Yoksullukla Mücadelede Asgari Gelir Güvencesi: Türkiye’de
Sosyal Yardım ve Hizmet Sisteminde Mevcut Durum Asgari
Gelir Güvencesi İhtiyacı
Banu METİN
Minimum İncome Guarantee to Straggle Against Poverty:
Social Benefist and Services System in Turkey and the Need
For Minimum Income Guarantee
Dr., Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi banumetin@gazi.edu.tr
Ocak 2012, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, Sayfa 117-151 January 2012, Volume 2, Number 1, Page 117-151
P-ISSN: 2146 - 4839 2011 - 2012 sgd.sgk.gov.tr e-posta: sgd@sgk.gov.tr
Yazılar yayınlanmak üzere kabul edildiği takdirde, SGD elektronik ortamda tam metin olarak yayımlamak da dahil olmak üzere, tüm yayın haklarına sahip olacaktır. Yayınlanan yazılardaki görüşlerin sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. Yazı ve tablolardan kaynak gösterilerek alıntı yapılabilir.
If the manuscripts are accepted to be published, the SGD has the possession of right of publication and the copyright of the manuscripts, included publishing the whole text in the digital area.
Articles published in the journal represent solely the views of the authors. Some parts of the articles and the tables can be citeded by showing the source.
8/86$/'$1,ù0$.858/8NATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD <$<,1.858/8EDITORIAL BOARD 3URI'U1L]DPHWWLQ$.7$< *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U6OH\PDQ+D\UL%2/$< (PHNOLg÷UHWLPh\HVL 3URI'U&HP.,/,d *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'UùHULIH7UFDQg=ù8&$ $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL 6L\DVDO%LOJLOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U0HKWDS7$7$5 +DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U/HYHQW$.,1 $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL <UG'Ro'UùHQD\ *g.%$<5$. $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL 6L\DVDO%LOJLOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U<XVXI$/3(5 8OXGD÷hQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U)DUXN$1'$d dD÷hQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U.DGLU$5,&, *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U%HUULQ&H\ODQ$7$0$1 $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL 6L\DVDO%LOJLOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U+D\UL\H$7ø. (UFL\HVhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U=DNLU$9ù$5 *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL øOHWLúLP)DNOWHVL 3URI'U8IXN$<',1 $QDGROXhQLYHUVLWHVL 3URI'U5HP]L$<*h1 *D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL 7ÕS)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$EGXUUDKPDQ$<+$1 0X÷ODhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U)HY]L'(0ø5 <DúDUhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$0XUDW'(0ø5&ø2ö/8 <ÕOGÕ]7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'UgPHU(.0(.dø øVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'UùNUDQ(57h5. 'RNX](\OOhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$OL*h=(/ .DGLU+DVhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$OL5Õ]D2.85 <HGLWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U6HUGDU6$<$1 72%%(NRQRPLYH7HNQRORMLhQL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$OL6(<<$5 6DNDU\DhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$OL1D]ÕP6g=(5 <DúDUhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U0MGDWù$.$5 0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 3URI'U=DULIHù(12&$. $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U6DUSHU6h=(. $WÕOÕPhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U6DYDú7$ù.(17 øVWDQEXO7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL øúOHWPH)DNOWHVL 3URI'U$]L]&DQ781&$< %DKoHúHKLUhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 3URI'U0)DWLK8ù$1 <ÕOGÕUÕP%H\D]ÕWhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U6OH\PDQ%$ù7(5=ø $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U1XUúHQ&$1ø./ø2ö/8 0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U$OSD\+(.ø0/(5 1DPÕN.HPDOhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U2÷X].$5$'(1ø= 3DPXNNDOHhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 'Ro'U$úNÕQ.(6(5 8OXGD÷hQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL <UG'Ro'U+HGL\H(5*ø1 0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL 8/86/$5$5$6,'$1,ù0$.858/8INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD 3URIHVVRU<HQHU$/781%$ù %DQJRU8QLYHUVLW\8. 3URIHVVRU-DFTXHOLQH6,60$(/ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOJDU\&$ 3URIHVVRUg]D\0(+0(7 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DUOHWRQ&$ 3URIHVVRU$OODQ026&29,7&+ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DUOHWRQ&$ 3URIHVVRU0DUN7+203621 8QLYHUVLW\RI%ULWLVK&ROXPELD&$ $VVW3URI6DUD+68
State University - USA
$VVW3URI&5DGD9RQ$51,0 8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK86$
'U*D]LhQLYHUVLWHVLøNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL EDQXPHWLQ#JD]LHGXWU g=(7 .D\QD÷ÕQGDNLQHGHQOHUER\XWODUÕYHJ|UQPIDUNOÕROPDNODELUOLNWH\RNVXOOXNJHoPLúWHQJQP]HYDU RODJHOHQELUVRUXQGXU<RNVXOOXN2UWDdD÷GD7DQUÕ¶QÕQELUHVHULRODUDNJ|UOUNHQVRV\DODGDOHWGúQFH-VLQLQJHOLúLPLYHUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQWHRULNWHPHOOHULQLQDWÕOPDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHGHYOHWPGDKDOHVLQLJHUHNWLUHQELU VRUXQDG|QúPúWU5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQJHOLúLPVUHFLQGH ¶OLOHUGHQ ¶OL\ÕOODUDNDGDUGHYDPHGHQ G|QHPUHIDKGHYOHWL|QOHPOHULQLQJHOLúPHND]DQGÕ÷ÕHNRQRPLNE\PHLOHELUOLNWH\NVHNG]H\GHLVWLK-GDPÕQELUDUDGDJ|UOG÷ELUG|QHPROXúWXUXU<RNVXOOXNVRUXQX\ODPFDGHOHGHWRSOXPGDNLKHUNHVLoLQ |QJ|UOHQWHPHOJHOLUWDUWÕúPDODUÕQGDQVDGHFH\RNVXOODUÕKHGHIDODQYHELUoRN$YUXSDONHVLQGHX\JXODPD DODQÕEXODQDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQHX]DQDQWDUWÕúPDODUGDNLoÕNÕúQRNWDVÕQÕLVHUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQJHOGL÷LDúD- PDROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU%XQDJ|UHVRV\DOVLJRUWDX\JXODPDODUÕQÕQD÷ÕUOÕNWDROGX÷XVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHUL-QLQ|]HOOLNOH ¶OHULQVRQXQGDQLWLEDUHQDUWDQLúVL]OLNOHELUOLNWHGDKDGD|QHPND]DQDQ\RNVXOOXNVRUXQX NDUúÕVÕQGDNL\HWHUVL]OL÷LGLOHJHWLULOPHNWHGLU<RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOH\RNVXOOX÷XQND\QD÷ÕQGDNLQHGHQOHUH ED÷OÕRODUDNoRNER\XWOX\UWOPHVLJHUHNHQELUPFDGHOHGLU<RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGHHNRQRPLNYHVRV- \DOSROLWLNDODUÕQHúJGPLoLQGHROPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU7UNL\H¶GHLúVL]OLNYH\RNVXOOXNRUDQODUÕQÕQ\N-VHNOL÷LNDUúÕVÕQGDVRV\DO\DUGÕPYHKL]PHWVLVWHPL\RNVXOOX÷DNDUúÕHWNLQELUNRUXPDLúOHYLQHVDKLSGH÷LOGLU %XDQODPGD\RNVXOOXNVÕQÕUÕQÕQDOWÕQGD\DúDPODUÕQÕVUGUHQNLúLOHULoLQX\JXODPDDODQÕEXODQDVJDULJHOLU JYHQFHVLKDNNÕQÕQVRV\DO\DUGÕPSROLWLNDVÕQÕQELUELOHúHQLRODUDNGHYUH\HJLUPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU $QDKWDU.HOLPHOHU <RNVXOOXNDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLWHPHOJHOLUUHIDKGHYOHWLVRV\DO\DUGÕ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¿FLHQF\RIVRFLDOVHFXULW\V\VWHPVLQZKLFKWKHVRFLDOLQVXUDQFHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQV ORRPODUJHLVEHJDQWREHHPSKDVL]HGRQWKHEDVLVRIKLJKXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGSRYHUW\UDWHV6WUXJJOHDJDLQVW SRYHUW\LVUHTXLUHGDPXOWLIDFHWHGVWUXJJOHLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQWUHDVRQVLQWKHVRXUFH(FRQR- PLFDQGVRFLDOSROLFLHVVKRXOGEHLQFRRUGLQDWLRQWRFRQWHQGZLWKSRYHUW\,QYLHZRIWKHKLJKXQHPSOR\-PHQWDQGSRYHUW\UDWHVLQ7XUNH\VRFLDOEHQH¿WDQGVHUYLFHVV\VWHPLVQRWIXQFWLRQDOHQRXJKWRSURWHFWWKH SRRU,QWKLVIUDPHZRUNPLQLPXPLQFRPHJXDUDQWHHULJKWLPSOHPHQWHGIRUWKHSHRSOHZKROLYHXQGHUWKH SRYHUW\WKUHVKROGLVUHTXLUHGWREHLQFOXGHGLQVRFLDOEHQH¿WSROLF\DVDFRPSRQHQW .H\:RUGV 3RYHUW\PLQLPXPÕQFRPHJXDUDQWHHEDVLFÕQFRPHZHOIDUHVWDWHVRFLDOEHQH¿W
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL
7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH0HYFXW
'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
0LQLPXP,QFRPH*XDUDQWHHWR6WUDJJOH$JDLQVW3RYHUW\ 6RFLDO%HQH¿WV DQG6HUYLFHV6\VWHPLQ7XUNH\DQGWKH1HHG)RU0LQLPXP,QFRPH *XDUDQWHH %DQX0(7ø1* 626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø *ø5øù %LUH\LQVDQOÕNWDULKLQLQKHUG|QHPLQGHNHQGLVLQL\RNVXOOX÷DLWHQ YHJHOHFH÷LQLWHKGLWHGHQROD\ODUGDQNRUXQPDGX\JXVXYHoDEDVÕLoH-ULVLQGHROPXúWXU+DVWDOÕNVDNDWOÕN\DúOÕOÕNYHLúVL]OLNJLELLQVDQODUÕQ NDUúÕNDUúÕ\DNDODELOHFH÷LROD\ODUÕQDoOÕNYH\RNVXOOXNODD\QÕDQODPD JHOGL÷LG|QHPOHUGHELUH\LQJHOHFHNHQGLúHVLQGHQDUÕQDUDN|]JUO÷QH NDYXúPDVÕYHNLúLOL÷LQLJHOLúWLUPHVLPPNQGH÷LOGLUøONHOWRSOXPODU- GD\DúDPPFDGHOHVLQGH\HQLNGúHQ\DúOÕLQVDQODUÕQELUGD÷ÕQWHSH-VLQH J|WUOHUHN |OPH WHUN HGLOPHOHUL \D GD \HWHUOL \L\HFHN EXOXQD-PDPDVÕQHGHQL\OHÕUPDNNHQDUODUÕQGD\HQLGR÷PXú EHEHNFHVHWOHULQH UDVWODQÕOPDVÕ\RNVXOOX÷XQJYHQVL]OL÷LQYHoDUHVL]OL÷LQELUVRQXFXGXU 7DULKLQ VRQUDNL DúDPDODUÕQGD EHONL EX NDGDU UNWF ER\XWWD ROPD- \DFDNWÕUDQFDN\RNVXOOXNVRUXQXYHJYHQOLNDUD\ÕúÕWRSOXPODUYHEL-UH\OHULQ\DúDPODUÕ]HULQGHHWNLOLROPD\DGHYDPHGHFHNWLU(NRQRPLN YHWHNQRORMLNDODQGDNLJHOLúPHOHUVRV\DODODQGDNLJHOLúPHOHUOHWDPDP-ODQPDGÕNoDVRV\DOWHKOLNHOHUYHEXQODUÕQGR÷XUGX÷X\RNVXOOXNVRUXQX YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕNRUX\DFDNWÕU. %XoDOÕúPDGD\RNVXOOXNVRUXQX\ODPFDGHOHGHDVJDULJHOLUJYHQ-FHVLNXUXPXNDYUDPVDOYHX\JXODPDER\XWX\ODLQFHOHQPHNWHGLU$VJDUL JHOLUJYHQFHVLQHLOLúNLQWHRULNWDUWÕúPDODUÕUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQWHRULNWH-PHOOHULQGHQYHJHOLúLPVUHFLQGHQD\UÕGúQPHNRODQDNOÕGH÷LOGLU%X QHGHQOHoDOÕúPDNDSVDPÕQGD|QFHOLNOHUHIDKGHYOHWLNDYUDPÕQDYHUH-IDKGHYOHWLQLQJHOLúLPVUHFLQGH\RNVXOOXNNRQXVXQD\HUYHULOPHNWHGLU 'DKDVRQUDDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLNDYUDPÕWHPHOJHOLUWDUWÕúPDODUÕHN- VHQLQGHLQFHOHQPHNWHYHED]Õ$YUXSDONHOHULQGHNLDVJDULJHOLUJYHQ-FHVLX\JXODPDODUÕQGDQ|UQHNOHUYHULOPHNWHGLU6RQRODUDN7UNL\H¶GH \RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGHVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQVRV\DO\DUGÕPD\D-÷ÕQGDNLPHYFXWGXUXPRUWD\DNRQXODUDN DVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLLKWL\D-FÕQDLOLúNLQGH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHUGHEXOXQXOPDNWDGÕU
*]HO$OL$OL 5Õ]D 2NXU 1XUúHQ &DQLNOLR÷OX 6RV\DO *YHQOLN +XNXNX %HWD %DVÕPøVWDQEXOV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
, 5()$+'(9/(7ø9(<2.68//8. $5HIDK'HYOHWL.DYUDPÕ
5HIDK GHYOHWL NDYUDPÕQÕQ JHQHOOLNOH VRV\DO GHYOHW LOH EHUDEHU WD- QÕPODQGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU5HIDKGHYOHWLGHYOHWLQJHQHORODUDN\RNVXO-OXNVRUXQXQDYHGDKD|]HORODUDNGDoDOÕúPD\DúDPÕQDVRV\DOSROLWLND YH KXNXN DUDoODUÕQÕ NXOODQDUDN PGDKDOHGH EXOXQPDVÕ VRV\DO DGDOHWL VD÷ODPDN LoLQ \RNVXOODU YH oDOÕúDQODU OHKLQH IDDOL\HWOHUGH EXOXQPDVÕ DQODPÕQDJHOPHNWHGLU6RV\DOGHYOHWLQWHPHO|÷HOHUL³\DúD\DELOPHJ-YHQOL÷L´³WDPLVWLKGDP´YH³oDOÕúPDJFQQNRUXQPDVÕ´GÕU2 <RNVXO-OX÷D YH LúVL]OL÷H NDUúÕ PFDGHOH NLúLOHUH DVJDUL ELU JHoLP G]H\LQLQ VD÷ODQPDVÕVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLYHVRV\DO\DUGÕPODUH÷LWLPVD÷OÕN NRQXW SROLWLNDODUÕ JLEL X\JXODPDODU VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ YH JHQLú DQODPGD VRV\DOSROLWLNDQÕQWHPHOX\JXODPDDODQODUÕGÕU%XX\JXODPDODUÕQXODúWÕ- ÷ÕG]H\YHVD÷ODGÕ÷ÕJYHQOLNGHWRSOXPXQUHIDKWRSOXPXRODUDNXODú-WÕ÷ÕJHOLúPHG]H\LQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU. %5HIDK'HYOHWLQLQ*HOLúLP6UHFLQGH<RNVXOOXN 5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQEDúODQJÕoDúDPDVÕRODUDNVDQD\LOHúPHVRQXFXRU- WD\DoÕNDQoÕNDUoDWÕúPDODUÕQÕQWRSOXPVDO]HPLQGH\DUDWWÕ÷ÕWDKULEDWÕJL-GHUPHDQOD\ÕúÕYHEXED÷ODPGD;,;\\VRQODUÕQGDJ|UOHQJHOLúPHOHU HVDV DOÕQPDNOD ELUOLNWH UHIDK GHYOHWLQLQ WDULKVHO YH GúQVHO WHPHOOH-ULQL oRN GDKD JHULOHUH J|WUHQ oDOÕúPDODU GD PHYFXWWXU %X DQOD\ÕúWD UHIDK GHYOHWLQLQ WDULKVHO WHPHOOHULQL DQODPDN LoLQ WDULKL ;,;;;\\ LOHVÕQÕUODPDQÕQGR÷UXROPDGÕ÷ÕYXUJXODQPDNWDGÕU$NVLKDOGHEXUH-IDKGHYOHWLQLVRV\DOL]PLOHNDSLWDOL]PDUDVÕQGDNLELUoQF\RORODUDN J|UPHNDQODPÕQDJHOLUYHUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQWPER\XWODUÕ\ODNDYUDQPD-VÕQÕJoOHúWLULU%XDQOD\ÕúDJ|UHUHIDKGHYOHWLNRUX\XFXGHYOHWWHQoRN
*|NoHR÷OX %DOFÕ ùHEQHP 7XWXQDPD\DQODU YH +XNXN 'RVW .LWDEHYL$QNDUD V +XEHU (UQHVW 5XGROI ³0RGHUQ (QGVWUL 7RSOXPXQGD +XNXN 'HYOHWL YH 6RV\DO 'HYOHW´ dHY 7X÷UXO $QVD\ $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL +XNXN )DNOWHVL 'HUJLVL &;;9,, V $NDW0HKPHW7HRULYH8\JXODPDGD6RV\DO*YHQOLN+DNNÕ.D]DQFÕ.LWDS øVWDQEXO V 'R÷DQg]OHP³+XNXN'HYOHWLQL6RV\DO'HYOHWøoLQGH'úQPHN´ 'R÷X%DWÕ<ÕO 6D\Õ V .RUD\0HU\HP Sosyal PolitikaøPJH.LWDEHYL<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV 5RVDQYDOORQ3LHUUH 5HIDK'HYOHWLQLQ.UL]LdHY%XUFXùDKLQOL$QNDUD'RVW.L-WDEHYL<D\ÕQODUÕV *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø GDKDNDUPDúÕNELU\DSÕ\DVDKLSWLUdQNWHNLúOHYL\DúDPYHPONL-\HWOHLOJLOLND]DQÕPODUÕQNRUXQPDVÕGH÷LOD\QÕ]DPDQGDJHOLULQ\HQLGHQ GD÷ÕWÕPÕWRSOXPVDOLOLúNLOHULQG]HQOHQPHVLYHELUWDNÕPNROOHNWLIKL]-PHWOHULQ\HULQHJHWLULOPHVLJLELROXPOXHGLPOHUGHEXOXQPDNWÕU. 5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQGúQVHOWHPHOOHULQLQDWÕOPDVÕPRGHUQVL\DVDOOD-LNOHúPHKDUHNHWL\OHGHLOLúNLOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU%XDQODPGDUHIDKGHYOHWL GLQVHOHVLUJH\LFLOL÷LQ\HULQHGHYOHWLQHVLUJH\LFLOL÷LQLQJHoPHVLGLU2UWD dD÷ DQOD\ÕúÕQGD \RNVXOOXN7DQUÕ¶QÕQ HVHUL RODUDN J|UOPHNWH LGL %X DQOD\ÕúD X\JXQ RODUDN \RNVXOOXN VRUXQX NDUúÕVÕQGD GQ\HYL PGDKD-OHOHU JHUHNVL]GL %|\OH ELU G]HQGH \RNVXOODUD ELoLOHQ URO NDGHUOHULQH UD]Õ ROPDN LNHQ ]HQJLQOHUH GúHQ URO GH DFÕPD GX\JXODUÕ\OD KDUHNHWH JHoHUHN |WH GQ\DGD DoÕODFDN FHQQHW NDSÕODUÕ LoLQ \RNVXOODUD \DUGÕP etmekti. 2UWDdD÷¶GDJHOHQHNVHOJ|UúVDYXQDQODU\RNVXOODUÕQNRUXQPDVÕ VRUXQXQXQGQ\HYLOHúWLULOPHVLYHGHYOHWOHúWLULOPHVLQHNDUúÕoÕNDUDNEX VRUXQODPFDGHOHGHNLOLVHQLQ\HWNLOLROPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LQLLOHULVUPúOHU- GLU5HIRUP¶GDQVRQUDNLG|QHPLVH\RNVXOOXNNDUúÕVÕQGDNLKD\ÕUVHYHU-OL÷LQGLQVHOER\XWXQXEWQ\OHND\EHWPHGL÷LDQFDNVRV\DOELUQLWHOLN ND]DQGÕ÷ÕG|QHPROPXúWXU%XDúDPDGD\RNVXOOXNWRSOXPXQELUVRUX- QXQLWHOL÷LQHNDYXúPXúYHGROD\ÕVÕ\ODGDGHYOHWSROLWLNDVÕQÕQNRQXVXRO- PD\DEDúODPÕúWÕU%XGQ\HYLOHúPHVUHFLVRQXQGDVDGDNDQÕQYHKD\ÕU-VHYHUOL÷LQ\HULQLUHIDKNDYUDPÕDOPÕúWÕU <RNVXOOXNVRUXQXQXQGHYOHWOH ELUOLNWHGúQOPH\HEDúODPDVÕQD\RODoDQPRGHUQGúQFHQLQUHIDK GHYOHWLQLQWHRULNDOW\DSÕVÕQÕROXúWXUGX÷XV|\OHQHELOLU1LWHNLPøVSDQ-\RO$OWÕQdD÷GúQUOHULQLQ;9,\\¶GDROXúWXUGXNODUÕPRGHUQGHYOHW WDVDUÕVÕQÕQ |QHPOL ELOHúHQOHULQGHQ ELUL GH VRV\DO DGDOHWWLU %XQD J|UH PXKWDoRODQÕQ\DUGÕPÕQDNRúPDNELUH\OHULoLQDKODNLYHGLQLELUJ|UHY ROPDNODELUOLNWHWRSOXPDoÕVÕQGDQEDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDEXQXQVRV\DODGDOHWLQ ELUJHUH÷LROGX÷XNXúNXJ|WUPHPHNWHGLU6. 'DKD|QFHGHEHOLUWLOGL÷LJLELUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQRUWD\DoÕNÕúÕ\DGD EDúODQJÕoQRNWDVÕRODUDNJHQHOOLNOH;,;\\¶ÕQLNLQFL\DUÕVÕQGDQLWLED- 5RVDQYDOORQDJHV *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV 5HIDK'HYOHWLQLQ'úQVHO7HPHOOHUL 5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQ NXUXFXXQVXUODUÕ NRQXVXQGDD\UÕQWÕOÕELOJLLoLQEN]*|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
UHQDUWDQWRSOXPVDOoDWÕúPDODUYHEXoDWÕúPDODUDJHWLULOHQo|]POHUUH-IHUDQVDOÕQPDNWDGÕU
6DQD\LGHYULPLHNRQRPLNDODQGDELUG|QúPYHLOHUOHPHVD÷ODU-NHQ WRSOXPVDO DODQGD GD ELU oDWÕúPD RUWDPÕQÕQ GR÷PDVÕQD VHEHEL\HW YHUPLúWLU1LWHNLPVDQD\LWRSOXPXQXQEHOLUOH\LFL|]HOOLNOHULQGHQRODQ LúE|OPWRSOXPXQELUNHVLPLQLQPDOYHKL]PHWSD\ODúÕPÕQGDNLSD\ÕQÕ DUWÕUÕUNHQGL÷HUELUNHVLPLQEXSD\ODúÕPGDNLSD\ÕQÕD]DOWPÕúWÕU6DQD\L GHYULPL\OH ELUOLNWH WRSOXPVDO \DSÕGD |QHPOL GH÷LúLNOLNOHU ROPXú KHU úH\GHQ|QFHLúOHWPHNHVLQELUELoLPGHDLOHGHQD\UÕOPÕúWÕU6HUPD\HELUL-NLPLQLJHUHNWLUHQVDQD\LWRSOXPXEXELULNLPLQoR÷DOPDVÕLoLQLúoLOHULQ LúJFQGHQID\GDODQPÕúWÕU%XoHUoHYHGHHPHNYHVHUPD\HVDKLSOHUL DUDVÕQGDRUWD\DoÕNDQoÕNDUoDWÕúPDODUÕYHWRSOXPVDOEDUÕúYHKX]XUXQ WHVLVHGLOPHVLQRNWDVÕQGDEXoDWÕúPDODUÕQEHUWDUDIHGLOPHVLJHUHNOLOL÷L UHIDKGHYOHWLX\JXODPDODUÕQDJLGHQ\ROXQEDúODQJÕFÕQGD\HUDOPÕúWÕU 5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQJHOLúLPVUHFLQGHJHQHORODUDNG|UWDúDPDGDQV|] edilmektedir %DúODQJÕo YH GHQH\LP ND]DQPD G|QHPL RODUDN GH÷HU-OHQGLULOHQLONG|QHP¶OHUGHEDúODPDNWDGÕU%XG|QHPGHLúoLVÕQÕIÕ YHLúoLKDUHNHWLE\UNHQJoOHQHQYHKDNDUD\DQLúoLVÕQÕIÕLOHELUOLNWH WRSOXPVDOo|]OPHYHWÕNDQÕNOÕNODUGD\DúDQPÕúWÕU%XVRUXQODUDo|]P ROXúWXUPD QRNWDVÕQGD VL\DVDO KDNODU ]HULQGHGXUXOPXú VÕQÕI YH NLWOH SDUWLOHULJoND]DQPÕúWÕU%XQHGHQOHGHLúoLVÕQÕIÕYH\RNVXOODU]HULQGH \R÷XQODúDQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN JLEL SROLWLNDODUD LKWL\Do GX\XOPXúWXU %X SROLWLNDODUÕQDUNDVÕQGDNLWHPHOGúQFHGH|]JUONHúLWOLNYHJYHQOLN NDYUDPODUÕQÕ ELU DUD\D JHWLUHUHN EXQODU DUDVÕQGD WRSOXPVDO ELU X]ODú-PDVD÷ODPDN\HUDOPDNWDGÕU'|QHPLQHQ|QHPOLJHOLúPHOHULQGHQELUL ¶OL\ÕOODUGD%LVPDUNWDUDIÕQGDQoÕNDUÕODQELUG]HQOHPHLOHPHVOHN ULVNOHULYHLúND]DODUÕNDUúÕVÕQGDVRUXPOXOX÷XQLúYHUHQHDLWROGX÷XQXQ NDEXOHGLOPHVLROPXúWXU%XDPDoOD\DUGÕPODúPDYHGD\DQÕúPDVDQGÕN-ODUÕNXUXOPXúYHEXJQNVRV\DOVLJRUWDODUVLVWHPLQLQWHPHOLDWÕOPÕúWÕU ¶GDLONHPHNOLOLNVLJRUWDVÕVLVWHPLNXUXOPXúWXU$VOÕQGDVRV\DOJ-YHQOLN DODQÕQGD \RNVXOODUD LOLúNLQ LON \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHU;9,,\\¶GD
$URQ 5D\PRQG Sanayi Toplumu dHY ( *UVR\ 'HUJDK <D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO V
.RUD\ DJH V ùHQNDO$EGONDGLU .UHVHOOHúPH 6UHFLQGH 6RV\DO 3ROLWLND$OID <D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
øQJLOWHUH¶GH EDúODWÕOPÕúWÕU$QFDN EX G]HQOHPHOHUGH \RNVXOODUÕQ GX-UXPODUÕQÕQL\LOHúWLULOPHVLYHRQODUD\DUGÕPHGLOPHVL\HUHO\|QHWLPOHULQ VRUXPOXOX÷XRODUDNJ|UOPúYHPHUNH]LGHYOHWHEXNRQXGDHWNLQELU URO YHULOPHPLúWLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD \RNVXOOXN VRUXQX GD \D\JÕQ RODUDN GH-YDPHWPLúWLU .
¶ODUGDEDúOD\ÕS ¶ODUÕQVRQODUÕQDNDGDUX]DQDQLNLQFLDúD-PD JHWLULOHQ X\JXODPDODUÕ SHNLúWLUPH YH VD÷ODPODúWÕUPD DúDPDVÕGÕU 'Q\DVDYDúODUÕQÕQ\DúDQGÕ÷ÕEXG|QHPGHELUWDUDIWDQHNRQRPLNVR-UXQODUD÷ÕUODúÕUNHQGL÷HUWDUDIWDQWRSOXPVDOJoOHUDUDVÕQGDX]ODúPDYH GD\DQÕúPDQÕQ|QHPL|QSODQDoÕNPÕúWÕU7RSOXPVDOX]ODúPD\ÕVD÷ODPD-\D\|QHOLNSROLWLNDODUEXG|QHPGHGH|QHPLQLNRUXPXúWXU
hoQF DúDPD ¶OHUGHQ EDúOD\ÕS ¶OHULQ RUWDODUÕQD NDGDU X]DQDQE\PHYH\D\ÕOPDG|QHPLGLU%XG|QHPHNRQRPLNE\PH-QLQLVWLNUDUOÕELUúHNLOGHGHYDPHWWL÷LYH.H\QHV\HQSROLWLNDODUODUHIDK GHYOHWLQLQJHOLúPHVLLoLQX\JXQNRúXOODUÕQPHYFXWROGX÷XELUG|QHPGLU øNLQFL'Q\D6DYDúÕ¶QGDQVRQUDJ|UOHQKÕ]OÕHNRQRPLNE\PHUHIDK GHYOHWLQLQPDGGLND\QDNODUÕQÕ\DUDWÕUNHQ JoOHQHQLúoLVÕQÕIÕHPHNWHQ \DQDVL\DVLSDUWLOHULQLNWLGDUDJHOPHVL\DGDVHQGLNDOPFDGHOH\ROXLOH HWNLQELUEDVNÕJUXEXRODUDNJHOLULQ\HQLGHQSD\ODúÕPÕQGD|QHPOLELUURO R\QDPÕúWÕU*HUoHNWHQVDYDúVRQUDVÕG|QHPGH|]HOOLNOH%DWÕ$YUXSD¶GD KHPUHIDKGHYOHWLJHOLúPLúKHPGHLúoLVÕQÕIÕDoÕVÕQGDQWRSOXPVDOX]-ODúPDQÕQ NRúXOODUÕ VD÷ODQPÕúWÕU %DWÕ$YUXSD WRSOXPODUÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ RU- WDN|]HOOLNOHUWDúÕ\DQEXG|QHPX\JXODQDQHNRQRPLSROLWLNDODUÕQHGH-QL\OH³.H\QHV\HQ5HIDK'HYOHWL´RODUDNGDDGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU5HIDK GHYOHWLQLQ YH VRV\DO SROLWLNDODUÕQ \D\ÕOPD G|QHPL RODQ EX G|QHPGH \NVHNELULVWLKGDPG]H\LVD÷ODQGÕ÷ÕJLELFUHWOLOHULQFUHWYHoDOÕú-PDNRúXOODUÕL\LOHúWLULOPLúNDSVDPEDNÕPÕQGDQ]HQJLQVRV\DOJYHQOLN X\JXODPDODUÕJ|UOPúWU'HYOHWHNRQRPLGHNLDúÕUÕGDOJDODQPDODUÕQ WRSOXPVDODoÕGDQ\DUDWDELOHFH÷LROXPVX]VRQXoODUÕKD¿ÀHWPHNYHNRQW-URO HGHELOPHN LoLQ SDUD YHUJL KDUFDPD YH JHOLU WUDQVIHUL SROLWLNDODUÕ DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\ODHWNLQELUUROVWOHQPLúWLU5HIDKÕQVD÷ODQPDVÕQGDGHYOHWLQ EHOLUOH\LFLLúOHYOHULQGHQELULGH\RNVXOODUDYHEDNÕPDPXKWDoRODQODUD
6DOODQ*O6RQJO 6RV\DO'HYOHW%LWWL<DúDVÕQ3L\DVD(EDELO<D\ÕQFÕOÕN$QNDUD V
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH 0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ \|QHOLN\DUGÕPODUÕGR÷UXGDQ\UWPHVLROPXúWXU%XVD\HGHLúVL]OL÷LQ YH\RNVXOOX÷XQWRSOXPLoLQELUWHKGLWROPDVÕQÕQ|QQHJHoLOPHNLVWHQ-PLúWLU%XG|QHPGHHNRQRPLNLVWLNUDUUHIDKVRV\DOJYHQOLNYHVRV\DO \DUGÕPSURJUDPODUÕHYUHQVHOELUQLWHOLNND]DQPÕúYHNXUXPVDOWHPHOOHUL GDKDGDJoOHQGLULOPLúWLU.
