ÜDS A
Can coal ever become a friend of the environment? Coal-fired power stations supply half the electricity used in America, and a similar amount in many other Industrial countries, but are responsible for 10% of the power industry's emissions of carbon dioxide -the most worrisome of the so-called "greenhouse gases". Because of special exemptions, much of the country's coal-derived electricity comes from plants that are more than 30 years old. Many of these plants are approaching the end of their commercial lives, and the thought of having to replace a lot of dirty old power stations, with new ones that will have to comply with the Clean Air Act, is causing a nightmare in the power industry. Suddenly, energy engineers are talking about "clean coal" technology. That message has been heard before. There was similar excitement over clean coal in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. Large sums of taxpayers' money wore handed out to firms developing clean coal. The difference this time, say energy engineers, is that a number of electricity have actually started building facilities that use clean coal.
12 environment çevre 1 comply with uymak,bağdaşmak
4 supply sağlamak 1 nightmare kabus
4 responsible for -den sorumlu 1 suddenly Aniden
3 responsible sorumlu, mesul 5 Hear İşitmek
1 worrisome endişe verici,kaygılandırıcı 2 Similar Benzer
1 so-called diye anılan 1 excitement Heyecan
1 exemption bağışıklık 1 Hand out Dağıtmak
1 approach yaklaşmak 3 developing Gelişmekte olan
2 commercial ticari 13 develop geliştirmek
5 replace yerine koymak, değiştirmek 1 difference Fark
2 a number of Birtakım birkaç 3 actually Gerçekten,aslında
2 facilities Araç gereç, olanak 1 end of -ın sonu
In terms of pure science, the discovery that the universe is in the grip of a strange "anti gravity" force that is making it expand ever faster, is the most significant of the last decade. The possibility that such a force might exist has been known for years, with theorists finding that it kept reappearing out of Einstein's theory of gravity. For years they tried to avoid it coming up with all sorts of arguments for why the force couldn't really exist. Now they're being forced to face it, and to face the embarrassing fact that they can't explain the single most important force in the universe.
1 In terms of -e göre 2 strange Tuhaf, acayip
6 discovery Keşif,buluş 2 grip Sıkı tutma, kavrama
7 universe evren 2 significant Anlamlı, önemli
7 gravity yerçekimi 8 decade On yıl
2 expand genişletmek 2 possibility İmkan,olanak
6 force Güç,kuvvet 17 know Bilmek
3 finding Bulgu, bulunmuş 7 keep Tutmak,saklamak
3 out of -den yapılmış 1 reappear Yeniden ortaya çıkmak görünmek
8 tried denemek 3 avoid Sakınmak,kaçınmak,
1 come up Meydana cıkmak,görüşmek 1 argument tartışma
3 really gerçekten 11 exist Var olmak
1 embarrassing utandırıcı 3 explain Açıklamak,anlatmak
Air-starved soil could have been a key player in the largest extinction ever to strike Earth. The claim follows the discovery of a rare mineral in ancient soil collected from Antarctica. The extinction, at the end of the Permian period 250 million years ago, wiped out virtually all marine life and some 70 per cent of land animals. But the reason for the extinction, which preceded the rise of the dinosaurs, has been a longstanding puzzle. Now a team of geologists think they have found what could be a major factor in the extinction. They collected fossilized soil samples that formed in Antarctica just after the Permian period ended. The soil contained nodule-shaped minerals that have been identified as berthierine. This iron-rich mineral forms only in environments where oxygen is scarce. So, if the oxygen levels in the soil were low enough to allow berthierine to form, then it follows that the soil would not have been able to support plant life. Such intolerably low levels of oxygen would be enough to kill the plants off completely
11 soil toprak 2 virtually Hemen hemen,neredeyse
4 extinction Söndürme,sönme 4 marine Deniz hayatı
2 strike Vurmak,çarpmak 19 land Kara,toprak
4 claim iddia 1 reason Sebep,neden
3 follow Takipetmek,izlemek 1 precede -den önde gelmek olmak
2 rare Seyrek,nadir 1 rise yükselmek
2 ancient Antik,eski 1 longstanding Uzun süredir var olan
5 collect toplamak 1 puzzle Çözmek,bulmaca
4 wipe out Silip süpürmek,yok
etmek 1 sample örnek
4 end Son,sonuçlanmak 19 formed Şekillendirmek,biçimlendirmek
1 scarce Seyrek,nadir 11 level Seviye
4 enough yeterli 4 amount Miktar
4 contain Kapsamak,içermek 2 identify Tanımak,teşhis etmek
5 allow İzin vermek 1 support Desteklemek
20 plant bitki 8 kill Öldürmek
1 completely Tamamen,bütünüyle 1 intolerably
When it is completed late next year, a 39 storey apartment building under construction in San Francisco will be the tallest precast concrete structure ever built in an area of high seismic activity. Its builders are using an innovative new structural connection that could revolutionize the way buildings are built in seismic zones. Conventional cast-in-place and precast systems survive earthquakes by dissipating the energy through the structure, often doing irreparable damage to themselves in the process. The new connection, developed with help from the University of Washington, consist of high strength steel reinforcing cables and "mild" steel bars that stretch slightly during an earthquake, then pull the building back into place. The steel components also considerably reduce seismic energy before it can attack the structure. This means less damage to beams, walls and ceilings.
5 complete tamamlamak 4 survive Yaşamak,hayatta kalmak
1 storey kat 3 earthquake deprem
3 construction İnşa,yapı 1 irreparable onarılmaz
4 concrete Somut,beton 9 damage Zarar,zarar vermek
11 structure yapı 3 themselves kendileri
1 innovative Yenilikçi 6 process İşlem,süreç
4 structural yapısal 1 consist of ,den meydana gelmek
2 connection Bağlantı 1 high strength Yüksek mukavemetli 1 revolutionize -de devrim yapmak 9 steel çelik
3 Conventional geleneksel 2 component Bileşen
1 stretch Germek,uzatmak 2 slightly birazcık
2 pull çekmek 2 considerably Epeyce,oldukça
5 reduce azaltmak
To understand topics such as the origin of the universe, the ultimate fate of black holes and the possibility of time travel, we need to understand how the universe works. We now have a good idea about what the basic building blocks of matter might be. Physics in the 20th century was built 1 on the twin revolutions of quantum mechanics (a theory of matter) and Einstein's theory of space, time and gravitation known as relativity. But it's extremely unsatisfying to find two ultimate descriptions of reality when you're looking for just one. Trying to unify the two theories presents formidable technical and conceptual obstacles that have challenged some of the finest theoretical physicists for decades.
