TARIM BILIMLERI DERGISI 2001, 7 (3), 74-80
Ecological, Anatomical and Morphological Studies on
Ulva rigida C. Agardh (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) in the Coast of
İ
zmir (Aegean Sea-Turkey)
Berrin DURAL ° Nilsun DEMİR2
Geliş Tarihi : 27.02.2001
Abstract: A series of morphological, anatomical and ecological characters of Ulva rigida collected from six
locations along the coast of Izmir were determined. The size and morphology of thallus, thickness of marginal, mid and basal regions showed variations according to the changes in season and location. U. rigida consisted of smaller thalli in nutrient limited rough water coast and produced larger, lobed thalli which was characteristic of spring summer growth in relatively stagnant coast rich in nutrients. Thallus length and thallus breadth varied between 2-360 cm and 3-160 cm, respectively. The increased concentrations of nutrients due to the pollution were effective on anatomic and morphometric characters.
Key Words : Ulva rigida, green alga, eutrophication, morphology, anatomy
İ
zmir K
ı
y
ı
lannda (Ege Denizi-Türkiye)
Ulva rigida
C. Agardh
(Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) Üzerine Ekolojik, Anatomik ve Morfolojik Çal
ış
malar
Özet : Izmir kıyısında 6 bölgeden toplanan U. rigida örneklerinde bir seri morfolojik, anatomik ve ekolojik özellikler
belirlenmiştir. Tallusun boyutu ve morfolojisi, marjinal, orta ve bazal bölgelerin kal ınlıkları, mevsim ve bölgesel değişimlere göre varyasyonlar göstermiştir. U. rigida, besince sınırlı dalgalı kıyılarda daha küçük tallusa sahipken, besince zengin nisbeten durgun kıyılarda ise yaz bahar gelişiminin özelliği olan daha büyük ve loblu tallusa sahiptir. Tallus uzunluğu ve genişliği sırasıyla 2-360 cm ile 3-160 cm arasında değişmiştir. Kirlenme nedeniyle artan besin maddeleri derişimi anatomik ve morfometrik özellikleri etkilemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler : Ulva rigida, yeşil alg, ötrofıkasyon, morfoloji, anatomi
Introduction
Recently, the Aegean Sea has been exposed to coastal eutrophication (Dural et al., 1989). Especially, İzmir bay has been heavily polluted by municipal and industrial wastes. Ulva rigida C. Ag. forms excessive populations in areas which has a low diversity due to the eutrophication. U. rigida has been found widespread along the shores of the Mediterranean (Malea and Haritonidis, 2000). Extensive blooms of U. rigida Ieading to anoxia in large parts of the Venice lagoon are rapidly reducing the quality of the ecosystem and affecting its use as a natural source for fishing, aquaculture and recreation (Runca et al., 1996). U. rigida blooms resulting from pollution were also reported at the north-western Mediterranean (Rodriguez-Prieto and Polo 1996). It was reported that the chlorophyte Ulva lactuca was the most abundant organism in the intermediately polluted areas at Quequen, Argentina (Lopez-Gappa et al. 1990). The Brittany coast line where the slope of shore is gentle and the sand is fine, is consistently affected by annual Ulva sp. blooms (Piriou 1996). The similar shore structure together with high nitrogen flows especially in spring may enhance eutrophication in the coast of İzmir.
Aegean Univ. Fac. of Science, Department of Botany-Izmir
2 Ankara Üniv. Agricultural Faculty, Department of Fisheries-Ankara
Ulvales species were grouped into pollution tolerated algae (Boudouresque 1984) and there is a large scale distribution in Izmir bay and the outside of the bay. Eight species of Ulva were recognised in the coast of Turkey and U. rigida was the most common component. This species was frequently found in the inner bay after
Narlıdere. But it was found only in small ports and fishermen shelters surrounding point pollution sources in the Karaburun, Çeşme and Seferihisar coasts (Güner and Aysel 1978, Zeybek et al. 1983, Güner et al. 1983/84, Güner et al. 1985, Dural et al. 1989, Cirik et al. 1990, Dural 1990, Aysel et al. 1991, Güner et al. 1992, Aysel and Erduğan 1995, Aysel and Şipal 1996, Everest et al. 1997, Aysel et al. 1998 ).
