Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective

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(1)*56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt 99-112. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective Kemal Ferit ÇETİNTAŞ 1, Zerrin YILMAZ 2 1 GFSJUDFUJOUBT!HNBJMDPNt%FQBSUNFOUPG"SDIJUFDUVSF 'BDVMUZPG&OHJOFFSJOH And Architecture, İstanbul Arel University, İstanbul, Turkey 2 yilmazzer@itu.edu.tr t%FQBSUNFOUPG"SDIJUFDUVSF 'BDVMUZPG"SDIJUFDUVSF İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey. doi: 10.5505/itujfa.2018.46338 . 3FDFJWFE+VMZt Final Acceptance: September 2017. Abstract Optimizing thermal insulation thickness to save energy and reduce carbon emissions in Mediterranean climates is important. Many standards and regulations on energy efficiency or thermal insulation focus insulation thickness without considering life cycle energy efficiency or environmental impacts. This may lead to unexpected and undesirable results. A new approach for identifying the optimal insulation material and thickness has been applied to a multi-storey residential building in a Mediterranean climate in Turkey. The approach considers life cycle energy consumption, carbon emissions and cost. Energy performance is calculated with details of occupancy, lighting system and internal gains. Results are compared with those of the same building in a cold climate region to show how climate affects life cycle energy and carbon performance. The results of the study show that if insulation thickness is not optimized for a material’s entire life cycle, it may end up being less efficient, more expensive, and have greater carbon emissions than expected, especially in Mediterranean climates. Keywords Thermal insulation thickness, Life cycle energy analysis, Life cycle carbon emission analysis, Life cycle cost analysis..

(2) . 1. Introduction 1.1. Background information and literature overview The International Energy Agency reports that ‘buildings are responsible for PG UPUBM FOFSHZ DPOTVNQUJPO BOE PG HSFFOIPVTF HBTTFT FNJTTJPOT 6/&1 )FODFFOFSHZFďDJFODZ in buildings is a relevant topic for many countries due to factors related to the environment, economy and energy consumption. Each country has determined its own future targets about energy efficiency and carbon emissions of buildings. The European Union &6 IBTJTTVFEUIFAćFQBDLBHF XIJDI UBSHFUT B DBSCPO FNJTTJPO SFEVDUJPO JNQSPWFNFOU JO FOFSHZFďDJFODZBOETVQQMZJOHPGFOFSHZ GSPN SFOFXBCMF TPVSDFT CZ $MJNBUF "DUJPO *O BEEJUJPO the EU has made ‘the recast of EnerHZ1FSGPSNBODFPG#VJMEJOHT%JSFDUJWF &6 &1#% UPFTUBCMJTINJOimum requirements for buildings’ enFSHZ QFSGPSNBODF &6 &OFSHZ efficient retrofitting is as important as energy efficient design because many existing buildings do not meet energy performance standards. Energy consumption of buildings affect building’s carbon emission and energy cost significantly. Therefore, energy efficient building is an important issue for energy saving, carbon emission and cost reduction. Energy efficient building design depends on some criteria such as climate, building’s orientation, distance between buildings, window-wall ratio and building envelope’s thermo physical properties. As it is known, most of the energy efficient building design criteria such as orientation and distance between buildings couldn’t be consider in built environment. Thus, building envelope design has important role in energy efficient building design. Increasing thermal mass and reduction heat loss from building envelope are major issues for energy efficiency in envelope design. Increasing thermal insulation is most common strategy for reducing heat losses especially in cold climates but thermal mass is an important approach for hot climates. Manioğlu and Yılmaz compare traditional house and modern house envelope from point of. thermal mass’ effect on comfort condiUJPO .BOJPʓMV :MNB[ 5SBEJtional house envelope, which is made with 1,2m. stone, have better surface temperature performance according to comfort zone than modern house enveMPQF XIJDIJTNBEFXJUI NCSJDL Increasing thermal mass related with solar gain but, increasing thermal mass couldn’t be apply in built environment because of distance between buildings. Moreover, increasing thermal mass couldn’t be done because of architectural restrictions such as constructing thick walls in high rise new buildings PSFYJTUJOHCVJMEJOHT1SFWJPVTTUVEJFT showed that adding or increasing thermal insulation thickness are most common or well-known strategy for energy FďDJFODZ JO CVJMEJOHT #PFDL Therefore, reduction heat loss from building become one of major strategy for energy efficient building design in built environment and retrofitting. Thick thermal insulation on building envelope reduce energy consumption and carbon emission in cold climate but it performs differently in MediterSBOFBODMJNBUF)FODF UIJTTUVEZGPDVT on thermal insulation in Mediterranean climate because of reasons as it is stated above. Optimum insulation thickness has been studied using the number of heating and cooling days in different cliNBUFT ,àSFLÎJ #PMBUUàSL and with respect to fuel type, glazing area and achieving low energy targets #PMBUUàSL 6ÎBS #BMP ½[LBO 0OBO ½[FM ,PMBJUJT ½[FM 1IUM #PKJD "M4BOFB ;FEBO 0QUJNVNQPsition and material vary by climate, with different results based on thickness and GVFM UZQF 6ÎBS #BMP ±PNBLM :àLTFM ½[FM 4FWFSBMTUVEies have addressed the effect of thermal insulation on cooling and total energy DPOTVNQUJPOJOCVJMEJOHT ½[FM :V %BPVBT 4QFDJĕDBMly, energy performance standards in /PSUIFSO &VSPQFBO DPVOUSJFT IBWF low U values for building envelopes, towards increasing energy efficiency. )PXFWFS