2 topic konu 4 relativity Görelilik,izafiyet
3 origin Köken,kaynak 1 extremely Aşırı derecede
3 ultimate Son,en son 1 unsatisfying Tatmin etmeyici
2 hole Delik, çukur 1 satisying Tatmin edici
4 travel Seyehat etmek 1 description Tanımlama,acıklama
6 matter madde 1 reality gerçeklik
1 twin ikiz 1 unify birleştirmek
3 revolution devrim,devir,dönme 7 present Sunmak,şimdiki
9 space uzay 1 formidable Korkulur,heybetli
2 gravitation Yercekimi,yer çekim gücü 1 conceptual Kavramsal
1 obstacle Engel,mani 1 challenge Meydan okumak
2 theoretical kuramsal
It seems that a programme designed to destroy Columbia's huge illegal drugs business could be poisoning farmers and damaging the environment. Backed by 1.3 billion of US government funds, drug enforcers routinely identify fields of coca plants and opium poppies, and spray them lrom the air with herbicide. Around 120,000 hectares have been sprayed with the herbicide "glyphosphate". But although glyphosphate is considered to be relatively safe for humans and the environment, the Colombian government has received over a thousand complaints from people who to have suffered ill effects after I'oming into contact with the
chemical. symptoms range from skin and I've irritations to coughing and vomiting. Some critics suspect additives to the spray are responsible. Others on the ground complained that the spray had killed food crops when it drifted onto them from nearby fields.
7 design tasarlamak 11 consider Düşünmek,göz önünde tutmak
1 destroy yıkmak 1 relatively Göreceli olarak
5 huge büyük 6 safe güvenli
1 illegal yasadışı 3 receive Almak, kabul etmek
3 drug ilaç 2 complaint Şikayet
2 poisoning Zehirlenme 2 suffer Acı cekmek
1 poison Zehir,zehirlemek 10 effect Etki,sonuç 2 damaging Zararlı,zarar görmüş 3 contact Bağlantı kurmak
8 government hükümet 8 range Aralık,alan
3 fund Fon,para 1 irritation Kızgınlık,öfke,tahriş
2 routinely Düzenli olarak 1 coughing öksürme
10 field alan 2 vomiting kusarak
3 critic Eleştirici,eleştirmen 4 suspect Kuşku duymak,süphelenmek 2 symptom Belirti,işaret,alamet 1 complain Şikayet etmek
8 crop ekin 2 drift Sürüklenmek,birikinti
3 nearby Yakın,yakında
ÜDS B
In a biography of Bardeen, recently published, he does not fit the popular stereotype of scientific genius, for he is surprisingly sane and ordinary. As far as character goes, he had several assets. To start with he was a notable team builder. Tenacious when it came to attacking problems, he had the gift of breaking a large problem down into smaller, more soluble parts and then reassembling the whole. As a teacher, his habit of stopping to think allowed his students to do so too. Government and industry valued his advice according to one commentator, he helped Xerox to build one of the finest industrial laboratories in the world in the fields of organic and disordered solids during the late 1970s. but, perhaps, the most telling aspect of Bardeen's character was his willingness to share the credit with others. For example, he deliberately staled away from the meeting of the American Physical Society in March 1957 at which' his theory of superconductivity was first presented,
so that the contribution of his young co-researchers would be recognized.
4 recently Son zamanlarda 1 gift Hediye,armağan
1 published yayınlanmış 1 soluble Çözünür,çözünebilir
1 stereotype şablon 1 reassemble Yeniden toplamak
1 genius dahi 4 habit alışkanlık
1 surprisingly Şaşırtıcı şekilde 2 advice Tavsiye vermek,tavsiye
1 ordinary sıradan 4 according to -e göre
1 As far as Kadarıyla,-e göre 1 valued değerlendirilmiş
1 asset Mal,kıymetli şey 1 commentator Yorumcu,eleştirmen 1 notable Tanınmış,göze carpan 1 disordered Düzensiz,karışık 1 Tenacious İnatcı,vazgeçmez 1 disorder düzensizlik
5 attack saldırmak 1 aspect Görüş,bakış açısı
1 willingness isteklilik 2 share paylaşmak
6 For example örneğin 1 credit İtimat etmek,kredi
1 deliberately Kasten,mahsus 1 conductivity İletkenlik 1 contribution Bağış,yardım 1 recognized Tanınımış
2 researcher araştırıcı 1 recognize Tanımak
Transport represents 22 per cent of total energy consumption in industrialized countries, mainly in the form of automobiles. Although this is the fastest growth sector in such countries, the rate of increase in road Transport energy demand has slowed in most developed countries Since the late 1960s. This has reflected both improved vehicle efficiency and a slowing down in the level of acquisition of automobiles by households. These developments have encouraged hopes that saturation levels may operate at lower levels than sometimes projected. In developing countries, Transport represents 14 per cent of total energy consumption but the number of automobiles is approximately 20/1000 people, compared to 600/1000 people in industrialized countries. In addition to strictly technical improvements that can be made to automobiles and trucks, there is another important area of action which could help in the solution of the problems, namely, system operation. In this category, there is a variety of actions that could be performed more efficiently such as Transporting passengers and freight by other means, such as bus and rail, that would result in lower energy consumption and therefore, lower emissions.
4 consumption tüketim 1 saturation Doyma,doygunluk
2 industrialize sanayileştirmek 5 operate İşletmek,işlemek
1 mainly başlıca 7 project Hedeflemek,proje
10 grow büyümek 1 approximately Aşağı yukarı
11 increase artırmak 5 compare karşılaştırmak
10 demand istemek 1 İn addition to -e ilave olarak
5 reflect yansıtmak 16 area alan
5 improve geliştirmek 9 action Eylem,işlem
4 vehicle araç 2 solution çözelti
5 efficiency Verimlilik, etkinlik 1 namely Yani,şöyle ki 2 acquisition Elde etmek,yakalamak 3 operation İşlem,operasyon
encourage Teşvik etmek,cesaret vermek 1 efficiently Verimli
Civil engineering offers a particular challenge because almost every structure or system that is designed and built by Civil engineers is unique. One structure rarely duplicates another exactly. Even when structures seem to be identical, site requirements or other factors generally result in modifications. Large structures like Dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially from previous structures. The Civil engineer must, therefore, always be ready and winning to meet new challenges
2 Civil engineering İnşaat mühendisi 1 modification değişiklik
3 offer sunmak 6 differ Farklı olmak
2 particular özel 2 substantially Çok,yeteri kadar çok
2 particularly özellikle 4 previous önceki
1 unique Tek,eşsiz 7 ready hazır
1 duplicate çoğaltmak 22 win kazanmak
2 exactly Tam,tamamen 4 requirement gereksinim
1 identical özdeş 4 generally genellikle
A contraption that automatically fits deer with a pesticide-impregnated collar is helping to tackle the menace of Lyme disease, which is usually spread among people by ticks that live on the deer. This disease is now one of the fastest spreading infectious diseases in the US and can be fatal. Trapping and treating every deer in a forest with pesticides isnt easy, so a machine has been designed to doit. The animals are lured to a feeding tray where they have to place their heads in a V-shaped trough to get to the food. The machine keeps an open pesticide impregnated collar at the ready, drooping next to the trough where the deer will put its neck, As the animal takes the food, its neck presses down on a switch that triggers a spring-loaded arm. This propels one end of the open collar Over the neck where it meets the other end. The two ends join using Velcro, so within seconds of the animals arrival collar is complete.
