DOĞU VE BATI ARASINDA İBN RÜŞD

Tam metin

(1)I. BÖLÜM / PART I. DOĞU VE BATI ARASINDA İBN RÜŞD. IBN RUSHD BETWEEN EAST AND THE WEST. Editör: Talip Özdeş Özdeş.

(2) 2 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu.

(3) ‫

(4) ‬. ‫‪The Future of Islam in front of Contemporary Challenges‬‬ ‫‪Günümüz Meydan Okumaları Karşısında İslâm’ın‬‬ ‫‪İslâm’ın Geleceği‬‬ ‫‪Hasan Hanefi‬‬ ‫أو‪

(5) :‬ر ا ‪.‬‬ ‫و أن ار ان

(6) ق اق‪ ! .‬ا ا ‪ .‬و' ا&‪ %‬د ‪#‬أ ‪ ."#‬زال‬ ‫ا ‪ ! ,‬ا‪ 4‬ق‪ ،‬و زال ا‪+ 8‬أب إ‪ 5.‬ا‪3 4‬ق‪ ،‬آا‪ 0#‬ا ‪,‬ه ! ا‪ -.‬ورأ‪ ! ,‬ا‪+‬م‬ ‫; ‪9:‬ر ا"د ا‪9‬رو>‪.= - 0‬ل ا ء‪.‬‬ ‫و ‪ - A3‬أو > ث ‪#‬أ ا&‪ ! %‬ا?ب ‪" -‬ا‪C3‬م ا" ا‪ "8‬و ‪E 0> F# 5 G‬وف‬ ‫‪"# .NWO‬ه ‪#‬أ ا&‪" - %‬ا‪C3‬م ا" ا‪8‬د" ‪H#‬ر‪E 0"#‬وف ‪ .NNWO‬و?‪ .‬ا" ت او‪0.‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ا&ب ا‪ 03=K‬إ ا&ب اردة‪ ،‬و ‪9 -‬ازن ا‪9‬ى إ ‪9‬ازن ا‪ ،N:‬و ‪ -‬ا" ذى ا‪ -.‬إ ‬ ‫ا" ذى ا‪ O‬ا‪9‬ا‪.E‬‬ ‫و‪ PR+‬ان ‪ S. 0.> 0.‬دا=‪ P‬ا?ب ‪ 5RK" -.#‬ا

(7) ‪ -..‬ا'‪Q‬اآ واأ‪-.# P# ,‬‬ ‫ا"‪ 09‬ا ‪

(8) F‬ا‪'9‬ت ا&ة وأورو‪ #‬ا?‪ ! 0.#‬اآ‪ G‬و‪ ! U.‬أ!‪ .‬و‪ ! .,T‬ا‪;4‬اف‪.‬‬ ‫‪+‬ع "‪W‬اع ا&‪U‬رات" و"‪ 0‬ار"‪U&! .‬رة ا?‪ ،0.#‬ا‪9.‬د‪ 0‬ا‪W ! 0.&.K‬اع ‪9X‬هى‬ ‫ ‪ Z‬ا&‪U‬رات ا‪ ،0.+‬ا‪ ,Y‬م وا‪# ! .0.,9Q9 9R‬أت ا&‪.‬ة ب ! ا" ا‪ A3 ,Y‬ا‪9F‬رة ا‪0. ,Y‬‬ ‫! إان ! !ا ‪ ،1979‬وا‪9&:‬ة ا‪ ! 0. ,Y‬أورو‪ #‬ا‪ ،0.+‬وا‪+‬ر ا‪ ,Y‬م ! أورو‪ #‬ا?‪0.#‬‬ ‫و

(9) ! ا‪'9‬ت ا&ة ا‪ E 0.R 4‬أ‪ NW‬ا‪ -‬ا‪ "# F‬ا‪ ،0.&.K‬و‪+‬ط ا&آت ا‪ ! 0. ,Y‬آ‪P‬‬ ‫أر‪X‬ء ا" ا‪ ! ,Y‬ا?ب وا‪G8‬ا\ و‪ S9‬و ‪ :‬و‪ 5Q‬ا‪G8‬ة ا"‪ 0.#‬و‪3‬ن و‪9,‬ر وا"اق‬ ‫و‪#‬آ‪K‬ن وأ!?‪K‬ن وأو‪ .K.‬وا

(10) ‪ -.‬وآ‪ P‬أوا‪ ,Y! ..,T ],‬م "ا‪9.,4‬ى" دم ‪9‬ى ^ ا‪ ,Y‬م‬ ‫"ا"‪ P# ." #‬إن ا‪ ,Y‬م "ا‪

(11) " !4‬و‪ `Q‬ا‪93‬ض‪ .‬و آ‪ O‬أ‪R E‬ى ‪ PE " .8.‬ا"ب‬ ‫ا‪ ,Y‬م‪ ،‬و‪.?#‬ه ‪.":3‬‬ ‫و ‪Q‬ع ‪ -‬ا‪ ,Y‬م أ‪9a " 5‬ى" ا‪ b: ،0 G3‬ا‪A‬ه ! ا‪ a‬و‪ ! S.‬ا‪! .PK‬‬ ‫ ش ‪T‬دم ! ا‪ P 038‬أن ] إ ا‪4‬رض ‪ P" #‬ا?‪9‬ا‪ .0‬و&ث ا‪" - 0.!9:‬أ‪ "dK‬ا‪A‬ى "ا‪0.R 4‬‬ ‫‪ S.‬ا‪ ]! -‬ه‪ 0 98 9‬ا‪ \"+‬وا"دات أو ا"\ وا‪.Y‬ت أو ا‪K,f‬ت وا‪e.‬ت أو ا‪ 4‬آ‪-‬‬ ‫وا‪4‬ز ‪ 03‬ا‪ 0,‬أو ا‪. 4‬د وا‪9‬ا أو اق ا‪ 0.!9:‬أو ر‪X‬ل ا‪ -‬إ ‪ =T‬رس !

(12) ا'‪X‬ع‬ ‫ا‪ 3‬و!

(13) ار ارن ‪h‬دن‪ .‬و‪ S.‬ه‪ ! i& 9‬ار ‪UE -‬رة و ان أو ‪E -‬وب‬ ‫و=اب‪ ،‬وآ ه ‪ ,#‬ا‪ .-‬و‪9.>" 0.,., C S.‬ا;‪ "0.‬أ &‪ ,# R‬ا‪ j‬أو ‪ ,#‬ا‪ -‬أو ‪,#‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0"+‬وإ' آن ا‪.R‬ن ا‪ 9.:‬دو‪ 0‬د‪ ،0.3‬وآ‪ d‬ا‪ C3‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪ 0.

(14) K‬دو' د‪ .0.3‬و‪S.‬‬ ‫ ‪ - 0 98‬ا‪9‬ا‪ -.‬وا‪+‬ا\‪ Z‬ا&ود‪ ،‬ا‪ P‬و‪ Z‬ا‪4‬ى وا‪4‬ر‪ PX‬واب وا‪AX

(15) O

(16) :‬وع‬ ‫ا‪ Pk3‬وا'م ‪ R#‬وادة‪ .‬وآ

(17) ‪9W‬ر ‪ 0.

(18) ,‬و ر‪,‬ت !"

(19) ‪ -

(20) 0.‬ا‪ "+‬وا‪. ,‬‬ ‫إ ا‪ -‬أ‪ U‬ه‪ 9‬ا‪9‬روث ا‪ !F‬ااآ ار وا‪A‬ى &‪9‬ل إ >!‪ 0."Q 0‬ا&ت ‪Z‬‬ ‫=ة ا‪9"+‬ب وا ت ‪ ! 3‬ا‪F 4‬ل ا" ‪ 0.‬و‪ .,‬ا‪#4‬ل وا‪ l:‬ا‪ . "+‬إذ ‪ +K‬ا" ‪0‬‬ ‫وا‪9, E

(21) 0Wk‬اء ‪#‬ت ا‪ 0.T‬و‪E4#‬د‪ %‬ا‪ 093‬آ ‪+K‬ون ‪F 4#‬ل ا" ‪ 0.‬وا‪94‬ال ا‪9>H‬رة‪.‬‬ ‫آ ه ‪ 0

(22) , 08E‬ا‪9‬ا‪9 Z‬م

(23) ا‪ 3‬ا'‪ X‬وإ‪8‬د رات

(24) ‪9

(25) K‬ك ا دى وا‪ . 8‬ه‪ 9‬ا‪A‬ى‬ ‫&د رؤ‪ 0‬ا‪3‬س

(26) "‪ ،‬و"‪X9 .‬ت

(27) ‪9

(28) K‬ك‪ .‬ه‪ 9‬ا‪Gk‬ون ا‪ K 3‬ا&‪ a‬ا‪ a‬وا‪9‬ا‪PW‬‬ ‫ "‪ 5‬دون إ‪E‬اث ‪ -.# 0".‬ا‪ a‬وا&‪ a‬آ !"

(29) ‪ d‬أورو‪# ! #‬ات ‪9:‬ره ا&‪ 0F‬أو ‪8‬ور و‪.K‬‬ ‫ ‪ ،3.# P‬ا‪9‬روث

(30) &‪.‬ة ا‪ ،0Wk‬وا&ا>‪.&

(31) 0‬ة ا" ‪ .0‬وه‪ C" ! 5#+ 5 o9 9‬ا‪!F‬ت‬.

(32) ‫‪4 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu‬‬ ‫ا‪ ،0.3‬ا‪3‬وآ‪ 0.‬وا‪9‬ذ‪ 0‬وا‪ 0.Q9 9R‬وا‪9.‬د‪ 0‬وا‪Q 0.&.K‬ة أو ‪ ! Q .p i; -‬ا'‪8‬هت‬ ‫ا&‪.(1)3 0F‬‬ ‫و! ر‪ 3k‬ا&‪E C" dX= %‬آت ا&ر ا‪ - 3;9‬ا‪9‬روث ا‪ !F‬وا‪! . ,Y‬‬ ‫‪E‬د ا‪ ?!4‬ه‪A‬ا ا‪+‬وع ا&رى‪ :‬ا‪ ,Y‬م ! ‪9‬ا‪ 0X‬ا'‪",‬ر ! ا‪k‬رج‪ ،‬وا ! اا=‪ .(2)P‬و

(33) ‬ ‫إ>‪ d b‬ا‪9F‬رات ا&ر‪ 0‬ا‪ ! 0

(34) F 0. ,Y‬ا‪9F‬رة ا"ا‪ ،1882 ! : ! 0.#‬وا‪9F‬رة ا‪ ! 0‬‬ ‫ا‪9K‬دان‪ .‬وا‪ ,‬ا‪ ,Y‬م ا‪ 3 3;9‬دة >‪9‬رة ‪ A.