UIJDL JOTVMBUJPO MBZFST JO warm climates increase primary energy consumption. Cooling set points and internal gains from equipment sig-. *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(3) . nificantly increase cooling energy consumption in warm climates. Therefore .BTPTPBOE(SPCMFS DPODMVEFE that instead of ‘the lower U value the better’ it should be ‘the higher U value UIF CFUUFS 1SFWJPVT TUVEJFT TIPX UIBU optimum thermal insulation thickness varies by climate. Optimization studies have generally focused on heating and cooling energy consumption but have not considered lighting and domestic water heating. Optimum cost is another relevant GBDUPS BOEJTOPXPCMJHBUPSZJO&1#%T declaration on energy efficiency in CVJMEJOHT &6 0QUJNVNDPTUPG thermal insulation materials has been TUVEJFE JO EJČFSFOU DMJNBUFT /FNBUDIPVB ,BZOBLM )BTBO /ZFST +BGBSJ BOE 7BMFOUJOF QSPQPTFE BO PQUJNJ[BUJPO framework decision making focused on energy efficient measures. Optimal cost depends on climate, building typology, user behaviour and efficiency. Environmental effects of different thermal insulation materials have also been studied throughout their life cycles with cradle to grave approach based on environmental, energy and cost performance in different climates 1BSHBOB 4V 4ISFTUIB FU BM 4PIO FU BM -PMMJOJ FU BM 1BQBEPQPVMPT BOE (JBNB %ZMFXTLJ BOE "EBND[ZL ½[FM BOBTUBTFMPT FU BM ½[FM 7JMDIFT FU BM 5JOHMFZ FU BM ćFTF GBDUPST XFSF UIFCBTJTGPS"OBTUBTFMPTFUBMT decision system for selecting thermal JOTVMBUJPO NBUFSJBMT %JČFSFOU FYUFSJor wall types and insulation materials XFSF DPNQBSFE )FBUJOH BOE DPPMJOH energy consumption were included but not lighting, but lighting appliances can have a significant effect on a building’s operational primary energy consumption and heat gain. Likewise, occupancy schedule, activity level and household appliances’ schedule were OPUEFUBJMFE#BSSBVFUBM BďSN that insulation material life cycle performance, energy performance calculation methodology and assumptions affect optimum insulation thickness. Generally, optimum thermal insulation thickness is calculated without considering building’s life cycle energy,. environmental and cost performance. )PXFWFS TFWFSBM TUVEJFT DPOTJEFS MJGF cycle energy, environmental and cost performance of the building with undetailed calculations while determination UIFSNBM JOTVMBUJPO UIJDLOFTT #VU BT JU is known energy consumption level in operational period during building’s life cycle affect energy consumption, environmental and cost performance TJHOJĕDBOUMZ 'PS JOTUBODF PDDVQBODZ and activity level, heat gains from lighting system and household equipment are not taken into account in the energy performance calculations. Therefore, energy performance in operational period should calculate with detailed assumptions. Occupancy, activity level and gains from lighting equipment significantly affect energy consumption of building. These factors’ effect on building’s energy consumption are noted CZTFWFSBMTUVEJFT 3VFMMBO FUBM #BSUIFMNFT FUBM #FDDIJP FUBM ćFSFGPSFBOVQEBUFEPQUJNJ[Btion approach is required that includes detailed energy performance calculations for a building’s entire life cycle. 1.2. Aim of the study Thermal insulation have significant effect on building’s life cycle energy consumption, carbon emission and cost performance according to climate [POF BOE CVJMEJOH UZQPMPHZ )FODF primary aim of this study is to determine thermal insulation thickness and material from life cycle energy, carbon emission and cost perspective. As it is known operational stage in building’s MJGFDZDMFDBVTFOFBSMZFOFSHZDPOsumption of entire life cycle. Therefore, energy performance calculations are done with detailed assumptions on occupancy, activity level, and gains from lighting system and household equipment. Comprehensive calculations were done for a multi-storey residential building in İzmir, Turkey, which IBTB.FEJUFSSBOFBODMJNBUF%JČFSFOU insulation materials and thickness are compared towards optimum solutions based on life cycle energy consumption, carbon emission, and cost in a Mediterranean climate. Energy performance and thermal insulation stanEBSETJO/PSUIFSO&VSPQFGPDVTPOMPX U values for building envelopes to save. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(4) . FOFSHZ #VU UIFSNBM JOTVMBUJPOT FČFDU on energy saving and carbon emission reduction change according to climate and building type. Therefore, results compared with cold climate (Erzurum, 5VSLFZ TIPXUIFFČFDUPGMPX6WBMVFT on energy consumption and carbon emission in Mediterranean climate. The secondary aim of the study is to demonstrate the need to revise standards on energy efficiency to include life cycle energy and environmental performance while considering climate and building typology. 2. Approach The approach, which determine optimum thermal insulation thickness and material, are formed of six steps as follows, 1. determining thermal insulation material alternatives, 2. selecting a case study building and getting architectural data, making life cycle energy analysis -$&" DBMDVMBUJPOT making life cycle carbon emission BOBMZTJT -$$" DBMDVMBUJPOT NBLJOHMJGFDZDMFDPTU -$$ DBMDVlations and getting results and optimum solutions. 2.1. Determining thermal insulation material alternatives Thermal insulation materials alternatives were selected based on usage intensity and application possibilities in the construction sector. Expanded QPMZTUZSFOF &14 FYUSVEFE QPMZTUZSFOF 914 SPDLXPPM 38 BOEHMBTT XPPM (8 XFSFDIPTFOBOEDPNQBSFE GPSUIJDLOFTTFTPG OPJOTVMBUJPO BOEDN*OTVMBUJPOUIJDLOFTT are chosen from market’s most used thickness. 