1 contraption hüner 1 lure Cazibe,çekicilik,yem
1 automatically Otomayik olarak 12 press basmak
5 fit uymak 2 switch Anahtarlamak,anahtar
1 tackle Takım,cihaz 3 head kafa
1 menace Tehtid,tehtid etmek 3 shaped Şekil,şekillendirmek
5 disease hastalık 2 droop İndirmek,sarkmak
2 usually genellikle 1 trigger Tetiklemek,tetik
4 spread Yaymak 3 collar Yaka,tasma,yakalamak
1 infectious bulaşıcı 2 join Birleştirmek,katılmak
1 fatal öldürücü 1 arrival varış
1 Trapping yakalama 1 Treating işlem
Time travel has been a favourite science fiction theme ever Since it was first used in H.G. Wells's trailblazing novel The Time Machine. But not everything it describes is science fiction: travelling forward in time, For
example, is a proven fact. Einstein's theory of relativity predicts that an observer moving relative to Earth can leap into Earth's future; and the effect has been confirmed using atomic clocks. Dramatic time warps require speeds close to that of light, which is possible in principle but would take a major feat of engineering, not to mention a lot of money. Going back in time is far more problematic. Relativity does not rule out an observer being able to make a journey through space-time and return to their past. But all scenarios so far discussed require exotic circumstances.
1 science fiction Bilim kurgu 7 possible mümükün
1 theme tema 2 principle prensip
1 describe Tanımlamak,bertilmemek 1 feat başarı
1 forward iletmek 1 mention Bahsetme,söyleme
1 proven ıspatlamak 1 problematic şüpheli
1 predict Öngörmek 1 rule out Çıkarmak,o
2 observer gözlemci 1 Rule Kural,yönetmek
1 leap Sıçramak 2 return Geri dönmek
1 confirm doğrulamak 1 scenario senaryo
1 require istemek 3 discuss tartışmak
Our understanding of submarine volcanic eruptions has improved subntially in the past decade owing to the recent ability to remotely detect such events and to respond rapidly with brief surveys and sampling at the eruption site. But these data are necessarily limited to observations after the event. In contrast, the 1998 eruption of the Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge was monitored by on site sea-floor instruments. One of these instruments. which measured bottom pressure, was overrun and entrapped by the 1998 lava flow. The instrument survived and was later discovered. The data recorded by this instrument reveal the duration, character and effusion rate of an eruption on a mid-ocean ridge.
submarine Deniz altı 6 instrument Araç gereç 3 eruption Patlama,püskürme 9 measure Ölçmek,ölçü
2 owing to -den dolayı 4 pressure basınç
4 recent En son 2 overrun Aşırı işlem,aşırı işletmek
5 ability yetenek 2 entrap Tuzağa düşürmek,yakalamak
1 remotely uzaktan 10 flow akmak
1 detect Ortaya cıkarmak,bulmak 9 discover keşfetmek
1 respond Cevap vermek 3 record Kayıt etmek
1 necessarily İster istemez,muhakkak 4 data veri
8 limit Sınırlı,sınırlandırmak 1 reveal Açığa vurmak,göstermek
4 observation gözleme 1 duration süre
1 In contrast zıttına 2 ridge sırt
There are about forty distinct kinds of wild cats known to inhabit the earth today. They range in size from the mighty Siberian tiger to several little spotted species about the size of the averaged domestic cat. The cats are the most efficient land predators left on earth. They combine power, speed, patience, camouflage, and considerable individual skill. All swim well, most climb with great agility, and at least for short distances, most can move with amazing swiftness. The African lion can reach a speed of almost forty miles per hour when it charges.
2 distinct Ayrı farklı amazing şaşırtıcı
1 wild vahşi swiftness çabukluk
1 inhabit -de oturmak 5 efficient verimli 1 mighty Güçlü,kuvvetli 1 combine birleştirmek
3 average ortalama 1 agility çeviklik 1 domestic cat Ev kedisi 2 distance mesafe
The Rhine-Ruhr area became the greatest industrial region of Germany, because it had at its heart the great coalfield of the Ruhr. Mining is now almost entirely northeast and westwards across the Rhine. The region contains the greater part of the German iron, steel and heavy 'engineering industries. The great integrated iron and steel plants mostly cluster on the I Rhine waterway. Specialized steel plants and engineering works are more widespread. With a decline in coalmining and the dismantling after World War" of certain steel plants, some of the older Ruhr towns have diversified their industries considerably: vehicles, electrical goods and clothing are now being produced.
2 region bökge 10 produce üretmek
1 entirely tamamen 2 Specialized Uzmanlaşmış
4 across boyunca 1 widespread yaygın
1 integrated Tümleşik,bütünleşmiş 1 decline meyletmek,inmek,azaltmak
1 mostly çoğunlukla 1 Dismantle sökmek
1 diversified Farklı değişik
ÜDS C
Post-war radar has been developed for an enormous range of uses from police radar speed traps to the ballistic missile early warning systems. At sea it is used on ships of all sizes from the super tankers down to pleasure craft, and in the air it guards military and Civilian aircraft against collisions. It is even used to keep track of the orbital junkyard created by innumerable space launches. Radar found an unexpected use in astronomy and space navigation. Radar signals were bounced off the moon in 1946 and reflections were obtained from Venus and the sun in the late 1950s. Subsequently, radar maps were made of the moon and Venus -- not that such long ranges are essential for radar maps to prove themselves useful. For example, satellite borne radar aimed at the earth has actually led to the discovery of previously unknown remnants of a Mayan canal drainage system in Central America.
5 enormous Büyük,kocaman bounce Geri dönmek,yansımak,sıçramak
1 early warning Erken uyaru 3 obtain Elde etmek
2 pleasure Zevk,sevinç,haz Subsequently sonradan
2 craft Zanaat 2 map harita
1 guard Koruyucu,korunak essential Asıl,esas
6 military askeri 3 useful yararlı
1 Civilian sivil 2 satellite uydu
2 collision çarpışma 5 led to -e yol amak,nende olamk
2 created by oluşturan 5 Lead to -e yol amak,nende olamk
innumerable sayısız remnant artık
2 launch fırlatmak drainage drenaj
unexpected Beklenmedik,umulmadık
Long after the discovery of electricity, man found that he could use the great power of water to produce it. At first, he used natural waterfalls. Later, man began to build Dams to generate hydroelectric power. Dams are
immense structures which hold back the water of a river and form a lake behind. The water is let through under control and allowed to fall through pipes to the turbines below. The IIIshing water drives the turbines, and as they revolve, they spin electromagnets; these magnets generate electricity.
4 begin başlamak 1 let through -geçmesine izin vermek,geçirmek
7 generate üretmek 2 pipe Boru,borulandırmak
1 immense Büyük,kocaman 2 revolve dönmek
1 hold back Kendini tutmak,ekinmek
Why do transformers hum? This is one of those questions which easy but has surprising hidden depths. The simple explanations that electric currents create magnetic fields, and the alternating current of mains electricity used by transformers creates a magnetic field that changes at 50 cycles a second. This in turn triggers a regular motion of the metal molecules inside the transformer, known as magnetostriction. It's this motion that makes the surrounding air vibrate, creating the hum. But why does the metal respond in this way? The answer fies in a property of the electrons in the metal known as 'spin' - a property, which can only be explained by reference to Einstein's theory of relativity, which is beyond the understanding of most of us.
