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Environmental Effects

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ueso20

The effects of the use of vegetable oil based as

engine lubrication oil on engine performance and

emissions in diesel engines

H. Öğüt , H. Oğuz , F. Aydın , M. Ciniviz & H. Deveci

To cite this article: H. Öğüt , H. Oğuz , F. Aydın , M. Ciniviz & H. Deveci (2020) The effects of the use of vegetable oil based as engine lubrication oil on engine performance and emissions in diesel engines, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 42:19, 2381-2396, DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1668507

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1668507

Published online: 11 Oct 2019.

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The effects of the use of vegetable oil based as engine lubrication

oil on engine performance and emissions in diesel engines

H. Öğüt a,b, H. Oğuz c, F. Aydın d, M. Ciniviz e, and H. Deveci f

aFaculty of Agriculture, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey;bKyrgyz– Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; cFaculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;dEreğli Faculty of

Engineering and Natural Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;eFaculty of Technology, Selçuk

University, Konya, Turkey;fFaculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey

ABSTRACT

The boron occupies an important place on contributions and its usage is getting widespread. Although the use of boron-added mineral oils serves to reduce friction, environmental risks can not be totally removed. It is neces-sary to improve the properties of biological oils used for additives so that they can compete with mineral oils technically. In the study, the use of liquid boron as an additive for engine lubrication oil together with vege-table oil was investigated experimentally in two diesel engines. Experiments were first carried out using mineral lubrication oil in the engine, and then the experiments were repeated using mineral base oil with additives in the second engine with the same technical characteristics as the first engine. Basically, the study was performed in the fields of engine perfor-mance (torque, power, consumption per hour, specific fuel consumption) and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC, O2, SO2, NOx).

As a result, it was concluded that the engine, in which boron and mineral oil with wild mustard oil were used, provided more significant fuel saving than in the engine with additive-free mineral oil, and no significant change was seen in the engine performance, also they showed similarities in terms of exhaust emissions.

ARTICLE HISTORY

Received 28 March 2019 Revised 14 June 2019 Accepted 17 June 2019

KEYWORDS

Boron; lubrication oil; diesel engine; performance experiments; wild mustard oil

Introduction

In engineering, friction, defined as a resistance to the movement of surfaces in contact, is influential on engine efficiency. Only a fraction of the fuel consumed in the engines is transformed into useful work, and a significant portion of the remaining fuel is lost in various ways. The friction losses in the engine also have a significant role during these losses (Çetinkaya1999; Jones and Aldred1980).

In order to reduce the friction coefficient, engine oils which function as lubricants between engine parts are used. Lubrication oils are not used solely for technical reasons and various additives are used (Kaleli1997).

Within this scope, boron is used as an oil additive with its superior properties such as nonstick property, high thermal conductivity, excellent thermal shock resistance, dielectric, easy processa-bility, and lubrication (Boronmox2011).

Boron-based additives increase the surface smoothness by covering the surfaces of the parts and consequently reduce the friction coefficient. Reduction of friction and increased engine performance result in less fuel usage and reduce material losses. The fact that the oil to be used and the contribution is native makes it more important in terms of the national economy when the share

CONTACTF. Aydın fatihaydin@erbakan.edu.tr Ereğli Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online atwww.tandfonline.com/ueso.

© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2020, VOL. 42, NO. 19, 2381–2396

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of the fuel sector and the consumption of the engine are taken into consideration. Boron is used in the fields of glass, ceramics, cleaning and bleaching industry, flame retardants, agriculture, metal-lurgy, nuclear applications, boron fibers, aerospace, energy, health, and cement (Boron2012).

Production of biological engine lubrication oils is also an emerging field due to their high degradation speeds and high lubrication performances, their advantages in reducing fuel consump-tion and engine erosion. Biological oils produced from various vegetable oils are used commercially in some European countries. The widespread use of biofuels as lubrication oils in engine vehicles, which appears to be a new trend in developed countries, has also gained significant environmental benefits because 90-95%of the vegetable oil can be decomposed in 28 days, while it is about 30% in petroleum products (Oğuz and Öğüt2001).

Mineral oils are used as lubrication oil in diesel engines, but these oils can cause environmental damage after use. In some countries,“vegetable oils” have been seen as an alternative to lubrication oil, and companies have begun to make production. It is advantageous to use vegetable oils as lubrication oils for their non-toxicity, easy and rapid biodegradation, high viscosity indexes, high inflammation points, and renewable characteristics. The viscosity indexes of vegetable oils are high. This indicates that the tendency of the vegetable oil to change viscosity with temperature is low. This is a positive property for lubricants (Durak and Salman2010).