2.2. Selecting a case study building and getting architectural data A multi-storey residential building was selected, which is a typical housJOHCMPDLCVJMUCZUIF5VSLJTI)PVTJOH %FWFMPQNFOU "ENJOJTUSBUJPO 50,ɗ ćFCVJMEJOHIBTPOFCBTFNFOU ĘPPST BOE JOEJWJEVBM IPVTJOH units. Architectural plans and meaTVSFNFOUT BSF QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF and Tables 1–2.. Table 1. Architectural measures o f the case study building.. Table 2. Construction details of the case study building (TOKI, 2016).. Figure 1. Architectural plan and thermal zones of the case study building.. 2.3. Making life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) calculations LCEA is derived from the life cycle assessment approach, which considers energy consumption of products or services for their entire life cycle. Life cycle has two different approach which are cradle to grave and cradle to cradle. Cradle to grave approach identified as the entire life of a material or product up to the point of disposal, is used in this study. According to the European $PNNJUUFFGPS4UBOEBSEJ[BUJPO $&/ 5$ TUBOEBSET UIF MJGF DZcle of a building comprises the production, construction, use and end of building life stages. Life cycle energy consumption of the case study building were calculated with the method deWFMPQFE CZ "EBMCFSUI &OFSHZ consumption is calculated as primary energy in all stages. Limitations on life cycle stage of the case study building DBO CF TFFO JO 5BCMF $POTUSVDUJPO and demolition were not included be-. *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(5) . Table 3. Limitations on building’s life cycle.. Transportation stage: Energy consumption in the transportation stage was calculated with equation 2 "EBMCFSUI *U JT BTTVNFE UIBU all thermal insulation materials are supplied from nearest factory to the case study building. . Table 4. Assumptions for case study building (TS 825, 2008; ÇŞBBEP, 2010; Yılmaz, Z. et al. ,2016).. cause of lack of information and their negligible effects on the overall life cyDMF 4BSUPSJBOE)FTUOFT Production stage: Energy consumption at the production stage is calculated by multiplying the material quantity and embodied energy of material (equation "EBMCFSUI /FDFTTBSZ EBUB for embodied energy calculations are from a well-known database (ICE, (SFFO4QFD ("#* Embodied energy consumption of all thermal insulation materials were calculated but the embodied energy consumption of other building elements were not included. . Qproduct: Energy requirement for producing all the building materials L8I. O/VNCFSPGCVJMEJOHNBUFSJBMT i: Material of concern mi: Amount of the building material UPOT. wi 8BTUF GBDUPS GPS UIF CVJMEJOH NBUFSJBM Mİ: Energy required to manufacture UIFCVJMEJOHNBUFSJBM L8IUPO. Qtransportation: energy requirement for transportation of the building materials L8I. O/VNCFSPGCVJMEJOHNBUFSJBM i: Material of concern mi: Amount of the building material UPOT. wi8BTUFGBDUPSPGUIFCVJMEJOHNBUFSJBM dİ %JTUBODF CFUXFFO GBDUPSZ BOE DPOTUSVDUJPOTJUF LN Tc: Energy consumption of the USBOTQPSUBUJPOWFIJDMF L8IUPOLN. Use stage: Energy consumption during the use stage includes the amount of energy consumed by the mechanical systems in order to provide comfort conditions in the building. Energy consumption by equipments for heating, cooling, lighting and domestic hot water were included in primary energy consumption in this study. Energy consumption was calculated with a dynamic calculation method, BT TVHHFTUFE CZ UIF &1#% VTJOH UIF %FTJHO #VJMEFS FOFSHZ QFSGPSNBODF TJNVMBUJPO TPęXBSF &1#% %FTJHO #VJMEFS ćF DBTF TUVEZ building was assumed to have five JOEJWJEVBM UIFSNBM [POFT 'JHVSF ćFSNBM DPOEJUJPOFE [POFT o BSF SFTJEFOUJBM BOE [POF JT UIF CVJMEJOH core used for circulating, which is VODPOEJUJPOFE CZ BO )7"$ TZTUFN and is lighted with an automatic control system. %FUBJMFE VTBHF BTTVNQUJPOT BCPVU the case study building can be seen JO 5BCMFT o ćFTF BTTVNQUJPOT BSF from based on national standards, regulations and previous studies (TS ±ɮ##&1 :MNB[ BU BM "DUJWJUZ WBMVFT BSF GSPN UIF "4)3"& TUBOEBSE "4)3"& 0DDVQBODZBOEBDUJWJUZMFWFMBTsumptions for each individual housing VOJUBSFJO5BCMF ±ɮ##&1 :M-. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(6) . NB[FUBM )FBUHBJOGSPNIPNF appliances and their operating time for FBDIIPVTJOHVOJUBSFJO5BCMF :MNB[ FUBM -JHIUJOHQPXFSEFOTJUZPG JOUFSJPSTQBDFTXFSFDBMDVMBUFEXJUI%*"-VYFWPTPęXBSF %*"-69 *MMVNJOBUJPOMFWFMTBSFBTTVNFEUPCF MVYGPSLJUDIFOT MVYGPSDIJMESFOT CFESPPNTBOEMVYGPSMJWJOHSPPNT bedrooms, corridors and bathrooms. The lighting system’s operating time BOEQPXFSEFOTJUZBSFJO5BCMF. Table 5. Occupancy and activity level schedules (Yılmaz, Z. et al., 2016; ASHRAE 55, 2010).. 2.4. Making life cycle carbon emission analysis (LCCA) calculations Life cycle carbon emissions are the accumulated carbon emission in all building stages. Carbon emissions are calculated with the Tier-2 methodoloHZEFWFMPQFECZUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM1BOFM PO $MJNBUF $IBOHF *1$$ *1$$ ćFBNPVOUPGDBSCPOFNJTTJPO JT DBMDVMBUFE XJUI FRVBUJPO /BUJPOal carbon emission conversion factors XFSF GPS OBUVSBM HBT BOE GPS FMFDUSJDJUZ ±ɮ##&1 . C: Carbon emission during a life cycle stage (CO2UPOT. n: life cycle stage J/VNCFSPGMJGFDZDMFTUBHFT Ei fuel: Energy consumption per fuel UZQFEVSJOHMJGFDZDMFTUBHF L8I. ƒCO2: Carbon emission conversion factor per fuel type 2.5. Making life cycle cost calculations (LCC) LCC is a cost analysis tool that includes all building stages. Global cost calculation methodology, which is TVHHFTUFECZ&1#%BOEUIF&/ standard, was used in this study (EC, $&/ (MPCBM DPTU DBMDVMBUJPOT XFSF CBTFE PO UIF A/FU 1SFTFOU 7BMVF /17 NFUIPEPMPHZ VTJOH FRVBUJPO. XIFSFϰJTUIFDBMDVMBUJPOQFSJPE$H ϰ is global cost (referred to starting year τ PWFS UIF