2 transformer dönüştürücü 2 hum Horultu,mırıldamak 3 surprising şaşırtıcı 3 property Özellik
4 hide gizlemek most of us çoğumuz
depth delik in turn Sıra ile
explanation acıklama 4 regular düzenli
8 current akım 4 motion Devinim,hareket
7 create yaratmak 3 surrounding Çevredeki,etraftaki vibrate titremek
Geologists are especially interested in the mineral content of rocks. All rocks consist of one or more minerals, many of which are needed as raw materials for industry or have properties which make them valuable or useful. Gold, For example, is valuable. Diamonds are both valuable and useful. Coal is also found in rocks, usually underground and it is vitally important as fuel in modem life. Britain is rich in coal because it was covered in dense forest more than 300 million years ago. Coal is formed from the remains of trees and other plants which have gradually been compressed and hardened in the rock structure of the earth.
4 especially özellikle 5 compress sıkıştırmak
3 interest İlgi,ilgilenmek 3 hardened Sertleştirmek,sertleştirilmiş 2 content içerik vitally Son derece,hayati derece
2 raw ham 9 cover Kaplamak
4 valuable değerli 2 dense yoğun
Diamond Elmas 2 density yoğunluk
Glaciers originate in areas that lie above the limit of permanent snow. Thus in tropical climates Glaciers are only to be found at very great heights, whe""'as in polar regions they flow into the sea. The largest Glaciers are found in regions receiving the heaviest snowfall. The great Glaciers of the Himalayas lie in the path of the monsoon, which deposits on them the full measure of its vast water vapour content. The largest Glacierized areas after Antarctica are in Greenland, North America and in central and south central Asia. It has been estimated that the volume of the world's Glaciers and ice sheets exceeds 11,000,000 cubic miles which, if returned to the oceans, would raise the sea-level by some 200 ft, submerging all existing seaports and much land besides.
6 Glacier buzul 2 besides -den başka
originate Meydana getirmek,icat etrmek 2 raise yükseltmek
2 lie yatmak 2 submerging batırarak
permanent Kalıcı,sürekli 4 vast geniş
2 Thus Bu yüzden 2 estimate Tahmin etmek
4 climate iklim sheet Yaprak,tablo,sayfa
4 region Bölge exceed Aşmak,geçmek
We are warm-blooded animals. The temperature inside us is generally higher than the temperature outside us. It follows from this fact that, just as a kettle of hot water cools as it loses heat to the air around it, so the human body is continually losing heat. But, unlike the kettle, it does not cool down, for all the time fresh quantities of heat are being generated inside. The body is both making heat and losing some of it at the same time. The loss of heat is con1folled by a very delicate mechanism. The body resembles a thermostat heater in that whilo it gives off heat It manages to remain at the same temperature.
10 warm sıcak quantity nicelik
2 blood kan delicate Hassas,nazik
2 kettle çaydanlık resemble Benzemek,andırmak continually Sürekli,devamlı 2 manage yönetmek
3 unlike zıttıana
More than half of astronauts suffer fro, space sickness, also known as Spao, Adaptation Syndrome. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting and po, concentration. The main cause of spao, sickness is disorientation caused by exposure to zero gravity conditions. The human body is used to a much stronger gravitational field on Earth, and organs in the inner ear, along with canals that Sense motion, tell the brain about the location of the limbs relative to the ground. In other words, they're responsible for balance. Unfortunately, the signals from these, organs in the inner ear go wrong in zero gravity, leading to space sickness. Over time though, the brain learns to ignore them and relies instead on visual clues, such as the position of the feet, to determine balance. Astronauts quickly re- adapt to Earth's gravity within a few days and there are probably no long-term effects from this strange affliction.
3 sickness hastalık 2 Sense Duyu,algılamak
3 include içermek location of konum
concentration derişim location yer
10 cause Yol açmak 2 relative to E ilişkin,-ile ilgili olarak 2 exposure Maruz kalma,maruz bırakma 4 relative Akraba,göreli
5 condition Koşul,hal.şart 1 In other words Bir başka deyişle
2 inner iç 8 ground toprak
along with İle birlikte Unfortunately Ne yazıkki
2 brain beyin 4 balance Ayarlamak,dengelemek,denge
ignore Yok saymak 2 instead yerine
2 İnstead of -nın yerine visual Görsel
clue ipucu 2 quickly Hızlıca,cabuk
adapt to Adepte olamk 3 probably Muhtemelen
affliction dert
Genetics is the study of the mechanisms of the hereditary process. Modern genetics began with the
experiments of Gregor Mendel in 1865. He studied the inheritance of different factors in peas, and found that some traits were "dominant" and some "recessive", the "dominant" appearing in a ratio of very nearly three to one. Mendel's results were ignored for many years until their rediscovery at the beginning of the twentieth century.
hereditary kalıtsal 5 dominant baskın 6 experiment deney 1 recessive cekingen
inheritance Kalıt,kalıtım 5 appear Görünmrk,ortaya cıkmak
3 trait özellik 2 ratio oran
ÜDS D
Britain has a target to deliver 10 per cent of its electrical power from renewable resources by 2010. And despite what one might hear from some quarters, superb natural and technical resources already exist that could make this possible. All that is lacking is the political will; but at present, the government seems reluctant to take any positive action. At present, "new" renewables, such as landfill gas, wind, solar, wave power and small-scale hydropower contribute around one per cent to the UK's electrical generating capacity. Generating power from landfill gas is already fully economic, but has limited scope for growth as the country moves away from land filling waste. Energy recovery from waste is highly controversial and also limited in capacity. So, if Britain is to meet her interim target of five per cent by 2003 and 10 per cent by 2010, she must look to other renewables for growth.
3 target hedef scope kapsam
3 deliver Dağıtmak,teslim etmek fill doldurmak
4 renewable yenilenebilir controversial Tartışmalı,çekişmeli
3 resource kaynak interim Aralık,ara
3 already Hali hazır
reluctant İsteksiz,gönülsüz
contribute Bağışlmak,katkıda bulunmak 7 around etrafında
To astronomers, the great accomplishment of the flights to the moon was the bringing back al rocks from the lunar surface. It was the first extraterrestrial material ever to reach Earth, with the exception of meteorites. The lunar rocks seemed to show that the moon was virtually free of water and of organic material and was, therefore, a world utterly without life. In fact, this had been suspected by astronomers, Since the 1600s; but there had been some hope of traces of air and water that might have made possible very primitive life at the bacterial level, if nothing more.
accomplishment Başarma,başarı 2 primitive ilkel
3 Fly ucmak 2 exception istisna
5 surface yüzey 3 In fact Aslında,gerçekte
William Willcocks was born 150 years ago in a tent beside a canal in northern India, where is father worked for the colonial government. He learnt his engineering in India before heading for Egypt in 1883. There he rose to become director-general of reservoirs, and a legend on the banks of the Nile. He built the first Aswan Dam, then the largest in the world, went on to revive the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, and watered deserts from south Africa to India. But he was deeply troubled by the discovery that much of what this fellow water engineers did in their colonial playgrounds was worse than useless.
tent çadır desert çöl
beside -nın yanında deep derin 2 heading başlık troubled tedirgin
reservoir Baraj gölü legend gösterge 3 irrigation sulama revive canlanmak
All our sources of power are natural; we have found that matter can be turned into energy and energy into matter, but that nothing can be created. We can convert one into the other with relative ease, but all our power is based upon the control of natural sources, in the Sense that the energy or fuel is never man-made. It already exists as in the wind and in rivers; or it may be stored up as in oil or coal.