Earlier studies based on the morphology, biology and culture of Ulva genus were done by Dangeard (1960,1963). Then, Bliding (1968) by undertaking a major revision of the genus, used a comprehensive list of anatomical and morphological characters to describe the eight species of Ulva from Europe. Later studies have been based on Bliding's work (Vinogradova 1974, Longo and Giaccone 1974, Hoeksema and Van Den Hoek 1983, Koeman 1985).
DURAL, B. ve N. DEMİR, "Ecological, anatomical and morphological studies on Ulva rigida C. Agardh (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta)
in the coast of Izmir (Aegean sea - Turkey)" 75
Bliding (1968) considered that pyrenoid number, thallus thickness, and size and arrangement of cells were non-variable characters. Subsequent studies focused on the variability of vegetative characters and have demonstrated that, in some Ulva species, thallus thickness, cell size and pyrenoid number are too variable for taxonomic use (Vinogradova 1974, Saifullah and Nizamuddin 1977). The changes in nutrient concentrations resulted from poliution may affect the morphological and anatomical characters in Ulva species. As a result, culture is necessary for taxonomical studies. But the cell shape in transverse section of the basal region were reported as non-variable characters in the southern Australian Ulva species (Phillips 1988).
This study involves a combination of extensive fıeld and anatomical studies. U. rigida from different localities in the Izmir coast has been sampled in an attempt to evaluate the variation in morphological and anatomical characters due to the pollution.
Material and Methods
Izmir bay locates between 38 ° 10' N , 38 ° 40' N and 26 ° 15' E, 27 ° 10' E coordinates (Fig. 1). The bay is heavily polluted from industrial and domestic sources which decreases in the outer bay gradually. The deepest point is 15 m in the inner bay to the Narlıdere coast and there is no algae except some Cyanophyceae species. The middle bay (max. depth 45 m) locates between Narlıdere and Urla. Because the coast between Narlıdere and Urla shows high diversity, it is evaluated as moderately polluted area and the characteristic pollution tolerated algae are abundant. Urla, Balıklıova and Karaburun are situated in the outer bay. The pollution decreases from Urla to Karaburun gradually. Çeşme and Seferihisar are the least affected coast from pollution since they are located in the outside of the bay.
The samples were taken in January, April, August and November 1998. The samples of U. rigida were collected from the areas surrounding the point pollution sources in the six locations (Narlıdere, Urla, Balıklıova, Karaburun, Çeşme, Seferihisar) on gently sloping rocks and shells.
The concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphate were analysed in the water samples taken from the sampling locations according to Strickland and Parsons (1972). Temperature and pH were measured in situ. Attached individuals from the centre of distribution of the populations were collected. The following measurements were recorded: thallus length and breadth, and the thickness of the marginal, mid and basal regions of the thallus. The basal region of the thallus is defined as the non-rhizoid-containing region immediately adjacent to where there are rhizoids between the two cell layers. A subsample of 10 plants was selected and the following was recorded for each of 10 cells from the marginal, mid and basal region of the thallus : cell length and breadth (in surface view) ançl cell height (in trasverse section) (Phillips 1988). Statistical analysis were performed by using Minitab and Mstat programmes for Windows. Variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan
multiple range test were computed to evaluate the differences in terms of the parameters.