DBMDVMBUJPO QFSJPE $l is initial investment cost for a measure or TFUPGNFBTVSFTK$a J K JTUIFBOOVBM. Table 6. Power and operating time of the electrical equipment (Yılmaz, Z. et al. ,2016).. cost during year i for measure or set of NFBTVSFTK7f, τ K JTUIFSFTJEVBMWBMVF of a measure or set of measures j at the end of the calculation period. Rd J JT the discount factor for year i based on discount rate r, calculated as follows:. where p is the number of years from the starting period and r is the real discount rate. Global cost calculations. *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(7) . Table 7. Lighting power densities (Yılmaz, Z. et al. ,2016).. Table 8. Case study building’s primary energy consumption (kWh/m2 per year).. Table 9. Case study building life cycle energy consumption and carbon emission for 50 year life span.. XFSF NBEF GPS ZFBST BT TVHHFTUFE CZ UIF &1#% &$ ćFSFGPSF the case study building life’s span is BTTVNFE UP CF ZFBST GPS MJGF DZDMF cost calculations. Costs that have effects on energy consumption were included and other costs were ignored. Macroeconomic data, which are necessary for global cost calculation, are GSPNUIF$FOUSBM#BOLPGUIF3FQVCMJD PG5VSLFZ 5$.# ćFDPTUTPG insulation materials and construction are from the annual unit price book, published by the Turkish Ministry of 1VCMJD 8PSLT BOE 4FUUMFNFOU ±ɮ# &OFSHZ QSJDFT CZ GVFM UZQF GPS energy costs were provided by local energy supply companies (Gediz, *[HB[ 1BMFO "SBTFEBT . 2.6. Getting results and optimum solutions 'PMMPXJOH UIF BQQSPBDI EFTDSJCFE above and the energy consumption calculations, the case study building was divided into end use energy and priNBSZFOFSHZ UBCMF $PPMJOHFOFSHZ consumption accounts for nearly half of primary energy consumption and end VTFFOFSHZDPOTVNQUJPOJTOFBSMZ lower than primary energy consumpUJPOJOUIF.FEJUFSSBOFBODMJNBUF1SJmary energy conversion factors are 1 GPSOBUVSBMHBTBOEGPSFMFDUSJDJUZ ±ɮ##&1 ćFSFGPSF DPPMJOH energy consumption dominates annual primary energy consumption in the .FEJUFSSBOFBODMJNBUFSFHJPO ɗ[NJS Energy performance analysis should be done as primary energy consumption to obtain accurate results. Table 9 compares the case study building’s life cycle energy consumption and carbon emission performance JO .FEJUFSSBOFBO ɗ[NJS BOE DPME DMJNBUFT &S[VSVN "T TFFO JO UIF table, there is a remarkable difference in life cycle energy and carbon emission performance. Although life cycle energy performance in the Mediterranean climate is better than in the cold DMJNBUF DBSCPOFNJTTJPOJTOFBSMZ IJHIFS )JHI MFWFMT PG DPPMJOH FOFSHZ consumption in the Mediterranean climate significantly affect life cycle energy consumption and carbon emission. Cooling provided by electricity causes a large amount of carbon emission, due to carbon emission conversion factors PG GPS OBUVSBM HBT BOE GPS FMFDUSJDJUZ ±ɮ##&1 ćFSFGPSF cooling energy consumption in hot or hot and humid climate regions such as Mediterranean climates is important for reducing primary energy consumption saving and carbon emissions. Embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions of different insulation materials with different thicknessFTDBOCFTFFOJO'JHVSFćSFFDFOtimetre thick glass wool has the lowest FNCPEJFE FOFSHZ DPOTVNQUJPO L8IN2, while the same thickness of 914 IBT UIF IJHIFTU L8IN2. There is a linear relationship between insulation thickness and embodied enFSHZ'PSJOTUBODF UIFFNCPEJFEFOFSHZPGHMBTTXPPMJODSFBTFTGSPNUP. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(8) . Figure 2. Comparison of thermal insulation materials’ embodied energy and carbon emissions.. L8IN2 as its thickness increasFTGSPNUPDN&NCPEJFEDBSCPO emissions also vary by material and thickness such as glass wool’s carbon FNJTTJPO JODSFBTF PG LH $02N2 XJUIBOJODSFBTFGSPNUPDNUIJDLOFTT ćFSF JT B L8IN2 energy saving potential, which is nearly equal to annual end use energy consumption GPSMJHIUJOH BOEBLH$02N2 carbon emission reduction from thermal insulation material selection. Most of the thermal insulation standards and regulations focus on the U value of the CVJMEJOHFOWFMPQF)PXFWFS BTTFFOJO 'JHVSF JOTVMBUJPONBUFSJBMBOEUIJDLness affect life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions. Thus, insulation thickness should be determined according to a material’s life cycle performance. 'JHVSF TIPXT UIF FČFDU PG UIFSmal insulation thickness on primary energy consumption during the case study building’s use stage for Mediterranean and cold climates. Increasing JOTVMBUJPOGSPNUPDNTBWFT L8IN2 energy in the Mediterranean DMJNBUFBOEL8IN2 in the cold climate. Thick insulation prevents night cooling, which is important for reducing cooling energy consumption in the Mediterranean climate. Moreover, cooling equipment powered by electricity increases cooling energy consumption due to its high converTJPOGBDUPSPGćFSNBMJOTVMBUJPO standards focus on U value and heating energy consumption, so they suggest low U values for building envelopes for greater energy efficiency, especially in /PSUIFSO &VSPQFBO DPVOUSJFT #VU BT 'JHVSFTIPXT JODSFBTJOHUIFSNBMJOsulation thickness provides less energy. savings in the Mediterranean climate than the cold climate. Therefore, determining insulation thickness should consider cooling, lighting, heating, building type and climate. Otherwise, energy savings expected from increasing thermal insulation thickness could be unexpectedly low, for example in Mediterranean climates. 