6 source kaynak 4 wind rüzgar
turn into Değişmek,kesilmek 3 store Saklamak,depolamak base upon dayanmak
The acronym 'radar', for radio detection and ranging, has been credited to the US Navy, which used it officially towards the end of 1940, but the concept of radar is somewhat older. Hertz showed that metals would reflect eloctromagnetic waves and Tesla is said to have suggested using this phenomenon in a radar-like manner in 1899. a few years later a German, Christian Hulsmeyer, received patents for a ship's anticollision device. Also many radio engineers and experimenters observed that passing aircraft or ships interfered with their experiments. Although these features are all suggestive of radar, none was actually radar unless the term is very loosely defined. In the 1930s, however, several of the major powers became aware of the military possibilities of radar and work on it started immediately in the USA, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union. By the end of World War II, military radayt and: military radio navigation aids too, were well developed.
ranging Mesafe tayini 4 pass Geçmek,geçiş officially resmen interfere Karışmak,
4 wave dalga feature özellik
suggest önermek loosely gevşek
2 phenomenon olay define tanımlamak
4 device Alet,aygıt however Ancak bununla birlikte observe gözlemek aware of -in farkında
The report, Dams and Development, which has been recently published, provides stark evidence that the world's 45,000 large Dams which block over half of the world's rivers, have been failed experiments. They have failed to produce as much electricity and water, or control as much flood damage, as their backers claim. They regularly surfer huge cost-overruns and time delays. They have made up to 80 million people homeless, and their benefits have largely gone to the urban well-off not the rural poor they displace. Moreover, their effects on ecosystems have been disastrous.
2 report rapor 4 rural kırsal
8 provide sağlamak displace Yerini değiştirmek
backer Destekçi,taraftar disastrous Felaket getiren,feci
2 delay Gecikmek,gecikme 2 urban kentsel
2 benefit yarar
Aviation is about to go back to its roots. Nearly 100 years after the Wright brothers' first heavier-than-air powered flight, the US Air Force is testing an experimental plane that uses "wing warping", which is the steering and control technique that kept Orville Wright aloft in 1903. but this time round, it will be at supersonic speeds. Unlike Conventional aircraft wings, which use movable surfaces like flaps on the wings and the tail, wing warping bends entire wing. The USAF call it "active aeroelastic wing" technology, and is investing $ 41 million in the project in the hope that it will Lead to lighter, more manoeuvrable supersonic planes.
3 root kök movable taşınabilir
5 wing kanat 2 entire Tam,bütün
Like so many American waterways, the Chesapeake Bay, an enormous, semi-saline body of water that is treasured for its aquatic life, became badly polluted during the 20 th century. But it has regained much of its biological vitality Since the early 1970s, thanks to concerted ecological stewardship. In this effort, the Conowingo Dam has provided valuable assistance. Environmentalists are not often fond of Dams, which have a habit of trapping migratory fish and disrupting sensitive water ecosystems ,_ not to "mention looking ugly. But the Conowingo Dam on the Susquehanna river in eastern Maryland is an exception. Since its construction in 1928, Conowingo Dam has not only generated electricity but also trapped vast amounts of sediment behind its imposing walls. This was not a function the builders had planned for, but in recent years its value has become clear. The water flowing past the Conowingo Dam is much cleaner than it would otherwise be. Even America's once-endangered national symbol, the bald eagle, can be seen perching near the Dam, waiting to swoop' down and seize a meal of fish by its talons.
treasure hazine disrupting bozmak
aquatic Suda yaşayan 3 sensitive duyarlı
pollute kirletmek ugly çirkin
regain Tekrar ele geçirmek sediment tortu
vitality canlılık imposing heybetli
3 trapping yakalamak 2 otherwise
ÜDS E
Weeds are plants out of place, either as the wrong plant in cultivated ground, or as any plant where none should be. They can cause considerable financial loss through the cost of their control and the damage they do to crops. Plants which become really troublesome as weeds are those which persist despite man's efforts to control them. Such persistency is due to several factors of which perhaps the most important are prolific seed production, coupled with the often remarkably long periods of dormancy of the seed, and the ability of ve getative parts of some plants to survive mechanical damage and adverse conditions and to set up new plants. Weeds may be controlled by hand, by cultivation and other mechanical means, by biological means and by chemical weedkillers, Chemical weedkillers are widely used, either to give a total kill and suppress all vegetation or to control weeds selectively in crops.
troublesome zahmetli couple çift
weed Yabani ot remarkably Dikkat çekecek derecede
persist Israr etmek adverse
despite -e rağmen cultivation Toprağı işleme
due to -den dolayı wide geniş
production üretim 2 suppress bastırmak
2 vegetation bitkiler
Typical explosives factory is divided into two parts: the "non-danger" and "danger" areas. The main business of the non danger area lies in the manufacture of nitric and sulphuric acids for the nitration processes, including the recovery of these acids from the waste products of nitration. Other raw materials are also prepared in the non-danger area. The actual manufacture of explosives and their mixing and packing are carried out in the danger area, subject to rigorous safety measures. The main danger in manufacture is ignition by spark, friction or impact, the latter two being especially hazardous if the explosive is allowed to become contaminated with gritty material. Naked lights, steel tools or anything which might produce spark or flame are therefore excluded from the danger buildings. Each building has a "clean" floor which may be approached only in specially cleaned shoes, while the workers are provided with factory clothing to ensure that grit is not carried into the buildings.
3 explosive patlayıcı packing paketlemek
divide bölmek pack Sıkıştırmak,paket
manufacture Üretmek,yapım,imalat 2 carry out Bitirmek, yerine getirmek recovery Kurtarma,toparlamak rigorous Set,şiddetli
prepare Hazırlamak ignition Tutuşma,ateşleme
mix karıştırmak friction süstünme
impact vuruş 2 hazardous Tehlikeli
3 hazard Risk,tehlike contaminate Kirletmek,bulaştırmak
4 spark kıvılcım 1 exclude dışlamak
specially özellikle 2 ensure Sağlamak,temin etmek
The culmination of the classic age of the machine tool was the work of Joseph Whitworth. His pre-eminence lay not so much in any far-reaching innovations as in the quality and accuracy of the workmanship he was able to obtain. It was Whitworth who introduced the standard screw thread which was used in British engineering until 1948, and it was he who revolutionised standards of measurement. Indeed, the many measuring machines of the second half of the 19. century, though increasing the facility, did not greatly increase the accuracy Whitworth had attained. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 his planing, slotting, shaping, drilling, punching and shearing machines made him the outstanding machine-tool maker of the age
2 revolutionize -de devrim yapmak 6 Indeed gerçekte 2 culmination Sonuş,son,zirve 2 facility olanak
2 innovation yenilenme 2 attain Elde etmek
quality kaliteli 2 outstanding Üstün,seckin
2 accuracy Hatasızlık,doğruluk 2 introduce tanıştırmak
Just as railway bridges were the great structural symbols of the 1fjh century, highway bridges became the engineering emblems of the 201 century. The invention of the automobile created an irresistible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges throughout the developed world. The type of bridge needed for cars and trucks, however, is fundamentally different from that needed for locomotives. Most highway bridges carry lighter loads than railway bridges do, and their roadways can be sharply curved or steeply sloping. To meet these needs, many tum-of-the-century bridge designers began working with a new building material: reinforced concrete, which has steel bars embedded in it. And the master of this new material was Swiss structural engineer Robert Maillart, who designed some of the most original and influential bridges of the modem era.