¶OHULQ RUWDODUÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH ROXPOX VH\UHGHQ EX VUHoWH ELU WDNÕP VÕNÕQWÕODU RUWD\D oÕNPD\D EDúODPÕúWÕU (NRQRPLN \DúDPGD .H\QHV¶LQ WDOHS \|QO SROLWLNDODUOD WDP LVWLKGDPÕQ VD÷ODQDFD÷ÕQD \|-QHOLN J|UúOHULQL VDUVDQ JHOLúPHOHU J|UOPúWU %X \ÕOODUGD \NVHN LúVL]OLNYHHQÀDV\RQXQELUDUDGD\DúDQPDVÕ.H\QHV\HQUHoHWHOHULQ\H- WHUVL]OL÷LQLRUWD\DNR\PXúWXU6DGHFHHNRQRPLNDODQGD\DúDQDQJHOLú-PHOHU GH÷LO ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULQGHNL JHOLúWHUVL]OL÷LQLRUWD\DNR\PXúWXU6DGHFHHNRQRPLNDODQGD\DúDQDQJHOLú-PHOHU GH UHWLP VUHFLQGHNL\DSÕODQPD\ÕHPHNDOH\KLQHGH÷LúWLUPLúWLU$YUXSD¶GDLúVL]-OLNYH\RNVXOOXNRUDQODUÕQÕQJLGHUHNDUWPDVÕHNRQRPLNE\PHYHWDP LVWLKGDPÕQELUOLNWHJHUoHNOHúWL÷L.H\QHV\HQ5HIDK'HYOHWLG|QHPLQLQ DUWÕN JHULOHUGH NDOGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúWLU (NRQRPLN E\PH RUDQODUÕQÕQ GúPHVLQIXVXQ\DúODQPDVÕDLOH\DSÕVÕQGDNLGH÷LúLNOLNOHUNDGÕQODUÕQ LúJFQHNDWÕOÕPRUDQODUÕQÕQ\NVHOPHVLJLELJHOLúPHOHUVRV\DOKDUFD-PDODUÕQDUWPDVÕQDQHGHQROPXúWXU
5HIDKGHYOHWLX\JXODPDODUÕQÕQGHYOHWOHULQEWoHOHUL]HULQGHJLGH-UHN D÷ÕUODúDQ \NOHUH YH ¿QDQVDO GDUER÷D]ODUD QHGHQ ROGX÷X \ROXQGD \D\JÕQELUJ|UúQEXOXQPDVÕ ¶OL\ÕOODUGDQLWLEDUHQOLEHUDOV|\OHP-OHULQ\HQLGHQJQGHPHJHOPH\HEDúODPDVÕ\ODGDGHVWHNOHQPHNWHGLU. %DúODQJÕFÕQGDQEX\DQDLONNH]%DWÕ$YUXSDUHIDKGHYOHWOHULVUGU-OHPH]YHKDWWDUHWNHQOL÷HHQJHORODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLUg]HOOLNOHUHIDK GHYOHWLYH\RNVXOOXNDUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNLE\NoDSOÕDUDúWÕUPDODUÕQNRQXVX ROPXúWXU<DSÕODQED]ÕDUDúWÕUPDODUUHIDKGHYOHWLKDUFDPDODUÕQÕDUWÕUPD-QÕQ \RNVXOOX÷XQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH KHU ]DPDQ ROXPOX VRQXoODU \D-UDWPD\DFD÷ÕQDLúDUHWHWPHNWHGLU$QFDNNRQX\ODLOJLOLDUDúWÕUPDODUÕQ
6DOODQ*ODJHV
.RUSL:DOWHU ³:HOIDUH6WDWH 5HJUHVV LQ:HVWHUQ (XURSH 3ROLWLFV ,QVWLWXWLRQV *OREDOL]DWLRQDQG(XURSHDQL]DWLRQ´$QQXDO5HYLHZRI6RFLRORJ\9RO V &DQWLOORQ%HD ,YH0DU[ .DUHOYDQGHQ%RVFK ³(úLWOLNoLOLN%LOPHFHVL øVWLKGDP
hFUHW(úLWVL]OL÷L6RV\DO+DUFDPDODUYH<RNVXOOXN$UDVÕQGDNLøOLúNLOHU´Bir Temel Hak 2ODUDN9DWDQGDúOÕN*HOLULQH'R÷UX'HU$\úH%X÷UDdD÷ODU.H\GHUdHYøVPDLOdHNHP øOHWLúLP<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOVYG
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
|QHPOL ELU NÕVPÕ \RNVXOOXNOD UHIDK GHYOHWL DUDVÕQGD QHJDWLI ELU LOLúNL ROGX÷XQXELUGL÷HULIDGH\OHUHIDKGHYOHWL|QOHPOHULQLQHWNLQELUúHNLOGH \RNVXOOX÷XD]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕRUWD\DNR\PDNWDGÕU5HIDKGHYOHWLQLQ\RNVXOOX÷X QDVÕOHWNLOHGL÷LQLDQODPD\DNDWNÕGDEXOXQDQE\NoDSOÕDUDúWÕUPDODU-GDQELULGH'DYLG%UDG\WDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕOPÕúWÕU. G|QHPLQGHRQVHNL]%DWÕ$YUXSDONHVLQGHUHIDKGHYOHWL YH\RNVXOOXNDUDVÕQGDNLLOLúNL\LLQFHOH\HQoDOÕúPDVÕQGD%UDG\OLEHUDO HNRQRPLNHOHúWLULUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQIDUNOÕ|]HOOLNOHULUHIDKGHYOHWLWUOH-ULQGHNLoHúLWOLOLNWDULKVHOEDNÕúDoÕVÕYH\RNVXOOX÷XQ|OoPJLELGDKD |QFHNLDUDúWÕUPDODUÕQ\HUYHUPHGL÷LKXVXVODUÕGDoDOÕúPDVÕQDGkKLOHW-PLúWLU%UDG\EXGH÷LúNHQOHULQGHKHVDEDNDWÕOPDVÕ\ODGDKDJYHQLOLU VRQXoODUD XODúWÕ÷ÕQÕ LGGLD HWPHNWHGLU %UDG\ DUDúWÕUPDVÕ VRQXFXQGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN WUDQVIHUOHUL YH NDPX VD÷OÕN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ \RNVXOOX-÷XQD]DOWÕOPDVÕQGDHQHWNLOL|QOHPOHUROGX÷XQXWHVSLWHWPLúWLU $UDú-WÕUPDVRQXoODUÕD\UÕFDOLEHUDOHNRQRPLQLQ HNRQRPLNE\PHLúVL]OLN YHUHWNHQOLNOH|OoOHQHNRQRPLNSHUIRUPDQVÕQ\RNVXOOX÷XQD]DOWÕOPD-VÕQGDUHIDKGHYOHWLQGHQGDKDE\NELUHWNL\HVDKLSROGX÷X\|QQGHNL LGGLDVÕQÕ GHVWHNOHPHPHNWHGLU (NRQRPLN E\PH \RNVXOOX÷X D]DOW-PDNWDGÕUDQFDNEXQXQHWNLVLUHIDKGHYOHWLQHJ|UHGDKDD]GÕU$UDúWÕUPD UHIDKGHYOHWL|QOHPOHULQLQUHWNHQOL÷LHQJHOOH\HUHN\RNVXOOX÷XDUWÕUGÕ-÷ÕQDLOLúNLQKHUKDQJLELUNDQÕWDGDVDKLSGH÷LOGLU.
5HIDK GHYOHWLQLQ JHOLúLPLQGH G|UGQF DúDPD RODUDN J|UQHQ EX G|QHPUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQVRUJXODQGÕ÷ÕYH\HQLGHQ\DSÕODQGÕUPDDUD\ÕúOD-UÕQÕQEDúODGÕ÷ÕELUG|QHPGLU%XVRUJXODPDYH\HQLGHQ\DSÕODQGÕUPD G|QHPLQLQJQP]GHGHGHYDPHWWL÷LV|\OHQHELOLU
%UDG\ 'DYLG ³7KH:HOIDUH 6WDWH DQG 5HODWLYH 3RYHUW\ LQ 5LFK:HVWHUQ 'HPRFUDFLHV ´Social Forces9RO -XQ V %UDG\DJPV %UDG\DJPV %UDG\DJPV g]GHPLU6OH\PDQ .UHVHOOHúPH6UHFLQGH5HIDK'HYOHWLøVWDQEXO7LFDUHW2GD-VÕ<D\ÕQ1R øVWDQEXOV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH 0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ &7HPHO*HOLU7DUWÕúPDODUÕ(NVHQLQGH<RNVXOOXN 7HPHO*HOLU.DYUDPÕ 7HPHOJHOLUNDYUDPÕELUWRSOXPGD\DúD\DQEWQLQVDQODUDoDOÕúPD KD\DWÕQGDNLNRQXPODUÕQGDQED÷ÕPVÕ]RODUDNVDGHFHWRSOXPXQELUIHUGL ROGXNODUÕLoLQNRúXOVX]RODUDNVD÷ODQDQG]HQOLELUQDNLWJHOLULLIDGHHW-PHNWHGLU%XNDYUDPÕQ\DQVÕWWÕ÷Õ\DNODúÕPNDSLWDOLVWGH÷HUOHUVLVWHPLQL |QHPOLELUELoLPGHVRUJXODPDNWD HPH÷HYHULOHQGH÷HULQ\HULQHLQVDQD YHLQVDQÕQKDNODUÕQDYHULOHQGH÷HULNR\PDNWDGÕU%X\DNODúÕPGDVLYLO VL\DVLYHVRV\DOKDNODUÕQWDPDPÕQÕLoHUHQELUYDWDQGDúOÕNVWDWVQHDWÕI-WDEXOXQXODUDNDVJDULELUJHOLUHVDKLSROPDNWHPHOELUYDWDQGDúOÕNKDNNÕ RODUDNWDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU%XoHUoHYHGHWHPHOJHOLUNDYUDPÕ³YDWDQGDú-OÕNJHOLUL´úHNOLQGHGHLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU7HPHOJHOLUELUDVJDULJHOLU JDUDQWLVLELoLPLGLUYHED]Õ$YUXSDONHOHULQGHNLPHYFXWX\JXODPDODU-GDQ o úHNLOGH IDUNOÕODúPDNWDGÕU %LULQFL IDUNOÕOÕN WHPHO JHOLULQ KDQH KDONÕQDGH÷LOELUH\OHUH|GHQPHVLGLUøNLQFLVLEDúNDJHOLUND\QDNODUÕQD VDKLSROXSROPDPD\ÕGLNNDWHDOPDGDQ|GHQPHVLGLU6RQRODUDNGDWH-PHOJHOLU|GHPHVLQLQKHUKDQJLELULúWHoDOÕúPD\ÕJHUHNWLUPHPHVLGLU .