'JHVSF TIPXT UIF FČFDU PG EJČFSent thermal insulation thicknesses on carbon emissions during the use TUBHF ćFSF JT B LH $02N2ZFBS carbon emission reduction potential JOUIF.FEJUFSSBOFBODMJNBUFBOE kg CO2N2ZFBS JO UIF DPME DMJNBUF Cooling with electricity significantly increases carbon emission because of electricity’s carbon emission converTJPO GBDUPS WBMVF PG 4USBUFHJFT UP decrease cooling energy consumption and carbon emission should focus on energy efficiency in the Mediterranean climate. Therefore, optimization of thermal insulation thickness based on multiple factors primary energy saving and carbon emission are important for countries with Mediterranean climates in order to save energy and meet carbon emission targets. 'JHVSFTBOETIPXUIFFČFDUTPG increasing insulation thickness on life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions. As it is stated before buildJOH MJGF TQBO BTTVNFE BT ZFBST CVU in LCEA and LCC cost results comparison building life span assumed as ZFBST CFDBVTF PG MJGF TQBO TVHHFTUJPOJO-$$NFUIPEPMPHZJO&1#%*O the Mediterranean climate, increasing UIFSNBMJOTVMBUJPOPWFSDNGPS&14 insulation increases carbon emissions while life cycle energy consumption decreases. On the other hand, life cy-. *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(9) . Figure 3. The effect of thermal insulation thickness on heating and cooling energy consumption for the case study building.. Figure 4. The effect of thermal insulation thickness on carbon emissions.. Figure 5. The effects of EPS with different thicknesses on life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions in the Mediterranean climate region.. Figure 6. The effects of EPS of different thicknesses on life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions in the cold climate.. cle energy consumption and carbon emissions decrease with increasing insulation thickness in the cold climate. The energy performance of buildings during the use stage dominates life cyDMFFOFSHZQFSGPSNBODF)JHIDPPMJOH energy consumption in the Mediterranean climate affects primary energy consumption and carbon emission. Therefore, determining optimum insulation thickness based on life cycle performance is important for saving energy and reducing carbon emissions, especially in Mediterranean DMJNBUFT)PXFWFS TUBOEBSETBOESFHVMBUJPOT TVDI BT &1#% BOE #VJMEJOH &OFSHZ 1FSGPSNBODF SFHVMBUJPO GPS 5VSLFZ #&1 EPOPUDPOTJEFSMJGFDZcle energy consumption and carbon emissions. LCC is an important tool for making decisions about energy efficiency measures in buildings. Life cycle enFSHZBOEDPTUQFSGPSNBODFPG&14JOsulation material for Mediterranean BOEDPMEDMJNBUFTBSFTIPXOJO'JHVSFT BOE $MJNBUF BČFDUT FOFSHZ DPOsumption, which is affected by enerHZQSJDFT1SJDFTGPSFOFSHZBSFħ L8I GPS FMFDUSJDJUZ BOE ħL8I GPSOBUVSBMHBTJOɗ[NJS)JHIMFWFMTPG cooling energy consumption, which is done with electricity, increase global cost significantly. Increasing thermal insulation thickness decreases global cost and energy consumption in all thickness in the cold climate, but in the Mediterranean climate, global cost increases for increasing insulation thickOFTTGSPNUPDN$PPMJOHFOFSHZ consumption in the Mediterranean climate is important for energy efficiency and cost. Therefore, energy efficiency measures should be optimized with multiple criteria such as energy, carCPO FNJTTJPO BOE DPTU %FUFSNJOJOH insulation thickness without considering annual energy consumption and cost would give ineffective results for Mediterranean climates. In addition to global cost, lighting energy consumption, which increases cooling energy consumption by heat gain from lighting instruments, should be considered in energy performance and global cost calculations. After getting life cycle energy, carbon emission and cost performance. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(10) . from life cycle perspective optimum solutions are given in this section. Optimum solutions are getting with comparison of all results. Optimum solutions present alternatives with low energy consumption, carbon emission and cost in life cycle period. Thermal insulation material alternative’s life cycle energy consumption and carbon emission performance can be seen in figure 9. According to alternatives’ performance, optimum life cycle energy DPOTVNQUJPO JT CFUXFFO BOE L8IN2ZFBS BOE MJGF DZDMF DBSCPO FNJTTJPOT SBOHF GSPN UP LH $02N2ZFBS &14 914 BOEHMBTTXPPMXJUIPSDNUIJDLOFTT alternatives provide optimum solutions for the Mediterranean climate. 'JHVSF TIPXT BMM BMUFSOBUJWFT MJGF cycle energy consumption and costs. Optimum solutions for life cycle enerHZ DPOTVNQUJPO BSF CFUXFFO BOEL8IN2PWFSZFBSTBOE DPTUCFUXFFOħBOEN2 over ZFBSTćFSNBMJOTVMBUJPONBUFSJBMT XJUI PQUJNVN QFSGPSNBODF BSF &14 914BOEHMBTTXPPMXJUIUIJDLOFTTFTPG BOEDN "TJUJTTFFOGSPNĕHVSFBOEPQtimum insulation thickness change according to life cycle energy, carbon and cost performance. Optimum thickness GPSCPUI-$&"BOE-$$"JTPSDN BOE NBUFSJBMT BSF &14 914 BOE HMBTT wool for the Mediterranean climate. )PXFWFS GPS-$&"BOE-$$ UIFPQUJNVNNBUFSJBMTBSF&14 914BOEHMBTT XPPMXJUI PSDNUIJDLOFTT&14 BOE914XJUIDNUIJDLOFTTIBWFPQUJmum performance from LCEA, LCCA and LCC points for the Mediterranean DMJNBUF ɗ[NJS 3PDL XPPM BOE HMBTT XPPM XJUI PS DN UIJDLOFTT IBWF optimum solutions from LCEA, LCCA and LCC point of view for the cold DMJNBUF &S[VSVN "T TFFO GSPN UIF findings, even if insulation thickness and thermal conductivity are the same life cycle energy, carbon emissions and cost performance are significantly different. Therefore choosing the optimal material and thickness should consider UIFFOUJSFMJGFDZDMF%FUFSNJOJOHPQUJmum insulation thickness based on a single criterion or without considering life cycle performance gives ineffective results.. Figure 7. Life cycle energy consumption and cost of EPS with different thicknesses in the Mediterranean climateregion (İzmir).. Figure 8. Life cycle energy consumption and cost of EPS with different thicknesses in the Mediterranean climateregion (İzmir).. Figure 9. Life cycle energy consumption and carbon emission performance of all alternatives in the Mediterranean climate region (İzmir).. Figure 10. Life cycle energy consumption and cost performance of all alternatives for the Mediterranean climate region (İzmir).. *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(11) . 