3 invent İcad etmek 3 different Farklı
irresistible Karşı kpyulmaz sharply keskince
paved Asvaltla kaplı 2 curve viraj
emblem Amplem sloping eğimli
3 throughout boyunca 2 reinforced Takviye edilmiş,desteklenmiş fundamentally Temelde,özde 2 embedded Gömmek,gömülü,gömülmüş
influential Güçlü,etkili
Strictly speaking the term "avalanche" should be restricted to falls of snow and ice in mountainous regions but popular usage has extended its meaning to cover rock falls and landslips in all environments. The period of greatest danger from avalanches proper is during a thaw, when melt-water makes a good lubricant for the snow and ice banked steeply against rock faces. The rising cloud of white dust, the vertical grooves and patches of bare rock formed by the scouring action, and the dull roar of the avalanche are all common features of mountains above the permanent snow line. Rock fragments may also be carried down, for the recurrent freezing and thawing of water lodged in joints and crevices of the rock forms a powerful agent of disintegration. The action is the same as that which leads to burst pipes. Freezing causes expansion of the water in the spaces of a joint and produces a pressure sufficient to break the rock.
2 Strictly speaking Kurallara bakılırsa vertical Düşey,dikey
6 term terim 4 common yaygın
8 avalanche cığ fragment Parçalamk,kırık cıkık parca
4 restrict sınırlamak 2 freezing Dondurucu,donarak
2 mountainous dağlık thawing eriyerek
extend genişletmek joint Ortak,bağlantı,bileşik
meaning anlam recurrent Yenilenen,tekrar olan
2 proper uygun 1 disintegration Parcalanma,parcalama
lubricant Yağlama maddesi expansion geleşme
4 against karşı sufficient Yeterli,kafi
4 dust toz
Aircraft landing-wheel brakes are fitted to all sizes of aircraft for arresting motion after touch-down, for steering during taxiing by differential control of port and starboard brakes, and to hold the aircraft stationary
while the engine is warmed-up or tested. Small aircraft have simple two-shoe internal expanding brakes manually operated and very similar to the standard road-vehicle brake, but the larger machines require power-operated brakes using compressed air or hydraulic pressure from compressors or pumps driven by the engine. Besides being as light and compact as possible, landing wheel brakes must remain effective and balanced during very high rates of energy dissipation due to the great weight of the aircraft and the very high landing speeds
2 wheel teker dissipation Dağıtma,yayma
2 brake firen landing iniş
touch-down inmek
4 pump pompa
effective etkin
2 stationary Durağan,hareket etmeyen
The main advantages of electric traction on railways are that it is both pleasant and efficient. It brings the removal of a smoke nuisance from tunnels and from the vicinity of larger cities. Further, owing to high acceleration, it is possible to provide a more frequent and faster service on densely populated suburban lines. The track capacity is improved by electrification on mountainous lines because of increase of speed, both up and down the gradient, generally using electric forms of braking in the latter case. Some of the major electrification schemes of the world, for instance; those in Switzerland and Sweden, have been largely dictated by the desire to operate the railway system without dependence upon imported fuel.
3 advantage avantaj 2 frequent Sık sık
1 traction çekme 2 suburban Banliyöye ait
pleasant Hoş,güzel 2 scheme plan
2 nuisance sıkıcı 2 for instance örneğin
2 removal Çıkarma,kaldırma,taşınma dictate Dikte etmek,emratmek
3 Further desire Arzu etmek,arzu
acceleration ivme dependence Bağımlılık
import İthalat etemek
Botanic gardens may be regarded as having a threefold function: to please and educate the public; to carry out investigations regarding the economic value of native and foreign plant products and acclimatisation of plants; and to act as centres of information and scientific investigation in various fields of botany, such as anatomy, morphology and physiology, for which museums, libraries and laboratories are also needed. The search for drugs and spices particularly has tempted men from early times to explore all parts of the world and this has promoted a close link between exploration and botanic gardens. One well-known botanic garden is the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh which was founded in 1670 by "'Obert Sibbald for the cultivation of medical plants. Since that date it has been removed to several different sites. It is now one of the major botanic gardens in Britain with an area of over 60 acres .
5 public kamusal remove silmek
2 investigation araştırma 3 search araştırmak
3 foreign yabancı 2 tempt Baştan cıkarmak
6 product ürün 2 explore araştırmak
such as Gibi 2 various çeşitli
promote yükseltmek
ÜDS F
The Royal Society is the national academy of science for Great Britain and Northern Ireland but, unlike other national academies, is and always has been independent of state control; it is not maintained by grants from public funds and manages its own affairs. Since its foundation however, kings, statesmen and government departments have regularly sought its advice on scientific matters; it has never hesitated to assist
governments when convinced that the national interest called for official scientific action. Within ten years of its foundation the society, at the invitation of Charles I and his ministers, grappled with problems of national
food supply, arboriculture, naval architecture and navigation. Throughout the 18. century It worked with the admiralty on what was then called "the problem of the longitude' in the solution of which are associated the names of the astronomers Edmond Halley and Maskelyne, the chronometer maker John Harrison and the navigator James Cock. It found a cure for jail-fever and advised on th. protection of ships of war against lightning: it organized a geodetic survey of the British isies and appointed scientific personnel to several arctic and antarctic expeditions.
3 maintained korumak 3 navigation Dolaşma gezinti
4 state durum associate ilişkilendirmek
affair İş,olay,sorun 3 maker Yapan şey,yapımcı
2 foundation (temel)kurma navigator rotacı
hesitate Tereddüt etmek,duraksamak 3 advise Tavsiye öğüt vermek
2 assist Yardım etmek protection koruma
convince İkna etmek,inandırmak lightning Şimşek,yıldırım
invitation davet 2 survey İnceleme,araştırma
arboriculture Agac ve fidan yetiştirme appoint kararlaştırmak
architecture mimari expedition Yolculuk sefer
The first flight by a power driven manned aeroplane took place in 1903 and its subsequent development as a military weapon was so rapid that all the belligerents entered World War I totally unprepared to defend themselves against it. The first bombing raids, however, compelled the consideration of anti-aircraft measures, and Britain, in particular, attacked by Zeppelin airships and Gotha aircraft was forced to develop a range of Specialized anti-aircraft equipment, which came to include guns, searchlights, sound locators and predictors, giving it a qualitative ascendancy in this field retained until the end of World War II. Indeed, the first night attack on London caused such public consternation that its gun defences had to be doubled within forty-eight hours and, though they hit few planes, their presence was of great psychological value.