It is extremely important that the oils to be used respond to expectations and at the same time to be selected from non-food qualities. Mustard seeds, known as weeds and not used for food, have the potential to respond to this demand. Mustard oil is not consumed as cooking oil because of the bitter taste of it and the containing 20% erucic acid in its structure, so it is evaluated as bird seeds (Özcan, Akgül, and Bayrak1998).

Vegetable oils are always considered as the potential sources since the renewable and alternative fuels have been being paid attention by all countries in the world based on the strategies of the environmental pollution reduction (Hoanga and Phamd2019).

In this study, it is aimed to provide economic value for wild mustard which has an important potential as weed seed, to expand the use of boron which has a strategic importance for our earth, and to determine the usage conditions of engine lubrication oil which is environment friendly and has better characteristics than conventional engine lubrication oils in terms of power, fuel consump-tion and exhaust emissions. For this purpose, two separate diesel engines with the same construcconsump-tion, setup, brand, and all other features were used. One of them was tried with mineral oil for 200 h, which was stated as engine oil change period in the engine catalog; then with the second engine, the experiments were performed with three different lubrication oils which consist of boron and wild mustard oil at different rates in their mixture produced within the scope of the project. To be able to investigate the test results comparatively in terms of the performance of two engines: Torque, power, specific fuel consumption, consumption per hour and exhaust emission values (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen) were investigated. Experiment results were given in graphics and tables.

Material and methods Obtaining wild mustard oil

The oil to be used in the experiments was obtained by squeezing wild mustard seeds in screw press which leaves nearly 5% oil in pulp at Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture (Figure 1).

Producing biodiesel from wild mustard oil

It was transformed into biodiesel through transesterification method to make wild mustard oil thinner. In production, methyl alcohol was used as an alcohol, NaOH was used as a catalyst, and transesterification method was used as a production method. Biodiesel production was carried out at

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the Biofuel Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Selçuk University (Figure 2). In the following sections of the article, wild mustard oil is used instead of wild mustard biodiesel.

The necessary diesel fuel for the experiments was obtained from the market and the conformity to TS EN 590 was determined in the biofuel laboratory at Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture. As

Figure 1.Oil obtained from wild mustard seed (Ulakbim2017).

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engine lubrication oil, BP 15 W-40 diesel engine oil recommended by the producing company in the engine catalog was preferred. Characteristics of diesel fuel used as test fuel are given at Table 1, technical specifications of additive-free mineral lubrication oil used in reference tests and indicated in the catalogs of engines are given at Table 2and the technical characteristics of additive mineral lubrication oil used in the experiments are given atTable 3.

Boron-additive vegetable engine lubrication oil

Engine lubrication oil was produced from boron-additive wild mustard oil by adding boron and other additives to mineral oil. The proportion of boron added to the lubrication oil was kept constant in the experiments (Table 4).

Engine experiments

Engine experiments were carried out according to TS 1231 (Test Code for Internal Combustion Engines). After the necessary adjustments according to TS 1231 (injection pump and injector setting) were made, the test conditions were fulfilled.

Because the engines were new, mineral lubrication oil was used within the scope of the study; exercise test was performed for 240 min as mentioned in TS 1231 and then reference tests were carried out. Boron-additive mustard oil was added to the engine after mineral oil was evacuated. After the engine was operated for 30 min at idle speed, performance tests were conducted so that the surfaces were covered with boron.

Technical specifications of the Tümosan brand diesel engine used in the tests are given inTable 5. Mobydic 5000 exhaust emission device was used when measuring exhaust Emission values. Technical specifications of the exhaust emission device are also given inTable 6.

During the experiments; Torque (turning moment), power, per hour and specific Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions measurements were made with the aid of the test shown the graphs of the test results were drawn in the direction of TS 1231 which is national test methods.

Table 1.Characteristics of the diesel fuel used in the study (Ulakbim2017).

Characteristic Properties Units Diesel Fuel Method

Density (15°C) kg/m3 843 TS 1013 EN ISO 3675

Kinematic Viscosity (40°C) mm2/s 3,0 TS ISO 3105

Flash Point °C 62 TS EN ISO 3679

Pour Point °C −20 TS 1233 ISO 3016

Copper Strip Corrosion derece 1a TS 2741 EN ISO 2160

CFPP °C −19 ASTM D 6371

Calorific Value MJ/kg 43,628 TS EN 590 DIN 51605

Table 2.Technical specifications of mineral engine lubrication oil (Ulakbim2017).