3. Conclusion This study has presented and demonstrated a new approach to selecting insulation material and thickness though a case study of a multi-storey residential building that optimizes energy efficiency, carbon emission reduction and cost over the building’s MJGFDZDMF%FUBJMFEFOFSHZQFSGPSNBODF calculations included occupancy, activity level, equipment and lighting system. The results were compared to the same building in a cold climate to highlight the effect of climate on energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Using a life cycle perspective is important for countries working toward reduced energy consumption, carbon emission targets and cost in buildings. Energy efficiency in buildings depends on some parameters such as building form, orientation, distance between buildings, but most of these parameters couldn’t be consider while building design in built environment. Therefore design of building envelope is a key factor for energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. Thermal mass and using thermal insulation are important strategies for energy efĕDJFODZ JO CVJMEJOHT #VU QSPWJEJOH thermal mass in building envelope couldn’t be apply in built environment because of getting solar gain and architectural restrictions such as constructing thick walls. Therefore, adding thermal insulation to building envelope or increasing thermal insulation thickness become most common energy efficiency strategy in envelope for buildings. Adding a thick insulation layer has a significantly different impact on carbon emissions and energy consumption in Mediterranean and cold climates. Cooling energy consumption in Mediterranean climates significantly increases energy consumption, carbon emission and cost because of the electricity conversion factor. Therefore, reducing cooling energy consumption is an important strategy for saving energy and reducing carbon emissions in Mediterranean climate. Other strategies include using thermal mass, natural ventilation, effective central cooling systems, shading devices and renewBCMF FOFSHZ TPVSDFT )PXFWFS BQQMZing these strategies can be inefficiency,. expensive or limiting to architectural EFTJHO 'PS JOTUBODF VTJOH UIFSNBM mass couldn’t be applied in built environment because of solar gain amount and architectural restrictions, using an efficient central cooling system decreases cooling energy consumption but investment and maintenance DPTUT BSF IJHI JU DBO BMTP CF EJďDVMU to integrate into the architectural design. Thermal insulation material and various thickness’ performance could change according to climate and building typology significantly. Thus, as seen from results of this study, optimum thermal insulation material and thickness should be determined according to multiple criteria such as energy, carbon emission and cost from life cycle perspective. Many standards and regulations on energy efficiency or thermal insulation focus energy consumption, carbon emission and cost without considering material’s life cycle performance. This study’s results show that determining insulation thickness without considering life cycle performance results in unexpected performance, especially in Mediterranean climates. Therefore optimization with multiple criteria such as LCEA, LCCA and LCC should be done to determine insulation material and thickness. Many standards and regulations generally focus on heating energy consumption or energy performance for end use. This study’s results show that energy consumption of buildings’ primary energy consumption should be calculated to determine optimum efficiency measures. Occupancy, activity level, heat gain from house appliances and lighting systems should be taken into account in calculations because these parameters directly affect energy consumption. Standards and regulation should be revised to include life cycle calculations, including the details of different building types. Such a revision would be significant for countries targeting energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. In sum, multiple criteria are required to optimize insulation thickness and material based on life cycle energy, DBSCPO FNJTTJPO BOE DPTU %FUFSNJOing insulation thickness from a single. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(12) . criterion or without considering insulation material’s life cycle performance may result in unexpected results. The study focuses on life cycle energy consumption, carbon emission and cost. 