(35) ،b & A. - 1919‬ا‪ P# . ?!4‬و&‪9‬ل إ ‬ ‫‪ 0

(36) Q 0U‬و&‪: %‬ى‪ .‬و‪E‬ث ‪ S‬ا‪ +‬ء ! ا?ب ا"‪ 3 #‬ل ا ‪ ! ,‬ا?ب‪ ،‬و ‬ ‫ا&‪# -# .‬د‪ S‬وا‪ .+‬ا‪#Y‬اه‪ .‬و ` ‪ ! -#‬ا‪G8‬ا\‪ ،‬وا‪ ,93K‬و ا‪k‬ر ! ‪ ،..‬و‪-KE‬‬ ‫ا‪ 3‬و‪ 0 X‬ا‪9=Y‬ان ! ‪ :‬وا‪+‬ره ! ا‪ -;9‬ا"‪ ، #‬و! ا‪+‬م ‪ 3‬ا‪9R‬اآ ‪Z\;" ! F&#‬‬ ‫ا'‪,‬اد" ‪ 3‬ا&‪R‬م‪ ،‬وا 'ة وا ‪9‬ر ! "أم اى" ‪ 3‬ا&‪ .-. 9R‬و! !

(37) ‪ G -.K‬ا‪ -‬ا‪K‬م >‬ ‫‪E‬آ‪ 0‬او ‪ 0‬ا‪E 0. ,Y‬س وا‪8‬د‪ .‬و! ‪3‬ن ا‪GE4‬اب ا‪GE 0W= 0. ,Y‬ب ا‪ j‬ا‪A‬ى د ‪E‬آ‪0‬‬ ‫& ا‪938‬ب ‪ -‬ا'‪ E‬ل ا‪ . 9.:‬و! ا‪ -.‬ا‪ 0\4‬ا‪E4‬ار ‪ PF‬ز ا‪ P# . R+‬إن ا‪9‬ه‪ ! 0.#‬‬ ‫^وف ‪ 5Q‬ا‪G8‬ة ا"‪ 0.#‬آ‪E d‬آ‪ 0‬إ‪C a 0.E W‬ه ا‪ 0.3>9‬وا‪+‬ك ‪ PF‬ا‪ -.# ],9‬ا‪KY‬ن وا‪j‬‬ ‫‪4#‬و‪.‬ء و‪ #‬وا

(38) ‪K‬ت وا‪8Q4‬ر وا"‪C‬م ارآ‪ d9& > .0‬إ وه‪ .E9 0.,., 0.#‬ا\‪P‬‬ ‫و‪E9 0R

(39) S.,H‬ة ‪ P‬أن &‪9‬ل ا‪9‬ه‪ 0.#‬إ ‪ 0.

(40) ,‬د‪ 0.3‬و ‪ E ,.,‬وت ا‪9‬ه‪ 0.#‬ا‪8‬ة ا ‬ ‫‪ P‬ا‪9‬ه‪ 0.#‬ا‪ ! 0.

(41) K‬ا"‪.‬ة و‪K! u! -R‬د ا‪C3‬م ا&آ وو‪9X‬د ا‪9‬ات ا‪

(42) 0.3X4‬أرا‪ a‬ا د‪.‬‬ ‫و‪,‬ه ا‪ ,Y‬م ! ‪E‬آت ا&ر ا‪ ! ،.,T ! 3;9‬إو‪ .K.‬و ‪ G.‬وا‪ 3‬و‪#‬آ‪K‬ن‪ .‬و‪ v

(43) #‬ا‪A‬روة ! ‬ ‫ا‪9F‬رة ا‪ ! 0. ,Y‬إان‪ ،‬وو‪9W‬ل آ‪ - .F‬ا‪GE4‬اب ا‪ 0. ,Y‬إ ا‪3W i; - 0

(44) K‬د‪ i‬ا'اع آ‬ ‫ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ! آ‪ .‬وا?ب و‪ i; - S.‬ا' ب آ ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ! ا‪9K‬دان‪.‬‬ ‫و‪8 "#‬ح ‪E‬آت ا&ر ا‪ 3;9‬وا‪ ,‬ل اول ا&‪# 0F‬أت إ دة ‪3#‬ء او‪ 0‬ا‪9‬رو>‪- 0‬‬ ‫ا&‪ 0‬ا'‪",‬ر‪ %&

(45) x # 0‬وا‪ 0.3‬وا دا

(46) ا‪ ].k‬وا‪ .Z.3:‬و=ج ا‪ ]

(47) K‬ا

(48) ‪.‬ى ‪-‬‬ ‫ا‪9‬روث ا ‪ S.,H‬دو‪9 0‬م

(49) ا‪ . G‬ا‪4‬و‪ ،E‬و&‪ ,# R‬ا&‪G‬ب ا‪9‬ا‪ ،E‬و ‪ 9‬إ اأى ا‪9‬ا‪،E‬‬ ‫وا'=‪.‬ر ا‪ X994‬ا‪9‬ا‪ ,# E‬ا‪.‬دات ار‪ 0.k‬ا دت ‪E‬آت ا&ر ا‪ . 3;9‬و‪R3‬ت ء‬ ‫ا‪U3‬ل ‪ .S 4#‬و‪#‬أت ‪ 0

(50) K# >HK‬و‪E‬ه‪ ،‬وا‪ l

(51) k‬ر‪ # - .8‬ا ‪ .P\:‬و ‪ C" PE‬إ ‬ ‫‪ 0#‬ا' ب

(52) ‪C‬م او‪ 0‬أو ‪ -‬أ‪ PX‬ا=‪9‬ل آف ! &‪ o‬ا&‪G‬ب ا‪9‬ا‪ ,# E‬ا'\ ف ا‪ 3;9‬‬ ‫أو &‪9 o‬ى ا‪ O"+‬ا" ‪ .P‬و^‪ P‬ا‪

(53) 4‬ه‪A‬ا ا‪ - p# 9&3‬ا

(54) ‪ ! i‬ا‪ .C3‬ا‪ ,.K‬ا\ ‪ ،‬و م‬ ‫ا= ء ا‪.C3‬ت ا‪ 0+‬أو ا ‪ 0. Q‬ا‪ ،0Wk‬ا‪ 0. ,Y‬وارآ‪ .0.K‬و; آن ه‪3‬ك ‪+‬وع ‪ 9‬‬ ‫درا

(55) ‪ .38‬ا‪8‬ه‪ .‬وا!ع ‪ &: -‬آ‪ d‬ا‪ k‬ا‪ ' 0\ 0.,.K‬أ> و‪ S.‬ارة

(56) ‬ ‫‪ .38‬ا‪8‬ه‪ .‬ا رأت ! ا=‪.‬رات او‪ 0‬ا‪.&: - " .= 0.3;9‬‬ ‫و ‪#‬أ ا ‪K‬د ! اا=‪ ،P‬وإ>اء ات ا‪8‬ة‪ ،‬وا‪pY‬اق ! ا‪"+‬رات ا‪ 0.3;9‬اا‪،0‬‬ ‫وا‪K‬ع ا‪ -.# 0!K‬ا‪94‬ال وا‪"!4‬ل‪ -.# ،‬ادئ ا"

(57) ‪ 03‬وا‪8Y‬زات ا‪ ،03R‬و&‪9‬ل ا‪9‬ات ا‪ 0&

(58) K‬إ ‬ ‫اا=‪ P‬أآ‪ - F‬ا‪k‬رج ‪X‬ءت ه‪ Y 9.9 0G‬ن ‪ 0‬ا‪C3‬م ا‪ ,.K‬ا‪A‬ى ‪ 53‬او‪ 0‬ا‪ .0.3;9‬و‪p#‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ا‪:‬ر أآ‪ 1973 #9‬إ' أن

(59) ‪'9& -‬ت ا‪ 0. X‬وا‪:‬د‪# 0‬ا‪9# 0‬ن ا'‪F,‬ر ! ‪،1975‬‬ ‫> زرة اس ! ‪ "# 1977 !9‬ه‪ S - 3 0‬ا"م‪ ،‬وا ‪.‬ت آ ‪ O‬د ‪ 1978 ! .‬و "هة‬ ‫ا‪ K‬م ‪ : -.#‬وإ‪,‬ا\‪ ،1979 ! P.‬وا&‪9‬ل ‪ -‬ا'‪Q‬اآ‪ 0.‬إ اأ‪ ،0.,‬و ‪ -‬ا‪ i:‬ا‪ +‬إ ‬ ‫ا&

(60) ‪ o.‬ا‪ R 4‬ا‪A‬ى ‪ - %99 b.#‬أوراق ا

(61) "‪ ! 0‬ا‪+‬ق ا‪4‬و‪ ،],‬وزدة "‪ 0.‬او‪ ،0‬وار ا\‪- P‬‬ ‫ا?‪ O‬وا‪ 4‬آ‪ P# 0‬و‪ Z.8+‬او‪ 8

(62) 0‬ت ا‪ 0. : 0. ,Y‬ا‪ "# -.W3‬ه‪ "# ،1977 3 0‬ه‪A‬ا‬ ‫آ

(63) ‪ ،5‬ا‪ dC.,‬ا‪ k‬ا‪ .0\3‬و‪#‬أت ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪9& 0. ,Y‬ل ‪ -‬ا { إ اآ‪" .G‬ض ‪ K‬آ‪9‬ى‬ ‫‪ 0

(64) #‬درة

(65) ا‪Y‬ذ ا‪ - 3;9‬ا"‪ 0.‬وا'"‪G‬ال ! ا‪k‬رج‪ ،‬وا وا ‪K‬د ! اا=‪ .P‬وا‪.38 d ,‬‬ ‫ا‪3‬س ‪ a‬ا‪C3‬م ا\‪ ،‬وا‪83‬ح ! "‪ C‬ا‪#k‬ت ا'&دات وا‪#3‬ت ا‪ 0.3‬وا ‪ ،0.#‬ورس ‪;+‬‬. ‫)‪ (1‬ا‪ :C‬ااث وا‪ - 3 9 ،8‬ااث ا‪ ،‬اآ‪ G‬ا"‪ %&

(66) #‬وا‪ ،+3‬اهة ‪ ، 1980‬ص‪.20-11‬‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ا‪X :C‬ل ا‪ -‬ا‪ ، ?!4‬ا\‪ 09‬ا‪4‬و )‪ ،(1997-1897‬دار ء‪ ،‬اهة ‪.1998‬‬.

(67) ‫‪İbn Rüşd’ü Yeniden Düşünmek / 5‬‬ ‫ا"

(68) ‪ , - p# 3‬ح ا ‪ 0. Q‬ا‪ ..

(69) ]

(70) K‬وآ‪ F‬ا&‪" :- %‬ا‪9&:‬ة" ا‪" ،0. ,Y‬ا‪C‬هة"‬ ‫ا‪" ،0. ,Y‬ا‪ ,Y‬م ا‪" ،" ,.K‬ا‪9F‬رة" ا‪ .+ 0. ,Y‬إ ‪ S‬ا‪ +‬ء‪ ،‬ا‪ Y‬ن ‪ 0E -‬ر‪ 0.k‬د ‪' 0‬‬ ‫‪ E 3 C‬ان إ' ‪ 0‬ا‪ P8‬دون أ‪ 5

(71) ,‬ا‪A‬ى زال ?‪9‬را &‪ d‬اء‪9! 3 C ' ،‬ق ا‪ NK‬إ'‬ ‫ا‪ Z.#3.‬ا ‪k‬ج ‪ 3‬آ‪ - .F‬ا‪ b.‬ا‪ 0.!98‬ا ' اه أ‪.E‬‬ ‫وآ‪ d‬ا‪4‬رض =‪+' 0:‬ر ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ 0. ,Y‬و‪ Y‬ء ‪ - 0. Q K‬ا‪ 4‬ا‪9‬ا‪ ! .Z‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ا‪3‬س و ‪ Z‬ا‪3‬س و

(72) ‪3‬س‪ .‬أ&‪ XK# d‬دورا

(73) ‪,3‬ت ‪GEh‬ان وا‪!4‬اح‪ ،‬وا"‪.‬دات ا‪- '# 0.‬‬ ‫ ?'ة ا‪;4‬ء‪ ،‬و!‪9:‬ل ا‪ - '# 09‬اروس ا‪ 0.W9:k‬ا أره‪G. d‬ا‪ 0.‬ا‪,4‬ة‪ P# .‬وإ‪8‬د أ ل‬ ‫

(74) ";

(75) ‪ ،-.‬و‪E,‬ت ر‪+

(76) 0.a‬ب‪ ،‬و‪."X‬ت =‪

(77) 0.‬اء‪ ،‬و‪G‬و‪ .p x‬ادر‪ "Q .-‬ا‪3‬س ‪ #‬أآ‪ F‬‬ ‫‪"Q‬وا ‪#‬و‪ 0‬وأ‪A=H! .GX‬ت ‪ - 0. Q‬أ‪ ,# P ,‬ا‪ k‬ت أ‪9‬ى ‪ -‬ا‪ 0. +‬ا ‪ - N3‬أ

(78) ‬ ‫‪ ,#‬ا‪9‬ن‪ .‬وه‪ , 9‬ح ! او‪ 9:= a 5

(79) "K 0‬ا‪ .-..,.K‬آ‪ d‬ا‪ 8‬ت أول ‪ -‬أهع‬ ‫‪ K‬ة ‪ #9R3‬ا‪GG‬ال ا‪A‬ى ‪a‬ب اهة ! أوا\‪ P‬ا‪3."K‬ت ‪ P‬أ‪GX‬ة ا‪X

(80) ! .- 4‬ءت ا‪GX4‬ة‬ ‫ا‪ 0.,‬ا‪RE‬ت أ ل ا‪ 0>pY‬و‪ -

(81) ,‬أى ا‪ 8‬ت‪ .‬و‪E‬ث ‪ S‬ا‪ +‬ء ‪ Z‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪K.‬ر‪ 0‬ا ‬ ‫‪9 dC‬ا!‪ P‬ا‪ > -.K

(82) ! O"+ 0>pY‬ا‪ .

(83) d9,‬او‪f# P"K ' E 0‬رة &آت ‪ 0."Q‬أو‪9& Z,‬ل‬ ‫إ ‪E‬آت ‪ 09 H .p 0.,.,‬ا"‪9‬ا‪.O‬‬ ‫ ‪ ZK‬ا&‪G‬ب ا&آ ‪P‬ء ا اغ ا‪ -UE ! H+ 54 ,.K‬او‪ 0‬وا‪C3‬م آ‪ EH‬ا‪9‬زارات‪.‬‬ ‫أ ‪U‬ؤ‪9 ^9 b‬ن ‪9p‬ن و "‪93.‬ن ‪ -‬ا\‪ S.‬آ‪9‬زراء وا&!‪ -.C‬و ى ا‪ - 4‬ورؤ‪,‬ء ا‪" 8‬ت‪،‬‬ ‫و=‪X P‬ز او‪ ،0‬وا

(84) "‪9# O‬ا\ ا‪9

(85) F ' .-.=3‬ن ‪ N:‬ا‪ &: P# O"+‬ا‪9 ! .0.:k+‬اب‬ ‫اوض‪ ،‬ا‪9#‬ن ‪ -‬ا‪ 0 k‬ا"‪ .0RK‬و ‪ ZK‬أ‪ U‬أ‪GE‬اب ا"ر‪ 0a‬ارآ‪ 0.K‬وا‪0W3‬‬ ‫وا

(86) ‪.‬ا‪P 0.‬ء ا اغ ‪ 4‬أ‪ U‬و‪# 9‬ر‪ 0X‬أ‪

(87) " P‬ز ت ر‪ ،0.k‬و‪ "U‬ا‪:‬ا ت اا=

(88) ‪،0.‬‬ ‫و‪ ;+ :&3‬دا=‪ P‬ر ا‪GE4‬اب أو ! إ‪W‬ار ا‪8‬ة ا‪ 0. 9,4‬أو ا‪ 0. 9.‬ا‪9# 0

(89) F‬ن وا ‪9‬م‬ ‫او‪ ، # 0‬و' ُ‪H# NK‬ى &ك ‪ "Q‬إ' ‪ - N:#‬أ‪GX‬ة ا‪.- 4‬‬ ‫‪ d+ À‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ - 0"# 0. ,Y‬ع ا‪ O"+‬وا‪ d ,‬أن ‪9R‬ن ا"ّ ‪ 5Q‬ا‪- .E9‬‬ ‫‪ ،De‬و‪ 0. Q dK.‬ا‪9‬ن‬ ‫ ‪ O‬ا‪8‬ه‪ ..‬واآ‪ 0. Q dK‬ا‪ 4‬ا‪9‬ا‪Facto Z‬‬ ‫‪ .De Jure‬و‪#‬ر ا‪ 0# 0..C3‬ا‪ k‬ا"‪93‬د‪ 0‬أ‪ d&W‬درة

(90) ‪ +E‬ا‪8‬ه‪ ،.‬و‪.C3‬‬ ‫ا‪C‬هات ا" ‪8E 0‬ج

(91) &ث

(92) ‪ , - -;9‬و ‪A‬ا‪ -.K

(93) ! ! N#‬وا"اق وآ‪ .+‬و

(94) ! ‬ ‫ا‪ 03,9‬وا‪ `,‬وآ‪ P# 9!9,9‬أ>ه إ ا‪+.+‬ن‪.‬‬ ‫وا‪ dK‬ا‪ 0C4‬ا"‪ b8 -.K 0.#‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ .0. ,Y‬ا‪4‬ول زال "ه ‪.= K!3‬ا ‬ ‫! ا&‪ ،R‬و زال ‪ o., ]

(95) K‬ا ‪! ..

(96) 0. Q‬ذا ازداد ‪ ،;+‬ا‪f .## d‬ا ة

(97) ‪C O‬م ا&‪،R‬‬ ‫وم د إ ا&آ ا"‪ 0RK‬ا ' ‪ .! u‬و' إ‪#‬ام‪ .‬ه‪A‬ا ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ! ‪ :‬و‪ S9‬و‪ ..‬وا"اق‬ ‫و‪9,‬ر وا‪9"K‬د‪ 0‬و ن وا‪ Y‬رات‪! .‬ذا ‪C N,‬م ‪ o. k ,.,‬ا‪X# 5.

(98) ]?U‬اء ا‪#k‬ت ‪0."Q‬‬ ‫‪9R‬ن !‪ .‬ا‪9. ,Y‬ن ;! !‪9&83.! .‬ن ! ا'‪#k‬ت ا&

(99) ‪ ،0.‬و&‪:‬ون ‪9E‬ا >

(100) ‪ F‬ا‪O

(101) 3 ،S8‬‬ ‫ا‪ # .

(102) {.8‬ر‪ b‬ا‪9‬ر‪ %‬ا‪& +‬آ‪ 0‬ا&ر ا‪ 3;9‬ا ‪ # P:E‬ا‪

(103) O"+‬ا'‪ ,‬ل‪{.8! .‬‬ ‫ه‪ 9‬ا&

(104) ‪ .O"+‬و?ق ا د ! ‪ - &#‬ام‪ 0\ ،‬أ‪

(105) P. o‬ى ‪93, +‬ات ‪ -.#‬او‪0‬‬ ‫وا‪W ،-.. ,Y‬ا

(106) ا‪ 0

(107) , ،0

(108) K‬ا‪ ! 0

(109) F {.8‬او‪ 0‬و‪ 0

(110) ,‬ا‪ 0. +‬ا أ ‪ #‬ا‪9. ,Y‬ن‬ ‫إ ا‪ S8‬ا&

(111) ‪ .0.‬وم ‪ 0

(112) ,‬او‪ 0‬ذر"‪ 0‬أن ا‪ .p -.. ,Y‬د‪9‬ا;‪ ،-..‬وأ أ

(113) ‪93‬ا أن ه‪bA‬‬ ‫ا'‪#k‬ت ا ‪9&8‬ا !‪ .‬ه ‪ =T‬ا'‪#k‬ت‪ ! .‬اول

(114) ‪ ،0

(115) K‬و' ‪3‬زل ‪ -‬ا&‪ .R‬و‪ Z‬ا د ! ‪E‬ب‬ ‫أه

(116) ‪ .03E; 0.‬وآن ا‪ -;9‬آ‪ OK‬أآ‪ F‬و=‪ K‬أ‪ P‬إن ‪ O

(117) 3‬ا‪

(118) {.8‬او‪ ،0‬وأ? \‪ x‬ا'‪#k‬ت‪.‬‬ ‫وك ا‪ ! -.. ,Y‬ا&‪9 R‬ا‪9X‬ن ‪+‬آ‪ P‬ا وا‪ 0‬وا ‪K‬د وا‪9‬ن ا‪k‬ر‪! .0.X‬ذا ف ا‪3‬س أ ‬ ‫&‪9

(119) :‬ا

(120) ‪ Q‬ء ‪"+#‬رات‪ ،‬و &‪U P‬ه ‪9"#‬ا;‪ o‬ا‪9k3 0.Y‬ا "‪ 0X‬ا‪Y‬ذ" ‪.X -‬‬ ‫و‪9R‬ن ا د ت ‪ 0#8#‬د‪9‬ا;‪9 0.

(121) "! 0.‬م

(122) اول ا‪ - '# 0

(123) K‬ا'ل ‪ -.#‬ا'=‪9‬ة ا‪ 4‬اء‪،‬‬ ‫و‪ iQ‬ا‪ o:‬ا‪ ، 3;9‬و‪ P‬ا‪#4‬ء ‪ -‬ا‪K3‬ء وا‪ ;4‬ل وا‪9.+‬خ ا‪9E ' -A‬ل و' ‪9‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫و ‪9‬م ا‪9. ,Y‬ن ‪ #‬ب ‪ a‬ا‪ {.8‬آ ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ! ‪9, ! bE 0&#A‬ر أو "‪ 5‬آ ه‪9‬‬ ‫ا&ل ! ا' ب ا‪ ! .=4‬ا‪9K‬دان ا‪A‬ى ‪ a‬ا‪ {.8‬و{ ! ‪T‬ن وا‪ .E‬و ا‪&,‬ل و‪9X‬د ‪C‬م ‪ ,.,‬‬.

(124) ‫‪6 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu‬‬ ‫‪#‬أ‪ -.,‬أل ا‪ ،+ {.8‬و‪ # RE‬د‪ .b‬و‪ Q 0" K‬ا&‪ -.# P‬ا ‪ o9! .-.‬ا&‪.‬ة ا‪P." 0.,.K‬‬ ‫ا\‪." -.‬‬ ‫وا‪ F‬ا اف ا‪ 0C4‬ا‪ 0. +# 0.,.K‬ا&آت ا‪ 0. ,Y‬و‪ 9‬أن ‪9R‬ن ;! ! ا"د‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0.,.K‬وا‪K‬ر ا‪9‬ا; ‪ ،‬وا'‪RE‬م إ ‪3W‬د‪ i‬ا'اع‪ ،‬و‪9‬ل اول ا‪

(125) 0

(126) K‬ا‪ ! P4‬ا‪PR+‬‬ ‫ ‪ %.E -‬ا‪ Y‬ن واا‪ ،0‬و ‪9R‬ن ا‪ x\3‬وا‪ ،0

(127) k 03‬و‪ 3‬إ ‪,H S‬ة ا‪G8‬ا\‪ d

(128) ! .‬ا‪4‬ردن‬ ‫وا‪ d9R‬وا‪ -.‬وا?ب و‪3‬ن ا"د‪ 0‬ا‪ .0.,.K‬ود=‪ P‬ا‪9=Y‬ان ا‪9

(129) K‬ن ! ا‪4‬ردن و‪E‬آ‪ 0‬ا‪ WY‬ح ! ‬ ‫ا‪ -.‬وا‪ d9R‬ا'‪#k‬ت‪G .‬داد ه ! دورة > ‪ ! P‬دورة >‪ "# 0.‬أن رك ا‪3‬س أن ا‪"+‬رات ‬ ‫&‪ ،e.Q P‬وأ‪! ' 5‬ق ‪ ! 0\+ -.#‬ا‪ 0

(130) K‬و‪ X‬ت إ‪ ! 0. ,‬ا"ر‪ R! .0a‬ه &‪S R‬‬ ‫ا‪ ،i3‬ا&‪ R‬وا‪:# ،0

(131) K‬ف ا‪ - C3‬اا ‪ x‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬وا?‪ .‬ا'‪ ZK . X‬ا&آت‬ ‫ا‪ 0. ,Y‬ا‪9W9‬ل إ ا&‪ R‬إ' ! ا?ب وآ‪ .‬وإان‪ 0#8! .‬ا?ب ! اول ا‪9+ 0

(132) K‬د ‪- ،‬‬ ‫‪GE‬ب ا'‪ ,‬ل إ ا'&د ا'‪Q‬اآ إ ‪GE‬ب ا"ا‪ 0‬وا‪ .0.3‬و‪E‬ث ‪ S‬ا‪ +‬ء ! آ‪ - .‬ا‪GE4‬اب‬ ‫ا‪ 0. 9‬إ ‪GE‬ب را!‪ b‬إ ‪GE‬ب ا"ا‪ 0‬وا‪ .0.3‬و! إان ‪8‬ذب ا&‪.‬ة ا‪ 0.,.K‬وا‪ 0.‬ا‪:‬اع ‪-.#‬‬ ‫ا&!‪ -.C‬وا‪ .-..E WY‬و‪C‬ا "م ‪9:E‬ل أى ‪ -‬ا‪9‬ى ا‪ ! 0.,.K‬ه‪ bA‬ا‪8‬رب ‪ 5Q‬ا‪9‬ا;‪0.‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0.

(133) p4‬ا

(134) ‪ 0‬ا ‪ K‬ه

(135) ا&‪ ! R‬د=

(136) ‪ 9RE ! d‬ت ا\ !‪ 0.‬و‪X‬ت و;‪ # Z 0.3‬ا‪GE4‬اب‬ ‫ ‪ P9&

(137) K‬ا&آت ا‪"Q 0. ,Y‬را ا‪ 0.3‬إ ‪#‬ا ‪ 0.,., x‬وا‪ 0. X‬رب أو ‪Z‬‬ ‫‪ #‬اا ‪ x‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬ا‪GE4‬اب‪.‬‬ ‫وا‪ C3‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬ا"‪ 0.#‬ا&آ‪ 9 0‬ن‪ 0.R

(138) :‬و ‪ { ،0RK‬وا‪ .{.8‬ا

(139) ‪. Q K 0.R‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ا‪9‬را>‪ :0‬ت ا

(140) `‪ ،‬ش ا

(141) `‪ .‬وا"‪ -

(142) , K 0RK‬ا' ب ا"‪RK‬ى أو >‪9‬رة ا‪{.8‬‬ ‫ارآ‪ ،0‬أى ا‪9‬ات ا‪ 0. E 0&

(143) K‬ا‪9,‬ر‪ ،‬و‪E‬ر‪ 0,‬ا‪C3‬م‪ .‬و ‪9R 3‬ن ا\‪9 .S.‬ارث ا‪ {.8‬ا\‪0,‬‬ ‫ا أ‪RE d&W‬ا

(144) ‪ .5.‬وأ‪ d&W‬ا‪98‬ر‪ 0‬ا

(145) ‪3

(146) 9a9 0.R‬ر وا ‪R‬ه‪ 0‬ا‪ ! 0."+‬ا&‪.‬ة ا‪.0. 9.‬‬ ‫&‪9‬ل ا"‪RK‬ى إ

(147) ‪ ، R‬و‪ P^ -R‬ا\‪ S.‬ا"‪RK‬ى ه‪ OEW 9‬ا‪ 0

(148) K‬ا ‪K‬ه ‪ -‬ا‪ .{.8‬و‪ 5‬آ‪P‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0

(149) K‬و' &ج إ \‪ّ9 O‬ض ‪ u"# 5‬ا‪

(150) K‬ت و‪ 9‬ا‪ X9 ' 54 ،0.

(151) R+‬أ‪&K 5"Q -. - E‬‬ ‫ودر

(152) أدا\‪.‬‬ ‫وا&‪ 0.‬أ‪! ' 5‬ق ‪ -.#‬ا‪ ! -. C3‬ورا>‪ 0‬ا‪ 0

(153) K‬و‪9‬ر‪ ،F‬ا"‪9:& 0RK‬رة ! ا‪،{.8‬‬ ‫وا

(154) ‪9:& 0.R‬رة ! ا"\

(155) ‪ 0‬ا‪ .0R‬و"د ا‪9‬ا‪X‬ت ا‪9‬ا;‪ S8 - 0.‬ا‪9+‬رى وا‪ O"+‬وا‪0 4‬‬ ‫وان‪ .‬وا‪ o.G‬ه‪ 9‬ا‪ .Z\+‬و‪8‬ح ا\‪ S.‬وا&‪G‬ب ا&آ ‪ .%99.9 0K3#‬و‪G‬وّر آ‪9+‬ف ا'‪#k‬ت‪.‬‬ ‫و‪ Ok3‬ا‪9 4‬ات ‪ Z‬ا‪.E4‬ء ‪9,‬اء آن ذ` ‪Q#‬اف ‪ \U‬أو ‪#‬ون إ‪Q‬اف‪ .‬و‪9R‬ن ا‪ 08.3‬ا"‪ ! -‬‬ ‫ا'‪#k‬ت ‪ P#‬و‪ PE‬ا‪ S8‬ا‪" 0.#.3‬م ‪# . Q‬ار ‪ -‬ا&‪ 0R‬ا‪9,‬ر‪ 0‬ا"

(156) ‪..‬‬ ‫وآ ا‪K ' -. C3‬ان ‪ - .

(157) ,‬ا‪ ،O"+‬و' ‪ 9‬ن

(158) ا‪ 0".‬ا" ‪ 0‬وا=‪.‬ر ‪3

(159) E‬س‬ ‫آ ‪E‬د ا ء "ا‪ 0 Y‬و‪ 0".#‬وا=‪.‬ر"‪ .‬آ ه ">‪9.‬ا; " ا‪ ،0.3‬ا=‪.‬ر إ ‪ ,# ،‬ا‪ j‬أو ‪,#‬‬ ‫ا‪

(160) K‬ن‪ .‬وآ ه در

(161) آ‪ Q P‬ء "

(162) ور‪ ZK ،‬و‪

(163) R ،:‬و‪ .‬آ ه ‪ - 0. Q 5‬أ

(164) ‪،‬‬ ‫و‪ 5:3‬ا‪ - 0. +‬أ‪ .P ,‬وا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ - 0. Q 0. ,Y‬أ‪ i; - P ,‬ا‪ k‬ت

(165) ‪3‬س و‪ S.‬‬ ‫‪ - 0. Q‬أ

(166) أى ‪ -‬ا‪9‬ن وا' اف ا‪.# ,‬‬ ‫و‪ K‬ا‪ C3‬ا‪ 0W= 0‬ا"‪ i; - 0. Q 3 0RK‬ا‪ i. ,# -‬ا‪0. +‬‬ ‫ا‪ .0. ,Y‬وه‪ 9‬أ &‪ O‬إ >!‪ 0‬ا" ‪ 0‬و‪+‬د ا‪ .-..:3‬و‪ N:‬ا&آ ا"‪RK‬ى ا‪A‬ى ‪5. Q K‬‬ ‫ا "

(167) ‪ - 0.‬ا‪ {.8‬ا‪A‬ى م ‪ '#‬ب ‪ E E‬ا‪ 0"+‬وا&!

(168) ‪) .‬إ

(169)

(170) ا آ وإ

(171) ‬ ‫

(172) ن(‪ .‬و‪ bK‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ 0. ,Y‬ا&!‪ 0C‬ا " ا‪4‬و‪

(173) PR+

(174) 09‬ا‪9U‬ن‪ ،‬و"‪ b‬ا&آ‬ ‫ا"‪RK‬ى ا‪A‬ى "

(175) ‪ i. 5K

(176) # -‬ا‪ 0"+‬ا‪ S = 0. ,Y‬ا‪

(177) k‬ء اا‪ -Q‬أو إ م ا‪ -.

(178) K‬إ ‪=T‬‬ ‫ا‪4‬ب ا ‪ 3!> # =G‬ا‪ .0‬وه‪ N: 9‬ا‪ 4‬اء‪ ،‬و‪ - O

(179) 3‬ا'‪Q‬اآ‪ 0.‬إ اأ‪ ،0.,‬و ‪ -‬اع‬ ‫ا"م إ اع ا‪k‬ص‪ ،‬و‪G‬داد ا‪9‬ن ا‪ -.# Z,+‬ا‪.3p4‬ء وا اء‪ ،‬و‪ Za9‬ا"ر‪ ! 5 -.a‬ا" ت‪.‬‬ ‫و‪R‬ر ‪ S‬ا‪ +‬ء ! ‪#‬آ‪K‬ن ‪.a -‬ء ا&‪ ،i‬و! ا‪9K‬دان ‪ -‬ا‪.3‬ى‪ ،‬و! ‪ 5Q C‬ا‪G8‬ة ا"‪.0.#‬‬ ‫أ‪ i. NW‬ا‪ 0"+‬ا‪ 0. ,Y‬وو‪8 Za‬ن ‪ À 0.#‬وإ ء ا‪

(180) PF‬ذ` ‪ Z#‬أى‬ ‫ا اء ا‪K‬ر‪ -.‬أ م أ‪GX‬ة ا‪ Y‬م ا&

(181) ‪ 0.‬وا?‪

(182) 9k 0.#‬ا=‪ P‬وإ‪k

(183) 3‬رج ‪&#‬آ ا ‪9‬ى ادر‬ ‫

(184) ا‪9"+‬ب‪ .‬أ ‪,‬رق ا ‪ - -.‬ا"‪9‬ت ا‪ 0.3X4‬و ‪= #‬رج ا د ! ‪#KE‬ت =‪! 0W‬‬.

(185) ‫‪İbn Rüşd’ü Yeniden Düşünmek / 7‬‬ ‫‪ .b Z‬و! ا‪ o9 0"+‬ا& إذا ‪9‬ا! ا‪,4‬ب وا‪+‬وط و‪UE‬ت ا‪9‬ا‪ PF Z‬ا وا‪0‬‬ ‫وا‪98‬ع وا"ى وا‪93‬م ! ا"اء‪ Oَ,&ُ P# .‬ا&آ ‪3

(186) !9 54 5K‬س ا‪ - 4‬وا?‪A‬اء وا‪ -RK‬وا"‪P‬‬ ‫وا" ج وإ‪Q‬ع ا&‪X‬ت ا‪ .0.,,4‬و‪ i‬ا&

(187) ا‪ ،Z.8‬ا&آ ‪ P‬ا&‪9R‬م‪ ،‬وا?‪ P 3‬ا ‪ ،.‬وإ'‬ ‫أ‪ d&W‬ا‪" 0 4‬إذا ‪,‬ق !‪ .‬ا‪ o+‬آ‪ ،b9‬وإذ ‪,‬ق !‪ .‬ا‪9; o."U‬ا

(188) ‪ 5.‬ا&"‪.‬‬ ‫و' ‪ .a‬أن ‪ Z.U‬و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن ‪ i. OK#‬ا‪ 0"+‬ا‪ ! 0. ,Y‬ا‪4‬ر ا ‪Q‬‬ ‫ ‪9

(189) K‬ن و‪9.&.K #93X‬ن أو و>‪9.3‬ن ‪ PF‬ا‪9K‬دان و‪+‬د و و "‪ C‬اول ‪93X‬ب ا‪&:‬اء‪&! .‬آ‬ ‫ا‪ +‬ا‪A‬ى أ ‪ #‬ب ‪RK‬ى أو رس أ‪9‬اع ا ا

(190) أو ا"‪\+‬ى‪ .‬و" ‪0. Q 5K 3‬‬ ‫ا&‪ ,# R‬ا‪ -‬و‪ ,# S.‬ا‪ .-;9‬و ‪C -‬ه‪ i. b‬ا‪ 0"+‬ا‪ 'Q 0. ,Y‬و‪ #93X‬وه‪Z !3 9‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0"+‬ا‪ 0. ,Y‬ذا ا ' ‪ i‬إ'

(191) ا‪ .-.

(192) K‬و‪ 0 \; PR‬أن &‪ .#R# R‬وه‪ 9‬أ‪ !3 U‬‬ ‫ ‪ Z‬أ‪9W‬ل ا&‪ R‬ا&‪ 0F‬ا ‪K‬وى !‪ .‬ا‪9‬ا;‪93‬ن ! ا&‪9‬ق وا‪9‬ا‪X‬ت‪ .‬وا&‪ R‬ا‪ +‬ه‪i. i.

(193) " 9‬‬ ‫ا‪

(194) ^ E 0"+‬و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن‪ ،‬و‪K‬وى ا‪9‬ا;‪ ".X -.3‬أ م ا‪9‬ن‪.‬‬ ‫ود و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن أ‪ U‬إذا ش ا‪9

(195) K‬ن أ

(196) ‪ .p - 5.p ! 0.‬ا‪ ،-.

(197) K‬و‪E‬و‪9‬ا‬ ‫ا‪.‬م ‪&#‬آ‪ 0‬ا ‪ -9R 0.:‬دو‪ 0‬إ‪ .0

(198) K 0. ,‬آن ه‪A‬ا ه‪ 9‬ا‪ k‬ا‪A‬ى د ا‪93X ! -.

(199) K‬ب أ!‪،.‬‬ ‫وه زا‪9‬ا &‪ d‬أ> ا‪C3‬م ا"‪:3‬ى‪ = ،‬ا‪ a d9:‬ا‪ f‬ا‪ 3;9‬ا‪9K

(200) . 0 G# !4‬ن ‬ ‫ ‪ -‬أ‪ PX‬وه ‪ -9R‬دو ت إ‪ ! 0. ,‬آ‪ O.‬ون ودور‪#‬ن‪ Z .‬أن ا‪ ,Y‬م ! ‪93X‬ب أ!‪GX .‬ء ‪E -‬آ‪0‬‬ ‫ا&ر ا‪ 3;9‬ا‪ !4‬و ‪ّ9R‬ن ر\‪ Z.X ! K.‬ا&آت ا‪3‬ه‪ -;9! .0:3"

(201) 0U‬ه‪ 9‬ا‪ Z 8‬ا‪+‬ك‬ ‫‪ Z.X -.#‬ا‪9‬ا;‪93X ! -.3‬ب أ!‪" Z .‬د‪ ! 0‬ا‪!F‬ت وا‪ ;4‬ا‪ .0."X‬و زا‪E d‬آ‪9 & 0‬رو‬ ‫! ‪93X‬ب ا

(202) ‪ PF -.‬ه‪A‬ا ا'=‪.‬ر !‪ P:‬ا‪938‬ب ا‪ -

(203) K‬ا‪+‬ل ا‪ ! &.K‬ا

(204) ‪ -.‬وه‪" 9‬رض ‪Z‬‬ ‫و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن‪ .‬و‪ P‬ذ` !‪# P:‬آ‪K‬ن ‪ -‬ا‪ 0.U O, 3‬آ‪ ،.+‬و ‪ d"3‬ا&ود ا‪0.3;9‬‬ ‫ا‪?8‬ا!‪ - 0.‬ا‪+‬ر ا‪ ,Y‬م ! ا‪ ،3‬وا ‪ O"Q -.# P:‬وا‪9 # E‬ى ا‪ G‬ا‪ -.# 3‬ا‪ ,Y‬م وا‪3‬وآ‪.0.‬‬ ‫!‪ d

(205) k‬و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن ‪ . Q -‬وا‪ 0. Q # d,‬ا‪: # -‬ل ‪#‬آ‪K‬ن ‪ -‬ا‪ .3‬و‪Za‬‬ ‫ا‪ ! -.

(206) K‬ا‪ 3‬دون ‪#‬آ‪K‬ن ! ‪ Za9‬ا‪.

(207) 4‬ت‪ ،‬وا‪3‬وس وا‪ -..&.K‬و‪ #‬ا‪9‬ا\‪# ! o‬آ‪K‬ن‬ ‫ ‪ Za9‬ا‪.

(208) 4‬ت‪ P# .‬إن ‪#‬آ‪K‬ن ‪ K‬ا‪ dK‬إ ‪ 83# ! 0.Q‬د{ وا‪:‬ت

(209) ا?‪C 3 0.#‬ا‬ ‫ ع ا‪?8‬ا! ‪ .3.#‬و ‪ > -‬أ‪ d&W‬د ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ 0.3‬و‪E‬ة ا‪4‬و;ن‪.‬‬ ‫و " ا&آ ‪ 5K‬ا‪ i; - 0. +‬ر‪X‬ل ا‪ -‬ا‪ 5 -."#‬وا‪K,f‬ت ا‪ 0.3‬ا‪0"ak‬‬ ‫‪.K‬ة ا‪C3‬م ا‪ . ,.K‬و‪9R‬ن ذ` ‪ . R i; -‬ا‪k‬ر‪

(210) -.X‬ا‪C3‬م‪ ،‬و‪ -9k‬ا"ر‪ 0a‬ا‪.0.,.K‬‬ ‫وا&‪ R‬ا‪ +‬أ =‪9‬ارج ا"‪ ،:‬د ة ا ‪9 ،03‬ا ا‪ -‬و;

(211) وا‪# - " 0‬ل د‪ "b9

(212) ! 53‬و! روا‪0‬‬ ‫أ=ى " ‪# -‬ل د‪ 53‬و!رق ا‪"! ."b9

(213) ! 0 8‬ر‪ ،0. 9.Q 0a‬وا‪ 0. 9.+‬آ وإ&د‪" ،‬و ‪ ' -‬إن ‪5‬‬ ‫! أ ن ‪ ."5‬وآ‪" P‬ر‪= ! 0a‬وج

(214) ا‪C3‬م‪ ،‬و ‪.:‬ن

(215) &آ‪ ،‬و‪ O8 03

(216) O,‬ا‪ E :e,‬‬ ‫ ‪E C" dQ‬آت ا"ر‪= 0a‬رج ا‪4‬و;ن‪.‬‬ ‫و‪ A=H‬ا&آ ‪9K‬ح ا‪ S - ،-.3 f‬ا‪

(217) 8‬ب‪ ،‬و ‪ `K‬ا"‪ ، :‬وا‪ .K‬آ ‪ .K‬ا ‪93‬ن ! ‬ ‫ا‪ ،-K‬وا‪9

(218) :‬ن ‪ .j#‬ا‪ ! 5.#G‬ا‪ .08‬وه‪ ! 9‬ا‪9

(219) W ! XK‬ات ا‪ ،0"8‬و! ا‪9‬ا وا‪. 4‬د ا‪0.3‬‬ ‫أ م أ‪GX‬ة ا‪ Y‬م‪ .‬وه‪ 9‬آ‪ .‬ا"\

(220) ‪ 0‬آرآ‪ 0‬ا ء‪ ،‬ا!‪ - Z‬أ= ق ا‪ ،0‬وه ا‪ .‬ا

(221) ‪a 0.‬‬ ‫ا&ا>‪ 0‬وا"‪ 0:‬وا?‪ - 0. Q A=H.! .O‬ا‪ ! 5. Q l

(222) ?. a‬ا&‪ .a‬و" ا‪-‬‬ ‫ ا!‪ 5‬ا‪.0,.K‬‬ ‫اأى رأ‪ ،5‬وا&‪ PF 9! .53

(223) " i‬ا ‪ 0‬ا‪ ،0.X3‬أه‪ P‬ا‪ 03K‬وا‪ ،0 8‬و‪ - b.p‬ا"ر‪0a‬‬ ‫ه ا ق ا‪ 0R‬ا‪ %E P"K.! .0U‬ا ‪ 0‬ا‪ 0.X3‬ا‪A‬ى ‪ 5&W ! `R+‬ا‪GE -#‬م وآ‪ - .F‬ا ء‬ ‫‪ aY‬ء ا‪C

(224) 0. +‬م ‪ Z . Q .p ,.,‬أن ‪ iE‬ا'= ف ‪ ، Q iE‬وا‪ PR‬راد وا‪ PR‬دود‬ ‫

(225) ‪ .5.‬و?‪A‬ى ه‪A‬ا ا‪ iK3‬ا"! ‪ iK‬آ‪9: ،=T 9‬ر ه

(226) " &د ا" ‪ -.# 0‬ا!‪9& ! -.‬ر‬ ‫رأ‪ -.# ، ,‬ا‪

(227) 4‬وا‪4‬د ‪ ،‬و‪9& ! S.‬ر أ! ‪ -.# ،‬ا‪ 4‬م وا‪

(228) 8 > .o

(229) k‬ه‪ bA‬ا‪ 0.3‬ا"!‪ 0.‬ا‪0.9R‬‬ ‫! ا‪ 0.3‬ا‪ 0. =4‬وا'‪ H+3! 0. X‬أ= ق ا‪ ،0‬ورب ا‪,4‬ة‪ ،‬وآ‪ .‬ا"\

(230) ‪ ," ،0‬ا‪ ".K‬ا‪A‬ى ‪5".‬‬ ‫ا‪" ! Z.8‬ا‪ Z8‬ارآ "‪.‬‬ ‫و" ر‪X‬ل ا‪! ،-‬ء ا‪

(231) K‬ن ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪

(232) 0.3‬ارات ا‪&

(233) 0.,.K‬آ‪ .‬إن ‪Q‬ء و ‪0‬‬ ‫ا"و ا‪ 9.:‬ا&‪4 P‬را‪ a‬ا‪ -.

(234) K‬وا"ى

(235) ‪ .‬واا‪,# Op‬ار ! ا‪ Z,9‬وا'‪.,‬ن‪' ،‬‬.

(236) ‫‪8 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu‬‬ ‫‪ 0&

(237) W‬و' و‪ 0a‬و' ا اف ‪,#‬ا\‪k ،P.‬ج ر‪X‬ل ا‪ # -‬وى " ‪ 0. Q‬ار ا&آ )وأ! وا ‬ ‫

(238) ا)&('& ‪%‬ة و ر‪

(239) #‬ط ا ‪- ./0‬ه‪+‬ن ‪ ! #‬و ا* و! وآ(‪ .‬وإن ‪Q‬ء ا‪ Z N

(240) :‬و ا‪ S 4‬و‪iW‬‬ ‫ا‪9.‬م وا' اف وا و‪ 0a‬وا‪ 5" N

(241) :‬أ‪X 0. Q d‬ة ور‪ S 3# #‬ا‪X‬ل ر ار ا&آ ا‪8‬‬ ‫‪ '#‬اف ‪,#‬ا\‪ P.‬وإ‪X‬اء ا و‪a‬ت > ا‪) " N

(242) :‬وإن ‪2‬ا ‪ - p# (

(243) 12

(244) 343‬أن إ‪,‬ا\‪P.‬‬ ‫ ‪ N38‬إ ا‪ E

(245) K‬ان‪ ،‬و‪9‬ا‪ PW‬ا اءا ا‪

(246) 0. 9.‬ا‪ O"+‬ا

(247) ‪ ! . 3.K‬ا‪3‬س ا‪E‬ام !ء‬ ‫ا‪

(248) K‬ن‪ ،‬و ‪9:‬ا !و ا‪ .0. +‬و‪W‬غ ا‪4‬دب ا‪ "+‬ة أ ‪F‬ل ‪! 3 0.‬وى ا‪

(249) K‬ن‪.‬‬ ‫وازدادت ‪ 0. Q‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ d& 0. ,Y‬ا‪4‬رض ‪ ,# 4‬ا‪ 0 4‬وا!ع ‪&: -‬‬ ‫ا‪ ،0#F‬وآ ّوا !ء ا‪

(250) K‬ن‪ ،‬وأ‪X‬زوا ‪ . :‬ا‪ .0K8‬آ و‪! oW‬ء ا‪

(251) K‬ن ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪0. ,Y‬‬ ‫‪9k#‬ارج‪9= ،‬ارج ه‪A‬ا ا"‪ .:‬و^‪ P‬اا‪ K# iQ‬ح ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ -.# 0.3‬ا ‪ , -! .-.‬ح ‪G‬دوج ‪-.#‬‬ ‫ا‪9:k‬م‪ 5

(252) "K .‬آ‪ .5&: i! P‬وآ‪ ! 8 i! P‬ا‪T‬ن وا&‪ %‬وااث ا ‪.5.?#‬‬ ‫أ ا‪ 0‬ا‪ ! 0,9‬ا‪ dK‬إ ‪ -.‬وو‪ ],‬و‪K‬ر‪ .‬ا‪ -..‬أب إ ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ ! 0. ,Y‬‬ ‫ ‪

(253) 3‬ا‪ 0C3‬و ‪9‬ا ا"

(254) ‪ .0.‬وا‪K.‬ر أب إ ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪K.‬ر‪

(255) 3 ! 0‬ا‪ 0C3‬و ‪9‬ا ‬ ‫ا"

(256) ‪ 0.‬آ ‪'" ! PF‬ه‪9‬ت ا&"‪ .‬وا‪H ],9‬ر‪ -.# NX‬ا'>‪ ،-.3‬أب إ ا‪ ! -..‬أ‪ 5K,‬ا‪0C3‬‬ ‫وإ ا‪K.‬ر ! ر‪ 5,‬ا"

(257) ‪.0.‬‬ ‫و" ‪"Q‬رات ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ u! 0. Q 0. ,Y‬ا‪ 4‬ا‪9‬ا‪ Z‬واد

(258) ا‪C3‬م ا&آ‪.‬‬ ‫!‪"+‬ر "ا&آ‪ 3" ' "j 0.‬أن ا‪ R&. H. j‬و‪ l

(259) k‬ا‪ +‬ه !‪ 3" P# , - 5.‬ر!‪E u‬آ‪0.‬‬ ‫ا‪ ،+‬ر!‪ u‬ا‪.X994‬ت ا"

(260) ‪ ،%&

(261) 0.‬ا

(262) ‪.‬ا‪ 0.‬ا ‪ ،1952 P : dRE‬وا‪ 0. 9‬أو‬ ‫ا'‪Q‬اآ‪ 0.‬ا ‪"# dRE‬ه‪ ،‬وارآ‪ 0.K‬ا ‪93X ! dRE‬ب ا‪ # -.‬ده أو ! &‪9, ! o‬ر‬ ‫ا"اق‪ 1948 ! -.K

(263) ! o: d a ! .‬إ‪#‬ن ا" ا

(264) ‪.‬ا ‪ .‬و‪a‬ع ا‪ o:3‬ا= ! ‪ ! 1967‬‬ ‫ا" ا‪ . 9‬آ "‪ 3‬ا‪"+‬ر ا&آ‪9

(265) 0.‬ن ا‪

(266) ^ a Y‬ا‪9‬ا‪ -.‬ا‪ 0."a9‬واك ‪9E‬ق ا‪KY‬ن‪،‬‬ ‫و‪.a‬ع ‪9E‬ق ا‪9‬ا;‪.-‬‬ ‫آ ل ‪"Q‬ر "ا‪ ,Y‬م ه‪ 9‬ا‪ ،"P‬و‪"Q‬ر "ا‪ ,Y‬م ه‪ 9‬ا&‪ i;

(267) "P‬ا‪ k‬ص ‪ , -‬‬ ‫ا"‪ :‬وأ‪GE‬ا‪ "# 5‬أن زادت ر"‪ 0‬ا‪4‬رض ا&

(268) ‪ ،0‬و ‪ C‬ا‪9‬ا;‪ ،-‬وا‪ d"K‬ا‪9‬ة ‪ -.#‬ا‪.3p4‬ء‬ ‫وا اء‪ ،‬و‪G8‬أت ا‪ 0 4‬إ أر ! ; إ أن ‪ N:‬دو‪.‬ت ;\ ‪ 0.‬و ‪9R 0.‬ن !‪ 5.‬إ‪,‬ا\‪ P.‬أ‪9‬ى‬ ‫دو‪ ! 0‬ا‪ - . Q K 03‬ا‪ 0e.‬ا‪?8‬ا!‪ 0.‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬ا‪ 0.!F‬ا&

(269) ‪ "# 0.‬أن ا‪,‬ت ‪ . Q‬أو' ‪-‬‬ ‫أ‪ .;,‬ا"د وا‪ O"+‬ا‪k‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫و; أن ا‪9‬ا‪ ! Z‬أز ‪K ،0‬ى ‪ PF‬ه‪ bA‬ا‪"+‬رات ر

(270) ‪ .38‬ا‪3‬س !‪9 - .‬ة‬ ‫

(271) ا!‪ u‬دون أن "‪& e.Q 3‬دا‪ ،‬إ‪9&

(272) ! .

(273) , ' #8‬ل إ ‪#‬ا ‪ 0.,., x‬ا‪ 0. X‬ا‪:‬د‪ 0‬م‬ ‫‪+ 0,9

(274) 0.

(275) '9

(276) E‬آ‪ P‬ا‪8‬ه‪ ..‬وه ‪"Q‬رات ?

(277) ‪ P ' ،0‬ا&‪9‬ار و' أ‪:‬ف ا&

(278) ‪9‬ل‪ .‬ــُ‪ A=f‬آ‪PR‬‬ ‫أو ك آ‪ .PR‬ه أ‪3"# 5Q‬و‪ -‬ر\‪ ! 0.K.‬ا‪& :‬ت ا‪4‬و ‪A8‬ب ا'‪ .b‬ل

(279) ارة دون او‪،0‬‬ ‫وا' ‪ 0a‬دون ا‪ ،0

(280) K‬وا‪ 0=:‬دون ا‪ R‬م‪.‬‬ ‫و‪ K‬ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ -.C& - . Q 0. ,Y‬ر‪ 0C& .-..k‬ا‪ 0.. -#‬وه‪ 0G‬ا‪-.

(281) K‬‬ ‫أ م ار وا‪?# E‬اد وه ! ; إ د ‪9

(282) K .i+‬ن

(283) ‪9‬ن ‪ ،-.

(284) K‬و?‪G‬ون أرا‪،-.

(285) K a‬‬ ‫و&‪9R‬ن ‪ " # 0W= 0"+#‬ا‪ "0,‬و‪ 0"+# S.‬ا‪ ,Y‬م‪ ،‬و ‪ > -‬إ‪W‬ار ا&‪. R# R‬ه‪ ،‬و‪5.

(286) ,.‬‬ ‫‪ . R‬آ‪ 0"+# R& ' - P‬ا‪ .j‬وا‪ ! aE 0.. -#‬ا&آ‪ 0‬ا‪ 0.E WY‬ا&‪ -# & A3 0F‬ا‪9‬هب‬ ‫‪ E‬ر‪ .Q‬ر‪ a‬وا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ 0. ,Y‬ا"‪W‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫وا

(287) &‪ 0C‬ا‪ 0.F‬ه‪ 1967 9.9 0G‬وا أ‪ ! " " NW‬ا‪." O .K "i‬ا ‪! .3‬‬ ‫ار ا&

(288) ا‪ ، 9‬وا‪ : d

(289) E‬و‪9,‬ر و!

(290) ‪ .-.K‬و ‪ ZK‬ا‪C3‬م ا‪A‬ى ا‪ ",‬ا‪9=Y‬ان ا!ع ‪-‬‬ ‫‪ E‬ت ا د وا‪ ,‬ل ا‪4‬و;ن‪ Q! .‬ا‪E -.# P#‬آ‪ 0.‬ا‪ j‬و‪E‬آ‪ 0.‬ا‪ -.# ،+‬ا‪ ,Y‬م وا‪8‬ه

(291) ‪ -.# ،0.‬ا‪j‬‬ ‫وا‪9p‬ت‪ -.# ،‬ا‪Y‬ن وا‪ -.# ، R‬ا‪93‬ر وا‪ C‬م‪ -.# ،‬ا&‪ i‬وا;‪ -.# ،P‬ا"

(292) وا‪ .P8‬و‪E‬ث ‪-.# P#‬‬ ‫ ‪ 0.K‬ا‪ ،

(293) ^ -.8K‬و&‪'T d‬م ا"‪.K# OA‬ط و‪3#‬ر و‪ -.#‬ا‪4‬و‪a‬ع ا‪k‬ر‪ ،0.X‬ا"ل وا‪ ،

(294) C‬ا&‪0‬‬ ‫وا‪ ،‬ا'‪ ,‬ل وا'‪ E‬ل‪ ! " " +! .‬ا‪ ."i‬وم إ ا‪ 8‬ت أ!‪C iK PU‬ى " ‪-‬‬ ‫ ‪ 0.K‬ا‪ -U‬ا‪ d& -.ek‬ا‪4‬رض ‪ PF‬ا

(295) ! ‪.p‬ه‪ O‬ا‪ .-8K‬وآن ا‪+,‬د ‪ ! O .,‬‬.

(296) ‫‪İbn Rüşd’ü Yeniden Düşünmek / 9‬‬ ‫أ‪ 0#F# 1965 SKp‬ا‪

(297) Qf‬ه‪ 1967 9.9 0G‬وآ ‪9W‬ر ذ` ‪9 & O.8‬ظ ! "ا‪., ،"`R‬ط‬ ‫

(298) ‪ O‬أ‪KX‬د ا"

(299) ‪ ! -.‬ا‪98K‬ن‪ ،‬و‪ P#3‬و‪9W‬ار ‪ !A‬ا\ات ا&‪ 0.#‬ا‪,Y‬ا\‪

(300) 0.

(301) .‬ا‪9‬ا ‬ ‫وارات ا"‪ 0RK‬ا‪! ' ،0:‬ق ‪ -.#‬ا' اء

(302) ا‪9‬ا;‪ ! -‬اا=‪ ,# P‬ا!ع ‪ -‬ا‪C3‬م وا"وان‬ ‫

(303) ا‪ ! -;9‬ا‪k‬رج ‪ ,#‬ا!ع ‪ -‬ا‪.S 3‬‬ ‫وا&ى ‪ PK

(304) 0K3#‬ه‪ 9‬ا" ‪ Z P‬ا&!‪ 0C‬ا

(305) ‪ 0.‬ا‪9‬رو>‪ A3 0‬أ‪ o‬م وا‪ 0.

(306) K‬أ‪E‬‬ ‫ ‪C‬هه‪ .‬وه ا‪ .W‬ار‪ k‬ا‪A‬ى ا‪ 8‬ت ا‪ P# 0. ,Y‬وأ‪GX‬ة ا‪ Y‬م ! او‪ 0‬و!وى ر‪X‬ل‬ ‫ا‪: - 59X& # -‬در ‪9‬ا‪ o‬آ‪

(307) i! P‬ا= ! ! ا‪9‬ا‪ o‬وا‪4‬هاف ا‪ ،0.,.K‬و"‪ 3‬‬ ‫ا&!‪ 0C‬إ ء ا‪4‬و‪"

(308) 09‬دات

(309) ا" ت‪ ،‬و

(310) "\ ا‪

(311) 0C3‬ا‪9

(312) K‬ك ا"

(313) ‪ ،‬و" ا?‪

(314) O.‬‬ ‫ ا‪+‬دة‪ ،‬و

(315) ا‪Y‬ن ! أ‪ 5RQ‬ا‪k‬ر‪

(316) 0.X‬ا"‪ P‬ا‪ # N:‬ر‪ b‬ا"ّ ا‪ - .E9‬ا‪Y‬ن‪،‬‬ ‫و

(317) ‪ -‬آ?‪ ! 0‬ذا‪

(318) 5‬ا‪ -‬آ‪",Y 0

(319) .,9‬د ا‪ +‬و&‪ &: i.‬ا" ‪.0‬‬ ‫وه‪ S 9‬ا‪.‬ر ا‪ ! \K‬أ‪GX‬ة ا‪ Y‬م‪& W ،‬ت ا ‪ R‬ا‪ ، 3‬وا‪8‬ا\ وا‪ 8‬ت ا‪،0.3‬‬ ‫و‪ %E‬اوح‪ ،‬ودروس ‪ .K‬ا‪T‬ن ‪ W "#‬ة ا‪ ،0"8‬و‪9‬ر

(320) ‪9‬ر ‪ -‬د ة ‪98 PF -..!E‬م ا‪Z8‬‬ ‫‪H#‬ز\ ا"و!‪ .0‬و' !ق ‪ -.#‬ا ‪ x‬ا‪ 3‬و" {" ا‪9R‬رة‪ ،‬وا‪ 0.

(321) .F‬ا

(322) ‪ ،0.9G .‬و!‪ - PW‬ا‪l‬‬ ‫ا‪ +‬و=‪ O‬ا\‪ S.‬و‪+‬ط ‪ .5 E‬آ‪ P‬ذ` ‪f#‬ر إ ‪9 0.‬م ‪ S 3#‬اور‪P ،‬ء ا اغ ا‪ ,.K‬وا‪ !F‬‬ ‫! ا د‪.‬‬ ‫و! ‪ S‬ا‪ + d9‬ا&!‪ 0C‬ا'‪ 0. X‬أ ‪ -‬ا ‪ ،‬و‪ - WE‬ا‪.U‬ع‪ ،‬و‪0E‬‬ ‫‪9#‬روث ا‪ ، !F‬و"‪ , - U9‬ا"‪ :‬وأ‪GE‬ان ا‪ G‬ن‪ FR.! ،‬ا ‪ u9‬إ ا‪ ،j‬و‪G‬داد ا' د‬ ‫

(323) ‪ ،5.‬و‪ FR‬ا‪9‬ا ‪ ،‬وزرة ا‪ ،#‬واك ‪H#‬و‪.‬ء ا‪ j‬ا‪ .-.&:‬و‪ P,‬ا‪ P\,‬إ ا‪ Y‬م ا‪0.

(324) "!+‬‬ ‫;

(325) ت ا&‪ .-.X‬و‪ K‬ا"‪A‬راء وا‪ .K‬ا‪ S 3 N.K‬ا?‪! .0‬ذا ا‪ i; K‬ا?‪ .‬ا'‪ X‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬أ‪ P ,‬ا ‪ i; N‬ا‪ - -‬أ

(326) ‪ .‬و&‪9‬ل ا‪ -‬إ ‪

(327) E‬ا‪ ! Z8‬ا‪83‬ة ‪ -‬أ‪GE‬ان ا"‪ :‬وا‪l

(328) k‬‬ ‫ ‪.5., -‬‬ ‫ا&ى إذن ه‪ 9‬ا&‪9‬ل ‪ -‬ا&!‪ 0C‬إ ا&ر ‪ P9& i; -‬اا! ار‪ k‬ا‪- ,,4‬‬ ‫ا=‪.‬ر ا ء ‪ A3‬ا?‪G‬ا ‪E E‬آت ا‪ WY‬ح ا‪ 3‬إ ‪ O‬ا&>‪ - ،-.‬ا‪ 0"Q4‬إ ا' ‪G‬ال آ‬ ‫‪E‬ول & ‪" ! b‬ر‪ 0,‬ا‪ ،".E9‬و ‪ -‬ا‪ l3‬إ ا‪9‬ا‪ Z‬آ ‪E‬ول ا‪" ! ;+‬ا‪9‬ا!ت"‪ ،‬و ل‬ ‫ا ‪ W " ! ,‬ا‪ 0"+‬و ‪R‬ر "‪ ،‬و ‪ -‬ا‪9:‬ف ا‪

(329) K‬إ ا‪9:‬ف ا‪ ، #8Y‬و ‪ -‬ا

(330) ‪ 0 K‬ا‪0.3‬‬ ‫ا‪ 0.".‬ا‪ 0.Y‬إ !

(331) ‪ 0 K‬ا‪A‬ا‪ 0.‬آ ه‪ & 3 9‬إل‪ ،‬و ‪ -‬ا"

(332) ‪9‬م ا‪ 0.

(333) 3‬إ ا"

(334) ‪9‬م ا"

(335) ‪ PF 0.‬ا‪X‬دات‬ ‫آ‪ - .F‬ا&>‪.-.‬‬ ‫آ ‪ -R‬ا' د

(336) ‪9‬ى ام وا?‪ .‬ا'‪ X‬ا زا‪ - %& d‬أ‪-.# Z8 0.X99‬‬ ‫ا‪ a‬وا&‪ d.# ،a‬ااث وا‪ 0. Q -.# ،8‬ا‪ ,Y‬م و‪ 0. Q‬ا‪9F‬رة آ ‪E‬ول ا‪K.‬ر ا‪ ,Y‬‬ ‫ا‪A‬ى زال ‪ -‬ا‪ -.. ,Y‬أ‪ 5‬رآ‪ ،0"3 0.K‬و ‪ -‬ا"

(337) ‪ 5H# -..‬أ‪ 0. k 0.9W‬و‪9‬ز‪ Z‬أدوار‪ ،‬و ‪-‬‬ ‫او‪ 5H# 0‬إ=‪9‬ا‪GX 54 0. 9.Q 0.‬ء ‪ -‬ا"ر‪ 0a‬ا‪ .E38# 0.3;9‬ا\‪ ،-..K.‬ا‪ 0. ,Y‬وا‪.0. 9‬‬ ‫' ‪:

(338) PE‬اع ‪ -.#‬ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ 0.3‬وا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬إ' ‪ 0. +#‬ار‪ ،0.k‬و!` ‪:E‬ر ا‪- G‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ا‪ 9‬ا‪ -.# 9‬ا'‪A8‬اب إ ا‪ a‬آ ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ‪ 3‬ا‪ ،-..

(339) K‬وا'ر ‪ PK#‬آ ه‪ 9‬ا&ل‬ ‫ ‪ 3‬ا"

(340) ‪ ،-..‬وا'‪K‬اد ! ا&‪ a‬آ ه‪ 9‬ا&ل ‪9, 3‬اد ا‪ 0 4‬وا ' ‪ Xk 8‬إ' ا‪G3‬ول &‪d‬‬ ‫ا‪4‬رض 'آ‪K‬ب ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ 0.3‬أو ا‪9":‬د إ اآ‪ G‬ا&‪' R‬آ‪K‬ب ا‪ 0. +‬ا‪ 0.,.K‬أو ا‪8‬ة إ ‬ ‫=رج ا‪4‬و;ن '‪",‬رة ‪ - 0. Q‬ا= أو ا‪ ! o9‬ا‪R‬ن ‪ o9 E‬ا

(341) ‪"' O‬ام ا&آ‪) 0‬و ‪ .5‬أ‪.2‬‬ ‫آ&

(342) ب( ‪!h‬اد )و‪ 3-‬ا‪

(343) 9:‬م او

(344) ‪ /#‬ا

(345) س(

(346) ‪9"+‬ب‪.‬‬.

(347) 10 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu.

(348) How Modern is the the Thought of Ibn Ibn Rushd?. Rüşd’ün Moderrndir? İbn Rüşd ’ün Düşüncesi Ne Kadar Mode Oliver Leaman The discussion of how modern Ibn Rushd is as a thinker involves not only an understanding of his views, but also a grasp of what one takes modern thought to be. Although we have moved on a long way today from the Enlightenment, it is certainly relevant to ask whether Ibn Rushd's thought is in line with the Enlightenment, with its enthusiasm for reason and suspicion for theology. He is certainly sometimes linked with this much later European movement, and his involvement is taken to have inspired to some degree the Arabic renaissance, the Nahdah. Yet his arguments and ideas are certainly very different from the Nahdah, so we are taking a lot of liberties with him as a historical figure if we say he directly played a part in its intellectual background. On the other hand, good philosophers tend to have ideas that continue to develop and grow when they themselves have finished with them, and it seems invidious to deny that those ideas are connected with where they in fact originated. This is an issue that occurs throughout philosophy, and it will be addressed at the end of this discussion also. Ibn Rushd in context Ibn Rushd is often regarded as a difficult figure to classify in the history of philosophy. He is very firmly within the area of mashsha'i philosophy, the Peripatetic trend that dominated Islamic philosophy for a brief but very rich period between the ninth and twelfth centuries CE/third and sixth AH (1). Yet after his death he almost disappeared in the Arab world, even those who worked with him disavowing him, and the new dominant trend in philosophy, Sufism, symbolically burying him as its main representative Ibn al-Àrabi reports himself transporting Ibn Rushd's bones back to al-Andalus. Before this event Ibn al-Àrabi describes in some detail a debate in which he wiped the floor with his older rival, itself very symbolic of a new intellectual power taking over, and a frequent device in Islamic philosophy(2). As is well-known, Ibn Rushd had a turbulent political career, occasionally being banished from Cordoba, but this was by no means unusual at the time, and we should not ascribe to this any particular antipathy to his philosophical ideas. He was a significant political and legal authority and it could well have been a decision or contact is those areas of his career that led to his troubles. On the other hand, his philosophical views are challenging and expressed quite frankly, and we do get the impression of a combative thinker.

(349) 12 / Doğu Batı İlişkisinin Entelektüel Boyutu who was not happy to mince words and who could easily have provoked a hostile reaction. Ibn Rushd was a passionate defender of philosophy, not as just one among many intellectual techniques available to the Muslim thinker, but as the main technique, the way of doing things that lay at the heart of all validity and the ultimate arbiter where disputes remain unresolved. This gives philosophy the leading role in the battle between the different groups in the Islamic world, the lawyers, theologians, grammarians, muhadithun, and so on, and in the demarcation disputes that had been running for centuries as to who had the leading role in the battle of ideas, Ibn Rushd plumped for philosophy(3). We do not know how many of the accounts of him in the literature of the time are accurate. Is it really true, for instance, that the caliph * invited him to * summarize the main works of Aristotle (4)? Were this to have taken place it would certainly have validated his efforts, to a large degree. Did Ibn Tufayl really decline this offer (perhaps rather prudently) and passed the poisoned chalice to the more incautious Ibn Rushd? Did the latter really work every day of his life except the day his father died and the day he got married? That at least sounds quite likely, given what we know of his productivity. The absence of solid knowledge has provided room for a romantic view of Ibn Rushd at the hands of Renan and Borges, for example, and even Yusuf Chahine in his film al-Masir (1997) (5). In this view we see the defender of reason, Averroes, confronting the forces of obscurantism and fundamentalism, and losing, but later on winning. There is a nice parallelism here with his debate with the longdead al-Ghazali and the latter's attack on Islamic Peripatetic philosophy in his Tahafut al-falasifah (Refutation of the philosophers). Ibn Rushd's Tahafut altahafut (Refutation of the Refutation) had no visible impact in the Islamic world, but is widely regarded as having answered al-Ghazali definitively (6). Yet no-one seems to have noticed, at least none of the people he would have wanted to notice, his fellow Muslims. There is clearly a lot of material here for those who seek to represent him as a dramatic figure, someone who suffered the vagaries of fate while being on the side of the angels. That is how the image of him has developed, as the fearless defender of truth against superstition, reason against religion and a vigorous exponent of progress against the dark forces of obscurantism. Many have pointed out that this is far too simplistic an approach to Ibn Rushd. He appears to have been personally a rather retiring individual and someone who couched his views in generally careful and cautious language. There is no evidence that he regarded his thought as radical, nor that he had any religious doubts or even heterodox views on Islam. On the contrary, as a Maliki lawyer his legal judgements portray a faithful and unoriginal approach to that legal school(7). The whole phenomenon of radical Averroism that was so.