7HPHO JHOLU KDNNÕ WRSOXPGDNL KHUNHVLQ RUWDN UHWLP oDEDVÕQGDQ SRWDQVL\HORODUDNSD\DOPDVÕKDNNÕQÕQNDEXOHGLOPHVLDQODPÕQDGDJHO- PHNWHGLU%LUNDUúÕOÕN]RUXQOXOX÷XEXOXQPDGDQKHUNHVHEXKDNNÕWDQÕ-PDNNLúLOHULQLNWLVDGLDODQGDHúGH÷HUROPDGDQ|QFHNLúLRODUDNHúGH÷HU ROGXNODUÕQÕ YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU %X GD YDWDQGDúODUÕQ |]HUNOL÷L DQODPÕQD JHOPHNWHGLU'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODWHPHOJHOLUKHP\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHQLQELU DUDFÕKHPGHRQXDúDQELUVL\DVDOSURMHQLQSDUoDVÕRODUDNGúQOPHNWH-GLU%XSURMHNLúLOHUHELU\DQGDHPHNSL\DVDVÕQGDGDKD\NVHNELUJHOLU LoLQED]ÕVÕNÕQWÕODUÕJ|]HDOPDNGL÷HU\DQGDGDGDKDD]ELUJHOLUOHSL\D-VDQÕQGH÷HUOLEXOPDGÕ÷ÕIDDOL\HWOHUH]DPDQÕQÕD\ÕUPDNDUDVÕQGDVHoLP \DSPD|]JUO÷WDQÕPDNWDGÕU. 3KLOLSSH9DQ3DULMV ³%DVLF,QFRPH $6LPSOHDQG3RZHUIXO,GHDIRUWKH7ZHQW\ )LUVW &HQWXU\´ 3ROLWLFV 6RFLHW\ 9RO 1R (ULúLP KWWS SDVVDJHSXEFRPFRQ-WHQWV %X÷UD.H\GHUBir Temel Hak OlarakDJHV
-RKDQQHV+DQHO³%DVLF,QFRPHDQG6RFLDO-XVWLFH´$Q$QDO\VLVIRUWKH%LHQ %DVLF,QFR-PH(DUWK1HWZRUN &RQJUHVVLQ'XEOLQ-XQH (ULúLP KWWS ZZZEDVLFLQFRPH RUJV
øQVHO$KPHW³øNWLVDW$NOÕQD6RNXODQ6L\DVDOdRPDN 9DWDQGDúOÕN*HOLUL´Bir Temel Hak OlarakV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
*HUoHN|]JUO÷QHVDVÕRODUDNWDQÕPODQDQWHPHOJYHQFHWHPHO JHOLULQoÕNÕúQRNWDVÕQÕROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU*YHQFHQLQWHPHOROPDVÕ DQ-ODPOÕROPDVÕELUGL÷HULIDGH\OHNLúLQLQ\DúDGÕ÷ÕWRSOXPLoLQGHUDV\RQHO WHUFLKOHUGH EXOXQDELOPHVLQH \HWHFHN NDGDU ROPDVÕ GHPHNWLU$\QÕ ]D- PDQGDEXWHPHOJYHQFHNLúLOHULWHPEHOOL÷HVHYNHWPH\HFHNYHoDOÕú-PDLVWHNOHULQLQD]DOPDVÕQD\RODoPD\DFDNELUG]H\GHROPDOÕGÕU7HPHO JHOLUJYHQFHVLQGHQV|]HGLOHELOPHVLLoLQEXJHOLULQNH\¿ELUúHNLOGH\D GDKD\ÕUYHL\LOLNJ|VWHUJHVLRODUDNSDWHUQDOLVWELU\DNODúÕPODYHULOPH-PHVLGHJHUHNPHNWHGLU7HPHOJHOLUELUH\VHOYHHúLWROPDOÕNLúLOHUEX JHOLUL QDVÕO NXOODQDFDNODUÕQD NHQGLOHUL NDUDU YHUHELOPHOLGLU g]UO \D GD]D\ÕIROXSGD|]HOLKWL\DoODUÕRODQNLúLOHULoLQLODYHOHU\DSÕOPDOÕGÕU. hUHWNHQOLN SURGXFWLYLVW WHPHOLQGHúHNLOOHQGL÷L|QHVUOHQJHOH- QHNVHOUHIDKUHMLPOHULLúJFDU]ÕQÕIRUPHOHNRQRPLQLQUHWNHQVHNW|U-OHULQHNDQDOL]HHWPHDPDFÕQÕWDúÕPDNWDGÕUYHoDOÕúPDROPDGDQUHIDKWDQ V|]HGLOHPH\HFH÷LQL|QJ|UPHNWHGLU%XGúQFHH÷HUKLoNLPVHKHU-KDQJLELUúH\UHWPH]VHKNPHWLQ\HQLGHQGD÷ÕWÕPÕQDNRQXRODELOHFHN KLoELU úH\ ROPD\DFD÷Õ DQOD\ÕúÕQD GD\DQPDNWDGÕU 6RQ \ÕOODUGD WHPHO JHOLUGúQFHVLQLGH\DQVÕWDQYHUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQVWDQGDUWPRGHOOHULQ-GHQIDUNOÕODúDQ\HQLELUUHIDKUHMLPLQGHQV|]HGLOPHNWHGLU%XPRGHOLQ GH³UHWNHQOLNVRQUDVÕ´ SRVWSURGXFWLYLVW UHIDKPRGHOLRODUDNDGODQ-GÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU22 hUHWNHQOLN VRQUDVÕ UHIDK UHMLPLQGH VRV\DO GHPRNUDW PRGHOGH ROGX÷X JLEL LQVDQODUÕQ UHIDK KDNODUÕQÕQ FUHWOL Lú-JFQHNDWÕOÕPGDQVÕNÕELUELoLPGHED÷ÕPVÕ]ROPDVÕ|QJ|UOPHNWHGLU $QFDNVRV\DOGHPRNUDWPRGHOGHQIDUNOÕRODUDNEXPRGHOGHLQVDQODUÕ LúOH EXOXúWXUPDN DQODPÕQGD ROD÷DQVW ELU oDED J|VWHULOPH\HFHNWLU %XUDGDUHWNHQOLNVRQUDVÕPRGHOLQUHWNHQOLNNDUúÕWÕELUPRGHOROPD-GÕ÷ÕYXUJXVXGD\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU(NRQRPLNUHWNHQOL÷LQEWQLQVDQODUÕ WDP]DPDQOÕoDOÕúPD\DVHYNHWPHJLULúLPLQGHEXOXQPDGDQGDVUGU-OHELOHFH÷L |QJ|UOPHNWHGLU *HOLU YH FUHWOL LúJF LNLOLVLQLQ ELUELULQ-GHQD\UÕOPDVÕYHKHUNHVHG]JQ GHFHQW ELUJHOLUVHYL\HVLQLQJDUDQWL
6WDQGLQJ*X\³7HPHO*HOLU .UHVHOOHúHQ'Q\DGD<RNVXOOXNOD%LU0FDGHOH<|QWH-PL´Bir Temel Hak Olarak, V
22 *RRGLQ 5REHUW ( ³:RUN DQG :HOIDUH 7RZRUGV D 3RVW3URGXFWLYLVW :HOIDUH 5HJL-PH´ British Journal of Political Science 9RO 1R -DQ ZZZMVWRURUJ V
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH 0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ HGLOPHVLV|]NRQXVXGXU7HPHOJHOLUEXUDGDGHYUH\HJLUPHNWHGLU)DUNOÕ UHIDKUHMLPOHULIDUNOÕ|QFHOLNOHUOHNDUDNWHUL]HHGLOPHNWHGLU%XQDJ|UH OLEHUDOOHUYHULPOLOLN HI¿FLHQF\ NRUSRUDWLVWOHULVWLNUDU VWDELOLW\ VRV-\DOGHPRNUDWODUHúLWOLN HTXDOLW\ ]HULQGHRGDNODQPDNWDGÕUhUHWNHQOLN VRQUDVÕ PRGHOGH |QH oÕNDQ NDYUDP LVH |]HUNOLN DXWRQRP\ GLU. Bu J|UúEHQLPVH\HQOHULQVDQODUDLKWL\DoODUÕLoLQ\HWHUOLELUJHOLUVD÷OD-\DUDNDVJDULG]H\GHGHROVDKDUHNHW|]JUO÷DQODPÕQGDELUHWNLVL EXOXQDQ|]HUNOL÷LJDUDQWLHWPHPFDGHOHVLQLYHUPHNWHGLU*HOLUKHUKDQ- JLELUúDUWDED÷OÕROPDPDOÕLQVDQODUEXJHOLUHELUKDNRODUDNVDKLSROPD- OÕGÕU+DUHNHW|]JUO÷QQVD÷ODQPDVÕ\ODLQVDQODUD]DPDQÕQDVÕONXO-ODQDFDNODUÕQDLOLúNLQNDUDUYHUHELOPH|]JUO÷GHWDQÕQPÕúRODFDNWÕU. <RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOH$UDFÕ2ODUDN7HPHO*HOLU
6RQ \ÕOODUGD \RNVXOOXNOD PFDGHOHGH |QHPOL ELU VRV\DO SROLWLND DUDFÕ RODELOHFH÷L QRNWDVÕQGD JLGHUHN DUWDQ WDUWÕúPDODUÕQ NRQXVX KDOL-QH JHOHQ WHPHO JHOLU GúQFHVLKDOL-QH \|QHOLN LWLUD]ODUÕQ |QHPOL ELU NÕVPÕ PDOL\HW]HULQGH\R÷XQODúPDNWDGÕU7HPHOJHOLUX\JXODPDVÕQÕQRUWD\D oÕNDUDFD÷ÕPDOL\NQ]DWHQGDUER÷D]LoLQGHRODQJHOHQHNVHOUHIDKUHML-PLNXUXPODUÕQÕQo|NúQKÕ]ODQGÕUDFD÷Õ|QHVUOPHNWHGLUg]HOOLNOH JHOLúPLúONHOHULoLQJHoHUOLRODQEXHQGLúHJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHULoLQ GDKDIDUNOÕELUJ|UQPDU]HWPHNWHGLU7HPHOJHOLUKDNNÕQÕQJHOLúPHN- WHRODQONHOHUGH|QFHOLNOHDVJDULFUHWLYHGDKDVÕQÕUOÕRODUDNGDRUWD-ODPDFUHWOHUL\XNDUÕGR÷UXoHNHFH÷LYHEXQXQGúNRUWDODPDFUHWH GD\DOÕNDONÕQPDSROLWLNDVÕQD]DUDUYHUHFH÷LLOHULVUOPHNWHGLU7HPHO JHOLULQJHWLUHFH÷LPDOL\NQVUGUOHPH]OL÷LLGGLDVÕWHPHOJHOLULQX\-JXODQPDELoLPLLOHGH\DNÕQGDQLOJLOLGLU%XDQODPGDE|\OHELUJHOLULQ YDURODQVRV\DOWUDQVIHUOHUHLODYHRODUDNPÕELUNÕVPÕQÕQ\HULQLDODUDN PÕ\RNVDED÷ÕPVÕ]RODUDNPÕX\JXODQDFD÷ÕVRUXVXQXQFHYDEÕ|QHPND-]DQPDNWDGÕU. ³dDOÕúPD´QÕQDQODPÕQÕQJQP]NRúXOODUÕQGD\HQLGHQVRUJXODQ-PDVÕ\ODWHPHOJHOLUWDUWÕúPDODUÕQÕQVRQ\ÕOODUGDJLGHUHN\D\JÕQODúPDVÕ DUDVÕQGDELUSDUDOHOOLNNXUPDNGDPPNQGUdDOÕúPDHWL÷LQLQWHPH- *RRGLQDJPV *RRGLQDJPV øQVHODJPV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
OLQGHNLúLQLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕVUGUHELOPHNYHPXWOXROPDNLoLQEDúNDODUÕQÕQ GH÷HUOLEXOGX÷XYHNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ|GHPH\HKD]ÕUROGX÷XELUúH\\DSPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L GúQFHVL YDUGÕU dDOÕúPD HWL÷L NLúLQLQ VDKLS ROGX÷X\OD \H-WLQPHVLQLYHGDKDID]OD\HULQHGDKDD]DUD]ÕROPDVÕQÕ\DQOÕúYHDKODNL DoÕGDQ]DUDUOÕEXOXUdDOÕúPDNEDúOÕEDúÕQDELUGH÷HURODUDNJ|UOG÷ LoLQGLQOHQPHNGHGDKDID]ODoDOÕúPDNLoLQJoWRSODPDNúDUWÕ\ODNDEXO HGLOHELOLUELUGXUXPGXU'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODoDOÕúPDHWL÷LQLQ|QHVUG÷G-úQFH ³dDOÕúPDN L\LGLU oDOÕúPDPDN N|WGU´ úHNOLQGH |]HWOHQHELOLU dDOÕúPDNWPLQVDQODUÕQQRUPDOGXUXPXGXUoDOÕúPDPDNDQRUPDOGLU26. %XDQODPGDoDOÕúPDWRSOXPVDOPHNDQL]PDQÕQPHUNH]LQGH\HUDOPDN-WDGÕUdDOÕúPDKHPG|QúWUFELULQVDQoDEDVÕGÕUKHPGHEXoDEDQÕQ GH÷HULQLQQHROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUHQELU|OoD\JÕWÕGÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODWRSOXP- VDOG]HQVRUXQXQDYHULOHQLNWLVDGL\DQÕWÕQPHUNH]LQGHHPHNYHPED-GHOH \HU DOPDNWDGÕU ;,;\\ ³oDOÕúPD´\Õ HQ WHPHO \DUDWÕFÕ IDDOL\HW PRGHOLQH G|QúWUHUHN HPH÷L LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ UHIDKD GR÷UX LOHUOHPHN LoLQ VDKLSROGX÷XELUDUDoKDOLQHJHWLULU.