Result and Discussion
In Izmir coast, the morphology of U. rigida varied with the changes in location, season and developmental stages. U. rigida consisted of smaller thalli in nutrient limited rough water coast and produced larger, lobed thalli characteristics of spring summer growth in relatively stagnant coast rich in nutrients. Similar patterns of morphology has been reported for the European and southern Australian populations of U. rigida (Dangeard 1959, 1963, Phillips 1988). 90 % of total thallus from Narlıdere, 87.5 % from Balıklıova and 72.5 % from Çeşme, were found as orbicular, simple or lobed and sligthly holed. 65 % from Urla, 60 % from Karaburun and 55 % from Seferihisar were lanceolat, margines towards the center were deeply lobed and fenestrated. These showed the effects of hydrodynamism on lanceolate structured individuals. The colour of plant was darker green in sheltered localities.
U. rigida populations showed a considerable variation in the size of thallus, cells and the thickness of thallus (Table 1). The variations in the thickness of marginal, mid, and basal regions; cell height in transverse section and cell size in surface section were found to be statistically significant by seasons and locations (p<0.05) (Table 2). Thickness of thallus was increased from
Fig. 1. The study area and locations of sampling : 1.Narlıdere,
76 TARIM BILIMLERI DERGİSİ 2001, Cilt 7, Say 3
Tablo 1. The mean (±Standard deviation), maximum and minimum values of morphometric parameters of U. rigida in 1998 (N=240)*
Parameter Mean±SD Max. Min.
TL (cm) 26.4±2.58 360 2 TB (cm) 16.6±1.47 160 3 MT (pm) 52.4±0.50 75.9 34.5 MTCH (pm) 18.8±0.22 27.6 11.5 MSCL (pnn) 14.8±0.20 23 8 MSCB (pm) 12.4±0.17 20.7 5.3 MiT (pm) 89.1±1.16 185 57.5 MiTCH (pm) 28.9±0.49 52.9 13.8 MiSCL (pm) 15.6±0.23 28 9.2 MiSCB (pm) 13.2±0.21 23 6.9 BT (pm) 140.5±2.3 255 64.4 BTCH (pm) 33.7±0.52 57.5 11.5 BSCL (pm) 19.3±0.51 43.7 6.9 BSCB (pm) 16.1±0.41 41.4 6.9
*Abbreviations; TL; thallus length, TB; thallus breadth, MT; thickness of marginal region, MTCH; cell height in marginal transverse section, MSCL; cell length in marginal surface view, MSCB; cell breadth in marginal surface view, MiT; thickness of mid region, MiTCH; cell height in mid transverse section, MiSCL; cell length in mid surface view, MiSCB; cell breadth in mid surface view, BT; thickness of basal region, BTCH; cell height in basal transverse section, BSCL; cell length in basal surface view, BSCB; cell breadth in basal surface view.
marginal to basa! region or from spring to winter. The different hydrodinamic factors like currents, wind, shape of shores were supposed to be effective on anatomical structure as morphology. Also, the increased concentrations of nutrients due to the pollution were effective on anatomical characters.
Tallus length (TL): The highest mean value of thallus length and the maximum vaiue of U. rigida length were found in spring as 157 and 360 cm in Seferihisar, respectively. The values were decreased towards winter. The lowest mean value of thallus length and the minimum value were found as 4.4 and 2 cm in Urla in winter, respectively.
Tallus breadth (TB): The breadth of thallus was also larger in spring. The mean vaiue of thallus breadth was 92 cm and maximum plant breadth was 160 cm in spring in Seferihisar. The lowest mean vaiue of thallus breadth was 4.3 cm and the minimum value was 3 cm in autumn in Karaburun.
Thickness of the marginal region (MT): The highest mean value of marginal region thickness was 64.4 pm in autumn and winter in Çeşme and Balıklıova. The maximum value was measured as 75.9 pm in autumn in Çeşme. The lowest mean value was 40.7 pm in summer in Narlıdere and the minimum value was 34.5 pm in summer in Seferihisar.
Cell height in marginal transverse section (MTCH): The highest mean value of cell height in marginal transverse section was 23.2 pm in winter in Balıklıova. The maximum value was measured as 27.6 pm in autumn and winter in Balıklıova too. The lowest mean value was 14.7 pm in spring in Narlıdere and the minimum value
was 11.5 pm in spring and summer in Narlıdere, Urla, Karaburun and Seferihisar.