Characteristic Properties Units BP 15W40 Mineral Oil Method

Density (15°C) kg/m3 889,2 TS 1013 EN ISO 3675

Kinematic Viscosity (40°C) mm2/s 102,47 TS ISO 3105

Flash Point °C >180 TS EN ISO 3679

Pour Point °C −15,7 TS 1233 ISO 3016

Copper Strip Corrosion - 1a TS 2741 EN ISO 2160

Color Determination - 300

(Dark Brown)

Visual inspection

Sulphated ash - 1,41 ISO 3987

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Experiments were conducted on the basis of the 200 operating hours specified in the catalog for engines to be used in performance and exhaust emission tests in order to determine the chance of use of boron-additive wild mustard oil in engines.

Error analysis and estimation of uncertainty

Any test result contains some level of uncertainty which can stem from causes such as condition, environment, observation, reading, test planning, and the lack of accuracy in measurement

Table 4.Names of the oils and their volumetric constitution percentages. Oils Wild Mustard Oil Boron Mineral Oil

1 0 0 100

2 2.5 2.5 95

3 5 2.5 92.5

4 10 2.5 87.5

Table 5.Technical specifications of the test engine (Tümosan2015).

Tümosan 4DT 39T 185 C Engine Units Value

Working principle — 4 stroke, direct injection, turbo intercooler

Cylinder Bore mm 104

Stroke mm 115

Cylinder Number — 4

Cylinder Volume cc 3908

Compression Ratio — 17:1

Maximum Power HP 85 (2500 min−1)

Maximum Torque Nm 330 (1500 min−1)

Maximum Speed min−1 2770

Cooling System — Water Cooling

Table 6.Specifications of Mobydic 5000 exhaust emis-sion analyzer device (Mobydic2013).

Mobydic 5000 Units Value

CO % Vol 0-10 CO2 % Vol 0-20 HC ppm Vol 0-10000 O2 % Vol 0-21 SO2 ppm 0-500 NOx ppm 0-5000 Lambda (λ) — 0-5 Response Time s < 10

Measure Flow lt/min 05-7

Table 3.Analysis results of the additive lubricating oil used in the study (Ulakbim2017).

Characteristic Properties Units

% 2,5 WMO % 95 MO % 2,5 Boron % 5,0 WMO % 92,5 MO % 2,5 Boron % 10,0 WMO % 87,5 MO % 2,5 Boron Method Density (15°C) kg/m3 889,8 890,2 890,3 TS 1013 EN ISO 3675

Kinematic Viscosity (40°C) mm2/s 95,50 88,18 71,38 TS ISO 3105

Flash Point °C >180 >180 >180 TS EN ISO 3679

Pour Point °C

−14,2 −14,0 −13,9 TS 1233 ISO 3016

Copper Strip Corrosion - 1a 1a 1a TS 2741 EN ISO 2160

Color Determination - 301 (Brown) 302 (Brown) 303 (Brown) Visual inspection Sulphated ash - 1,36 1,35 1,28 Foamed - 180/0 150/0 170/0

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equipment. To prove random errors or the accuracy of the tests, uncertainty analysis is necessary. Kanoglu (2000), as; presents a detailed example of this kind of analysis. Consider the result, F, to be a function of nth measured variables x1, x2,…, xnas:

F¼ f xð 1; x2. . . :xnÞ (1)

The maximum uncertainty estimation in R can be stated by the relation of Wheeler and Ganji (1996), as: WF;max¼X n i¼1 WX_I@R @xi    (2)

In which all terms are assumed positive. A better estimate for uncertainty is expressed by: WF;max ¼ Xn i¼1 WX_I@R @xi  2 " #1=2 (3) where Wxi is the accuracy or error of the measured parameter. Using Eq. (3) the uncertainty in

the calculated values such as brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, air–fuel ratio were estimated (Köse and Ciniviz 2013; Saravanan and Nagarajan 2010). Also, the percentage of uncertainty for the constant error measurement of such as is given below.