'VUVSFSFTFBSDINBZJODPSQPSBUFPUIFS parameters such as fire resistance, duSBCJMJUZBOEFČFDUPOBJSRVBMJUZ'VUVSF research may also consider details of specific cooling systems, operational schedules and different building types, which may modify and improve the results of this study. References "EBMCFSUI , &OFSHZ VTF EVSJOH UIF -JGF $ZDMF PG #VJMEJOHT B .FUIPE #VJMEJOH BOE &OWJSPONFOU "M4BOFB 4 ;FEBO . ' Improving thermal performance of building walls by optimizing insulation layer distribution and thickness for same thermal mass. Applied Energy "OBTUBTFMPT % FUBM "OBTsessment tool for the energy, economic and environmental evaluation of thermal insulation solutions. Energy and #VJMEJOHT "3"4&%"4 IUUQXXXBSBTFEBT DPN BDDFTTFE'FCSVBSZ "4)3"& 45"/%"3% ćFSNBM &OWJSPONFOUBM $POEJUJPOT GPS )VNBO 0DDVQBODZ *44/ "NFSJDBO4PDJFUZPG)FBUing, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. #BSSBV + FUBM *NQBDUPGUIF optimization criteria on the determination of the insulation thickness, EnFSHZBOE#VJMEJOHT #BSUIFMNFT 7 . #FDDIJP $ $PSHOBUJ 4 1 0DDVQBOU #Fhavior Lifestyles in a residential nearly zero energy building: Effect on energy use and thermal comfort, Science and 5FDIOPMPHZGPSUIF#VJMU&OWJSPONFOU #FDDIJP $ $PSHOBUJ 4 1 %FMNBTUSP $ 'BCJ 7 -PNCBSEJ 1 ćF SPMF PG OFBSMZ[FSP FOFSgy buildings in the transition towards 1PTU$BSCPO $JUJFT 4VTUBJOBCMF $JUJFT BOE4PDJFUZ #PFDL - FU BM *NQSPWJOH the energy performance of residential buildings: A literature review. Renew-. able and Sustainable Energy Reviews #PKJD . FUBM 0QUJNJ[BUJPO of thermal insulation to achieve energy savings in low energy house (refurCJTINFOU &OFSHZ $POWFSTBUJPO BOE .BOBHFNFOU #PMBUUàSL " %FUFSNJOBUJPO of optimum insulation thickness for building walls with respect to various fuels and climate zones in Turkey. ApQMJFE ćFSNBM &OHJOFFSJOH #PMBUUàSL " 0QUJNVN JOsulation thicknesses for building walls with respect to cooling and heating degree-hours in the warmest zone of 5VSLFZ#VJMEJOHBOE&OWJSPONFOU $&/ <&VSPQFBO $PNNJUUFF GPS Standardization]. Energy performance of buildings – Economic evaluation procedure for energy systems in buildJOHT 4UBOEBSE &/ #SVTTFMT$&/ $&/5$ 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ PG $POTUSVDUJPO 8PSLTBTTFTTNFOU PG #VJMEJOHT oQBSU 'SBNFXPSL GPS UIF "TTFTTNFOU PG &OWJSPONFOUBM 1FSGPSNBODF QS&/ "'/03 $MJNBUF "DUJPO IUUQT FDFVSPQBFVDMJNBQPMJDJFTTUSBUFHJFT@FO BDDFTTFE+VOF ±PNBLM , :àLTFM # 0Qtimum insulation thickness of external walls for energy saving. Applied TherNBM&OHJOFFSJOH ±ɮ# 5VSLJTI .JOJTUSZ PG 1VCMJD 8PSLTBOE4FUUMFNFOU :M*OTBBU WF 5FTJTBU #JSJN 'JZBUMBS < 6OJU 1SJDFT PG $POTUSVDUJPO BOE *OTUBMMBUJPOT> "OLBSB<JO5VSLJTI> ±ɮ##&1 .JOJTUSZPG1VCMJD 8PSLTBOE4FUUMFNFOUT #JOBMBSEB&OFSKJ 1FSGPSNBOT :ÚOFUNFMJHɗ <&OFSHZ 1FSGPSNBODFPG#VJMEJOHT3FHVMBUJPO> .JOJTUSZ PG 1VCMJD 8PSLT BOE 4FUUMFments, Republic of Turkey Official Ga[FUUF "OLBSB<JO5VSLJTI> %BPVBT / "TUVEZPOPQUJmum insulation thickness in walls and energy savings in Tunisian buildings based on analytical calculation of cooling and heating transmission loads. "QQMJFE&OFSHZ %FTJHO #VJMEFS 4PęXBSF IUUQ XXXEFTJHOCVJMEFSDPVL BDDFTTFE NBSDI . *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

(13) 111. %*"-69 IUUQTXXXEJBMEF BDDFTTFEGFCSVBSZ. %ZMFXTLJ 3 "EBND[ZL + Economic and environmental benefits of thermal insulation of building exterOBM XBMMT #VJMEJOH BOE &OWJSPONFOU &$ &VSPQFBO $PNNJTTJPO Guidelines accompanying CommisTJPO %FMFHBUFE 3FHVMBUJPO &6 /P PG +BOVBSZ TVQQMFNFOUJOH %JSFDUJWF &6 PG UIF &VSPQFBO 1BSMJBNFOU BOE PG UIF $PVODJM PO UIF &OFSHZ 1FSGPSNBODF PG #VJMEJOHT CZ &TUBCMJTIJOH B $PNQBSBUJWF .FUIPEPMPHZ 'SBNFXPSL GPS Calculating Cost-Optimal Levels of .JOJNVN &OFSHZ 1FSGPSNBODF 3FRVJSFNFOUT GPS #VJMEJOHT "OE #VJMEJOH &MFNFOUT $. &6 $PNNJTTJPO %FMFHBUFE 3FHVMBUJPO &6 /P PG +BOVBSZ TVQQMFNFOUJOH %JSFDUJWF &6 PG UIF &VSPQFBO 1BSMJBNFOU BOE PG UIF $PVODJM PO UIF energy performance of buildings by establishing a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and CVJMEJOH FMFNFOUT 0ďDJBM +PVSOBM PG the European Union. ("#* 4PęXBSF ("#* &YUFOTJPO%BUBCBTF $POTUSVDUJPO.BUFSJBMT (&%*; (FEJ[&MFDUSJD IUUQXXX HFEJ[FMFLUSJLDPNUS BDDFTTFE'FCSVBSZ (SFFO 4QFD IUUQXXXHSFFOTQFD DPVLCVJMEJOHEFTJHOFNCPEJFEFOFSHZ BDDFTTFE%FDFNCFS. .BOJPʓMV ( :MNB[ ; &Oergy efficient design strategies in the IPU ESZ BSFB PG 5VSLFZ #VJMEJOH BOE &OWJSPONFOU )BTBO " 0QUJNJ[JOHJOTVlation thickness for buildings using life DZDMFDPTU"QQMJFE&OFSHZ ICE, Inventory of Carbon & Energy, 6OJWFSTJUZ PG #BUI IUUQQFSJHPSEWBDBODFUZQFQBEDPNGJMFTJOWFOtoryofcarbonandenergy.pdf ,(accessed 0DUPCFS *1$$ (VJEFMJOFT GPS /BUJPOBM Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol., 2, Energy,Chapter 2 Stationary CombusUJPO IUUQXXXJQDDOHHJQJHFTPSKQ QVCMJDHMWPMIUNM BDDFTTFE. "QSJM *;("; *[NJS (BT IUUQXXX J[NJSHB[DPNUS BDDFTTFE 'FCSVBSZ +BGBSJ " 7BMFOUJO 7 "OPQtimization framework for building enFSHZ SFUSPĕUT EFDJTJPO NBLJOH #VJMEJOHBOE&OWJSPONFOU ,BZOBLM ½ "SFWJFXPGUIF economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications. Renewable and Sustainable EnFSHZ3FWJFXT ,PMBJUJT * % FU BM $PNparative assessment of internal and external thermal insulation systems for energy efficient retrofitting of residenUJBM CVJMEJOHT &OFSHZ BOE #VJMEJOHT ,àSFLÎJ / " %FUFSNJOBtion of optimum insulation thickness for building walls by using heating and cooling degree-day values of all Turkey’s provincial centers. Energy and #VJMEJOHT -PMMJOJ - FU BM 0QUJNJzation of opaque components of the building envelope. Energy, economic BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM JTTVFT #VJMEJOH BOE&OWJSPONFOU .BTPTP 0 5 (SPCMFS - + A new and innovative look at anti-insulation behaviour in building energy DPOTVNQUJPO &OFSHZ BOE #VJMEJOHT /FNBUDIPVB . , FU BM Study of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for buildings in a wet and hot tropical climate: Case of Cameroon, Renewable and 4VTUBJOBCMF &OFSHZ 3FWJFXT /ZFST K FU BM *OWFTUment-savings method for energy-economic optimization of external wall thermal insulation thickness. Energy BOE#VJMEJOHT ½[FM . ćFSNBM QFSGPSmance and optimum insulation thickness of building walls with different structure materials. Applied Thermal &OHJOFFSJOH ½[FM . $PTU BOBMZTJT GPS optimum thicknesses and environmental impacts of different insulation NBUFSJBMT &OFSHZ BOE #VJMEJOHT ½[FM . %FUFSNJOBUJPO PG. Optimization of thermal insulation material and thickness for building energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates based on life cycle perspective.