Cell length in marginal surface section (MSCL): The highest mean value of cell length in marginal surface section was 20 pm in summer in Çeşme. The maximum value was measured as 23 pm in summer and in autumn in Çeşme and Urla.
The lowest mean value was 12.2 Nm in spring and autumn in Balıklıova and Karaburun and the minimum vaiue was 8 pm in spring in Seferihisar.
Cell breadth in marginal surface section (MSCB): The highest mean vaiue of cell breadth in marginal surface section was 16.8 pm in winter in Narlıdere. The maximum value was measured as 20.7 pm in summer in Çeşme. The lowest mean value was 9.7 kim and the minimum value was 5.3 pm in spring in Seferihisar.
Thickness of the mid region (MiT): The highest mean value of mid region thickness and the maximum vaiue were 128.3 pm and 185 1.ım in winter in Çeşme, respectively. The lowest mean value was 66.9 pm in spring in Urla and the minimum value was 57.5 pm in spring in Seferihisar.
Cell height in mid transverse section (MiTCH): The highest mean value of cell height in mid transverse section was 38.4 pm in winter in Balıklıova. The maximum vaiue was measured as 52.9 pm in winter in Karaburun. The lowest mean vaiue was 17.7 pm in winter in Narlıdere and the minimum vaiue was 13.8 pm in spring and summer in Narlıdere.
Cell length in mid surface section (MiSCL): The highest mean vaiue of cell length in mid surface section was 21.4 Nm in spring in Narlıdere. The maximum value was measured as 28 pm in winter in Çeşme. The lowest mean value was 12 pm in spring and summer in Çeşme and Urla. The minimum value was 9.2 pm in spring, summer and autumn in Çeşme and Urla.
Cell breadth in mid surface section (MiSCB): The highest mean vaiue of cell breadth in mid surface section was 19.8 IJM in spring in Narlıdere. The maximum vaiue was measured as 23 pm in autumn in Narlıdere. The lowest mean vaiue was 9.9 pm in summer in Urla and the minimum value was 6.9 pm in spring in Balıklıova.
Thickness of the basal region (BT): The highest mean vaiue of basal region thickness was 199.5 pm in winter in Çeşme. The maximum value was measured as 255 pm in winter in Çeşme. The lowest mean value was 89.5 pm in spring in Narlıdere and the minimum value was 64.4 pm in spring in Urla.
Cell height in basal transverse section (BTCH): The highest mean vaiue of cell height in basal transverse section was 43.7 IJM in winter in Balıklıova. The maximum value was measured as 57.5 pm in autumn in Çeşme. The lowest mean value and the minimum value were 21.3 and 11.5 pm in spring and summer in Seferihisar, respectively.
Table 2. The changes in morphology and morphometric parameters of U. rigida in different localities and seasons (MeaniSD)* Locality N wi ı d ere Morpho. Orbicular,simple 2 segments TL(cm) 25.60b ±7.47 TB(cm) 12.10bc ±3.76 MT(pm) 41.86d ±5.29 MTCH(pm) 14.72c t 3.29 MSCL(pm) 12.42b t 1.19 MSCB(pm) 10.12bc t 1.19 MİT(pm) 71.14b ± 9.29 MITCH(pm 22.54b t 4.57 MiSCL(pm 21.39 a ± 2.18 MiSCB(pm 19.78a t 1.61 BT(pm) 89.52c ± 6.56 BTCH(pm) 34.04ab t 5.29 BSCL(pm) 17.71ab t 2.18 BSCB(pm) 15.64a ± 2.11 Tkla Lanceolat,simple 3 segments 26.70b *9.59 21.80b ±6.30 46.0c ±3.43 15.63c t 2.11 13.11ab ± 1.55 10.81bc t 1.55 66.92b t 4.91 23.23b t 1.70 13.56 bc t 1.28 11.04b t 0.97 90.56c ± 16.65 30.36bc t 6.75 17.25ab t 4.76 13.57ab t 3.51 Balıklıova Lanceolat,simple
3 segments 15.30b t5 29 7.50 c ±4.79 55.89a t 4.48 18.40b t 2.66 12.19b t 2.88 10.12bc t 1.94 87.39a t 11.48 30.36a t 7.50 12.88 bc t 1.94 10.58b t 1.94 146.71a t 10.20 35.88ab t 4.09 15.41ab t 1.89 12.88ab t 1.61 Karaburun Orbicular,simple2 -3 segments 18.60b ±4.84 10.50c t4.70 51.52b ±3.29 20.93a t 2.75 15.18a t 1.19 13.34a t 1.46 84.95a t 7.96 23.92b ± 3.29 13.34bc t 1.46 11.50b t 1.08 120.80b t 15.06 29.67cd ± 4.66 19.09a t 4.61 14.72ab t 2.47 Çeşme Seferihisar , Orbicular, 2-4 segments Lanceolat, 15.35b t5.0 157.0a 14.6bc ±6.50 92.0a 53.59ab ±2.44 45.54cd 18.9ab t 0.97 14.95c 14.03ab t 3.15 12.97ab 11.73ab t 3.15 9.68c 89.93a ± 13.03 70.13b 31.51a t 7.59 23.0b 11.96c t 1.81 14.83b 10.35b t 1.21 12.19b 134.05ab t 15.34 37.25a ± 4.95 13.80b ± 2.66 12.19b t 2.88 138.70ab 21.39d 14.03b 11.60b _ 3-5 segments t9.0 t37.43 t 2.38 ± 2.71 t 2.65 t 3.22 t 9.67 t 1.20 t 3.08 t 2.44 t 28.54 ± 6.51 t 2.75 t 3.62 Narlıdere Orbicular,simple 36.10b 17.3b 40.71c 17.02bc 16.33b 13.57b 80.50bc 20.70c 19.78a 18.17a 107.34d 28.75b 21.16b 18.63ab
2 segments t 9.79 t 6.57 t 0.6 t 3.29 t 1.70 t 2.01 t 11.51 t 4.20 ± 2.70 t 2.29 t 24.69 t 4.50 t 3.56 t 2.75 Urla Orbicular,simple 2-3 segments 8.50 c 5.60c 51.52ab 20.24a 14.26bc 12.42bc 85.68bc 35.19a 11.96c 9.89b 119.05cd 36.57a 14.95c 12.65cd
t 2.84 ±2.22 t 5.22 t 2.11 *3 22 t 2.47 t 8.90 t 8.26 ± 1.46 ± 1.11 t 21.94 t 9.10 ± 5.56 t 4.23 Balıkhova Orbicular,simple 6.20c 4.30c 48.53b 16.80bc 14.03 bc 11.50c 105.06a 36.80a 14.95b 11.73b 177.44a 36.57 a 25.99a 20.93a
2-3 segments t 1.48 ±1.16 t 2.96 t 1.11 ± 0.73 t 1.08 t 9.55 t 2.66 ± 1.21 t 2.01 t 21.90 t 4.66 t 9.46 t 7.85 Karaburun Lanceolat,simple 2 segments t 4.77 11.9c 6.60c 49.91ab 18.17abc 13.80c 12.42bc 88.50 b 25.07bc 13.11bc 11.27b 149.50b 34.66ab 18.86b 15.87bc
± 1.84 t 3.60 t 3.50 t 2.17 ± 2.22 t 8.59 t 5.36 t 1.11 t 1.31 t 29.84 t 8.90 t 4.70 t 2.75 Çeşme 2-3 segments Orbicular, 14.30c 9.0bc 53.82a 19.32ab 20.01a 16.10a 82.57bc 27.60b 12.42c 10.58b 136.56bc 37.26a 14.72c 12.88cd
t 4.79 ±2.26 ± 5.33 t 1.94 t 1.89 t 3.25 t 13.25 t 7.43 t 1.61 t 1.61 t 27.85 ± 6.67 t 3.46 t 3.11 Seferihisar Lanceolat,simple 16.10c 14.26bc 11.96bc 74.52c 25.99b 13.34bc 11.04b 99.94 d 31.51ab 13.11c 10.81d
2-6 se ments 98.0 a 58.41 t 68.0a 41.86c .. *35.53 t 4.17 t 2.87 ± 2.38 t 2.38 t 4.75 ± 3.26 t 2.38 t 2.38 t 10.16 ± 5.94 t 1.11 t 1.11 Narlıdere Orbicular,simple 17.20 b 12.0a 51.06c 18.86ab 16.79a 14.49a 83.39c 32.20b 19.09a 17.02a 129.70 b 34.5abc 36.11a 31.28a
t 3.52 ±3.74 t 4.70 ±3.22 t 2.44 t 1.89 t 9.79 t 4.73 ± 4.47 ± 3.63 t 16.01 t 7.67 t a.48 ± 6.52 Urla Lanceolat, 6.10 b 11.60a 56.12b 19.78ab 14.72a 12.65b 99.59ab 31.51b 13.57c 12.65b 137.99b 28.52c 14.26c 11.50c
2-4 segments i 2.51 ±4.48 t4.23 t 2.70 t 3.10 t 2.24 t 17.01 ± 7.52 t 2.29 ± 1.63 t 10.12 ± 6.79 t 2.38 t 1.53 Ealıklıova Orbicular,simple 9.70 b 11.0a 62.33a 21.31a 15.87a 12.65b 109.13a 37.95a 15.64bc 13.34b 185.29a 40.25a 15.18c 12.88c
2 segments t 2.79 *3.43 t 3.83 t 3.95 ± 2.96 ± 2.48 *17.67 t 6.62 t 1.46 t 1.46 t 13.90 t 3.80 t 2.22 t 1.94 Karaburun Lanceolat,simple 2-3 segments t 2.39 8.80 b 4.90a 51.52c 20.93a 12.19c 10.81b 86.81c 31.28b 16.79b 14.26b 128.30b 35.65ab 14.49c 12.65c
t 1.37 *5.22 t 3.83 t 1.55 t 1.55 ± 9.45 t 5.22 ± 1.55 t 1.46 t 26.81 ± 8.28 t 3.60 t 3.95 Çeşme orbicular, 13.40b 13.7a 64.4 a 20.93a 14.46ab 12.19b 100.74ab 31.51b 17.25ab 14.03b 185.36a 40.47a 23.00b 18.40b
2-3 segments t 4.22 ± 4.67 t 4.73 ± 2.01 t 3.45 t 1.11 t 10.72 t 5.09 t 3.64 t 2.96 t 20.24 t 9.34 t 4.20 ± 1.88 Seferihisar . lanceolat, 37.50a 12.20a 53.59bc 17.71b 12.42bc 10.81b 90.01bc 27.60b 15.41bc 12.65b 138.38b 32.66bc 15.64c 13.57c
2-3 segments t 12.79 t 5.73 t 3.08 t 1.11 t 1.94 t 1.11 t 10.47 t 4.47 t 2.18 ± 2.24 t 11.62 ±10.16 t 2.11 ±2.01 Narlıdere orbicular, 16.30b 9.40b 53.59bc 20.24b 19.09a 16.79a 97.30b 17.71d 18.40a 16.33a 136.50c 36.80b 35.42a 27.14a
2-3 segments ± 2.75 t 3.78 t 6.42 t 3.56 ± 1.89 t 1.89 t 10.87 t 3.26 t 1.88 t 1.70 t 26.62 t 6.77 t 6.61 t 6.21 Urla Lanceolat,simple 4.40 b 8.20b 48.76d 17.25 15.41b 12.42bc 96.1b 31.05bc 15.41bc 13.11b 157.63b 26.91c 16.56c 14.03c
2-5 segments tl .01 t 1.93 t 2.61 t 1.21 t 1.89 t 1.19 ± 11.73 t 5.11 t 2.18 1.90 t 23.57 t 4.48 ± 0.97 t 1.70 Balıldıova Orbicular,simple2 11.60b 10.0b 64.4a 23.23a 16.10b 13.57b 94.40b 38.41a 17.33ab 14.50ab 176.31b 43.70a 16.10c 13.34c
segments ±3.84 ± 3.53 t 3.43 t 3.51 t 2.66 t 2.75 t 9.32 ± 7.11 t 3.52 t 2.18 t 35.07 t 3.76 t 1.88 t 0.97 Karaburun Lanceolat, 9.10b 6.40b 56.81b 20.47b 15.64b 12.65bc 95.266 34.73ab 18.86a 15.18 a 158.60b 34.04b 29.9Db 24.84ab
2-5 segments *3.84 ±1.71 t 7.20 t 3.15 t 2.38 t 1.96 t 14.55 t 10.48 t 2.11 t 2.91 t 15.49 t 5.29 ± 4.47 t 3.56 Çeşme orbicular, 17.90b 8.0 b 63.22a 21.16ab 17.48ab 13.34b 128.30a 30.13bc 18.44a 15.18a 199.45a 36.80b 28.01b 22.53b
2-3 segments *4.56 ±4.03 t 3.92 t 2.11 t 4.23 ± 1.46 t 26.51 t 4.66 t 4.16 t 2.47 ± 30.63 t 7.11 t 7.15 t 5.47 Seferihisar orbicular, 49.20a 21.10a 50.60c 17.48c 12.65c 11.04c 72.30 c 25.99c 14.03c 11.27c 129.49c 25.64c 13.77c 11.96c
2-3 segments *20.52 *11.75 ±4.06 t 1.19 t 2.24 t 1.81 t 10.86 ± 3.44 t 2.53 t 2.01 t 32.22 t 5.68 t 2.66 t 3.22
abcd, differences between the means with the same letter in each column and each season are not signifıcant (p>0.05) Abbreviations are the same as Table 2. S P R N S U M M E R U T U M N N T E, C 5. I-- • ca < O ° o Z oı o m 3 ?3 ▪ m 3. o co o <0 co o • ° w N- O ,» ni - I S' c •<> Of
c.
0 o c7 <o <3' o C 7c- ııı co O: Q>ıö
Of 21. C o o "tı suSJ F w
2:0
78 TARIM BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ 2001, Cilt 7, Sayı 3
Cell Iength in basal surface section (BSCL): The
highest mean value of cell Iength in basal surface section was 36.1 pm in autumn in Narlıdere. The maximum value was measured as 43.7 pm in autumn in Narlıdere. The lowest mean value was 13.1 pm in summer in Seferihisar and the minimum value was 6.9 pm in summer in Urla.
Cell breadth in basal surface section (BSCB):The
highest mean value of cell breadth in basal surface section
was 31.3 pm in autumn in Narlıdere. The maximum value was measured as 41.4 pm in autumn and winter in Narlıdere. The lowest mean value was 10.8 pm in summer in Seferihisar and the minimum value was 6.9 pm in summer in Urla.
Thallus; simple-orbicular or lanceolat, often with 2-6 segments, or deeply divided into broad or linear lobes; often with many holes in the mid region, margins often membranaceous, entire or with small denticules. Thallus 35-76 pm thick in marginal region, 58-185 pm thick in mid region, 64-255 pm thick in basal region. The effects of ecological changes on the anatomical structure of Ulva were mostly determined in marginal section of thallus. The
marginal transverse section did not change due to the disappearance of musilage in between. The difference resulted from the changes of the cell size. The thickness of marginal region was lower when the thallus Iength and breadth was higher in Narlıdere and Seferihisar. The maximum and minimum values of the thickness of marginal region were in aggrement with Koeman (1985). It was reported as 38-42 pm by Bliding (1968), 40 pm by
Hoeksema and Hoek (1983), 40-90 pm by Phillips (1984), 50-80 pm by Phillips (1988). The minimum value in our findings was lower than those of the reported values.
Cells in surface view, polygonal or quadrangular; 8- 23 pm long and 7-23 İ.ım broad in marginal region; 9-28 pm long and 7-23 pnn broad in mid region and; 7-44 pm long and 7-41 pm broad in basal region. Cells in transverse section rounded, or rectangular; 12-28 pm high in marginal region, 14-53 pm high in mid region, 12-57.5 pm high in basal region. The cell height increased from marginal to basal regions. The similar pattern was also reported by Philips (1988). The cell size in marginal region, as in surface view was reported as (11-18) X (7- 11) pm by Koeman (1985), and (10-23) X (7-18) pm by Hoeksema and Hoek (1983). The palisade-like cells in•the middle part were characteristic for the identifıcation of U. rigida.
U. rigida was the most common species of Ulvales in the coast of İzmir as reported by several authors (Güner and Aysel 1978 Dural et al. 1989; Dural 1990). It grows on gently sloping sedimentary rock platforms and sandy beachs. It was reported that Ulva reaches a peak abundance during the early spring and plants may cover almost completely the rocky substratum and, the thallus length and breadth were 1.6-11.4 cm and 2.2-13.2 cm in the southern Australian populations of U. rigida (Philips 1988). In this study, excessive growth of plants were observed and the max. length of plants reached to 360 cm around the point-pollution sources, such as waste pipes in
Fig. 2. The changes of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and orthophosphate concentration by the seasons in the sampling locations (N; Narlıdere, U; Urla, B; Balıkkova, K; Karaburun, Ç; Çeşme, S; Seferihisar)
DURAL; B. ve N. DEMIR, "Ecological, anatomical and morphological studies on Ulva rigida C. Agardh (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta)
in the ccast of İzmir (Aegean sea - Turkey)" 79
small bays. In the study period, mean values of water temperature were measured as 17.5 °C for spring, 24.1 °C for summer, 23.6 °C for autumn and 14.3 °C for winter. The values of dissolved oxygen varied between 13.4-2.4 mg/I and anoxic conditions were not determined. The seasonal variations of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphate concentrations in each of six locations were giyen in (Fig. 2). The concentration of nutrients varied with locations and seasons. Orthophosphate values were higher in Narlıdere and Çeşme in summer, ammonia-nitrogen was the highest in Çeşme in summer and spring, nitrite was higher in Narlıdere in spring and nitrate was the highest in Seferihisar in spring. The approximate temperature for the maximum growth rate of Ulva was reported as 20 °C and nitrate is the limiting nutrient in sea (Duke et al., 1989). Phillips (1988), showed that rapid growth of thalli during early spring produces larger plants. The highest nitrate concentration resulted from a discharge of a restaurant was stimulate the growth and the highest mean values of thallus length and breadth were found ir. Seferihisar in spring. The thalius size of U. rigida in Seferihisar differed significantly from other locations in each season (p<0.05). The length of thalli reached to 360 cm where the nitrate concentration was 230.2 pg/I. In fact, this coast is clean and rich in oxygen. The length of thalli decreased towards to winter. After the rehabilitation of this discharge, none of Ulva species was found in this station.
The morphological and anatomical structure of U. rigida affected from the environmental changes. Some characters such as morphometric parameters were too variable for taxonomic use. But the identifıcation of U. lactuca with anatomical and morphological characteristics which was reported in İzmir bay for many times was not easy as reported by Güner and Aysel (1977, 1978). The shape of the cells in mid region was characteristic for U. rigida. Because of being the easiest to identify in between Ulva species of Turkey, it might be used as an indicator of eutrophication or metal pollution in later studies.
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