;,;\\NRúXOODUÕQGDGDKDID]ODUHWPHNLoLQUHWLPVUHFLQGHGDKD ID]OD HPHN NXOODQPDN JHUHNL\RUGX 'DKD ID]OD UHWPH\H LVWHNOL JLUL-úLPFLOHUGHQ YH oDOÕúPD\D LVWHNVL] \RNVXOODUGDQ ROXúDQ ELU WRSOXPGD oDOÕúPDHWL÷LEXLNLVLQLQELUOHúPHVLQLVD÷ODPDNWD\GÕ%LUGL÷HULIDGH\OH oDOÕúPDKHP]HQJLQOL÷HXODúPDQÕQKHPGH\RNVXOOXNWDQNXUWXOPDQÕQ bir yoluydu dDOÕúPDQÕQ HQ \NVHN LQVDQL J|UHY NDQXQ YH G]HQLQ NRUX\XFXVX\RNVXOOX÷XQoDUHVLRODUDN\FHOWLOPHVLUQQDUWÕUPDN DPDFÕ\ODGDKDID]ODLúoL\HLKWL\DoGX\DQHPHN\R÷XQVDQD\LLOHELU]D-PDQODUX\XPLoLQGH\GL*QP]QPRGHUQL]HHGLOPLúNoOWOPú VHUPD\H YH ELOJL \R÷XQ VDQD\LVL HPH÷L UHWLPLQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH WHNND\QDNROPDNWDQoÕNDUPÕúWÕUøNWLVDGLE\PHYHLVWLKGDPÕQoR÷X ]DPDQSDUDOHOJLWPHGL÷LWHNQRORMLNJHOLúPHOHUOHHPH÷LQLNDPHHGLOGL÷L NRúXOODUDOWÕQGDoDOÕúPDHWL÷LDUWÕNVDQD\LQLQJHUHNVLQLPOHULQL\DQVÕW-26 %DXPDQ=\JPXQW dDOÕúPD7NHWLFLOLNYH<HQL<RNVXOODUdHYhPLWgNWHP6DU-PDO<D\ÕQHYLøVWDQEXOV 0HGD'RPLQLTXH(PHN .D\EROPD<ROXQGD%LU'H÷HUPL"dHY,úÕN(UJGHQøOHWLúLP <D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV 0HGDDJHV %DXPDQDJHV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
PDPDNWDYH]HQJLQOL÷LQDQDKWDUÕQÕJoONOHWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU. dDOÕúPDKD\DWÕQÕQEWQGQ\DGDJHoLUGL÷LG|QúPOH E\PH\-OH LVWLKGDP LVWLKGDPOD ELUH\LQ JHoLPL DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLQLQ ]D\ÕÀDPÕú ROPDVÕ KHP LVWLKGDP DUWÕúÕQÕQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\OH ELUOLNWH NHQGLOL- ÷LQGHQJHUoHNOHúHFH÷LKHPGHoDOÕúDQKHUNHVLQ\RNVXOOXNWDQNXUWXODFD-÷ÕYDUVD\ÕPÕQÕDUWÕNJHoHUVL]KDOHJHWLUPHNWHGLU 7DPGDEXJHOLúPH-OHU\DúDQÕUNHQPHYFXWVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQYHEXQXQLoHULVLQGH |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLS RODQ VRV\DO VLJRUWD X\JXODPDODUÕQÕQ ³oDOÕúPD´ WHPHOLQGHúHNLOOHQGL÷LYHJQP]LKWL\DoODUÕQD\DQÕWYHUHPHGL÷LG- úQFHVL|QHoÕNPD\DEDúODPDNWDGÕU6LJRUWDFÕGD\DQÕúPDDQOD\ÕúÕQDGD-\DQDQ JHOHQHNVHO KDN NDYUDPÕ GÕúODQPD VRUXQXQX o|]PHGH \HWHUVL] NDOPDNWDGÕU *HoLFL QLWHOLNWHNL ULVNOHUGHQ GR÷DQ ]DUDUODUÕQ WD]PLQLQL LoHUHQELUKDNNDYUDPÕNLWOHVHOLúVL]OLN\RNVXOOXNYHGÕúODQPDJLELVRV-\DOVRUXQODUDX\DUODQDPDPDNWDGÕU%XGXUXPYDURODQVRV\DOJYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQYHEXVLVWHPOHULQDUGÕQGDNLUHIDKGHYOHWLYHVRV\DODGDOHW DQOD\ÕúÕQÕQJ|]GHQJHoLULOPHVLQLJHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU%DWÕWRSOXPODUÕQGD VRV\DODGDOHWLQ\HQLGHQGúQOPHVLWRSOXPGDNLEWQLQVDQODUDDVJD-ULG]H\GHELUJHOLUHVDKLSROPDKDNNÕWDQÕ\DQWHPHOJHOLUWDUWÕúPDODUÕQÕ GDJQGHPHJHWLUPLúWLU. 7HPHOJHOLUDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQLQLNDPHHGLFLWURODUDNGH- ÷HUOHQGLULOHELOLUøNDPHHGLFLDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLYDURODQVRV\DOJ-YHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQGHN|NOELUUHIRUPSURMHVLGLU%XJQNVLVWHPOHUGH PHYFXWRODQGH÷LúLNWLSWH\DUGÕPODUÕQ\HULQLWHNELU\DUGÕPÕQDOPDVÕ¿N- ULGLU*HoLPND\QDNODUÕQÕQ\HWHUVL]OL÷LNRúXOXQDED÷OÕROPDNVÕ]ÕQWRS-OXPGDNLKHUELUH\HYHULOPHVL|QJ|UOHQELU\DUGÕPGÕU%XJQSHNoRN ONHQLQVRV\DOKXNXNXQGDYDURODQWDPDPOD\ÕFÕDVJDULJHOLUGHQIDUNOÕ RODUDNLNDPHHGLFLDVJDULJHOLUKLoELUONHQLQSR]LWLIKXNXNVLVWHPLQGH \HUDOPDPDNWDDQFDNFLGGLELUHQWHOOHNWHOWDUWÕúPDQÕQNRQXVXROPDNWD-GÕUøNDPHHGLFLDVJDULJHOLUGH÷LúLNLVLPOHUOHDQÕOPDNWDGÕU%XNDYUDP %HOoLND¶GDHYUHQVHO\DUGÕPøQJLOWHUH¶GH\XUWWDúOÕNJHOLUL+ROODQGD¶GD %DXPDQDJHV %X÷UD$\úH17ROJD6ÕQPD]GHQLU³<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGHøQVDQLYH(WNLQ%LU<|Q-WHP 1DNLW*HOLU'HVWH÷L´Bir Temel Hak OlarakV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø WHPHOJHOLU)UDQVD¶GD\DúDPJHOLULRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU. 7DPDPOD\ÕFÕQLWHOLNWHNLDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQGHLVHoDOÕúPDROJX- VXQDGD\DOÕVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQLQNRUXQPDVÕYHEXVLVWHPOHUGH- NLERúOXNODUÕQWDPDPODQPDVÕDPDFÕ\ODDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQLQGHYUH-\HJLUPHVLV|]NRQXVXGXU3HNoRN$YUXSDONHVLQGH\UUO÷HJLUPLú RODQ WDPDPOD\ÕFÕ QLWHOLNWHNL DVJDUL JHOLU JYHQFHVL SROLWLNDODUÕ EDúWD *QH\$IULNDYH%UH]LO\DROPDN]HUHELUoRNJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHGH GHWDUWÕúÕOPD\DYHX\JXODQPD\DEDúODPDNWDGÕU%XUDGDV|]HGLOHQDV-JDULJHOLUGHVWH÷LKHUKDQJLELUQHGHQDUDQPDNVÕ]ÕQ\RNVXOOXNVÕQÕUÕQÕQ DOWÕQGD\DúD\DQNLPVHOHUHGHYOHWWDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕODQJHQHOQLWHOLNOLELU VRV\DO\DUGÕPDLúDUHWHWPHNWHGLU%X\|QOHUL\OHGHEWQYDWDQGDúODUD HNRQRPLNGXUXPODUÕQGDQED÷ÕPVÕ]NRúXOVX]ELUKDNRODUDNYHULOHFHN YHJHOLULEHOLUOLELUG]H\LQVWQGHRODQODUGDQYHUJLOHUOHDOÕQDFDNVDI ELUWHPHOJHOLUX\JXODPDVÕQGDQIDUNOÕGÕUøNDPHHGLFLYHWDPDPOD\ÕFÕ DVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLD\UÕPÕQÕQúDUWVÕ]YHúDUWOÕWHPHOJHOLUD\UÕPÕúHN-OLQGHLIDGHHGLOGL÷LGHJ|UOPHNWHGLUùDUWVÕ]\DGDLNDPHHGLFLWHPHO JHOLUKDNNÕJLELEXJQLoLQUDGLNDOVD\ÕODELOHFHNELUG|QúPQNDEXO HGLOPHVLLoLQVRV\DOYDWDQGDúOÕNDQOD\ÕúÕQÕQYHVRV\RHNRQRPLNKDNODUÕ GDLoLQHDODQLQVDQKDNODUÕDQOD\ÕúÕQÕQKD\DWDJHoPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU %XQXQLoLQGHVL\DVDOYHHNRQRPLNVLVWHPLQEXKDNODUÕKD\DWDJHoLUHFHN ELUGH÷LúLPLNHQGLLoLQGH\DúDPDVÕJHUHNOLOL÷LDoÕNWÕU.
$VJDUL JHOLU JYHQFHVL VRV\DO NRUXPD KXNXNXQD DLW ELU NDYUDP-GÕU(QJHQHODQODPGDWRSOXPXQ\RNVXOYHHJHPHQ\DúDPELoLPLQGHQ GÕúODQPÕúRODQNHVLPOHULQLQDVJDULG]H\GHJHoLPRODQDNODUÕQDNDYXú- WXUXOPDVÕYHWRSOXPODRODQED÷ODUÕQÕQJoOHQGLULOPHVLLoLQGHYOHWWDUD- IÕQGDQ\DSÕODQELUWUVRV\DO\DUGÕPRODUDNWDQÕPODQDELOLU6RV\DOJ-YHQOLNNDYUDPÕHVDVRODUDNVRV\DOVLJRUWDODUÕQ\DQÕVÕUDVRV\DO\DUGÕP YH VRV\DO KL]PHWOHUL GH LoHUHQ ELU VW NDYUDPGÕU$QFDN X\JXODPDGD
*|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV
.H\GHU%X÷UD%LU7HPHO+DN2ODUDNV
6H\\DU $OL ³<RNVXOOXNOD 0FDGHOHGH 9DWDQGDúOÕN *HOLUL 0RGHOL 7DUWÕúPDODUÕ 7DULKL 3HUVSHNWLIWHQ*QP]H%LU<ROFXOXN´7UNøú'HUJLVL6D\Õ V
.RUD\0HU\HP³6RV\DO3ROLWLND 1HUH\H'R÷UX"´&DKLW7DODV$QÕVÕQD*QFHO6RV\DO 3ROLWLND 7DUWÕúPDODUÕ $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL 6L\DVDO %LOJLOHU )DNOWHVL <D\ÕQ 1R V
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
VRV\DO VLJRUWDODUÕQ GDKD \D\JÕQ YH HWNLQ ROPDVÕ QHGHQL\OH VRV\DO J-YHQOLNGDUDQODPÕ\ODVRV\DOVLJRUWDODUOD|]GHúNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU$VJDUL JHOLUJYHQFHVLNXUXPXJHQLúDQODPGDVRV\DOJYHQOLNKXNXNXQXQ\D GDVRV\DONRUXPDKXNXNXQXQDODQÕQDJLUPHNWHGLU. ,,%$=,$9583$%ø5/øöøh/.(/(5ø1'( <2.68//8./$0h&$'(/('($6*$5ø *(/ø5*h9(1&(6ø8<*8/$0$6,
<RNVXOOXNOD PFDGHOH LON \RNVXOOXN SURJUDPÕQÕQ NDEXO HGLOGL÷L ¶OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ $YUXSD .RPLV\RQXQXQ YH \H GHYOHWOHULQ UHVPL ND\JÕVÕ ROPD\D GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU ¶OL \ÕOODUGD \DYDúOD\DQHNRQRPLNE\PHYH\NVHOHQLúVL]OLNOHELUOLNWH\RNVXOOXN NRQXVXGD\HQLELUDFLOL\HWND]DQPÕúWÕU ¶OÕ\ÕOODUÕQEDúÕQGD\DNODúÕN PLO\RQ$YUXSDOÕ\RNVXOOXNVÕQÕUÕQÕQDOWÕQGD\DúDPDNWDLNHQ ¶OÕ \ÕOODUÕQVRQXQGDEXUDNDPPLO\RQD\NVHOPLúWLU \ÕOÕQGD$YUX- SD.RQVH\LQGHNDEXOHGLOHQ³<HWHUOL.D\QDNODUD´LOLúNLQ7DYVL\H.D-UDUÕ\HONHOHULQVRV\DONRUXPDVLVWHPOHULQGHNL\HWHUOLND\QDNODUDYH VRV\DO\DUGÕPDLOLúNLQRUWDNELUNULWHUROXúWXUXOPDVÕQÕWDOHSHWPHNWHGLU $YUXSD.RPLV\RQX \ÕOÕQGDVRV\DONRUXPDQÕQPRGHUQOHúWLULOPHVL LoLQ RUWDN ELU VWUDWHML oHUoHYHVLQGH ELUH\OHULQ YH DLOHOHULQ \RNVXOOX÷X YHGÕúODQPÕúOÕ÷ÕLOHHWNLQPFDGHOHLoLQDVJDULJHOLU\DUGÕPODUÕQÕLoHUHQ HWNLQJYHQOLND÷ODUÕQÕQVD÷ODQPDVÕQÕDPDoRODUDNEHQLPVHPLúWLU .
¶OL \ÕOODUGD GD VRV\DO NRUXPD \RNVXOOXNOD YH VRV\DO GÕúODQ-PDLOHPFDGHOHNRQXODUÕ$YUXSD.RQVH\LQLQJQGHPLQGH|QHPOLELU \HUWXWPD\DGHYDPHWPLúWLU$YUXSD.RQVH\LQLQ\ÕOÕQGDNL/L]ERQ =LUYHVL¶QGH DOÕQDQ NDUDUODUGD ¶OÕ \ÕOODU ER\XQFD DUWDQ LúVL]OL÷LQ |QHPOLELUHWNLVLROGX÷XV|\OHQHELOLU%X]LUYHGH\RNVXOOXNYHVRV\DO GÕúODQPDQÕQ |QHPOL ER\XWODUD XODúWÕ÷ÕQD GLNNDW oHNLOHUHN VRV\RHNR- QRPLNE\PHYHVRV\DONRUXPDVLVWHPOHULQLQJHOLúWLULOPHVLKHGHÀH-UL|QHoÕNDUÕOPÕúWÕU\ÕOÕQÕQ$UDOÕND\ÕQGDJHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ1LFH
*|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV
6DLQVEXU\'LDQH$QQ0RULVVHQV ³3RYHUW\LQ(XURSHLQWKHPLG V WKH(IIHF-WLYHQHVVRI0HDQVWHVWHG%HQH¿WV´ Journal of European Social Policy 9RO KWWS HVSVDJHSXEFRPFRQWHQWV
g]D\GÕQ0HKPHW0HUYH .UHVHOOHúPH6UHFLQGH7UNL\HYH$YUXSD%LUOL÷L¶QGH 6RV\DO3ROLWLNDODUGD<DúDQDQ'H÷LúLPLQ$QDOL]L*D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QV-WLWV<D\ÕQODQPDPÕú'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUDV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
=LUYHVL¶QGHLVH$YUXSD%LUOL÷L7HPHO+DNODUùDUWÕNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU%X ùDUWÕQ6RV\DO*YHQOLNYH6RV\DO<DUGÕPEDúOÕNOÕPDGGHVLQGH$Y-UXSD %LUOL÷LQLQVRV\DO GÕúODQPDYH \RNVXOOXNOD PFDGHOHLoLQ \HWHUOL ND\QD÷ÕROPD\DQKHUNHVHVD\JÕQELUKD\DWVD÷ODPDNDPDFÕ\ODWRSOXOXN KXNXNX YH XOXVDO KXNXN X\JXODPDODUÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ NXUDOODU JH-UH÷LQFH VRV\DO \DUGÕP YH NRQXW \DUGÕPÕ KDNNÕQÕ WDQÕ\ÕS J|]HWWL÷L EH-lirtilmektedirdDOÕúPDQÕQEXNÕVPÕQGD\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGHED]Õ $YUXSD%LUOL÷LONHOHULQGHNLDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLX\JXODPDODUÕQD\HU verilmektedir. $3RUWHNL] $YUXSD%LUOL÷LQLQHNRQRPLNGXUXPXLWLEDUL\OH7UNL\H¶\HEHQ]H- \HQONHOHULQGHQELULRODQ3RUWHNL]¶GHNLX\JXODPD ¶ODUGD\UUO-÷HJLUPLúWLU \ÕOÕQÕQEDúÕQGD3RUWHNL]KNPHWLVRV\DOJYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ\HQLGHQG]HQOHQPHVLDPDFÕ\OD|QHULOHUVXQDQELUNRPLV\RQ ROXúWXUPXúWXU%XNRPLV\RQXQDOGÕ÷ÕNDUDUODUQHWLFHVLQGH)UDQVD¶GD-NLX\JXODPDGDQHVLQOHQHQELUHQWHJUDV\RQSURJUDPÕNDSVDPÕQGDDLOH \HOHULQLQWHPHOLKWL\DoODUÕQÕQNDUúÕODQPDVÕPHVOHNLH÷LWLPLQYHLVWLK- GDPDGR÷UXGDQHULúLPLQVD÷ODQPDVÕLOHVRV\DOYHPHVOHNLHQWHJUDV\R-QXQJHOLúWLULOPHVLDPDoODQPÕúWÕU.
3RUWHNL]¶GHNL X\JXODPDGD DVJDUL JHOLU JYHQFHVLQGHQ ID\GDODQD-ELOPHN LoLQ DVJDUL VRV\DO VLJRUWD HPHNOLOLN JHOLULQLQ DOWÕQGD ELU JHOLU G]H\L HVDV DOÕQPDNWDGÕU %XQD J|UH LNL \HWLúNLQGHQ ROXúDQ DLOHOHUGH DVJDUL HPHNOLOLN JHOLULQLQ ¶ o \HWLúNLQGHQ ID]OD IHUGLQ EXOXQ-GX÷X DLOHOHUGH EXQD HN RODUDN D\QÕ JHOLULQ ¶L D\UÕFD KHU oRFXN LoLQD\QÕJHOLULQ¶VLQLQWRSODPÕQGDQROXúDQELUDVJDULJHOLUG]H\L EHOLUOHQPLúWLU%XGXUXPGDQDNLWJHOLUGHVWH÷LEXPLNWDUODDLOHQLQJHOLUL DUDVÕQGDNLIDUNÕNDSDWDFDNELoLPGHG]HQOLRODUDN|GHQPHNWHGLU%XUD-GDNLX\JXODPDGDQDNLWJHOLUGHVWH÷LQLQHQ\RNVXONHVLPLQGXUXPXQX L\LOHúWLUPHNWHHWNLOLROGX÷XYH\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGHNoPVHQPH-\HFHNELUDGÕPROXúWXUGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU. '37$YUXSD%LUOL÷L7HPHO+DNODUùDUWÕ>HOHNWURQLNGRV\D@$QNDUD.DVÕP (ULúLP KWWS HNXWXSGSWJRYWUDEKXNXNWHPHOKDNSGIV 'LWFK-RKQDQG1LQD2OG¿HOG³6RFLDO$VVLVWDQFH 5HFHQW7UHQGVDQG7KHPHV´Journal of European Social Policy, KWWS HVSVDJHSXEFRPFRQWHQW V
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
%øWDO\D
6RV\DO LoHUPH DPDoOÕ DVJDUL JHOLU GHVWH÷L X\JXODPDVÕ øWDO\D¶GD \ÕOÕQGDGHQHPHDPDoOÕRODUDNEDúODWÕOPÕúWÕUøWDO\DQUHIDKVLVWHPL \ÕOÕVRQXQGDNDEXOHGLOHQVRV\DO\DUGÕP\DVDVÕLOHELUGH÷LúLPV- UHFLQGHQJHoPHNWHGLU$VJDULJHOLUGHVWH÷LSDUODPHQWR\D$YUXSD%LU-OL÷LQLQWDYVL\HOHULQHX\PDNLoLQJHUHNOLELUX\JXODPDYH6RV\DO<DUGÕP 5HIRUPXNDSVDPÕQGDNLELU|QOHPRODUDNVXQXOPXúWXU øWDO\DQUHIDKVLVWHPLELUH\LQVRV\RHNRQRPLNULVNOHUHNDUúÕNRUXQ-PDVÕQGDNLVRUXPOXOX÷XQXQ|QFHOLNOHoHNLUGHNDLOH\HLNLQFLORODUDNGD DNUDEDODUDDLWROGX÷XELU|]HOOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%XQHGHQOHGHNDPX UHIDKVLVWHPLQGHQ|QFHJHQLúDLOHED÷ODUÕQDEDúYXUPDEHNOHQWLVLøWDO\DQ UHIDKVLVWHPLQGH|QHPOLELU\HUHVDKLSWLU.DPXUHIDKVLVWHPLQLQSDUoDOÕ ELU\DSÕGDROPDVÕQÕQWHPHOLQGHGHEX|]HOOLN\HUDOPDNWDGÕU$QFDNVRQ ELUNDoRQ\ÕOGD\DúDQDQVRV\RHNRQRPLNGH÷LúLNOLNOHUQHWLFHVLQGHøWDO-\DQUHIDKVLVWHPLJLGHUHNGDKDID]ODEDVNÕDOWÕQDJLUPH\HEDúODPÕúWÕU 1IXVXQ\DúODQPDVÕ\ODELUOLNWHDLOH]HULQGHNLVRUXPOXOXNODUÕQDUWPD- VÕGR÷XPRUDQODUÕQGDNLD]DOPDQHGHQL\OHDLOHYHFHPDDWD÷ODUÕQÕQGHV-WHNOHPHNDSDVLWHOHULQLQDUWDQELUH\FLOLNOHGHGD\DQÕúPDQÕQ]D\ÕÀDPDVÕ EX EDVNÕQÕQ DUGÕQGDNL WHPHO H÷LOLPOHU RODUDN |QH oÕNPDNWDGÕU$\UÕFD øWDO\D¶QÕQ\DSÕVDO|]HOOLNOHULQGHQELULRODQYHVRV\DOGÕúODQPDVRUXQXQX D÷ÕUODúWÕUDQELUIDNW|URODUDNNX]H\JQH\IDUNÕQÕQDoÕOPDVÕQÕGDEXoHU-oHYHGHEHOLUWPHNJHUHNLU.
%WoH<DVDVÕLOH\UUO÷HNRQXODQYH\ÕOÕQGDNL6RV\DO <DUGÕP6LVWHPL5HIRUPX<DVDVÕLOH|QJ|UOHQNHVLQX\JXODPD\DNDGDU ELU GL]L \DVDPD KNP\OH WDQÕPODQDQ DVJDUL JHOLU GHVWH÷L X\JXODPD-VÕSVLNRORMLN¿]LNVHOYH\DVRV\DOQHGHQOHUOHWRSOXPVDOPDUMLQDOOHúPH ULVNL WDúÕ\DQ YH NHQGLOHULQH \D GD oRFXNODUÕQD EDNDPD\DQ LQVDQODUD HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO GHVWHN VD÷ODPDN VXUHWL\OH \RNVXOOXNOD YH VRV\DO GÕúODQPDLOHPFDGHOHLoLQJHWLULOPLúELU|QOHPGLU+HGHINLWOHVLNHQGL EDúODUÕQDRQXUOXELUúHNLOGH\DúDPODUÕQÕVUGUHPH\HQYHGL÷HU\DUGÕP SURJUDPODUÕQGDQ\DUDUODQPDúDUWODUÕQÕWDúÕPD\DQLQVDQODUGÕU%XX\JX-
ODPDGDQID\GDODQPDVÕPXKWHPHONLúLOHULoLQLKWL\DoWHVSLWL\DSÕOPDNWD- %HQDVVL'DYLG(Q]D0LQJLRQH³øWDO\DQ5HIDK6LVWHPLQGH6RV\DOøoHUPH$PDoOÕ$VJDUL *HOLU'HVWH÷LQL'HQHPHN´ Bir Temel Hak OlarakV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
GÕUøWDO\DQUHIDKVLVWHPLQGHVRV\DOLoHUPHDPDoOÕDVJDULJHOLUGHVWH÷L X\JXODPDVÕQGDQID\GDODQDQNLúLQLQLúVL]LúoLHPHNOL\DúOÕJLELEHOLUOL ELU NDWHJRUL\H GkKLO ROPDVÕ JHUHNPHPHNWH HNRQRPLN \|QGHQ LKWL\Do LoLQGHEXOXQPDVÕ\HWHUOLJ|UOPHNWHGLU.
$VJDUL JHOLU GHVWH÷L X\JXODPDVÕQÕQ \|QHWLPL JHUHNOL ND\QDNODUÕ GR÷UXGDQdDOÕúPDYH6RV\DO3ROLWLND%DNDQOÕ÷ÕQGDQDODQEHOHGL\HOHULQ VRUXPOXOX÷XQGDGÕU8\JXODPDGDQID\GDODQDQODUX\JXODPDNDSVDPÕQ-GDNLEHOHGL\HOHUGHQELULQGHHQD]D\GÕULNDPHWHWPHNWHRODQøWDO\D \DGDGL÷HU$%ONHOHULYDWDQGDúODUÕGÕU$\UÕFDX\JXODPDNDSVDPÕQGDNL EHOHGL\HOHUGHQELULQGHHQD]\ÕOGÕULNDPHWHWPHNNRúXOX\OD$%GÕúÕ ONHOHULQYDWDQGDúODUÕ\DGDKLoELUONHQLQWDELL\HWLQGHROPD\DQNLúLOHU GHX\JXODPDGDQID\GDODQDELOPHNWHGLUdDOÕúPD\DúÕQGDYHoDOÕúDELOH-FHNGXUXPGDROXSGDLúVL]RODQODUÕQPHVOHNLH÷LWLPNXUVODUÕQDNDWÕOPDVÕ YH Lú WHNOLÀHULQL NDEXO HWPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %HOHGL\HOHU \DUGÕPGDQ ID\GDODQDQ NLúLOHULQ ELUH\VHO YH DLOHYL |]HOOLNOHULQL GLNNDWH DODUDN NL-úLVHOOHúWLULOPLúHQWHJUDV\RQSURJUDPODUÕROXúWXUPDNOD\NPOGU%X SURJUDPODUÕQDPDFÕNLúLVHOEHFHULOHULJHOLúWLULSWHúYLNHWPHNYHVRV\DO LOLúNLD÷ODUÕQÕ\HQLGHQWHVLVHWPHNWLU.
&øVSDQ\D
øVSDQ\D¶QÕQ UHIDK UHMLPL GH øWDO\D |UQH÷LQGH ROGX÷X JLEL *QH\ $YUXSDONHOHULQH|]JUHIDKUHMLPLQLQWLSLNELU|]HOOL÷LRODUDNLVWLNUDU-VÕ]ELU\DSÕ\DVDKLSWLU1IXVXQLOH¶LDUDVÕQGDNLE|OPQQ \RNVXOOXNVÕQÕUÕQÕQDOWÕQGD\DúDPDVÕQDYH ¶ODUGDQEHULFLYD-UÕQGDRODQLúVL]OLNRUDQODUÕQDUD÷PHQøVSDQ\D¶GD\NVHNG]H\GHELU WRSOXPVDOEWQOHúPHV|]NRQXVXGXU$LOHGD\DQÕúPDVÕQÕQYDUOÕ÷ÕYH VRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQ\DúOÕYH|]UOOHUH\|QHOLNX\JXODPDODUÕEX EWQOHúPHGHHWNLOLROPDNWDGÕU*HoPLúWHG]HQOLELULúLROPDPÕúIDNDW oDOÕúDELOHFHN GXUXPGDNL \RNVXOODU LOH LúJF SL\DVDVÕQGDQ GÕúODQPÕú NLúLOHUGHøVSDQ\ROVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQGHQ\DUGÕPDOPDIÕUVDWÕQD %HQDVVL0LQJLRQHDJPV %HQDVVL0LQJLRQHDJPV (UGHP,OJÕQ$YUXSD¶GD$VJDUL*HOLU8\JXODPDODUÕ%R÷D]LoLhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO3ROLWL- ND)RUXPX$UDúWÕUPD5DSRUX WDULKVL] KWWS ZZZVSIERXQHGXWULQGH[SKSWUDUDVWLU-PDUDSRUODULV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH 0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ VDKLSWLUOHU øVSDQ\D¶GDDVJDULJHOLUGHVWH÷LX\JXODPDVÕKHPSROLWLNDQÕQELoLP-OHQGLULOPHVLKHPGHX\JXODPD\DNRQPDVÕDoÕVÕQGDQE|OJHVHOG]H\GH \UWOU%D]ÕE|OJHOHUGH\DUGÕPODUÕQVRV\DOELUKDNROGX÷XYXUJXVX D÷ÕUOÕNND]DQPDNWDLNHQJHQHORODUDNE|OJHVHO\|QHWLPOHUNHQGLEHOLU-OHGLNOHUL\DUGÕPVLVWHPOHULQLX\JXODPDNWDGÕUODU*HOLUGHVWH÷LQLQVUHVL ELU\ÕOROPDNODELUOLNWHLKWL\DoKDOLQLQGHYDPÕKDOLQGHVUH\HQLOHQHELO-PHNWHGLU\DúDUDVÕQGDNLNLúLOHUVLVWHPGH\HUDOPDNWDDQFDN \DúDOWÕQGDNLoRFXNOXKDQHUHLVOHUL\DGDPXKWDoHQJHOOLOHUEXNRúXOXQ LVWLVQDVÕQÕROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU<DUGÕPODUÕQNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQGDWRSOXPVDOEWQ-OHúPHQLQDUWÕUÕOPDVÕDPDFÕQD\|QHOLN]RUXQOXoDOÕúPDYHVRUXPOXOXNODU |QJ|UOHELOGL÷LJLELLúDUDPDEHFHULJHOLúWLUPH\DGDH÷LWLPSURJUDPOD- UÕQGDQID\GDODQPDELoLPLQGHDNWLILúJFSL\DVDVÕSURJUDPODUÕQDNDWÕ-OÕPGDJ|]HWLOHELOPHNWHGLU. '$OPDQ\D 6RV\DO\DUGÕP$OPDQ\D¶GDVRV\DOGHYOHWLQ\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOH-GHEDúYXUGX÷XHQ|QHPOLDUDoWÕU$OPDQ\DVDODUÕ\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOH LOH LVWLKGDP SROLWLNDVÕ DUDVÕQGD ELU ED÷ NXUPXúWXU %XQD J|UH DVJDUL JHOLU JYHQFHVLQGHQ \DUDUODQDQ NLúLOHUH Lú EXOPD NRQXVXQGD \DUGÕP-FÕROXQPDVÕ|QJ|UOPúWU$OPDQVRV\DO\DUGÕP\DVDVÕQDJ|UHVRV\DO \DUGÕPELUKDNWÕU6RV\DO\DUGÕPÕQLúOHYLKHUNHVH\DúDPÕLoLQ]RUXQOX RODQDVJDULJHoLPND\QDNODUÕQÕQVD÷ODQPDVÕ\ROX\ODRQXUOXELU\DúDP VUPHOHULNRQXVXQGD\DUGÕPFÕROPDNWÕU$OPDQKXNXNXQGDLNLWLSVRV-\DO\DUGÕPPHYFXWWXU%LULQFLVLJHQHOQLWHOLNOLYHDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVL úHNOLQGHELUVRV\DO\DUGÕPROXS¿QDQVPDQÕEHOHGL\HOHUWDUDIÕQGDQ\D-SÕOPDNWDGÕU øNLQFLVL LVH |]HO QLWHOLNWHGLU YH EHOLUOL NDWHJRULOHUH EHOLUOL GXUXPODUGD\DSÕODQVRV\DO\DUGÕPODUGÕU
<DUGÕPÕQED÷ODQPDVÕLoLQNLúLVHOEDúYXUXYHNLúLQLQJHoLPND\QDN-ODUÕQD LOLúNLQ DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ \DSÕOPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU<DUGÕP WDOHELQGH EXOXQDQNLúLQLQNHQGLEDúÕQDJHoLQHPL\RUYHEXNRQXGDDLOH\HOHULQLQ
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
\RUROPDVÕúDUWÕDUDQPDNWDGÕU .
<DUGÕP VUHOHUL NHVLQ NXUDOODUD ED÷ODQPDPÕúWÕU YH \DUGÕP DODQÕQ LKWL\DFÕVUG÷PGGHWoHGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU$QFDNEXROXPOXúDUWOD-UÕQELUNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕRODUDN\DUGÕPDODFDNNLúLOHUGHQoDOÕúDELOHFHNGXUXPGD RODQODUÕQED]ÕVRUXPOXOXNODUÕ\HULQHJHWLUPHOHULEHNOHQPHNWHGLU%XQ-ODUSL\DVDLúOHULQGHG]HQVL]oDOÕúPDNEHQ]HULVRUXPOXOXNODURODELOGL÷L JLELLúJFSL\DVDVÕQGDDNWLIRODUDNLúDUDPDNYH\DH÷LWLPYHoDOÕúPD SURJUDPODUÕQDNDWÕOPDNGDRODELOLU. <DUGÕPDODQNLúLLúEXOPDNLoLQoDEDKDUFDPDOÕEXODPDGÕ÷Õ]DPDQ NHQGLVLQH |QHULOHQ PDNXO ELU Lú WHNOL¿QL NDEXO HWPHOLGLU %HOLUWLOPHVL JHUHNLUNLEXUDGDV|]HGLOHQLúOHULúKXNXNXQXQNXUDOODUÕGÕúÕQGDNDODQ LúOHUGLU$PDFÕ\DUGÕPJ|UHQOHULQ]HULQGHELUVRV\DONRQWUROVD÷ODPDN YHLúVL]OHULQoDOÕúPDDOÕúNDQOÕNODUÕQÕ\LWLUPHOHULQLHQJHOOHPHNWLUgQH-ULOHQLúLQUHGGHGLOPHVL\DUGÕPODUÕQDVNÕ\DDOÕQPDVÕ\DGD\DUGÕPODUGD LQGLULPH JLGLOPHVL JLEL VRQXoODU GR÷XUDELOPHNWHGLU dDOÕúPD\Õ WHúYLN HWPHNLoLQDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQLQPLNWDUÕDVJDULFUHWLQDOWÕQGDEH-lirlenmektedir.
()UDQVD
6UHNOL\NVHNLúVL]OLNRUDQODUÕDWLSLNLVWLKGDPELoLPOHULQLQ\D\-JÕQODúPDVÕ YH VRV\DO GÕúODQPDQÕQ HQGLúH YHULFL ER\XWODUD XODúPDVÕ )UDQVD¶GD\RNVXOOXNYHVRV\DOGÕúODQPDLOHPFDGHOH\L|]HOOLNOH ¶OL \ÕOODUÕQVRQXQGDQLWLEDUHQGDKD|QHPOLELUKDOHJHWLUPLúWLU<RNVXOOXN YHVRV\DOGÕúODQPDQÕQ\DUDWDFD÷ÕWHKOLNHOHUHNDUúÕPFDGHOHGHWRSOXPD HQWHJUDV\RQX VD÷ODPD\D \|QHOLN ELU DGÕP RODUDN DVJDUL JHOLU GHVWH÷L X\JXODPDVÕ \ÕOÕQGDEDúODWÕOPÕúWÕU.
)UDQVD¶GDNL DVJDUL JHOLU GHVWH÷L \DVDVÕQD J|UH )UDQVD¶GD LNDPHW HGHQJHUoHNNLúLOHULQEXJHOLUGHQ\DUDUODQDELOPHOHULLoLQELUWDNÕPNR-úXOODUÕVD÷ODPDODUÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU%XQODUGDQLONL\DúNRúXOXGXU%XQD J|UHDVJDULJHOLUJYHQFHVLQGHQ\DUDUODQDELOPHNLoLQHQD]\DúÕQGD *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV (UGHPDJUV *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV 'LWFK2OG¿HOGDJPV (UGHPDJUV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
ROPDNJHUHNLUøNLQFLNRúXOX\UXNOXNNRúXOXGXU)UDQVD¶GDEXOXQDQ\D- EDQFÕODUHQD]o\ÕOGDQEHULRWXUPDL]LQOHULYDUVDEXJHOLUGHQ\DUDUOD-QDELOPHNWHOHU%LUGL÷HUNRúXOLVHND\QDNODLOJLOLGLU%XQDJ|UHDQFDN EHOLUOHQHQ PLNWDUGDQ GDKD GúN ELU JHOLUH VDKLS RODQODU EX JHOLUGHQ \DUDUODQDELOLUOHU%XJHOLUD\OÕNRODUDN|GHQPHNWHGLUYH|GHQH÷LQPLN-WDUÕ\DUDUODQDQNLúLQLQJHoLPND\QDNODUÕQÕQGH÷LúPHVLLKWLPDOLQHNDUúÕ o D\GD ELU J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHNWHGLU %X JHOLULQ PLNWDUÕ ELU NDUDUQDPH LOHEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLUYH\ÕOGDLNLNH]¿\DWODUÕQJHOLúLPLQHED÷OÕRODUDN J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHNWHGLU %HOLUWLOPHVL JHUHNHQ |QHPOL ELU KXVXV DVJD-ULJHOLUGHVWH÷LQLQWDPDPOD\ÕFÕQLWHOLNWHELU|GHQHNROPDVÕGÕU%XUDGD |QFHOLNOHNLúLQLQEWQJHoLPND\QDNODUÕKHVDSODQPDNWDYHEXKHVDS- ODPDGDDVJDULJHOLULQLúOHYOHUL\OHSDUDOHOOLNJ|VWHUHQ\DUGÕPODU oRFXN-ODUÕQEDNÕPÕQDLOLúNLQSDUDVDO\DUGÕPODUJLEL GLNNDWHDOÕQPDPDNWDGÕU +HVDSODQDQPLNWDUDVJDULJHOLUGHVWH÷LPLNWDUÕQÕQDOWÕQGDNDOÕ\RUVDEX JHOLUGHQ\DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU. ,,,7h5.ø<(¶'(626<$/<$5',09(626<$/ +ø=0(76ø67(0ø1'(0(9&87'85809( $6*$5ø*(/ø5*h9(1&(6øø+7ø<$&, $7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH6RV\DO+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH 0HYFXW'XUXP 6RV\DOJYHQOL÷LQJHQLúDQODPGDWHPHODPDFÕPXKWDoOÕ÷ÕQYH\RN-VXOOX÷XQ|QOHQPHVLGLU%XoHUoHYHGHVRV\DOVLJRUWDYHVRV\DO\DUGÕP YH KL]PHWOHUL LoHUHQ PRGHUQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN WHNQLNOHULQLQ NLúLOHULQ PXKWDoOÕNYH\RNVXOOXNWDQNXUWDUÕOPDVÕQRNWDVÕQGD|QHPOLLúOHYOHULEX-OXQPDNWDGÕU.
7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWL$QD\DVDVÕQÕQ PDGGHVLQGH7UNL\H &XP- KXUL\HWL « GHPRNUDWLNODLNYHVRV\DOELUKXNXNGHYOHWLRODUDNWD-QÕPODQPÕúWÕU6RV\DOJYHQOLNKDNNÕLVHGHYOHWLQEXWDQÕPGD\HUDODQ ³VRV\DO´QLWHOL÷LQHX\JXQELUELoLPGHDQD\DVDOJYHQFHDOWÕQDDOÕQPÕú- *|NoHR÷OX%DOFÕDJHV $UÕFÕ.DGLU ³<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOH$UDFÕ2ODUDN6RV\DO*YHQOLN 7UNL\H¶QLQ gQFHOLNOL6RUXQX6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH6RV\DO+L]PHWOHU2OPDOÕGÕU´ ,9$LOHùXUDVÕ$LOHYH <RNVXOOXN%LOGLULOHUL%DúEDNDQOÕN$LOH$UDúWÕUPD.XUXPX%DúNDQOÕ÷Õ(G5DKLPH%HGHU ùHQ%DúEDNDQOÕN$LOH$UDúWÕUPD.XUXPX%DúNDQOÕ÷Õ<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø WÕU $QD\DVDVÕVRV\DOJYHQOLNKDNNÕQÕoPDGGHKDOLQGHG]HQ-OHPLúWLUøQVDQ+DNODUÕ(YUHQVHO%LOGLUJHVL¶QLQPDGGHVLQGH\HUDODQ YHKHULQVDQÕQVRV\DOJYHQOLNKDNNÕQDVDKLSROGX÷XQDLOLúNLQLONH$QD-\DVDQÕQPDGGHVLQGH\HULQLEXOPXúWXU%XKNPGHKHUNHVLQVRV\DO JYHQOLNKDNNÕQDVDKLSROGX÷XEHOLUWLOPLúYHGHYOHWEXJYHQOL÷LVD÷OD-\DFDNJHUHNOLWHGELUOHULDOPDNYHWHúNLODWÕNXUPDNODJ|UHYOHQGLULOPLúWLU $QD\DVDQÕQ PDGGHVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN EDNÕPÕQGDQ |]HO RODUDN NRUXQPDVÕ JHUHNHQ NLúLOHU VD\ÕOPÕú YH EXQODUÕQ NRUXQPDVÕ J|UHYL GH GHYOHWHYHULOPLúWLU6RV\DOJYHQOLNEDNÕPÕQGDQ|]HORODUDNNRUXQDFDN NLúLOHU KDUSYHYD]LIHúHKLWOHULQLQGXOYH\HWLPOHULPDOXOYHJD]LOHUVD- NDWODU\DúOÕODUYHNRUXQPD\DPXKWDooRFXNODUGÕU$QD\DVDPDGGH-VLQGHGH\DEDQFÕONHOHUGHoDOÕúDQ7UNYDWDQGDúODUÕQÕQYH\DNÕQODUÕQÕQ VRV\DOJYHQOLNOHULQLQNRUXQPDVÕNRQXVXQGDGHYOHWLJHUHNOL|QOHPOHUL DOPDNODVRUXPOXWXWPXúWXU. $QD\DVDQÕQPDGGHVLLOHGHYOHWHYHULOHQEXJ|UHYGR÷UXOWXVXQ-GD ¶OL\ÕOODUÕQVRQXQGDQLWLEDUHQELUGL]LVRV\DO\DUGÕPYHVRV\DO KL]PHW\DVDVÕ\UUO÷HJLUPLúWLU%X\DVDODUDGD\DOÕRODUDNNXUXOPXú YHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUHQELUoRNNXUXPEXOXQPDNWDGÕU.XUXPVDO\DSÕGDNL EXoRNEDúOÕOÕNODGDED÷ODQWÕOÕRODUDNSULPVL]VLVWHPGHQ\DUGÕPDOPD úDUWODUÕ VXEMHNWLÀL÷H \HU YHUPH\HFHN úHNLOGH QHWOHúWLULOPLú GH÷LOGLU. (OEHWWHNLEXGXUXP\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGH|QHPOLELUURORODQVRV- \DO\DUGÕPYHKL]PHWOHULQHWNLQOL÷LNRQXVXQGDNLWHUHGGWOHULGHEHUDEH-ULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU 6RV\DO\DUGÕPODUJHoLQPHJoO÷LoLQGHRODQYHWRSOXPGDQGÕú- ODQPDWHKOLNHVL\OHNDUúÕNDUúÕ\DNDODQ\RNVXOYHD]JHOLUOLNLúLOHULQ\D- úDPODUÕQÕQJYHQFHDOWÕQDDOÕQPDVÕNRQXVXQGDNDPXVRUXPOXOX÷XLO-NHVLQLQNDEXOHGLOPHVLQGHQGR÷PDNWDGÕU%XDQODPGDVRV\DO\DUGÕP JHOLUYHPXKWDoOÕNNRQWUROQHED÷OÕYHNDUúÕOÕNVÕ]RODUDNNDPXWDUDIÕQ-GDQVD÷ODQDQ\DUGÕPODUÕLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU 6RV\DO\DUGÕPODU]RUXQOX 7XQFD\$&DQ gPHU(NPHNoL6RV\DO*YHQOLN+XNXNX'HUVOHULøVWDQEXO%HWD %DVÕPV $UÕFÕ.DGLU³3ULPVL]gGHPHOHU.DQXQX¶QXQ*HWLUGLNOHUL´7ø6.øúYHUHQ'HUJLVL2FDN ùXEDW0DUWKWWS ZZZWLVNRUJWULVYHUHQ V '37 6HNL]LQFL%Hú<ÕOOÕN.DONÕQPD3ODQÕ6RV\DO+L]PHWOHUYH<DUGÕPODUg]HO øKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX5DSRUX$QNDUDV
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
NDWÕOPDLONHVLQHGD\DQPD\DQ\DGDNDWÕOPDLOHNDUúÕOÕ÷Õ \DSÕODQ\DU-GÕP DUDVÕQGD ELU LOLúNL EXOXQPD\DQ JHQHO GHYOHW EWoHVLQGHQ \D GD EHOLUOLELUDPDFDD\UÕOPÕú|]HOYHUJLOHUOH¿QDQVHHGLOHQNDPX\DUGÕP-ODUÕGÕU.
6RV\DO \DUGÕPODU KL]PHW VXQXPX úHNOLQGH \DSÕOPDNWD LVH EX WU \DUGÕPODUVRV\DOKL]PHWRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU \ÕOÕQGD\- UUO÷HJLUHQVD\ÕOÕ6RV\DO+L]PHWOHUYHdRFXN(VLUJHPH.XUX-PX.DQXQX¶QGDVRV\DOKL]PHW NLúLYHDLOHOHULQNHQGLEQ\HYHoHYUH úDUWODUÕQGDQ GR÷DQ YH\D NRQWUROOHUL GÕúÕQGD ROXúDQ PDGGL PDQHYL YH VRV\DO\RNVXQOXNODUÕQJLGHULOPHVLQH\DUGÕPFÕRODQKD\DWVWDQGDUWODUÕ-QÕQL\LOHúWLULOPHVLYH\NVHOWLOPHVLQLDPDoOD\DQVLVWHPOLYHSURJUDPOÕ KL]PHWOHUEWQRODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU62. 6RV\DO\DSÕQÕQJHOLúPHVLYHGH÷LúPHVLQGH|QHPOLUROEXOXQDQVRV-\DOKL]PHWOHULQNDSVDPÕJQP]GHVDGHFHPXKWDoODUD\RNVXOODUDYH PDUMLQDOJUXSODUDKL]PHWJ|WUPHJ|UHYLLOHVÕQÕUOÕGH÷LOGLUøQVDQND\-QDNODUÕQÕQJHOLúWLULOPHVL\DúDPNDOLWHVLQLQDUWÕUÕOPDVÕJHOLUGD÷ÕOÕPÕQÕQ L\LOHúWLULOPHVLJLELDODQODUGDGD|QHPOLJ|UHYOHUHGLQHQVRV\DOKL]PHW-OHULQNDSVDPÕJLGHUHNJHQLúOHPHNWHGLU.
