LoHULU WRNRIHURO LoLQ |QHULOHQ JQON JHUHNVLQLP HUNHNOHUGH PJ NDGÕQODUGD PJ¶GÕU ( YLWDPLQL JHUHNVLQLPL. oRNOXGR\PDPÕú\D÷DVLWLDOÕPÕDUWWÕ÷Õ]DPDQDUWDU(YLWDPLQLLQFHED÷ÕUVDNODUGDDEVRUSODQÕU(. .
(155) YLWDPLQLHNVLNOL÷LHUNHQGR÷DQEHEHNOHUH|]JGU<HWLúNLQOHUGHJHQHOOLNOHNXVXUOXOLSLGHPLOLPL. YH WDúÕQPDVÕ\OD ELUOLNWHGLU øQVDQODUGD ( YLWDPLQL HNVLNOL÷L EHOLUWLOHUL HULWURVLWOHULQ SHURNVLWOHUH NDUúÕ GX\DUOÕOÕ÷Õ YH DQRUPDO KFUH PHPEUDQODUÕQÕQ ROXúPDVÕGÕU (Q]LP YH ELOHúLNOHULQ oR÷X RNVLGDWLI VWUHVLQ HWNLOHULQH NDUúÕ KFUHOHUL NRUXUODUNHQ ( YLWDPLQL DQWLRNVLGDQ VDYXQPDQÕQ WPQGH |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLSWLU ( YLWDPLQL VHUEHVW UDGLNDOOHULQ RNVLGDV\RQXQD NDUúÕ KFUH PHPEUDQÕQGDNLoRNOXGR\PDPÕú\D÷DVLWOHULQLNRUXPDGDLONVDYXQPDKDWWÕQÕROXúWXUXU>@ . 9LWDPLQ(VHNL]IDUNOÕIRUPGDEXOXQDELOHQ\D÷GDo|]QHELOLUELUYLWDPLQGLU WRNRIHURO. LQVDQODUGD9LWDPLQ(¶QLQoRNDNWLIELUIRUPXGXUYHKFUHWDUDIÕQGDQPHPEUDQDED÷OÕ|QHPOLELU DQWLRNVLGDQ ROXS oRN JoO EL\RORMLN DQWLRNVLGDQGÕU 2QXQ DVÕO DQWLRNVLGDQ IRQNVL\RQX OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQDNDUúÕNRUXPDGÕU6RQoDOÕúPDODU WRNRIHUROYHDVNRUELNDVLGLQG|QJVHORODUDN EHUDEHU IRQNVL\RQ J|VWHUGLNOHULQL NDQÕWODPÕúWÕU $QWLRNVLGDQ UHDNVL\RQX VÕUDVÕQGD WRNRIHURO. OLSLGYH\DOLSLGSHURNVLOUDGLNDOLQHNDUDUVÕ]KLGURMHQLQLYHUHUHN WRNRIHUROUDGLNDOLQHG|QúU WRNRIHURO UDGLNDOL DVNRUELN DVLW WDUDIÕQGDQ RULMLQDO WRNRIHURO úHNOLQH G|QúWUOPHNWHGLU. >@ . %LUNDo HSLGHPL\RORMLN oDOÕúPDGD 9LWDPLQ (¶QLQ YFXGD JLUPHVLQLQ HWNLOHUL UDSRU. HGLOPLúWLU 9LWDPLQ (¶QLQ JQON ,8 DOÕQPDVÕQÕQ NDQVHU KFUHOHULQLQ DSRSWR]LVLQL. WHWLNOH\HUHN NRORUHNWDO NDQVHULQ ROXú VÕNOÕ÷ÕQÕ D]DOWWÕ÷Õ NDQÕWODQPÕúWÕU %|\OHFH 9LWDPLQ (¶QLQ JoOELUKFUHG|QJVLQKLELW|UROGX÷XNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU*HQHOOLNOH9LWDPLQ(¶QLQNRUX\XFX HWNLVL HQGRQNOHD]ODUÕQ DNWLYDV\RQXQXQ YH VHUEHVW UDGLNDO ROXúXPXQX LQKLELV\RQXQXQ ELU VRQXFXGXU 'L÷HU oDOÕúPDODUOD \ÕOÕQ ]HULQGHNL SHUL\RWODUGD NRORUHNWDO NDQVHU DGHQRPD\Õ. |QOHPH\H9LWDPLQ&YHEHWDNDURWHQLOHNRPELQDV\RQXQGD9LWDPLQ(¶QLQQHJDWLIVRQXoODUÕGD UDSRU HGLOPLúWLU >@ 9LWDPLQ &¶QLQ 9LWDPLQ (¶\L \HQLOHPHVLQLQ DQODúÕOPDVÕQGDQ EX \DQD RNVLGDWLI KDVDUD NDUúÕ 9LWDPLQ &¶QLQ NRUX\XFX HWNLVLQH 9LWDPLQ (¶QLQ HQJHO ROGX÷X LOHUL VUOPúWU>@. 6HOOOHU YH RUJDQHO ]DUODU DUDVÕQD JLUHUHN VHUEHVW UDGLNDOOHUL GDKD D] UHDNWLI ELOHúLNOHUH. oHYLUHUHN ]DUODUÕ OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQXQD NDUúÕ NRUXU ( YLWDPLQL SHURNVLW YH KLGURSHURNVLWOHUL KLGURMHQ L\RQODUÕ\OD GR\XUXS SHURNVLW UDGLNDOOHULQLQ DNWLYLWHVLQL D]DOWDUDN RWRRNVLGDV\RQXQ EDúODWÕFÕVÕ RODQ EX UHDNVL\RQODUÕ LQKLEH HGHU *6+3[¶H EHQ]HU HWNL J|VWHUHUHN KFUHGH ]DU RNVLGDV\RQXQX |QOH\HUHN GRNXODUÕQ \DSÕVDO YH IRQNVL\RQHO EWQO÷Q VD÷ODU ( YLWDPLQL HWNLVLQL ]DU IRVIROLSLGOHULQGH EXOXQDQ DUDúLGRQLN DVLGH ED÷ODQDUDN J|VWHULU YH NHQGL EDúODWWÕ÷Õ UHDNVL\RQLOHELUUDGLNDOH $
(156) G|QúHUHNSHURNVLGDV\RQ]LQFLUUHDNVL\RQXQXNHVHU . . 522 /LSLGSHURNVLUDGLNDOL
(157) $+ . 522 $ . . . 522$. 522+$. . .
(158) +HUELU(YLWDPLQLLNLRNVLGDV\RQ]LQFLULQLGXUGXUXUdQNYLWDPLQ(UDGLNDOL]LQFLULQ. GHYDPÕLoLQD]UHDNWLIWLU>@(YLWDPLQLQLQDQWLRNVLGDQIRQNVL\RQXoR÷XGL\HWVHOELOHúHQOHULQ. GXUXPXLOH\DNÕQGDQLOJLOLGLU(YLWDPLQLYHULOPHPLúKD\YDQODU(YLWDPLQLYHULOPLúKD\YDQODUD J|UH oHYUHQLQ HWNLOHULQH NDUúÕ JHQHOOLNOH GDKD GX\DUOÕGÕU ( YLWDPLQL HNVLNOL÷L RODQ GHQHNOHUGH. PHWDEROLN RODQ KLGURSHURNVLWOHU DOGHKLWOHU YH GL÷HU RNVLGDV\RQ UQOHULQLQ DUWWÕ÷Õ ( YLWDPLQL YHULOHQ GHQHNOHUGH OLSLG SHURNVLGDV\RQX VHEHS RODQ VHUEHVW UDGLNDOOHULQ D]DOGÕ÷Õ J|]OHQPLúWLU >@. ( YLWDPLQL HNVLNOL÷L JHQHOGH SUHPDWU EHEHNOHUGH J|UOU <HWLúNLQOHUGH JHQHOOLNOH. NXVXUOXOLSLGHPLOLPLYHWDúÕQPDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHGLU(YLWDPLQLQLQNDOSKDVWDOÕ÷ÕJHOLúPHVLQHNDUúÕ. NRUX\XFX HWNL J|VWHUGL÷L V|\OHQPHNWHGLU 9LWDPLQ ( YLWDPLQ & YH ENDURWHQ NDWDUDNW EDúODQJÕFÕQÕ JHFLNWLUPHGH ELUOLNWH LúOHY J|UUOHU <D÷GD o|]QHQ YLWDPLQOHULQ HQ D] WRNVLN RODQÕGÕU>@ . (YLWDPLQLHNVLNOL÷LQGHROXúDQELUWDNÕPER]XNOXNODUÕQG]HOWLOPHVLQGHVHOHQ\XP 6H
Benzer Belgeler
ÖLÇME, DEĞERLENDİRME VE SINAV HİZMETLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ KİTAPÇIK TÜRÜ A.. Cevaplarınızı, cevap kağıdına
ÖLÇME, DEĞERLENDİRME VE SINAV HİZMETLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ KİTAPÇIK TÜRÜ A.. Cevaplarınızı, cevap kâğıdına
ÖLÇME, DEĞERLENDİRME VE SINAV HİZMETLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ KİTAPÇIK TÜRÜ A.. Cevaplarınızı, cevap kağıdına işaretleyiniz.. FEN
ÖLÇME, DEĞERLENDİRME VE SINAV HİZMETLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ KİTAPÇIK TÜRÜ A.. Cevaplarınızı, cevap kâğıdına işaretleyiniz.. T.C. Selanik’in aşağıdaki
ÖLÇME, DEĞERLENDİRME VE SINAV HİZMETLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ KİTAPÇIK TÜRÜ A.. Cevaplarınızı, cevap kâğıdına işaretleyiniz.. T.C. Mustafa Kemal, Sofya’da Osmanlı
Aşağıdaki tabloda görsellerle ilgili bazı bilgiler yer almaktadır. Kan; acil değil, sürekli bir ihtiyaçtır. Kan üretilemeyen bir dokudur ve hâlâ tek kaynağı
ÇÖZÜM 2:Önce sayılar arsındaki kural bulunur.Buradaki kural her sayının kendisiyle çarpılıp, sonuçların toplanmasıdır.O halde sonuç:?.
The analysis of the in vitro data on the release of RA from hydrogel and o/w emulsion bases was carried out using the Higuchi equation, which is valid when the release of drug from