A sample calculation for engine power is given below. Engine power can be formulated as follows: P¼F:L:n 9549ðkWÞ (4) ● Speed, n = 1000 min−1 ● Engine power, P = 43.75 kW ● Length, L = 0.72 m ● Force, F = 416,11 N @P @F¼ L n 9549¼ 0; 72  1000 9549 ¼ 0; 075 @P @L¼ F n 9549¼ 416; 11  1000 9549 ¼ 43; 576 @P @n¼ F L 9549¼ 416; 11  0; 72 9549 ¼ 0; 031 Wp¼ 0; 075ð Þ2 0; 077ð Þ2þ 43; 576ð Þ2 0; 001ð Þ2þ 0; 031ð Þ2 50ð Þ21=2 Wp¼ 1; 550 %Wp ¼Wp P 100¼ 1; 550 43; 75100¼ %3; 542 Result and discussion

In this study, the use of liquid boron as an engine lubrication oil additive together with vegetable oil was experimentally investigated on 2 four-stroke four-cylinder diesel engines with all the same characteristics. The experiments were performed using mineral lubrication oil in the first engine and then the tests were repeated in the second engine with the same technical characteristics using mineral oil with additives and performance and exhaust emission characteristics CO, CO2, HC, O2,

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Engine torque

According to the test results of the first engine in which additive-free mineral oil was used, maximum torque was found as 300 Nm for the beginning and 100th hour. This value showed a decrease at 200th hour leastwise. In all three operating hours, the maximum torque started to drop from 1400 min−1rpm (Figure 3).

According to the test results of the second engine in which mineral oil with additives was used, maximum torque was found as 310 Nm at the 100th hour with 5% of wild mustard oil in the mixture; and this was the highest torque value to be obtained in the experiments. The value in the initial experiment of the mixture containing 2.5% wild mustard oil was found to be 300 Nm, which was the value of the first engine. At the 200th hour when the mixture had 10% wild mustard oil, the torque value decreased to 280 Nm. Torque reduction was 1400 min−1 in the first engine and it appeared as 1500 min−1 in the second engine in every three operating hours. The fact that the revolution per minute (rpm) of torque reduction increased from 1400 min−1 to 1500 min−1 made torque curve a bit more horizontal in the second engine (Figure 4).

Engine power

Without any interference with the engine pump setting, the nominal power was achieved between 1700 and 1800 min−1for every three operating hours. The power values at the beginning and at the 100th hour showed similarities. At 200 h, the power values showed a decrease and reached 68 HP. 68 HP is a repeated value. For this reason, the nominal value was taken as the nominal power of the first engine (Figure 5).

In the second engine, nominal power was realized in the range of 1800–1850 min−1 for every

three working hours. Nominal power value decreased at 200th hour compared to the beginning and 100th hour and reached 70 HP (Figure 6). 70 HP is a repeated value. For this reason, the nominal value was assumed to be the nominal value of the second engine. As with the first engine, there is no interference with the pump setting in the second engine.

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Fuel consumption

Consumption per hour values was similar in terms of operating hours in both engines (Figures 7and8). Despite the increase in power, consumption per hour reduced in the second engine especially due to the effects of boron and wild mustard oil in the mineral oil. This decrease became even more pronounced, especially when the amount of wild mustard oil in the mixture was the greatest.

Figure 4.Torque values depending on engine speed (Wild mustard oil) (Ulakbim2017).

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Consumption per hour in the second engine in 2100 min−1rpm showed a decrease at 100th and 200th hour compared to the beginning (Figure 8).

Specific fuel consumption

It is seen that the specific fuel consumption values are lower in the additive oil than in the additive-free oil, considering the range of 1400 and 1800 min−1, which constitute the wide operating parts in terms of rpm.

Figure 6.Effective power values depending on engine speed (Wild mustard oil) (Ulakbim2017).

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At specific fuel consumption values, 1500, 1600, 1700 ve 1800 min−1rpms, it is observed that the values of additive-free oil were higher than in the values of additive oil considering the data at 100th and 200th hours. For example, in the initial tests at 1500 min−1, specific fuel consumption values of additive-free oil were 200 g/HPh, whereas they were obtained as 194,943 g/HPh in additive oil for the same rpm and initial test (Figure 9).

This means a decrease of about 7.4%. Looking at 1800 min−1 rpm for the initial experiments, a decrease of 2,37% was also observed. For 100th hour experiments, there was a decrease of 2,46% at

Figure 8.Consumption per hour values depending on engine speed (Wild mustard oil) (Ulakbim2017).

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1600 min−1 while there was an increase of 6% for 100th hour at 1700 min−1. For 200th hour experiments at 1800 min−1, there was a decrease of 6,19% similar to 1500 ve 1600 min−1at the initial and 100th experiments.

When specific fuel consumption values are generally evaluated, it is seen that the use of additive oil saves at least 2.37% in the widespread rpm compared to the use of additive-free oil (Figure 10).

Engine exhaust emissions results

Exhaust emission values are grouped as beginning, 100 and 200 h. Looking at the beginning experiments, O2emission of the additive oil with 2.5% wild mustard oil was found to be lower (Figure 11). At 100th

values, however, the CO2value of additive oil with 5% wild mustard oil in addition to O2emission was

lower than in additive-free oil (Figure 12).

In the experiments at 200th hour in which additive oil with 10% wild mustard oil was used, CO, CO2, O2ve SO2emission values were lower than in additive-free oil and they provided an advantage.

When the exhaust emission values were examined in terms of operating speed, it is seen that the average CO2value of additive oil at 1000 min−1was 10.29, while this value was found to be 11.21 in additive-free oil

1000 min−1. When rpm reached to 1500, 2000 ve 2500 min−1, additive oil emission superiority became more pronounced. When the averages of 1500 min−1value were taken, the CO value of additive-free oil was 0.013, while this value was found to be 0.016 for additive oil (Figure 13). CO, CO2, O2and SO2emissions

were lower in additive oil when rpm reached to 2000 min−1but only HC and NOxemissions were lower in

additive-free oil (Figure 14and15). CO2emission reduced by 9,2% in additive oil, 66% in SO2and 56,04%

in NOxbut HC emission increased 2,17 times and O2emission increased 6,23%.

When rpm reached to 2500 min−1, O2 was 6,1% lower and NOx emissions were found to be

41,22% lower in additive oil than in additive-free oil. SO2emissions remained the same for both oils

(Figure 16).

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Conclusions

It is seen that the technical specifications of the diesel fuel used in the analysis and experiments are in accordance with TS EN 590. This is important in that there will not be any problems in comparing the performance of the engines, since the same fuel is used in both engines.

Figure 11.CO emission values of depending on engine speed (Ulakbim2017).

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In the experiments performed with additive oil, maximum torque was found to be 300 Nm at 1300 min−1similar to the experiments in the first engine. As seen in Figure 4, the highest torque

Figure 13.HC emission values of depending on engine speed (Ulakbim2017).

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value was found in the mixture of with 5% wild mustard oil, and the lowest torque value was found in the mixture with 10% wild mustard oil.

Experimental results show that the use of additive oil has no negative effects on torque and may be an alternative to additive oil.

Consumption per hour values in additive oil was found to be lower than in additive-free oil. This decrease indicates that the boron added to the mineral oil reduces the friction and wild mustard is effective in increasing lubrication. Consumption per hour, which was 14 kg/h at 2000 min−1when wild mustard additive ratio is 5%, decreased to 13 kg/h at the same engine speed when 10% wild

Figure 15.SO2emission values of depending on engine speed (Ulakbim2017).

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mustard additive was used and this means that 2% fuel saving is carried out in terms of consumption per hour as well. The fact that specific fuel consumption values and the use of additive oil save up 2.37% is important to fulfill the success criteria of the project. In the experiments at 200th hour in which the additive oil with 10% wild mustard oil was used in the mixture, the emission values of CO, CO2, O2and SO2were lower than in additive-free oil and this provided an advantage. This is due to

the more regular operation of the new engines as the working hours increase.

When rpm rises to 1500, 2000 ve 2500 min−1 additive oil emission advantage becomes more apparent. This means that it is more advantageous at high engine speed in terms of additive oil.

Especially when the rpm reaches 2500 min−1, O2 was 6,1% lower and NOxemission was 41,22%

lower in additive oil than in additive-free oil and this result was significant.

This decrease in exhaust emissions can be explained by the joint effect of the fact that operating hours and the ratio of wild mustard oil in the mixture increase together.

Singh at all 2019 found Non-edible crop oil–based bio-lubricants are biodegradable as well as renewable. For automotive sector applications, the biodegradability of bio-lubricants is the very strongest point. In the automobile sector, fuels and lubricants offer a reasonable solution in obtaining renewable and environmentally friendly lubricants due to the environmental concern. Inedible plant oils are environmentally well suited compared with fossil oils based on petroleum yours study. These results are similar to this study.

In conclusion, when the research findings were evaluated in general, it is seen that there was not a significant decrease in terms of performance in the engine in which boron and mineral lubrication oil with wild mustard oil was used compared to the engine with additive-free mineral lubrication oil and it is observed that this provided savings significantly. Taking into account that no faults or negativeness were encountered in operating with additive oil, it was found out that wild mustard oil can be a good engine lubricant additive together with boron.

Nomenclature

ASTM International standards CFPP Cold Filter Plugging Point

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung EN European Standards

HC Unburned hydrocarbons

HP Horse power

ISO International Organization for Standardization MO Mineral oil

NaOH Sodium hydroxide NOx Nitrogen oxides

O2 Oxygen

SO2 Sulfur dioxide

TS Turkish standard WMO Wild mustard oil

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge thefinancial support provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Tubitak 1001, Contract no: 113O431.

ORCID

H. Öğüt http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8862-8684 H. Oğuz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-1516 F. Aydın http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4828-0649

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M. Ciniviz http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-6730 H. Deveci http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1103-7234

References

Boron. 2012. The national boron research institute [online]. Accessed July 11, 2012. http://www.boren.gov.tr/en/ boron/areas-of-application/Date

Boronmax.2011. Boronmax [online]. Accessed Dec 4, 2011.www.boronmax.com/tr/brosur.html/Date Çetinkaya, S.1999. Vehicle mechanics. 2nd ed. Ankara: Nobel Publications.

Durak, E., and Ö. Salman.2010. Investigation of friction performance of methyl ester based vegetable oil for candidate environmentally friendly lubricating oil. Tübitak 1 :7. Contract no: 108M627.

Mobydic.2013. Exhaust emissions device, [online]. Accessed July 16, 2013.http://www.ozenelektronik.com.tr/Date Hoanga, A. T., and V. V. Phamd.2019. A study of emission characteristic, deposits, and lubrication oil degradation of

a diesel engine running on preheated vegetable oil and diesel oil. Energy Sources, Part A 41 (5):611–25. doi:10.1080/ 15567036.2018.1520344.

Jones, F. R., and W. H. Aldred.1980. Farm Power and Tractors. 5th ed. New York: Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Published Place.

Kaleli, H.1997. Wear, lubrication and cooling in internal combustion engines. Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Automotive Department,İstanbul. Accessed July 06, 2015.www.yeniatmaca.com/motor/Date

Kanoglu, M.2000. Uncertainty analysis of cryogenic turbine efficiency. Mathematical and Computational Applications 5:169–77. doi:10.3390/mca5020169.

Köse, H., and M. Ciniviz.2013. An experimental investigation of effect on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel mode of hydrogen. Fuel Processing Technology 114:26–34. doi:10.1016/j. fuproc.2013.03.023.

Oğuz, H., and H. Öğüt.2001. Use of vegetable oil and fuel in agricultural tractors. Journal of Selçuk-Tecnical Online/ ISSN 2 (2):1302–6178.

Oğuz, H., and H. Öğüt.2005. Manufacture and design of pilot plant to produce biodiesel which is suitable conditions of farmers. Journal Agricultural Machines Science 1 (1):21–27.

Özcan, M., A. Akgül, and A. Bayrak.1998. Some compositional (Sinapsis arvensis L.) characteristics of wild mustard seed and oils. The Journal of Food 23 (4):285–89.

Saravanan, N., and G. Nagarajan.2010. Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with diesel as an ignition source. Applied Energy 87:2218–29. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.014. Singh, Y., A. Sharma, and A. Singla. 2019. Non-edible vegetable oil–Based feedstocks capable of bio-lubricant

production for automotive sector applications—A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (15):14867–82. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05000-9.

Tümosan.2015. Tümosan diesel engine. [online]. Accessed Dec 01, 2015. https://www.tumosan.com.tr/tr/urun/85hp-2/Date

Ulakbim.2017. [online]. Accessedhttp://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=3&vtadi=TPRJ&ts=1513072004&key word=bor%20katk%FDl%FD&s_f=1&page=2&detailed=1, Contract no: 113O431.

Wheeler, A. J., and A. R. Ganji.1996. Introduction to engineering experimentation. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.

Şekil

Figure 1. Oil obtained from wild mustard seed (Ulakbim 2017).
Table 2. Technical specifications of mineral engine lubrication oil (Ulakbim 2017).
Table 4. Names of the oils and their volumetric constitution percentages.
Figure 3. Torque values depending on engine speed (Mineral oil) (Ulakbim 2017).
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