(14) 112. optimum insulation thickness based on cooling transmission load for building walls in a hot climate. Energy ConWFSTJPOBOE.BOBHFNFOU ½[FM . ćFSNBM FDPOPNical and environmental analysis of insulated building walls in a cold climate. Energy Conversion and Management ½[FM . &ČFDU PG JOTVMBtion location on dynamic heat-transfer characteristics of building external walls and optimization of insulation UIJDLOFTT &OFSHZ BOE #VJMEJOHT ½[FM . 1IUM , 0QUJmum location and distribution of insulation layers on building walls with WBSJPVTPSJFOUBUJPOT#VJMEJOHBOE&OWJSPONFOU ½[LBO % # 0OBO $ 0Qtimization of insulation thickness for different glazing areas in buildings for various climatic regions in Turkey. ApQMJFE&OFSHZ 1"-&/ IUUQXXXQBMFODPNUS BDDFTTFE'FCSVBSZ 1BQBEPQPVMPT " . (JBNB & &OWJSPONFOUBM QFSGPSNBODF evaluation of thermal insulation materials and its impact on the building. #VJMEJOH BOE &OWJSPONFOU 1BSHBOB O FU BM $PNQBSative environmental life cycle assessment of thermal insulation materials PGCVJMEJOHT&OFSHZBOE#VJMEJOHT 3VFMMBO . FU BM 3FTJEFOtial building energy demand and thermal comfort: Thermal dynamics of electrical appliances and their impact. &OFSHZBOE#VJMEJOHT 4BSUPSJ * )FTUOFT " ( Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: a reWJFXBSUJDMF &OFSHZ#VJME o 4ISFTUIB 4 4 FUBM "QSPtocol for lifetime energy and environmental impact assessment of building insulation materials. Environmental *NQBDU"TTFTTNFOU3FWJFX 4PIO +- FUBM -JGFDZDMF. based dynamic assessment of mineral XPPMJOTVMBUJPOJOB%BOJTISFTJEFOUJBM CVJMEJOHBQQMJDBUJPO +PVSOBMPG$MFBOFS1SPEVDUJPO 4V 9 FUBM -JGFDZDMFJOWFOtory comparison of different building insulation materials and uncertainty BOBMZTJT +PVSOBM PG $MFBOFS 1SPEVDUJPO 5$.# 5VSLJTI $FOUSBM #BOL IUUQXXXUDNCHPWUS BDDFTTFE NBSDI. 5JOHMFZ % % FUBM "OFOvironmental impact comparison of exUFSOBM XBMM JOTVMBUJPO UZQFT #VJMEJOH BOE&OWJSPONFOU 50,* .BTT )PVTJOH "ENJOJTUSBUJPOPG5VSLFZ IUUQXXXUPLJHPWUS BDDFTTFE0DUPCFS 54 5VSLJTI 4UBOEBSET *OTUJUVUJPO54ćFSNBM*OTVMBUJPO 3FRVJSFNFOUT GPS #VJMEJOHT JO 5VSLJTI "OLBSB 6ÎBS " #BMP ' &ČFDU PG fuel type on the optimum thickness of selected insulation materials for the four different climatic regions of TurLFZ"QQMJFE&OFSHZ 6ÎBS " #BMP ' %FUFSNJnation of the energy savings and the optimum insulation thickness in the four different insulated exterior walls. 3FOFXBCMF&OFSHZ 6/&1 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &OWJSPONFOU 1SPHSBNNF IUUQXXXVOFQ PSHTCDJQEGT4#$*#$$4VNNBSZQEG BDDFTTFE0DUPCFS 7JMDIFT . FU BM -JGF $ZDMF"TTFTTNFOUPG#VJMEJOH3FGVSCJTIment: A Literature Review. Energy and #VJMEJOHT :MNB[ ; FU BM 3FGFSFODF #VJMEJOH BOE $BMDVMBUJPO .FUIPEPMPHZ%FUFSNJOBUJPOGPS5VLFZ$PTU0QUJNBM &OFSHZ &ďDJFOU #VJMEJOH 4DJFOUJĕD3FTFBSDI1SPKFDU.ćF Scientific and Technological Research Council of Tukey. :V + FU BM " TUVEZ PO PQtimum insulation thicknesses of external walls in hot summer and cold winUFS [POF PG $IJOB "QQMJFE &OFSHZ . *56"];t7PM/Pt/PWFNCFSt,'±FUŔOUBʰ ;:MNB[.

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