manned güçlendirilmiş 4 consideration Düşünce saygı 2 subsequent Sonraki,sonra gelen 2 forced Zorunlu,mecburi
3 development geliştirmek 3 equipment ekipman
belligerent kavgacı ascendancy Üstünlük,hüküm,nüfuz
4 enter girmek consternation şaşkınlık
defend sovunmak defence savunmak
1 compelled zorlamak presence huzur
Scientists can now speed up the process of genetic change through biotechnology. Farmers need no longer wait patiently for breeding to yield improved crops and animals, nor must they even respect natural lines of reproduction among species. Laboratory scientists can now select desirable traits from any of a number of species and insert those traits into the genetic material of crops and animals. Among the new products of biotechnology are tomatoes that stay fresh much longer than the usual ones and so promise less waste and higher profits." Normally, tomatoes produce a protein that softens them after they have been picked. Scientists introduce into a tomato plant a gene that is a mirror image of the one that codes for the "softening" enzyme. This gene fastens itself to the RNA of the native gene and breaks its action. A vine-ripe tomato ….this special gene rots more slowly than a normal tomato, allowing , growers to harvest at the most flavourful and nutritious
red stage. The tomatoes will still last much longer during shipping and marketing than regular tomatoes harvested when green.
patiently Sabırla 3 promise Söz vermek
breeding Terbite,yetiştirme 12 waste Harap etmek,artık işe yaramaz
yield Verim,mahsul,ürün 2 profit Kar,kazanc
2 respect saygı 2 soften yumuşatmak
2 select secmek 1 picked Elde kalan
desirable Arzu edilir,istenir mirror image Ayna görüntüsü
reproduction Üreme,çoğalma fasten Bağlamak,tutturmak
insert Araya sokmak 2 native yerli
usual Alışılmış,olağan 3 harvest Hasat ürün
To obtain power from the sun's rays is to use nuclear power developed at no expense in a laboratory 93 million miles away. For the radiant energy of the sun is maintained by nuclear transformation of chemical elements occurring in the sun's interior at temperatures of many million degrees, and at pressures of many million atmospheres. The resources of solar power are enormous. If 100 per cent efficiency could be secured in the transformation of radiant solar energy into mechanical work, a horsepower per square yard of ground surface would be available under cloudless skies. The expense of collecting solar energy still prevents its competition with the usual power Sources. Yet, unless the vague promise of safe thermonuclear power from oceans becomes realized, solar power must supply the enormous and growing requirements of posterity within two centuries. Because the ground sources (coal, oil and uranium) as they near exhaustion will become more costly than solar power.
2 expense masraf 2 prevent Önlemek,durdurmak
3 occur Ortaya cıkarmak 2 competition Yarışma,rekabet
2 interior İçerdeki,iç 3 unless Medikçe,madıkça
secure bağlamak vague belirsiz
2 available Kullanılabilir,yararlınabilir posterity Gelecek nesiller
cloudless bulutsuz exhaustion Yorgunluk,bitkinlik
costly masraflı
The design of ships is governed by scientific principles and economic considerations but in practice it has many of the qualities of an art. The designer may be supplied with the precise and detailed requirements of an owner or he may receive only the barest outline of requirements such as the weight of cargo to be carried and the speed. The dimensions chosen and the main characteristics of the ship are governed by the trade in which the vessel is to compete. High-density cargoes such as iron are require little cubic capacity; low density cargoes such as bananas require vast cubic capacity. The ports which the vessel must enter may impose restrictions on length and draught. Passage through canals may restrict both draught and breadth. The nature of the cargo may determine the size of cargo holds and of the hatchways through which the cargo is loaded and unloaded. Available facilities at the ports to be entered affect the loading and unloading apparatus to be installed in the vessel.
4 govern yönetmek impose yükelmek
precise Tam,kesin restriction Koşul,şart,kısıtlama
2 detailed Detaylı,ayrıntılı breadth Genişlik,en
determine Belirlemek,karar vermek apparatus Aygıt,cihaz
2 owner saahip affect etkilemek
dimension Boyut,ebat 2 install Kurmak,yüklemek
choose secmek compete Boy ölçüşmek,rekabet
Erosion is regarded not merely as the physical removal of soil by water and wind, out rather as the deterioration of all the component parts of the habitat in which man and his crops and livestock have to exist. Since there is no conclusive evidence for any major climatic change in historic times to explain this deterioration, we must conclude that the eroding of the total environment has been due primarily to thoughtless destruction of the vegetative cover. This has led to deterioration of the microclimate above and below the surface, generally in the direction of a general drying out of the soil which has exposed it to erosive action of wind and rainfall of high intensity or frequency, and to the loss of organic matter in the soil, Thus reducing its capacity to resist erosion by conserving the water that falls on the surface. If everything possible is done within the total environment to conserve the naturally planted or cultivated vegetation, this will also ensure optimal conservation of soil and water.
3 regard saymak 2 conclude Bitirmek,sonuçlandırmak
2 merely yalnızca primarily aslnıda
3 deterioration Kötüleşme,kötüye gitmek thoughtless Düşüncesiz,bencil
conclusive kesin 4 destruction Yıkım,imha
2 evidence kanıt vegetative bitkisel
5 change değişim 3 direction Yön,doğrultu,yönetim
The world's nuclear plants have accumulated vast stocks of highly radioactive waste. Worldwide, high-level waste is currently stored above ground, and no government has a clear policy on its eventual disposal. While most experts believe that burying the waste is the safest bet in the long term, the problem is finding sites that everyone can agree are geologically stable. Decaying radioactive isotopes release heat. As a result, high level waste must be constantly coded, otherwise, it becomes dangerously hot. This is why many experts want to stote waste above ground until it has decayed and is cool enough 10 be stored safely in sealed repositories several hundreds of metres below ground. According to one recent theory, however, waste should be lowered down boreholes drilled to 4 kilometres. The trick is to explore heat generated by the waste to fuse the surrounding rock and contain any leaking radioactivity.
accumulate biriktirmek 2 release yaymak
4 eventual Eninde sonunda 2 constantly sürekli
disposal Düzen tertip,elde cıkarma,yok etmek trick Hile,oyun,aldatmaca
4 expert uzman fuse sigorta
3 agree Razı olmak,anlaşmak 2 leaking sızdırmak
bury Gömmek,defnetmek decaying azalan
Sounds produced by continuous vibration tones are spread as waves of compression through the air. Where there is a solid boundary such as the walls of a room, the sound waves are reflected so that the sounds within the room are prolonged beyond what they would be in the open. The sounds produced by the voice or by a musical instrument then reverberate through the room after the actual tone production has ceased. When the sound waves strike the walls some of the sound energy travels on and is either absorbed in the material or may penetrate to the other side; but with the usual hard, unyielding walls of which most buildings are made, more than 90% of the sound energy is reflected back into the room at each impact, so that some time must elapse before all is spent. It is this reverberation which, in its excess, is the prime cause of the faulty acoustics of many pre-20. century buildings
prolong Uzartmak,devamettirmek,sürdürmek faulty Kusurlu,defolu
reverberate yankılanmak acoustic Yankılanım,akustik
3 actual Gerçek,doğru 2 penetrate İçine işlemek,içine
girmek
cease Durmak,kesimek elapse geçmek
ÜDS G
Florida's more than 1,000 miles of coastline contain about 150 drawbridges, more than are found in any other state. As these bridges age and Florida grows and changes, many of them now have to be replaced. But replaced with what? Recently there have been very many controversies over drawbridges. One involved the Belleair Beach Causeway, which was built in 1950. When it approached the end of its 50-year lifespan, the choice for a replacement came down to three options: a drawbridge the same height as the existing span (21 feet above high tide) but wider, to accommodate modern traffic levels; a draw bridge with a height of 45 feet; and a fixed span 65 feet tall. Each choice had its advantages and disadvantages. The two draw bridges would have created the least disruption in nearby communities. Opening a draw bridge inconveniences motorists, however, and can cause a dangerous delay for ambulances or in other emergencies. A drawbridge also costs more to build and maintain. A high fixed span would be cheaper and eliminate the delays, but it would require extensive property acquisition to accommodate its ap proaches. It would also tower over the area and block the views of many residents, and some tall boats would be unable to fit under neath. However after much debate and many hearings, the country board settled on a high fixed span.