7UNL\H¶GH \RNVXOOXNOD PFDGHOH HWPH\H \|QHOLN VRV\DO \DUGÕP DODQÕQGDNLG]HQOHPHOHUVRV\DOVLJRUWDX\JXODPDODUÕQGDQGDKDJHoELU G|QHPGH JQGHPH JHOPLúWLU %X \|QGH DWÕODQ LON DGÕP \ÕOÕQ-GD HPHNOLOLN KDNNÕQD YH JHoLPOHULQL WHPLQ HGHELOHFHN NLPVH\H VDKLS ROPD\DQ \DúÕQ ]HULQGHNL \RNVXO \DúOÕODUD YH oDOÕúDPD\DFDN GX-UXPGDNL|]UOOHUHEHOLUOLELUD\OÕNED÷ODQPDVÕQÕ|QJ|UHQVD\ÕOÕ .DQXQ¶GXU 6RV\DO\DUGÕPDODQÕQGDNLELUGL÷HUG]HQOHPH WDULKYH <D]ÕODU(G(PLQH7XQFD\.DSODQ%OHQW%D\DW$QNDUDV *]HO2NXU&DQLNOLR÷OXDJHV $UÕFÕ³6RV\DO<DUGÕP+DNNÕ´V 62 $NÕQ/HYHQW ³6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHWOHULOH%XQODUÕQ2UJDQL]DV\RQX´Sosyal *YHQOL÷LQ<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ6HPLQHUL7ø6.<D\ÕQODUÕ1R 7HPPX]KWWS ZZZWLVNRUJWU\D\ÕQODU (ULúLPWDULKL V '376HNL]LQFL%Hú<ÕOOÕN.DONÕQPD3ODQÕSosyal HizmetlerV '37'RNX]XQFX.DONÕQPD3ODQÕ 6RV\DO*YHQOLNg]HOLKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX Raporu$QNDUDV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
VD\ÕOÕ6RV\DO<DUGÕPODúPD\ÕYH'D\DQÕúPD\Õ7HúYLN.DQXQX¶GXU %X .DQXQ¶XQ DPDFÕ IDNUX ]DUXUHW LoLQGH YH PXKWDo GXUXPGD EXOX-QDQYDWDQGDúODULOHJHUHNWL÷LQGHKHUQHVXUHWOHROXUVDROVXQ7UNL\H¶\H NDEXO HGLOPLú YH\D JHOPLú RODQ NLúLOHUH \DUGÕP HWPHN VRV\DO DGDOHWL SHNLúWLULFLWHGELUOHUDODUDNJHOLUGD÷ÕOÕPÕQÕQDGLOELUELoLPGHG]HQOHQ-PHVLQLVD÷ODPDNVRV\DO\DUGÕPODúPDYHGD\DQÕúPD\ÕWHúYLNHWPHNWLU 6|]NRQXVX.DQXQKNPOHULX\DUÕQFDNXUXODQ6RV\DO<DUGÕPODúPDYH 'D\DQÕúPD\Õ7HúYLN)RQXWDULKLQGH\UUO÷HJLUHQ VD\ÕOÕ.DQXQOD6RV\DO<DUGÕPODúPDYH'D\DQÕúPD*HQHO0GUO÷QH G|QúWUOPúWU)RQXQEDúOÕFDIDDOL\HWOHUL LOYHLOoHYDNÕÀDUÕNDQD-OÕ\ODKHUD\\DSÕODQSHUL\RGLN\DUGÕPODUVD÷OÕN\DUGÕPODUÕ|]HODPDoOÕ \DUGÕPODU H÷LWLP \DUGÕPODUÕ \DNDFDN \DUGÕPODUÕ JHOLU JHWLULFL YH LV-WLKGDP \DUDWÕFÕ SURMH \DUGÕPODUÕQGDQ LEDUHWWLU 3HUL\RGLN \DUGÕPODU LO YHLOoHYDNÕÀDUÕWDUDIÕQGDQLKWL\DoVDKLSOHULQHJÕGD\DNDFDNLODoJLEL DFLOYHJQGHOLNLKWL\DoODUÕQNDUúÕODQPDVÕDPDFÕ\OD\DSÕODQ\DUGÕPODU-GÕU%X\DUGÕPODULoLQ)RQWDUDIÕQGDQYDNÕÀDUDKHUD\ND\QDNDNWDUÕPÕ \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU%XDNWDUÕPGDSD\ODUÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGHLOYHLOoHQIXV-ODUÕLOH'37WDUDIÕQGDQEHOLUOHQHQVRV\RHNRQRPLNJHOLúPLúOLNHQGHNVL GLNNDWHDOÕQPDNWDGÕU 7UNL\H¶GHX\JXODQPDNWDRODQ\DSÕVDOUHIRUPSURJUDPÕQÕGHVWHN-OHPHN DPDFÕ\OD VRV\DO \DUGÕP VLVWHPLQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVL YH UHIRUP SURJUDPÕQÕQ WRSOXP ]HULQGHNL ROXPVX] HWNLVLQLQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ LoLQ 'Q\D%DQNDVÕLOH(\OOWDULKLQGH6RV\DO5LVNL$]DOWPD3UR-MHVL 65$3 øNUD]$QODúPDVÕLP]DODQPÕúWÕU.DVÕPWDULKLQGH \UUO÷HJLUHQ$QODúPDLOH'Q\D%DQNDVÕ¶QGDQVD÷ODQDQPLO\RQ $%''RODUÕ6RV\DO<DUGÕPODúPDYH'D\DQÕúPD*HQHO0GUO÷QQ NXOODQÕPÕQDD\UÕOPÕúWÕU. 65$3¶ÕQDPDFÕVWVWH\DúDQDQHNRQRPLNNUL]OHUVRQUDVÕROXúDQ \RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHGHHWNLQSROLWLNDODUÕQJHOLúWLULOPHVLYHEXSROLWLND- ODUÕX\JXOD\DQNDPXNXUXPODUÕQÕQNXUXPVDONDSDVLWHOHULQLQJoOHQGL- ULOPHVLGLU65$3 +Õ]OÕ<DUGÕPùDUWOÕ1DNLW7UDQVIHUL ù17 <HUHO*L-ULúLPOHUYH.XUXPVDO*HOLúLPELOHúHQOHULQGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU65$3¶ÕQ ùDUWOÕ 1DNLW 7UDQVIHUL ELOHúHQL NDSVDPÕQGD \RNVXOOXN QHGHQL\OH
<RNVXOOXNOD0FDGHOHGH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVL 7UNL\H¶GH6RV\DO<DUGÕPYH+L]PHW6LVWHPLQGH
0HYFXW'XUXPYH$VJDUL*HOLU*YHQFHVLøKWL\DFÕ
FXNODUÕQÕ RNXOD ND\GHWWLUHPH\HQ J|QGHUHPH\HQ YH\D RNXOGDQ DOPDN ]RUXQGD NDODQ RNXO |QFHVL oRFXNODUÕQÕ G]HQOL VD÷OÕN NRQWUROOHULQH J|WUHPH\HQDLOHOHULQ\DGDG]HQOLVD÷OÕNNRQWUROOHULQL\DSWÕUDPD\DQ DQQH DGD\ODUÕQÕQ HNRQRPLN \|QGHQ GHVWHNOHQPHVL DPDoODQPDNWDGÕU %X DQODPGD WHPHO VD÷OÕN YH H÷LWLP KL]PHWOHULQLQ L\LOHúWLULOPHVL LoLQ QIXVXQHQ\RNVXO¶OÕNE|OPQH\|QHOLNG]HQOLELUVRV\DO\DUGÕP VLVWHPLQLQ\HUOHúWLULOPHVLKHGHÀHQPHNWHGLU66.
\ÕOÕQGDX\JXODPD\DNRQXOPXúRODQ65$30DUWWD-ULKLQGH VRQD HUPLúWLU 65$3 <HUHO *LULúLPOHU %LOHúHQL NDSVDPÕQGDNL SURMHGHVWHNOHUL JHOLUJHWLULFLLúELUOL÷LQH\|QHOLNVRV\DO\DUGÕPKL]PHW DPDoOÕJHoLFLLVWLKGDPYHWRSOXPNDONÕQPDVÕSURMHOHUL YHùDUWOÕ1DNLW 7UDQVIHUL%LOHúHQLNDSVDPÕQGDNLVD÷OÕNYHH÷LWLP\DUGÕPODUÕ0DUW WDULKLQGHQLWLEDUHQ6RV\DO<DUGÕPODúPDYH'D\DQÕúPD\Õ7HúYLN )RQXND\QDNODUÕ\ODVUGUOPHNWHGLU. 6RV\DO\DUGÕPDODQÕQGDNL|QHPOLELUEDúNDG]HQOHPH \ÕOÕQGD oÕNDUÕODQVD\ÕOÕgGHPH*F2OPD\DQ9DWDQGDúODUÕQ7HGDYL*L- GHUOHULQLQ<HúLO.DUW9HULOHUHN'HYOHW7DUDIÕQGDQ.DUúÕODQPDVÕ+DNNÕQ-GD.DQXQ¶GXU%X.DQXQ¶XQDPDFÕKLoELUVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXPXQXQ JYHQFHVLDOWÕQGDROPD\DQYHVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULJLGHUOHULQLNDUúÕOD\DFDN GXUXPGDEXOXQPD\DQ7UNYDWDQGDúODUÕQÕQEXJLGHUOHULQLQ*HQHO6D÷-OÕN 6LJRUWDVÕ X\JXODPDVÕQD JHoLOLQFH\H NDGDU GHYOHW WDUDIÕQGDQ NDUúÕ-ODQPDVÕYHEXKXVXVWDX\XODFDNXVXOYHHVDVODUÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLGLU%X .DQXQX\DUÕQFD\DSÕODQVD÷OÕN\DUGÕPODUÕ6D÷OÕN%DNDQOÕ÷ÕHOL\OH\-UWOPHNWHGLUVD\ÕOÕ6RV\DO6LJRUWDODUYH*HQHO6D÷OÕN6LJRUWDVÕ .DQXQX¶\ODEXNLúLOHUHVXQXODFDNVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULJHQHOVD÷OÕNVLJRU-WDVÕNDSVDPÕQDDOÕQPÕúGROD\ÕVÕ\OD\HúLONDUWVDKLSOHULGHJHQHOVD÷OÕN VLJRUWDOÕVÕVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU 7UNL\H¶GH ¶OÕ\ÕOODUÕQEDúÕQGDQLWLEDUHQVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWH- PLQLQVRUXQODUÕVLVWHPLQYHUGL÷LDoÕNODUÕQDUWPDVÕQDSDUDOHOELUELoLP-GHWDUWÕúÕOPD\DEDúODPÕúYH\HQLGHQ\DSÕODQGÕUPDoDOÕúPDODUÕJQGHPH JHOPLúWLU 5HIRUPXQ JHUHNoHOHUL DUDVÕQGD QIXV \DSÕVÕQGDNL GH÷LúLP
66 '37 'RNX]XQFX.DONÕQPD3ODQÕ *HOLU'D÷ÕOÕPÕYH<RNVXOOXNOD0-FDGHOHg]HOøKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX5DSRUX$QNDUDV
626<$/*h9(1/ø.'(5*ø6ø
¿QDQVPDQ DoÕNODUÕQÕQ HNRQRPL ]HULQGHNL ROXPVX] HWNLOHUL QIXVXQ WDPDPÕ\OD NRUXPD DOWÕQD DOÕQDPDPDVÕ \|QHWLP YH DOW\DSÕ VRUXQODUÕ LOH ELUOLNWH PHYFXW VLVWHPLQ \RNVXOOX÷D NDUúÕ NRUXPD VD÷OD\DPDPDVÕ GD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU<HQLGHQ\DSÕODQGÕUPDLOH|QJ|UOHQVRV\DOJYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ JHQHO oHUoHYHVL ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQ G|UW DQD ELOHúHQGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU%XQODUGDQLONLQIXVXQWPQHKDNNDQL\HWHX\JXQHúLW NRUX\XFXYHWHGDYLHGLFLNDOLWHOLVD÷OÕNKL]PHWLVXQXPXQXILQDQVHHGHQ JHQHOVD÷OÕNVLJRUWDVÕQÕQROXúWXUXOPDVÕGÕUøNLQFLVLKDOHQGD÷ÕQÕNKDO- GH\UWOHQVRV\DO\DUGÕPYHKL]PHWOHULQHVQHO\DUDUODQPD|OoWOHUL-QHGD\DOÕPXKWDoNHVLPOHULQXODúDELOHFH÷LELUVLVWHPHG|QúWUPHNWLU hoQFV VD÷OÕN GÕúÕQGDNL NÕVD YH X]XQ YDGHOL VLJRUWD NROODUÕQÕQ \HU DOGÕ÷ÕWHNELUHPHNOLOLNVLJRUWDVÕUHMLPLQLQNXUXOPDVÕGÕU'|UGQFELOH-úHQLVHEXoWHPHOLúOHYHLOLúNLQKL]PHWOHULQoD÷GDúYHHWNLQELUúHNLOGH VXQXOPDVÕQDLPNkQVD÷OD\DFDNNXUXPVDO\DSÕQÕQROXúWXUXOPDVÕGÕU %XDPDoODUGR÷UXOWXVXQGDoÕNDUÕODQVD\ÕOÕ6RV\DO6LJRUWDODUYH *HQHO6D÷OÕN6LJRUWDVÕ<DVDVÕLOHIDUNOÕQRUPYHVWDQGDUWODUGDKL]PHW YHUHQHPHNOLOLNUHMLPOHULD\QÕQRUPYHVWDQGDUWWDWHNELUHPHNOLOLNUH-MLPLDOWÕQGDELUOHúWLULOPLúIDUNOÕVWDQGDUWODUGDVXQXODQVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHUL RUWDNELUVWDQGDUGDNDYXúWXUXODUDNWPWRSOXPXLoLQHDODQ]RUXQOX*H-QHO6D÷OÕN6LJRUWDVÕNXUXOPXúWXUVD\ÕOÕ6RV\DO*YHQOLN.XUXPX .DQXQX 5* LOHGH(PHNOL6DQGÕ÷Õ66.YH%D÷.XU¶XQ W]HO NLúLOLNOHUL VRQD HUGLULOPLú WPQQ PDOYDUOÕ÷Õ 6RV\DO *YHQOLN .XUXPX¶QD GHYUHGLOPLúWLU %X JHOLúPHOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH7UN VRV\DO JYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQSULPOLUHMLPL\HQLGHQ\DSÕODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU
6RV\DO\DUGÕPYHVRV\DOKL]PHWOHULLoHUHQSULPVL]UHMLPLQ\HQLGHQ
WDULKLQGHVD\ÕOÕ³6RV\DO6LJRUWDODUYH*HQHO6D÷OÕN6LJRUWDVÕ.DQXQX´ NDEXO HGLOPLúWLU $QFDN EX <DVD¶QÕQ ED]Õ |QHPOL PDGGHOHUL $QD\DVD 0DKNHPHVLQLQ WDULKOLNDUDUÕ\ODLSWDOHGLOPLúYHELUoRNKNPQQ\UUO÷GXUGXUXOPXúWXU %XJHOLúPH]HULQH<DVD¶QÕQ\UUONWDULKLELUoRNNH]HUWHOHQPLú$QD\DVD0DKNHPHVL NDUDUÕGR÷UXOWXVXQGDVD\ÕOÕ<DVD¶GDWRSODPGH÷LúLNOLN|QJ|UHQ\DVDODUNDEXO HGLOPLúYHQLKD\HWEXGH÷LúLNOLNOHUNDSVDPÕQGD<DVD¶QÕQED]ÕKNPOHULQLQIDUNOÕWDULK-OHUGH YHJHULNDODQKNPOHULQLQLVH\ÕOÕ(NLP D\ÕEDúÕQGD\UUO÷HJLUHFH÷LKNPDOWÕQDDOÕQPÕúYHEXWDULKLWLEDUL\OH<DVD\UUO÷H JLUPLúWLU *]HO2NXU&DQLNOLR÷OXDJHV *]HO$OL ³7UN6RV\DO*YHQOLN6LVWHPLQGH<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQGÕUPD 1HGHQOHU $PDoODU´6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ6HPLQHUL7ø6.<D\ÕQODUÕ1R 7HPPX]KWWS ZZZWLVNRUJWU\D\ÕQODU (ULúLPWDULKL V