coastline Kıyı boyu,sahil inconvenience Güçlük ,zahmet
involve Gerektirmek,istemek emergency Acil durum
3 choice seçim 2 eliminate Gidermek,dem
kurtarmak
3 option secenek 2 view Görünüm,görüş 2 accommodate Almak,barındırmek,e
yardım etmek
resident yerleşik
5 fixed Değişmez sabit be unable to -ememek ,-den aciz
olmak debate Tartışmak,tartışma
A new and quicker method to check or prove the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMO) is being developed. First, on needs to know where they may be hidden and then a high-velocity projectile can be fired at the target. High-tech sensors packed into the projectile will then instantly beam back confirmation that the weapons are there if Indeed they are. It's a high-risk concept that raises many questions, not least its techno logical feasibility and the political protests that would follow if such a device were ever built or used. But the US military is taking the idea seriously. Last year, in a two-page re search paper commissioned by army, experts from the institute for Advanced Technology detailed real test results of a prototype projectile designed to verify the existence of WMOs. They say such a device offers a way to inspect for weapons without permission or cooperation. To inspect reinforced concrete bunkers or factory buildings suspected of housing WMOs, the researchers designed a projectile that can penetrate several meters of hardened concrete, without damaging its load of sensors. Its casing is built from Aer Met 100, a nickel-cobalt steel with traces of molybdenum and chromium. Heat-treating the casing after it is made gives it an extremely hard surface. The tapering projectile is 230 millimeters long, with a maximum cali bre of 45 millimeters
check denetim 9 logical Mantıklı,mantıksal
existence varlık feasibility olurluk
high-velocity Yüksek hız protest Protesto etmek,itiraz
2 velocity hız 2 seriously Ciddi olark
2 projectile Mermi,roket commission Görev,vazife,emir
instantly hemen institute Kurum,ensitü
confirmation onay advance İlerlemek
verify doğrulamak 2 inspect Teftiş etmek
permission İzin müsade cooperation İş birliği
bunker Yer altı sığınağı,ambar,kömürlük 2 casing Kaplama,çerceve 2 extremely Son derece,aşırı derece
To engineers, design typically has less to do with aesthetics and appearance and more to do with fabrication and performance. Engineers tend to focus on the structure behind the façade. They worry about how the building will be built, how it will stand, whether it will sway too much in the wind, whether it will survive an earthquake, whether it will crack or leak. Engineers designing the structural frame of hotel buildings take into account the strength and stiffness of ballroom floors, where large crowds will gather and rhythmic dancing will occur. Engineers are expected to think about how a building will be heated and cooled" how air will circulate among its spaces, how energy efficient it will be. In the ideal world, the design efforts of architects and engineers complement each other, resulting in a building that is both a joy to look at and a pleasure to use. But all too often in practice, things do not work out like that, and the users of the building pay the price. In most buildings, the work of the architect masks, cloaks and hides the work of the engineer. Engineering criticism is almost un heard of in public discussions of building de sign, although it does sometimes come to the fore when buildings fall down, as in the case of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers
3 appearance Görünme,görünüş 2 crowd kalabalık
2 focus Odaklanmak,odak gather toplamak
4 whether Olup olmadığı 3 expect Beklemek,ummak
leak Sızmak,sızıntı,delik, circulate Dolaşmak,devam etmek
2 strength Kuvvet,güç complement Tümleyici,tamamlamak
price değer criticism Eleştiri,tenkit
come to the fore Öne geçmek,sivrilmek in the case of Durumunda collapse Daraltmak,çökmek,göçmek
At one point, during what was still a time of hopeful experimentation with nuclear technology, the US considered using atomic bombs to blow a trench through the isthmus of Panama. The idea was to replace the 50 year-old Panama Canal, whose locks were too narrow for the world's growing fleet of super-tankers and aircraft carriers, with one that would be more suited to modem conditions. The problem was not just the size of the locks but their very existence. Ships don't simply sail through the Panama Canal; they have to be lifted 85 feet to the elevation to the highest paint along the way and then brought down to sea level again. Each ship's trip through requires 52 million gallons of fresh water, more than most American cities use in a day, all of it flowing through huge gravity-fed tubes. The source of this water supply is a vast artificial lake whose Dam also provides the electrical power for the whole operation. To fill up and empty a single lock takes 40 minutes on averaged, and when any one of the 12 locks shuts down for mainte nance, ship traffic can back up for days. Fi-nally, with all that complicated machinery, if the canal were to be sabotaged (as had hap pened to the lockless Suez Canal in 1956), correcting the damage might take years.
blow Esmek,üflemek,darbe,duruş shut Kapamak,kapatmak
trench Hendek,çukur 3 complicate karıştırmak
narrow dar 3 complicated karışık
elevation Yükseklik,yükselme empty boş
require istemek operation Operasyon,işlem
If the solar company's claims are borne out, its high-efficiency cells will bring solar power closer to becoming a practical option for home owners. The averaged power demand of a household is 2,000 to 3,000 watts. With solar cells around 20 per cent efficient, this demand can be met with about 15 square meters of solar panels, which is compact enough to fit on a roof top. It has been estimated that ready-to install arrays will sell for around $10 per watt. That cost may eventually fall Further. For, as one spokesman for the company said: "The trend is towards higher efficiency ". Others agree, but say silicon may not be the material that ultimately delivers it. Thin films of cadmium telluride, for instance, are showing promise in the lab. One London-based solar energy systems supplier is very impressed with some new solar cells that have just come on the mar ket, both on account of their efficiency and also because they are practical. "They are very easy to connect together," he points out, you can just put tabs on the sides of the back contacts and connect one cell to another without wires.
2 closer sonlandırıcı connect Bağlanmak,bağlamak 2 compact kompakt 2 efficiency verimlilik
roof Çatı,dam 2 impress etkilemek
trend Trend,yön
Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that, as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we're in for a dramatic escalation of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Berlin. Scientists have suspected or a decade that aerosols of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting in creases by 0.2°C. So the 0.6°C e of warming over the past century would have been 0.8°C without aerosols. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as. three-quarters cutting in creases by 1.Boe. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting
